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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Ethik in der Medizin 10 (1998), S. 189-194 
    ISSN: 1437-1618
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Philosophy
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 22
    ISSN: 1432-1327
    Keywords: Key words Dinuclear iron complexes ; Non-heme iron complexes ; Mössbauer spectroscopy ; Mixed-valent iron complexes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract  The asymmetrically coordinated complex [{L(Ph2acac)FeIII}(μ-O){FeIII(Cl4-cat)L}](BPh4)·1.5toluene has been synthesized and structurally characterized (Ph2acac–=1,3-diphenylpropane-1,3-dionate, Cl4-cat2–=tetrachlorocatecholate, L=1,4,7-trimethyl-1,4,7-triazacyclononane). This species can be electrochemically oxidized and reduced by one electron, respectively, yielding two species which both have an S=1/2 ground state. It is shown that the oxidation is ligand-centered, affording a coordinated semiquinonate(1–) ligand with S=1/2 which is antiferromagnetically coupled to a high-spin FeIII ion (S=5/2) yielding an S=2 state which, in turn, is antiferromagnetically coupled (through the oxo bridge) to the second high-spin FeIII ion (S=5/2) yielding the observed S=1/2 ground state. In contrast, the reduction is metal-centered generating a mixed-valent species with an [FeIII-O-FeII]3+ core; intramolecular antiferromagnetic coupling again produces an S=1/2 ground state. The symmetrical complex [{LFeIII(Ph2acac)}2(μ-O)](ClO4)2 has also been synthesized, as have the mononuclear species [LFeII(Ph2acac)Cl] and [LFeIII(aacac)Cl](ClO4)·1 mesitylene [aacac–=3-(9-anthryl)acetylacetonate(1–)], all of which have been characterized by X-ray crystallography. The magnetism, the Mössbauer-, EPR-, and UV-VIS-spectra and the electrochemistry of complexes are reported.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 23
    ISSN: 1434-4475
    Keywords: Pyrano[3,2-c]quinoline-alkaloids ; 4-Hydroxyquinoline-2-ones ; Alkylation ; Phase-transfer-catalysis ; Sigmatropic rearrangement ; “Späth type” chromene synthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The pyrano-cyclisation of 4-hydroxy-(1-methyl)-1H-quinoline-2-one with 3-chlor-3-methylbut-1-yne, supposed to proceed via an ether or vinyl intermediate, is studied by alkylating different 4-hydroxyquinolines. The nine derivatives characterized favour the ether-pathway (“Späth type” chromene synthesis).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal for general philosophy of science 31 (2000), S. 347-356 
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    BIT 32 (1992), S. 676-688 
    ISSN: 1572-9125
    Keywords: Mathematics Subject Classification ; 65F15 ; 65F30 ; 65L20 ; Inverse eigenvalue problem ; eigenvalue assignment ; singly-implicit Runge-Kutta method ; B-stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The implementation of implicit Runge-Kutta methods requires the solution of large sets of nonlinear equations. It is known that on serial machines these costs can be reduced if the stability function of ans-stage method has only ans-fold real pole. Here these so-called singly-implicit Runge-Kutta methods (SIRKs) are constructed utilizing a recent result on eigenvalue assignment by state feedback and a new tridiagonalization, which preserves the entries required by theW-transformation. These two algorithms in conjunction with an unconstrained minimization allow the numerical treatment of a difficult inverse eigenvalue problem. In particular we compute an 8-stage SIRK which is of order 8 andB-stable. This solves a problem posed by Hairer and Wanner a decade ago. Furthermore, we finds-stageB-stable SIRKs (s=6,8) of orders, which are evenL-stable.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    BIT 31 (1991), S. 314-320 
    ISSN: 1572-9125
    Keywords: 65L20 ; Implicit Runge-Kutta methods ; I-stability ; generalized positive function
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Well-known stability concepts for Runge-Kutta methods areA-stability andB-stability. These stability properties can be characterized by algebraic conditions related to the generating matrix of the method. In this note we show, thatI-stable methods can be characterized similarly, yielding aunified description ofB-,A- andI-stability in terms of a matrixR.I-stability, although a weaker concept thanA-stability, is of some relevance in parallelizing Runge-Kutta methods.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 27
    ISSN: 1573-8744
    Keywords: carrier-mediated transport ; organic cations ; cationic drugs ; hepatobiliary elimination ; hepatic distribution ; drug interactions ; structure-pharmacokinetic relationship ; multiplicity in carrier proteins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Carrier-mediated transport of drugs occurs in various tissues in the body and may largely affect the rate of distribution and elimination. Saturable translocation mechanisms allowing competitive interactions have been identified in the kidneys (tubular secretion), mucosal cells in the gut (intestinal absorption and secretion), choroid plexus (removal of drug from the cerebrospinal fluid), and liver (hepatobiliary excretion). Drugs with quaternary and tertiary amine groups represent the large category of organic cations that can be transported via such mechanisms. The hepatic and to a lesser extent the intestinal cation carrier systems preferentially recognize relatively large molecular weight amphipathic compounds. In the case of multivalent cationic drugs, efficient transport only occurs if large hydrophobic ring structures provide a sufficient lipophilicity-hydrophilicity balance within the drug molecule. At least two separate carrier systems for hepatic uptake of organic cations have been identified through kinetic and photoaffinity labeling studies. In addition absorptive endocytosis may play a role that along with proton-antiport systems and membrane potential driven transport may lead to intracellular sequestration in lysosomes and mitochondria. Concentration gradients of inorganic ions may represent the driving forces for hepatic uptake and biliary excretion of drugs. Recent studies that aim to the identification of potential membrane carrier proteins indicate multiple carriers for organic anions, cations, and uncharged compounds with molecular weights around 50,000 Da. They may represent a family of closely related proteins exhibiting overlapping substrate specificity or, alternatively, an aspecific transport system that mediates translocation of various forms of drugs coupled with inorganic ions. Consequently, extensive pharmacokinetic interactions can be anticipated at the level of uptake and secretion of drugs regardless of their charge.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 28
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology 27 (1981), S. 724-730 
    ISSN: 1432-0800
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 29
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Review of industrial organization 5 (1990), S. 25-43 
    ISSN: 1573-7160
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract The survivor test to determine scale economies in an industry is applied to the U.S. petroleum refining industry. A time series covering every refinery for the period 1947–1984 is used. The results support Stigler's original conclusion of a saucer-shaped long-run average cost curve when his technique is duplicated on the full time series. However, we argue that the technique is misleading and try an alternative method which concludes that costs are decreasing for large scale refineries.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 30
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Plant and soil 105 (1988), S. 149-152 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: C release ; liming ; mesh bag ; Nitrogen ; N release ; red clover
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Red clover root material confined in mesh bags was buried in three different limed and unlimed soils and incubated for 196 days at room temperature. Remaining amounts of organic matter, as well as concentrations of C and N of the decomposing material were determined three times during the incubation and finally the concentration of soil mineral N and pH of remaining roots was also assessed. Liming only temporarily affected the decomposition rate of organic matter and N release, and at the end of the incubation no effects could be observed due to liming. A possible explanation is that the decomposing root residues provide a well buffered micro-environment for the decomposing microflora. Liming did not change the pH of the root residues even when 97–98% of dry mass had disappeared from the mesh bags. Concentrations of mineral N were higher in limed than in unlimed soils.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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