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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 36 (1997), S. 143-150 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Ernährungserhebung ; Wiegeprotokolle ; Lebensmittelverzehr ; Supplemente ; Nährstoffquellen ; neue Bundesländer ; Dietary survey ; weighted record ; food consumption ; supplements ; sources of nutrient intake, East Germany
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A dietary survey using 3-day weighed records was carried out in the sample of the third MONICA risk-factor-survey in the Thuringian city of Erfurt (former East Germany) in 1991/92 consisting of 1 118 men and 1 179 women aged 20–65 years. Mean daily food intake, the contribution of food groups to nutrient intake and the percentage of participants using supplements are shown here. For instance, men have a mean daily intake of meat and meat products of 199 g, delivering 20.7 % of energy, 31.8 % of fat and 42.7 % of cholesterol. In women 18.6 % of energy, 26.8 % of fat and 37.2 % of cholesterol origine from their mean daily intake of 130 g meat and meat products. Women in older age groups consume distinctly more meat than women in younger age groups. 0.4 % of men and 2.6 % of women use supplements during their three recording days.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Bei der dritten MONICA Querschnittsstudie in der Stadt Erfurt 1991/92 wurde an einer Stichprobe von 1 118 Männern und 1 179 Frauen im Alter von 20 bis 64 Jahren eine Ernährungserhebung mit offenen 3-Tage-Wiegeprotokollen durchgeführt. Hier wird der mittlere tägliche Lebensmittelverzehr, der Beitrag der Lebensmittel zur Nährstoffzufuhr und der Anteil der Personen, die Supplemente einnehmen, dargestellt. Beispielsweise verzehren Männer täglich im Mittel 199 g Fleisch und Fleischerzeugnisse, die 20,7 % der Energie, 31,8 % des Fettes und 42,7 % des Cholesterins liefern. Bei den Frauen stammen 18,6 % der Energie, 26,8 % des Fettes und 37,2 % des Cholesterins aus dem mittleren täglichen Verzehr von 130 g Fleisch und Fleischerzeugnissen. Ältere Frauen verzehren deutlich mehr Fleisch als jüngere Frauen. 0,4 % der Männer und 2,6 % der Frauen nehmen während der drei Protokolltage Supplemente ein.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 36 (1997), S. 133-142 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Ernährungserhebung ; Protokollmethode ; Nährstoffzufuhr ; Vergleich mit Empfehlungen ; neue Bundesländer ; Dietary survey ; weighted record ; nutrient intake ; comparison with guidelines ; eastern Germany
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A dietary survey using weighted 3-day-records was carried out in the sample of the third MONICA risk-factor survey in the Thuringian city of Erfurt (eastern Germany) in 1991/92. The aim was to collect detailed intake data in a defined population after the first phase of consolidation on the food market after the German reunification. The dietary sample consisted of 1 118 men and 1 179 women aged 20–64 years; we received 469 acceptable records from men and 333 from women. The German national nutrient datafile BLS (version 2.1) was used to code the records and for the transformation into nutrients. Mean energy intake in men was 2 624 kcal per day, 15.3 % came from protein, 40.0 % from fat, 38.5 % from carbohydrates and 6.0 % from alcohol. Corresponding figures for women were 1 916 kcal per day, 15.8 %, 40.5 %, 41.5 % and 2.1 %. Only a small percentage of participants achieved the recommendations of the German Society for Nutrition for the intake of selected nutrients.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Bei der dritten MONICA Querschnittsstudie in der Stadt Erfurt wurde 1991/92 an einer Stichprobe von 1 118 Männern und 1 179 Frauen im Alter von 20 bis 64 Jahren eine Ernährungserhebung mit offenen 3-Tage-Wiegeprotokollen durchgeführt. Ziel war es u.a., Daten zur Nährstoffzufuhr einer definierten Bevölkerung nach der ersten Phase der Konsolidierung des Lebensmittelmarktes kurz nach der deutschen Wiedervereinigung zu erheben. Von 469 Männern und 333 Frauen konnten Protokolle ausgewertet werden. Zur Kodierung und Transformation in Nährstoffe wurde die Nährwertdatenbank BLS (Version 2.1) verwendet. Die Energiezufuhr beträgt bei den Männern 2 624 kcal pro Tag, davon stammen 15,3 % aus Protein, 40,0 % aus Fett, 38,5 % aus Kohlenhydraten und 6,0 % aus Alkohol. Die entsprechenden Werte für die Frauen sind 1 916 kcal pro Tag, 15,8 %, 40,5 %, 41,5 % und 2,1 %. Nur ein geringer Anteil der Teilnehmer und Teilnehmerinnen erfüllte die Empfehlungen der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Ernährung für die Zufuhr ausgewählter Nährstoffe.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1995), S. 179-185 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: finite elements ; fluid flow ; open boundaries ; Sommerfield boundary conditions ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: We examine a method to impose boundary conditions on arbitrary boundaries, introduced to make domains of infinite extent finite for the purpose of numerical calculations, when a finite element discretization based on linear, bilinear or trilinear elements is used, in one, two or three dimensions, respectively. In particular, we look at the so-called ‘free’ boundary condition, which consists in retaining the boundary integrals generated by the weighted-residuals formulation along the open boundaries and adding them to the stiffness matrix. We show that this procedure is exactly equivalent to imposing on the boundary nodes a Sommerfeld radiation condition in one dimension, and a slightly modified form of the Sommerfeld boundary condition in two and three dimensions. We also show that the procedure is not applicable to the purely elliptic case.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 39 (1996), S. 1053-1071 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: finites elements ; open boundaries ; fluid flow ; natural boundary conditions ; Sommerfeld raiation condition ; Navier-Stokes equations ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: We examine the use of natural boundary conditions and conditions of the Sommerfeld type for finite element simulations of convective transport in viscous incompressible flows. We show that natural boundary conditions are superior in the sense that they always provide a correct boundary condition, as opposed to the Sommerfeld-type conditions, which can lead to a singular formulation and a great loss of accuracy. For the Navier-Stokes equations, the natural boundary conditions must be combined with a simple method to eliminate perturbations on the pressure at the open boundary, which is the source of most errors.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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