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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Functions of peripheral-blood monocytes and granulocytes in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    British journal of dermatology 107 (1982), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2133
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Granulocyte and monocyte functions (phagocytosis, intracellular killing, chemokinesis and chemotaxis) and the opsonic and chemotactic activity of the serum of twenty-two patients with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma were assessed. Granulocyte functions were within the normal control range in most cases. The monocyte functions showed more variation in the test results; in six out of twenty-two patients intracellular killing of Staphylococcus aureus was depressed and in four out of ten patients a disturbance in monocyte chemotaxis was found. Two patients with a decreased chemotactic response also had an impaired capacity to kill S. aureus. No correlation was found between the cell disturbance and susceptibility to infection, stage of the disease, or clinical course in these patients.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1982.tb00333.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Kinetics of Phagocytosis and Intracellular Killing of Staphytococcus aureus and Escherichia coli by Human Monocytes (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Scandinavian journal of immunology 13 (1981), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3083
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Tie kinetic patterns of the phagocytosis and intracellular killing of Staphytococcus and Echerichia coli by monocytes were investigated separately to acquire more insight into the total process, i.e. from the ingestion to the death of the micro-organisms. Phagocytosis proved to be dependent on: (1) both the bacteria-to-monocyte ratio and the monocyte concentration; a concentration of at least 5 × 105 monocytes/ml proved necessary for the measurement of ingestion, whereas the rate of ingestion was found to be proportional to the number of extracellular bacteria until a maximum rate is reached, (2) the serum concentration in the incubation medium, which influenced both the rate of phagocytosis and the maximum number of bacteria taken up by one monocyte, and (3) the temperature, the highest rate of phagocytosis being reached at 37–41°C The intracellular killing proved to be dependent on: (1) the number of bacteria ingested; the rate of killing was proportional to the number of ingested bacteria until a maximum rate was reached; (2) the temperature, since a maximum rate of killing is only reached at 37–41°C: at tower and higher temperatures the rate of killing is lower, in the latter case due to inactivation of extracellular stimuli. These separate data on the ingestion and killing processes made it possible to compute the theoretical numbers of extracellular, viable intracellular, and total intracellular bacteria for a model system consisting of 5×106 monocytes, 5×106 bacteria, and 10% serum. These calculated values are in agreement with the experimental data.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3083.1981.tb00122.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Method to Prove Ingestion of Particles by Macrophages with Light Microscopy (1980)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Scandinavian journal of immunology 12 (1980), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3083
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Research on phagocytosis is often hampered by the inability to distinguish whether (opsonized) particles have been ingested by phagocytes or are only attached to the surface of these cells. Treatment of the cells after phagocytosis to remove all extracellular particles makes it possible to evaluate phagocytosis with certainty by light microscopy. Opsonized erythrocytes attached to the macrophage surface are usually removed by hypotonic lysis. The present report describes the advantages of the use of lysostaphin to lyse Staphylococcus aureus and of xylene, chloroform or dioxane to dissolve polystyrene latex beads on the surface of peritoneal macrophages and embryonic fibroblasts. This procedure facilitates differentiation between professional and facultative phagocytes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3083.1980.tb00066.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Adherence of Lysostaphin to and Penetration into Human Monocytes (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Scandinavian journal of immunology 21 (1985), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3083
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The effect of lysostaphin on Staphylococcus aureus phagocytosed by monocytes was investigated. The results showed that lysostaphin adheres to monocytes by a temperature-independent mechanism, is not adequately removed from monocytes by washing, and penetrates by means of a temperature-dependent mechanism. In in vitro assays of monocyte function, phagocytosed S. aureus can be killed by lysostaphin after penetration of the cells during incubation or by adhering lysostaphin when the monocytes are disrupted.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3083.1985.tb01419.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Use of Lysostaphin in in Vitro Assays of Phagocyte Function: Adherence to and Penetration into Granulocytes (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Scandinavian journal of immunology 15 (1982), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3083
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The usefulness of lysostaphin for the removal of cell-adherent and extracellular bacteria in assays performed to measure the intracellular killing of Straphylococcus aureus by granulocytes was investigated. The results showed that the adherence of lysosiaphin to the granulocyte surface is effectuated by a temperature-independent process and that bound lysostaphin is still microbicidal. Lysosiaphin also penetrates into the granulocytes by a temperature dependent process and kills ingested S. aureus intracellularly. Therefore, despite reports to the contrary in the literature, lysosiaphin is not a reliable agent for the removal of only extracellular S. aureus and should no longer be used in assays to determine the rate of intracellular killing by granulocytes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3083.1982.tb00672.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mycobacterial Heat-Shock Protein 65 Induces Proinflammatory Cytokines but does not Activate Human Mononuclear Phagocytes (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Scandinavian journal of immunology 39 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3083
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The 65 kDa heat-shock protein (Hsp65), a well-conserved and immunodominant antigen which elicits a cellular and humoral immune response, may play a role in host defence against invading microorganisms and autoimmune disorders. The aim of the present study was to assess the effects of Hsp65 on the functional activities of human mononuclear phagocytes in the absence of lymphocytes. Incubation with Hsp65 resulted in an enhanced release of TNF-γ and IL-1γ by human monocytes and monocytederived macrophages (MDM). The amount of cytokines released by these cells in response to Hsp65 was similar to that released in response to IFN-γ together with LPS. Incubation with ovalbumin did not stimulate the release of these cytokines. In vitro stimulation of monocytes with Hsp65 enhanced the membrane expression of complement receptor III but did not influence either the expression of Fc-receptor I and HLA class-II antigens or the release of reactive oxygen intermediates. Therefore, Hsp65 stimulated monocytes cannot be considered to be activated according to classical criteria. The release of the proinflammatory cytokines TNF-γ and IL-1γ by human mononuclear phagocytes in response to Hsp65 indicates that this protein can contribute to both host defence and tissue damage in inflammatory lesions characterized by an abundant expression of Hsp65.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3083.1994.tb03421.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Role of BCG/PPD-Activated Macrophages in Resistance against Systemic Candidiasis in Mice (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Scandinavian journal of immunology 36 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3083
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The main conclusions of this study are that BCG/PPD-activated macrophages, in contrast to macrophages from control mice, exhibit an increased PMA-induced production of H2O2. kill about one-third of the phagocytosed Candida albicans, and cause more than 5O% inhibition of the intracellular formation of germ tubes by C albicans. Peritoneal macrophages from mice that were colonized post-natally with C. albicans do not show increased produciion of H2O2: upon stimulation with PMA and the intracellular outgrowth of germ tubes is inhibited to only a limited degree. These macrophages are capable of killing about 2O% of the ingested C, albicans. In vivo, the number of Candida in the kidney, spleen and liver after intravenous injection of Candida albicans is significantly lower in BCG-treated mice than in control mice. Post-natal colonization with C. albicans has only a limited effect on the outgrowth of intravenously injected C albicans the spleen and liver but does not influence growth in the kidney. These results indicate that acquired immunity against a systemic Candida infection involves both oxidative and nonoxidative mechanisms of intracellular killing and that these mechanisms may have different effects on the yeast and hyphal forms of C. albicans.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3083.1992.tb03132.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Differences in the Rate of Intracellular Killing of Catalase-Negative and Catalase-Positive Listeria monocytogenes by Normal and Interferon-Gamma-Activated Macrophages (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Scandinavian journal of immunology 37 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3083
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Intracellular killing of catalase-positive bacteria by murine resident macrophages requires the presence of extracellular serum, whereas killing of catalase-negative bacteria can occur in the absence of serum. To find out whether the intracellular killing of bacteria by rIFN-γ-activated macrophages also requires serum stimulation, we investigated the handling of ingested catalase-negative and -positive Listeria monocytogenes by peritoneal macrophages of normal Swiss mice and mice injected i. p. with I × 104U rIFN-γ 18 h earlier.In the absence of extracellular serum. rlFN-γ-activated macrophages killed ingested catalase-negative Listeria more efficiently (P〈0.01) than normal resident macrophages. Maximal killing of catalase-negative bacteria by rlFN-γ-activated macrophages required an extracellular serum concentration of only 1.0 to 2.5% compared with the 10% needed by normal macrophages. No differences were observed in the rates of intracellular killing of catalase-positive Listeria by rlFN-γ-activated and normal resident macrophages: both populations of macrophages required 10% extracellular serum for maximal killing of these bacteria, and killing was minimal in the absence of scrum. The rIFN-γ-activated macrophages displayed enhanced O2-consumption after stimulation with phorbol myristate acetate and heat-killed Listeria compared with macrophages from normal mice.These findings indicate that, under suboptimal stimulation by extracellular serum. rlFN-γ enhances the intracellular killing of catalase-negative Listeria which lack endogenous catalase acting as a scavenger of reactive oxygen intermediates. The mechanism underlying the enhancement is probably the amplification of the respiratory burst by IFN-γ.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3083.1993.tb03316.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bacteriostatic Activity of BCG/PPD-Activated Macrophages Against Mycobacterium fortuitum Does Not Involve Reactive Nitrogen or Oxygen Intermediates (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Scandinavian journal of immunology 40 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3083
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Mycobacteria preferentially reside in resident macrophages whereas activated macrophages are presumed to eliminate the bacteria effectively, The aim of the present study was to determine the antibacterial activities of resident and activated murine peritoneal macrophages against Mycobacterium fortuitum and the intracellular mechanisms involved. After phagocytosis M. fortuitum could not be killed by either BCG/PPD-activated and IFN-γ-activated macrophages and resident macrophages. The mycobacteria did not multiply in BCG/PPD-activated macrophages and the rate of proliferation of M. fortuitum in IFN-γ-activated macrophages was only slightly inhibited compared to that in resident macrophages. Experiments with selective inhibitors of the production of reactive nitrogen intermediates (RNI) and reactive oxygen intermediates (ROI) demonstrated that these factors are not essential for the mycobacteriostatic activity of BCG/PPD-activated macrophages. After phagocytosis of M. fortuitum, BCG/PPD-activated and IFN-γ-activated macrophages produced substantial amounts of both RNI and ROI. No correlation was found between the levels of these intermediates and the proliferation of M. fortuitum in the macrophages. In conclusion, BCG/PPD-activated macrophages are bacteriostatic, but not bacteriocidal for M. fortuitum and the former does not involve reactive nitrogen and oxygen intermediates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3083.1994.tb03449.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hydrocortisone Treatment of BCG-Infected Mice Impairs the Activation and Enhancement of Antimicrobial Activity of Peritoneal Macrophages (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Scandinavian journal of immunology 36 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3083
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The present study concerns the effect of hydrocortisone (HC) on the effector functions of Bacillus Calmette Guerin-purified protein derivative (BCG-PPD)-activated macrophages. Such activated macrophages release greater amounts of H2O2 and NOi”, inhibit the intracellular proliferation of T. gondii and kill L, monocytogenes more efficiently than resident macrophages. This activation was not fully expressed by macrophages from BCG-activated mice that had received a subcutaneous injection of HC 2 days before intraperitoneal injection of PPD, since the inhibition of the intracellular proliferation of T. gondii, the release of NO2’and the rate of intracellular killing of L. monocytogenes were lower than in macrophages from BCG-PPD-activated mice. However, treatment with HC did not impair the release of H2O2 by BCG-PPD-activated macrophages. The results show that the treatment of infected mice with HC inhibits their ability to develop adequate intracellular microbicidal mechanisms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3083.1992.tb03103.x
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