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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 104 (1996), S. 509-520 
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: We present here an experimental and theoretical study of the application of two-dimensional exchange nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) to the investigation of the rotational diffusion of colloidal particles. The theoretical discussion includes the nature of the NMR frequency time-correlation function where the NMR interaction is represented by the chemical shift anisotropy (CSA). Time-correlation functions for the isotropic rotational diffusion of a suspension of colloidal particles containing single and multiple sites are derived in addition to time-correlation functions for the rotational diffusion of a suspension of symmetric top particles containing an isotropic distribution of a single CSA interaction. Simulations of two-dimensional exchange spectra for particles undergoing isotropic rotational diffusion are presented. We performed two-dimensional exchange NMR experiments on a colloidal suspension of spherical poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) particles which were synthesized with a 20% enrichment in 13C at the carbonyl site. Rotational diffusion time-correlation functions determined from the experimental exchange spectra are consistent with the composition of the colloidal suspension. Detailed explanations of the syntheses of the enriched methyl 13C-(carbonyl)-methacrylate monomer and the small quantities of 20% enriched 13C-(carbonyl)-poly(methyl methacrylate) microspheres used for this study are presented. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Journal of the American Chemical Society 82 (1960), S. 689-693 
    ISSN: 1520-5126
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 103 (1995), S. 9844-9854 
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: In switched-angle spinning spectroscopy (SAS) a sample is spun about different angles, β, relative to the magnetic field, during various periods of the experiment. In the present work, SAS is combined with two-dimensional exchange spectroscopy in order to correlate carbon-13 chemical shift tensors of the carbonyl (1) and hydroxyl (2) carbons of tropolone. Experiments were performed on a sample enriched to 25 at. % in each of these sites (at different molecules). At this level of enrichment the dominant exchange mechanism between the two sites involves spin diffusion. The experiment consists of a preparation period during which the sample spins at the magic angle and the magnetization of one of the sites is quenched by means of a selective pulse sequence. During the rest of the experiment the sample spins with its axis away from the magic angle except for a short period just before the detection where the axis is switched to the magic angle in order to select the magnetization to be detected. Experiments were performed for all four possible combinations of the initial and final magnetizations, thus providing chemical shift correlations between carbons 1,1′, 2, and 2′ in the two magnetically inequivalent (but symmetry related) molecules in the unit cell. Combining these results with the known crystal structure of tropolone (neglecting a small tilt between the perpendicular to the molecular plane and the crystallographic c-axis) provides information on the orientation and magnitude of the chemical shift tensors of the two types of carbons. The principal values (in ppm) are σ1xx=65, σ1yy=33, σ1zz=−98, σ2xx=77, σ2yy=17, and σ2zz=−94. Assuming σzz to be perpendicular to the molecular plane, the orientations of the σyy's are 12° off the C1=0 bond (toward the hydroxyl carbon) for carbon 1 and 10° off the C3=C2 bond (away from the carbonyl carbon) for carbon 2. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 101 (1994), S. 1852-1864 
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Slow, large-amplitude chain motions play an important role in determining the macroscopic mechanical properties of polymers. Although such motions have been studied quantitatively by two-dimensional (2D) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) exchange experiments, overlapping anisotropic patterns hamper spectral analysis, and limit applications. Variable angle correlation spectroscopy (VACSY) has proven useful in resolving such problems for rapidly spinning samples by separating anisotropic spectral patterns according to isotropic chemical shifts. In a previous study [J. Am. Chem. Soc. 115, 4825 (1993)], we described a three-dimensional (3D) NMR experiment that incorporates the VACSY method and a hop of the rotor axis to correlate the isotropic chemical shifts to 2D anisotropic exchange patterns. The hop of the rotor axis, however, presents experimental difficulties and limits the range of motional rates that may be studied. We present in this paper a new 3D VACSY exchange experiment that obtains the same correlations without the need for the rotor axis hop. A series of 2D exchange spectra are recorded with the sample spinning at different rotation axis angles. Then using the scaling of the anisotropic frequency at the different angles, we construct the data onto a 3D matrix so that a Fourier transformation directly yields the desired correlations. The technique is applied to 13C exchange NMR to study the slow molecular motion of ordered isotactic polypropylene.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 101 (1994), S. 111-117 
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: We describe the application of a recently developed two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (2D NMR) technique, variable-angle correlation spectroscopy, to the analysis of molecular motions in complex unlabeled solids. This technique separates the broad anisotropic chemical shift line shapes of nuclei in a sample according to the isotropic shift of each site. It can therefore be used to characterize molecular reorientations by monitoring the changes that these processes introduce in the resolved powder patterns as a function of temperature. Using the 13C NMR anisotropies of dimethylsulfone as a test case, we explored the potential applications of following such an approach. It was found that in contrast to what happens in nonexchanging systems, the anisotropic line shapes resolved by the variable-angle technique on an exchanging solid are different from line shapes that at similar temperatures can be recorded from a nonrotating sample. An explanation for these differences is presented, and the complete theory required to extract kinetic and geometric information from the experimental 2D line shapes is introduced and illustrated with computer simulations. The capability of this approach to analyze motions in complex systems is further demonstrated with a natural-abundance 13C variable-temperature NMR analysis of L-tyrosine ethyl ester; a reorienting compound possessing up to 11 inequivalent carbon sites in the solid phase.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of food science & technology 17 (1982), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2621
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of oral rehabilitation 31 (2004), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2842
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: summary  The purpose of this study was to evaluate the polymerization shrinkage of three orthodontic adhesive resins when polymerized with a high-energy plasma arc light (1340 mW cm−2) and a conventional halogen light (500 mW cm−2), and to correlate the polymerization shrinkage with the degree of conversion. To equalize the total light energy delivered to the adhesive resin, irradiation time was varied between 3 or 6 s for a plasma arc-curing unit, and 8 or 16 s for a halogen light-curing unit. The polymerization shrinkage of adhesive resins during the light-curing process was measured using a computer-controlled mercury dilatometer and the degree of conversion was measured using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. A plasma arccuring unit produced significantly lower polymerization shrinkage than a halogen light-curing unit when the equivalent total light energy was irradiated to the orthodontic adhesive resins (P 〈 0·05). The magnitude of polymerization shrinkage was significantly different depending on the kind of adhesive resins (P 〈 0·05), but there was no significant correlation between the filler fraction and the polymerization shrinkage (r2 = 0·039). There was strong correlation (r2 = 0·787) between the polymerization shrinkage and the degree of conversion with a halogen light-curing unit, but poor correlation (r2 = 0·377) was observed with a plasma arc-curing unit.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of oral rehabilitation 31 (2004), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2842
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: summary  The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of the various light curing units (plasma arc, halogen and light-emitting diodes) and irradiation methods (one-step, two-step and pulse) using different light energy densities on the leachability of unreacted monomers (Bis-GMA and UDMA) and the surface hardness of a composite resin (Z250, 3M). Leachability of the specimens immersed for 7 days in ethanol was analysed by HPLC. Vicker's hardness number (VHN) was measured immediately after curing (IC) and after immersion in ethanol for 7 days. Various irradiation methods with three curing units resulted in differences in the amount of leached monomers and VHN of IC when light energy density was lower than 17·0 J cm−2 (P = 0·05). However, regardless of curing units and irradiation methods, these results were not different when the time or light energy density increased. When similar light energy density was irradiated (15·6–17·7 J cm−2), the efficiency of irradiation methods was different by the following order: one-step ≥ two-step 〉 pulse. These results suggest that the amount of leached monomers and VHN were influenced by forming polymer structure in activation and initiation stages of polymerization process with different light source energies and curing times.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of oral rehabilitation 30 (2003), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2842
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: summary  The objective of this study was to compare the mechanical properties of calcium phosphate cements (CPC) for possible dental applications with varied liquid and powder compositions under the same testing condition. Cements studied in this experiment were divided into two groups of CPC not containing polymer and polymeric CPC (PCPC). Cement powder was formed by combining equimolar amounts of dicalcium phosphate anhydrous and tetracalcium phosphate, or acrylic resin polymer powder mixture. The CPC specimens for the compressive strength (CS) and diametral tensile strength (DTS) measurements were prepared by mixing powder and liquid for 30 s with a powder/liquid ratio of 3:1, and subsequently packing the paste into a brass mould. The specimens were kept at 37 °C and 100% relative humidity for 24 h before measurements were conducted on a Universal Testing Machine with a cross-head speed of 1 mm min–1. The CS of CPC was 0ḃ14–10ḃ29 MPa and that of PCPC was 0ḃ26–117ḃ58 MPa. The DTS of CPC was 0ḃ10–4ḃ56 MPa and that of PCPC was 0ḃ07–22ḃ54 MPa. The CS and DTS were very diverse depending on the composition of powder and liquid. Some compositions showed higher values than commercial liners. Thus compositions of 2% carboxymethyl cellulose + 35% citric acid in phosphate buffered saline (PBS), 20% gelatin in PBS, 2% sodium alginate in PBS, 20–40% aqueous acrylic-maleic copolymer solution, and some of the HPMC and PMVE-Ma solutions exhibited promising formulae for dentine regenerating materials. Acrylic resin-PCPC group showed generally higher CS and DTS values. Based on this study, further studies on the reaction with odontoblast and resultant dentine regeneration should be performed using promising compositions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Journal of the American Chemical Society 115 (1993), S. 4825-4829 
    ISSN: 1520-5126
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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