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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 124 (1999), S. 100-106 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Key words Grip force ; Load force ; Load perturbations ; Anticipation ; Development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The experiment examined the anticipatory modulation of grip force with respect to load force during a drawer opening task. An impact force was introduced by a mechanical stop that arrested movement of the pulling hand. The results showed a typical grip force profile which consisted of two evolving phases, one to control drawer movement onset, and the other to secure grip force at the expected impact. Initially, grip force increased with the load force that was developed to overcome the inertia of the drawer. After the first peak, a small decline was observed, followed by a proactive grip force increase prior to the time of impact. During this ramp-like increase of grip force, load force remained unchanged. In addition, a reactive response was triggered by the impact. That anticipatory control with respect to an impact force is not innate but, rather, is learned by experience was evidenced by a comparison of adults and children. Whereas adults made the characteristic grip force adjustments to anticipate the impact, children used a probing strategy with irregular build-up of force until impact. Furthermore, adults calibrated the second phase of the grip force profile in the initial trials of the task, indicating that grip force was rapidly updated with information related to the impact force. The present results demonstrate that grip-load force coordination during manipulation is a necessity for dealing with destabilizing load perturbations produced by self-induced movement and impact forces. It is concluded that grip force is adjusted automatically, but in a flexible manner, to secure grip in accordance with the characteristics of the pulling synergy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 26 (1976), S. 193-202 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Inferior olive ; Trigeminal nerve ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Extracellular recordings were obtained from inferior olivary neurones of the rat. The responses of fifty neurones evoked by electrical stimulation of a branch of the trigeminal nerve were recorded. Maxillary nerve stimulation was most effective. The response was characterized by an early discharge (single spike and wave, typically with latencies between 16 and 30 msec) and a weak late discharge which followed a period of inhibition of about 100 msec. Half of the neurones responded to one branch of the trigeminal nerve only whereas the other neurones displayed a varying degree of convergence, including sometimes a convergence from limb nerves. Forty-nine olivary neurones were tested for cutaneous receptive fields. Ten out of these had small receptive fields (〈20% of the contralateral face) and a low threshold to mechanical stimuli. Twenty neurones which had larger receptive fields responded also to low-threshold or to medium-threshold (i.e. non-nociceptive) mechanical stimuli. None of the neurones displayed receptive fields more extensive than half of the contralateral face and some of the larger fields had a small, low-threshold focus. Olivary neurones responding to electrical stimulation of trigeminal nerves or mechanical stimulation of the face were located in the medial segment of the olivary complex (dorsal accessory and principal olive). A few cells only were located in the lateral segment. It is concluded that neurones of the inferior olive receive a substantial input from trigeminal afferents and are capable of transmitting precise somatotopical information to the cerebellum.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 128 (1999), S. 200-204 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Key words Eye-hand coordination ; Human ; Saccade ; Vision ; Bimanual coordination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Two different drawer tasks were investigated with the aim of assessing the role of eye movements in well-coordinated hand movements. In an unimanual step-tracking task, which had a predictive and an unpredictive movement, a two-way repeated-measures ANOVA showed a significant effect of prediction on the onset of grip-force (GF) rate (300±39 ms for the predictive condition versus 394±53 ms for the non-predictive condition, P〈0.0001). Correlation coefficients, computed from the eye and the hand movements were low for the right and the left hand. The saccade was more coupled with the visual step change than with the action of the hand per se. In a second bimanual pull-and-pick task, the instruction was to pull a drawer with the left hand from a closed position to a LED-cued open position and then to grasp and reinsert a small peg in the drawer with the right hand. Correlation coefficients, computed from the latencies of saccades and of the leading left hand or of the right hand, were significant in four of five subjects. Intermanual correlations were significant in all five subjects. In conclusion, we found that the initial saccade in the unimanual task was best related with the visual step change, but was poorly correlated with the pulling/pushing hand. In the bimanual task, a moderate, but significant temporal coupling between the eyes and hand events was observed. This coupling was, however, less tight than that between both hands.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 29 (1977), S. 85-95 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Load compensation ; Motor cortex ; Monkey
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. Precentral neural activity was studied in relation to steady loads in a Cebus monkey trained to make self-paced elbow flexions and extensions into learned target positions in which the arm had to be held steady between movements. The same steady loads were applied in about 15 successive trials. 2. Single unit records were analyzed from 75 task-related precentral cortical cells. Out of 57 activated neurons, 18 reached peak discharge before or at movement onset, 31 after movement onset, and 8 had gradually rising discharge throughout holding and movement. 3. Different steady loads were tested adequately for 52 neurons. Of these 13 displayed a clear increase of the static discharge rate during the hold phase; a weak trend in the same direction was seen in additional 11 neurons. Four neurons appeared to be related to position rather than to load, and 24 neurons did not change their static discharge rate under different loads. 4. Increasing load produced also dynamic changes of firing frequency in 8 neurons: an increase of the peak frequency, a shortening of the rise time to peak, and advanced onset time. Increased peak frequency was positively correlated with increased peak acceleration of the movement. 5. It is likely that these dynamic changes occurring before or shortly after movement onset are programmed and not the consequence of proprioceptive feedback.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 43 (1981), S. 413-418 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Gracile nucleus ; Plasticity ; Somatotopy ; Agenetic defect ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The somatotopic representation of the hindlimb in the gracile nucleus was studied in two cats who had a congenital defect of one hindfoot. The defect comprised all of the foot downward from and including the heel, and the distal third of tibia and fibula. The part of the sciatic nerve normally supplying the lower hindlimb and the hindfoot was reduced in diameter by one third. The motoneurones corresponding to the absent muscles were lacking and replaced by glial elements. The cross-sectional area of the dorsal columns at segment S2 was reduced by more than 20%. The gracile nuclei, in contrast, were not reduced in size. Only the diameter of its neurones was significantly smaller. Electrophysiological single and multi-neurone recordings revealed an altered somatotopic representation in the gracile nucleus on the defective side. The nuclear area normally representing the missing parts of the body surface now received input from the stump. There was no nuclear area devoid of afferent input, and there was no input in the gracile from the forelimb or from the contralateral side. It is concluded that the remaining parts of the leg project onto the gracile nucleus in an ordered fashion, sharing the entire nucleus according to their present afferent fibres.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    European journal of neuroscience 6 (1994), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1460-9568
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The aim of the present investigation was to assess a bimanual goal-oriented movement sequence with particular emphasis on its temporal structure. The three monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) used in this study chose the left arm as the leading and more postural arm to reach out and pull back a spring-loaded drawer containing a food morsel. The right arm followed the left and picked up the food with a precision grip. Video recordings, trajectory recordings of the two index fingers, drawer displacement and the measurements of discrete events of the left and right hand revealed a considerable trial-by-trial variability in the temporal and spatial domain. The variability of latencies progressively increased from the initiation of the bimanual sequence to the left-hand and right-hand events defining goal achievement. The main result was that, in spite of this variability in each of the two limbs, there was an invariant left-right goal-related synchronization. The timing of the goal-related event pairs covaried and showed high correlation coefficients. Covariation of the two hands resulting in an invariant synchronization was particularly striking when monkeys performed the task without vision, and timing of right and left movement components was delayed with further increase in variability. The results indicate that, in the present bimanual skill, kinaesthetic signals may be sufficient to coordinate the two limbs in a goal-oriented unitary action in accord with a memorized plan.
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  • 17
    ISSN: 1460-9568
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Infant monkeys were subjected to unilateral lesions of the motor cortex (mainly its hand representation). After maturation, they showed normal use of the contralateral hand for global grip movements. However, as compared with the ipsilateral hand, precision grip tasks requiring relatively independent finger movements were performed with less dexterity, particularly if adjustments of the wrist position were necessary. The purpose of this study was to investigate mechanisms which may be responsible for the rather well, although not complete, preservation of manipulative behaviour of these adult monkeys. To this end, the hand representations were mapped bilaterally with intracortical microstimulation in the mature monkeys, and the dexterity of both hands assessed quantitatively in a precision grip task. The behavioural effects of reversible inactivations of the primary (M1) and supplementary (SMA) motor cortical areas were then tested. The following were found. (i) The hand contralateral to the lesion exhibited subtle but significant dexterity deficits, as compared with the ipsilateral hand; the deficit was essentially for complex movements requiring dissociation of the thumb–index finger pinch from the other digits, involving also an arm rotation. (ii) Reversible inactivation of the M1 hand representation in the intact hemisphere dramatically impaired dexterity of the opposite hand without affecting the ipsilateral hand (contralateral to the early lesion). (iii) A relatively complete hand representation was found to occupy a new territory, medial to the old lesion. (iv) The role of this new displaced representation was crucial for the preserved dexterity of the opposite hand, as evidenced by its functional inactivation. In contrast, inactivation of both SMA cortices did not interfere with the manipulative behaviour. It is thus concluded that the preserved functional capacity of manipulations with the hand opposite the early lesion can be essentially attributed to a cortical reorganization around the old lesion. Under the present experimental conditions, contributions from either the SMA or the intact M1 appear not to be crucial.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 92 (1992), S. 173-182 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Bimanual task ; Anticipatory postural adjustment ; Distal movements ; Unloading reflex ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The aim of the present study was to investigate postural adjustments and positional stability in a bimanual unloading task, involving essentially the index finger, in order to test whether proactive adjustments are also observed in distal body segments. A second goal of the study was to evaluate the concept of a central command that would be responsible for coupling movement and posture. The positional disturbance of the right load-bearing index finger of healthy human subjects was studied under two types of manipulations: passive, i.e., imposed, unloading and active unloading, by the subject's left index finger. It was found that, in such a distal task, positional stabilization of the load-bearing finger was much better (by a factor of 6) in the active situation than the passive situation. This improvement was greater than previously reported for a proximal task. An electromyogram (EMG) analysis of the mostly implicated dorsal interosseous muscles revealed a typical unloading reflex in the passive situation (reactive mode) and a suppression of EMG before unloading onset in the active situation (proactive mode). Averaged records showed an almost perfect synchronization between the EMG suppression in the load-bearing interosseous muscle and the onset of the EMG burst of the unloading index finger. A trial-by-trial analysis, however, revealed a considerable scatter in intervals of the two EMG events, with a tendency of the activity burst in the left finger to occur slightly before the suppression of EMG in the load-bearing muscle. No positive correlation was found between the precision of synchronization (intervals near zero time) and the accuracy of performance, i.e., positional stability of the unloaded finger. Although the trial-by-trial variability was large, it is suggested that at least some of this variability is caused by a nonsteady state of motoneuronal excitability. In view of the low-pass property of the muscle, the observed variability in synchronization may be sufficiently precise to maintain the hypothesis of a central temporal coupling of the events in the two hands through a common command. However, the lack of a correlation between the degree of synchronization and the performance in stability argues rather in favor of separate commands to the two hands that select the parameters in the spatial domain. Finally, an intermanual EMG or torque analysis is proposed that might be useful in assessing the accuracy in goal achievement, i.e., the maintenance of a stable finger position in spite of the “internal” perturbation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 19
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei 10 Patienten mit Parkinsonscher Krankheit wurde der Einfluß einer Koagulation im ventrolateralen Kern des Thalamus auf eine standardisierte, rasche Willkürflexion der Vorderarme untersucht. Die Patienten zeigten eine einseitig ausgeprägte Symptomatologie mit vorwiegendem Rigor und Tremor. Die Tests wurden beidseits vor der Operation, wenige Tage nach der Operation und, mit einer Ausnahme, mehrere Wochen nach der Operation durchgeführt. In einer ersten Versuchsserie wurden die Patienten aufgefordert, so schnell wie möglich auf ein optisches Signal zu reagieren (=einfache Reaktion); in einer zweiten Versuchsserie wurde die gleiche Bewegung ausgeführt, jedoch nach vorausgehender Helligkeitsdiskrimination (=komplexe Reaktion). Das Willkürinnervationsmuster wurde elektromyographisch analysiert, die Reaktionszeiten elektromyographisch und mechanographisch gemessen. Vor der Operation zeigten die Patienten auf der stärker betroffenen Seite in der Mehrzahl der Fälle einen Ruhetremor und einen ausgeprägten Aktionstremor. Die Dauer der Willkürinnervationsstoßes war gegenüber der klinisch nicht oder weniger betroffenen Seite signifikant verlängert. Die Reaktionszeiten lagen jedoch sowohl für die einfache als auch für die komplexe Reaktion im Bereich der Norm. Nach der stereotaktischen Operation war auf der Gegenseite klinisch kein Rigor und Tremor mehr nachweisbar. Während auch elektromyographisch kein Ruhetremor registriert werden konnte, persistierte der Aktionstremor in 7 von 8 Patienten. Die Dauer des Willkürinnervationsstoßes verkürzte sich signifikant um durchschnittlich 25%. Die verschiedenen Werte der Reaktionszeiten änderten sich gesamthaft nicht signifikant, es bestand jedoch eine Tendenz zur Angleichung der Werte der leicht oder nicht betroffenen Seite und der vor der Operation schwerer betroffenen Seite. Die Resultate zeigen, daß eine ballistische Bewegung des Vorderarmes, also eine proximale Bewegung, von Parkinsonpatienten mit vorwiegendem Rigor und Tremor durchschnittlich gleich schnell ausgeführt werden kann wie von normalen Versuchspersonen; dies im Gegensatz zu früheren Befunden an Parkinsonpatienten mit meist schwerer Akinesie. Die elektromyographische Analyse zeigte jedoch, daß die jetzt untersuchten Patienten die in Gang gesetzte Bewegung nicht rasch genug abbremsen können. Die nach dem stereotaktischen Eingriff beobachtete Verbesserung der Gesamtmotilität könnte zum Teil darauf beruhen, daß es den Patienten besser gelingt, Änderungen der Bewegungsrichtung auszuführen. Die Tatsache, daß der Ruhetremor und der Aktionstremor durch den stereotaktischen Eingriff unterschiedlich beeinflußt wurden, bestätigt die Hypothese, daß den beiden Tremorformen verschiedene pathophysiologische Mechanismen zugrunde liegen.
    Notes: Summary The effect of ventrolateral thalamotomy on a standardized rapid volitional movement was tested in 10 Parkinsonian patients. Clinically, unilateral rigidity and tremor prevailed in most cases while akinesia was slight or absent. The patients were tested on both sides before, a few days after, and several weeks after the stereotaxic operation. In a first series the patients were instructed to hit as quickly as possible a target by performing a flexion movement of the forearm in response to an optic signal. These simple reactions were followed by a test series of complex tasks; the patient had to perform the same movement, but in addition a visual brightness discrimination was required. The pattern of voluntary innervation was analyzed electromyographically and mechanically by means of two switches operated when the hand left the platform and when it reached the target. Before the operation most patients exhibited rhythmic reciprocal bursts of electrical activity in the biceps and triceps muscles and a pronounced action tremor characterized by synchronous bursts in the two muscle groups. The voluntary muscular activity was prolonged as compared to the unaffected or slightly affected side. The reaction times were, however, within normal range for both the simple and complex reactions. The thalamic lesions abolished the rigidity and the resting tremor on the contralateral side. However, the action tremor persisted in 7 out of 8 patients indicating that different pathophysiological mechanisms underlie resting tremor and action tremor. The mean duration of the voluntary muscular activity was significantly reduced by 25%. The reaction times tended to become equal on both sides, but the changes were slight and not significant. The results revealed that on the average the patients performed a ballistic movement of the proximal limb as rapidly as normal subjects. This is in contrast to results obtained previously in Parkinsonian patients with severe akinesia. Electromyography made it clear, however, that the movements could not be controlled as accurately as in normal subjects. The overall improvement of the motility after thalamotomy may be partly due to an improvement of rapid directional changes.
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of neurology 184 (1962), S. 23-43 
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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