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  • Tetanus toxin  (14)
  • Peptides  (3)
  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    FEBS Letters 242 (1989), S. 245-248 
    ISSN: 0014-5793
    Schlagwort(e): (Chromaffin cell) ; Exocytosis ; Light chain ; Streptolysin O ; Tetanus toxin
    Quelle: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 2
    ISSN: 0014-5793
    Schlagwort(e): (Aplysia) ; Central synapse ; Heavy chain ; Light chain ; Tetanus toxin ; Transmitter release
    Quelle: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 3
    ISSN: 0014-5793
    Schlagwort(e): E. coli, Chromaffin cell ; Exocytosis ; Recombinant protein ; Site directed mutagenesis ; Tetanus toxin
    Quelle: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 44 (1988), S. 224-226 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Schlagwort(e): Tetanus toxin ; botulinum toxin ; noradrenaline ; GABA ; brain
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Rat brain homogenate was preloaded with [3H]noradrenaline or [3H]GABA and stimulated with high K+. Tetanus toxin and botulinum A neurotoxin partially prevent the evoked [3H]noradrenaline release in the same range of toxin concentrations starting below 10−10M. In contrast, release of γ-amino butyric acid (GABA) is much more sensitive to tetanus than to botulinum A toxin.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 343 (1991), S. 323-329 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Schlagwort(e): Tetanus toxin ; Limited proteolysis ; Leucocytes ; Spinal cord
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Single-chain toxin was investigated in vitro and in vivo for limited proteolysis into the fully active two-chain toxin. Plasmin from serum, elastase and gelatinase from leucocytes, as well as clostripain from C. histolyticum cleaved single-chain toxin and increased by that way its ability to inhibit [3H]noradrenaline release in vitro. Cultured mouse brain generated fragments from 125I-single-chain toxin which were cell-associated. Some of them comigrated in electrophoresis with light and heavy chain after mercaptolysis. When injected i. v. into rats, 125I-single-chain-toxin disappeared from the blood with a half-life of about 11 h without signs of nicking. However, after its injection into the triceps surae muscle both single- and two-chain toxin were found in the ipsilateral ventral horn of the spinal cord. Thus single-chain toxin is subjected to limited proteolysis by enzymes involved in tissue damage, by cultured brain tissue, and during or after its retrograde axonal transport to the spinal cord. Limited proteolysis is necessary for the release of the light chain known to mediate the action of toxin on several systems.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 264 (1969), S. 172-186 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Schlagwort(e): Bovine Serum ; Kininogen ; Peptides ; Enzymes ; Structure Evaluation ; Rinderserum ; Kininogen ; Peptide ; Enzyme ; Struktur-aufklärung
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung 1. Rinderserum ergab beim Umsatz mit Pepsin niedermolekulare, kininliefernde Spaltstücke. Das durch Fällung, Verteilung, Gelfiltration und Jonenaustausch-Chromatographie vorgereinigte Hydrolysat ließ sich durch Papierchromatographie in 2 Fraktionen trennen, auf die sich die kininliefernde Gruppierung im Verhältnis 5∶1 verteilte. 2. Beide kininliefernde Fraktionen waren resistent gegen Carboxypeptidase B, was gegen eine C-terminale Position der Kininsequenz spricht. Sie waren aktivierbar durch Trypsin, Pankreaskallikrein und auch Carboxypeptidase A. Trypsin in höherer Konzentration entwickelte aus der Hauptfraktion (L) Bradykinin, während mit Pankreaskallikrein, Carboxypeptidase A und kleinen Trypsinmengen Met-Lys-Bradykinin entstand. Die „direkte“ Aktivität der Fraktionen am Meerschweinchenileum lag bei maximal 1–2% der „indirekten“. 3. Aus der chromatographisch langsameren Hauptfraktion (L) wurde hoch-spannungselektrophoretisch ein einheitliches Minimalsubstrat für Kininogenasen isoliert. In seiner Aminosäurenanalyse entsprach es dem aus gereinigtem Rinderserum-Kininogen isolierten Hauptpeptid PKFL; auch beim Edman-Abbau ergaben sich keine Unterschiede. 4. Die früher für gereinigtes Kininogen beschriebenen Sequenzen sind also auch für Gesamtserum repräsentativ. Hinweise auf andersartige Peptide, insbesondere auf solche mit der Kininsequenz in C-terminaler Position, ergaben sich nicht.
    Notizen: Summary 1. Peptic treatment of bovine serum produced kinin yielding substances of low molecular weight. The hydrolyzate was purified by precipitation, partition, gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography. Subsequent paper chromatography revealed two fractions with a 5∶1 distribution of the kinin-yielding property. 2. Both kinin-yielding fractions were resistant to carboxypeptidase B, a finding which argues against a C-terminal position of the kinin sequence. They could be activated by trypsin, pancreatic kallikrein, and carboxypeptidase A. Higher concentrations of trypsin released bradykinin from the main fraction (L), whereas pancreatic kallikrein, carboxypeptidase A and low amounts of trypsin produced met-lysbradykinin. The “direct” activity of the fractions as measured on the guinea pig ileum was no more than 1–2% of the “indirect” activity. 3. A homogeneous minimal substrate was isolated from the chromatographically slower fraction L by high voltage electrophoresis. With respect to amino acid analysis and Edman degradation, it could not be distinguished from the peptide PKFL isolated from purified bovine kininogen. 4. Therefore, the sequences described previously in purified kininogen are also representative for whole serum. Evidence for different peptides, especially with the kinin sequence in C-terminal position, was not found.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 311 (1980), S. 33-40 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Schlagwort(e): Tetanus toxin ; Botulinum toxin ; Neuromuscular junction ; Calcium ; Neuraminidase
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary 1. The blocking effect of tetanus toxin on the neuromuscular junction of the mouse phrenic nervehemidiaphragm preparation exposed to the toxin (0.05–20 μg/ml) in the organ bath was studied and compared with the action of botulinum A toxin. 2. The time course of the paralysis of the diaphragm could be divided into a latent and a manifest period. Still during the latent period the effect of the toxin became progressively resistant to washing and, with some delay, to antitoxin. 3. Between 25 and 41°C the time until paralysis strongly depended on temperature with Q 10 of about 2.7. 4. Procedures increasing the transmitter release shortened, and procedures depressing it prolonged the time until paralysis. 5. 4-Aminopyridine and guanidine temporarily restored the contraction of the partially paralyzed diaphragm, indicating the persistence of activatable calcium and acetylcholine pools. Raising the external Ca2+-concentration and application of the Ca-Ionophore A 23187 were ineffective in the doses applied. 6. About 80 min after exposure to the toxin (10 μg/ml), the m.e.p.p. activity decreased by a factor of 30. Parallel to this, paralysis of nerve evoked muscle contraction developed. 7. Neuraminidase treatment did not prevent tetanus toxin poisoning. 8. The paralysis is produced by tetanus toxin itself and not by contaminants as shown by the parallel decrease of toxicity and paralysis following treatment with either antitoxin or brain homogenate, or by the use of spontaneously inactivated toxin. 9. Tetanus toxin was compared with botulinum A toxin as to the shape of its dose-response curve, time course of paralysis, temporary reversal by 4-aminopyridine and behaviour against Ca-ionophore. In any case, both toxins were indistinguishable, albeit botulinum A neurotoxin was calculated to be about 2000 times more potent than tetanus toxin.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 8
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 312 (1980), S. 255-263 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Schlagwort(e): Acetylcholine ; Tetanus toxin ; Botulinum toxin ; Myenteric plexus ; Transmitter release
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The effects of tetanus and botulinum A toxin were studied on the electrically stimulated myenteric plexus-ileum strip of the guinea pig. The concentrations used were in the range of 104–106 mouse LD50/ml. 1. Tetanus and botulinu, A toxin slowly decrease the amplitude of the contractile response to field stimulation in a dose-dependent manner without influencing the sensitivity to acetylcholine of the smooth muscle. 2. Development of paralysis is preceded by a latent period. Washing and antitoxin slow the paralytic process only when applied during the latent period. 3. The time course of development of paralysis depends on the activity of the strip. It can be slowed by rest, high [Mg2+], or low [Ca2+], and accelerated by raising the stimulation frequency. 4. Substances like 4-aminopyridine, sea anemone toxin II and scorpion toxin which prolong the membrane depolarization restore temporarily the contraction of partially paralysed muscle strips. 5. Poisoned preparations do not differ from controls in their total acetylcholine contents, whereas formation as well as release of [3H]-acetylcholine are decreased by either toxin. It is concluded that a) tetanus toxin and botulinum A toxin are qualitatively indistinguishable with respect to their actions on the postganglionic cholinergic neurons in the ileum, botulinum A toxin being 5 times more potent than tetanus toxin, b) the effects of the toxins at postganglionic cholinergic neurons in the ileum and at motor nerve endings are qualitatively similar, botulinum A toxin being about 500 times more potent than tetanus toxin at the latter preparation (see Habermann et al., 1980b, c) both toxins influence the turnover of acetylcholine but not its tissue concentration.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 9
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 316 (1981), S. 135-142 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Schlagwort(e): Tetanus toxin ; Botulinum A toxin ; Choline ; Gangliosides ; Fixation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Tetanus toxin and, to a lesser degree, botulinum A toxin inhibit partially and noncompetitively the uptake of [3H]choline into a crude synaptosomal fraction from rat brain cortex. Botulinum toxin acts by its neurotoxin content. The effect is not due to nonspecific synaptosomal damage by the toxins as shown by the lactate dehydrogenase occlusion test, by the absence of swelling and by the preservation of choline stores. The ratio between [3H]acetylcholine and [3H]choline was decreased by both toxins. Inhibition by either toxin depends strongly on the temperature and duration of incubation, and is preceded by an initial latency period. The effect of tetanus toxin, once manifest, is largely resistant against antitoxin. It is not significantly diminished by pretreatment of the synaptosomes with V. cholerae neuraminidase. Fixation of 125I-tetanus toxin proceeds fast, is largely independent of temperature and is diminished by pretreatment of the synaptosomes with neuraminidase. Thus only some of the fixation sites, and not the long-chain gangliosides, are required for the effects of tetanus toxin. A slow, temperature-sensitive process links the fixation with the action. In contrast to rat synaptosomes the chicken preparation is more sensitive to botulinum A than to tetanus toxin, which reflects the differences in sensitivity between live birds and rodents. Our data underline the similarities between the effects of tetanus and those of botulinum A toxin. Their dependence on time and temperature, the time dependence of efficacy of antitoxin, and the concordance in species specificity indicate that the in vitro system mirros some crucial features of poisoning of isolated organs and live animals.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 10
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 318 (1981), S. 105-111 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Schlagwort(e): Tetanus toxin ; Botulinum A toxin ; Noradrenaline outflow ; Gangliosides
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Tetanus toxin and, to a lesser degree, botulinum A toxin partially depress the basal and the potassium evoked outflow of [3H]noradrenaline from preloaded particulate rat forebrain cortex. The effect is due to the toxins and not to any contaminant, as shown by dialysis, heating and antitoxin treatment, and also by replacement of crystalline botulinum A toxin with purified neurotoxin. Tetanus toxin also depresses the outflow due to sea anemone toxin II, 4-aminopyridine and d-amphetamine. The effect of the toxins proceeds with time and strongly depends on temperature. Once manifest the tetanus toxin effect is not reversed by antitoxin. Pretreatment with V. cholerae neuraminidase degrades the long-chain gangliosides quantitatively to GM1. Tetanus toxin, applied subsequently remains fully active. High concentrations of tetanus toxin and botulinum A neurotoxin promote the outflow of small amounts of tritium within short incubation times. It is concluded: a) Tetanus toxin is a broad range neurotoxin which acts on processes subsequent to the depolarization step. b) Long-chain gangliosides are only binding sites, but not receptors of tetanus toxin. c) Botulinum A toxin is less potent but resembles tetanus toxin in both promoting and depressing the outflow of noradrenaline.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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