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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Antibody-dependent enhancement of hantavirus infection in macrophage cell lines (1992)
    Springer
    Archives of virology 122 (1992), S. 107-118 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-8798
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) of hantavirus infections (strains Hantaan 76–118 and SR-11) was studied using macrophage-like cell lines (J774.1, P388D1, and U937). Significantly higher virus titers (1,000 to 4,000 FFU/ml) were obtained by pretreatment of the virus with immune serum as compared to normal serum (〈20 FFU/ml). Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to strain Hantaan 76–118 were employed to determine the antigenic determinants responsible for the ADE activity. ADE of the infection occurred with MAbs to both G1 and G2 envelope glycoproteins, but not with MAbs to nucleocapsid protein. Antigenic determinants related to haemagglutination or virus neutralization were found to cause ADE of the infection.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01321121
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Urine-associated horizontal transmission of Seoul virus among rats (1998)
    Springer
    Archives of virology 143 (1998), S. 15-24 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-8798
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary.  To understand the mode of transmission of Seoul type hantavirus in Wistar rats, we examined the shedding of the virus and antibody production in infected rats. When 1-day-old rats were inoculated with the KI-83-262 strain of Seoul virus, S segment of the viral genome was detected in lungs, clots, urine, saliva, submaxillary glands, rectums, and kidneys by nested reverse transcriptase PCR. On the other hand, when 8-week-old rats were infected with the virus, viral genome was detected only in the lungs and rectum. In newborn rats intranasally administered urine from infected newborn rats, four of six rats shed the virus into their urine. In addition, three of eight rats kept in the same cage with infected animals also shed the virus into urine. Moreover, the virus genome was detected in the urine of urban rats (Rattus norvegicus) in an enzootic focus. These findings suggest that the urine containing virus from infected † rats is an actual source of the Seoul virus infection.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s007050050264
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characterization of neutralizing monoclonal antibody escape mutants of Hantaan virus 76118 (1998)
    Springer
    Archives of virology 143 (1998), S. 73-83 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-8798
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary.  Neutralizing monoclonal antibody (MAb) escape mutants of Hantaan virus were generated using MAbs to envelope protein G1 (16D2) and G2 (11E10). The mutant viruses (mu16D2 and mu11E10), lacked reactivity only to the selecting MAb, or a MAb belonging to the same antigenic site. Both mutants had a single amino acid (a.a.) substitution. The a.a. substitution, found in mu16D2, was different from that found in another mutant selected with the same MAb (16D2). Although MAb 11E10 immunoprecipitated G2 protein, a deduced a.a. substitution was located in the G1 region. These results suggest that antigenic sites defined by neutralizing MAbs are composed of discontinuous epitopes over the G1 and G2 proteins. Mutant 11E10 showed a significant decrease in virulence in suckling mice. A virulence revertant of mu11E10, selected through passages in suckling mice brain, showed exactly the same deduced a.a. sequence as mu11E10 and still was not neutralized by MAb 11E10. Since mutant 16D2 was virulent for suckling mice, neutralization related epitopes found with MAbs 11E10 and 16D2 were independent of pathogenicity in BALB/c mice.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s007050050269
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Urine-associated horizontal transmission of Seoul virus among rats (1998)
    Springer
    Archives of virology 143 (1998), S. 365-374 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-8798
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary.  To understand the mode of transmission of Seoul type hantavirus in Wistar rats, we examined the shedding of the virus and antibody production in infected rats. When 1-day-old rats were inoculated with KI-83-262 strain of Seoul virus, the S segment of the viral genome was detected in lungs, clots, urine, saliva, submaxillary glands, rectums, and kidneys by nested reverse transcriptase PCR. On the other hand, when 8-week-old rats were infected with the virus, viral genome was detected only in the lungs and rectum. In uninfected newborn rats intranasally administered urine from infected newborn rats, four of six rats shed the virus into their urine. In addition, three of eight rats kept in a same cage with infected animals also shed the virus into urine. Moreover, the virus genome was detected in the urine of urban rats (Rattus norvegicus) in an enzootic focus. These findings suggest that the urine containing virus from infected rats is an actual source of Seoul virus infection.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s007050050292
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cell fusion by haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) viruses and its application for titration of virus infectivity and neutralizing antibody (1985)
    Springer
    Archives of virology 86 (1985), S. 303-313 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-8798
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome viruses, are members of the family Bunyaviridae. They cause cell to cell fusion from within under acidic conditions. This phenomenon was found to occur under a pH range of between 4.9 to 6.3 for all the viruses examined. The pH range which causes cell fusion was similar to that reported for the La Crosse virus of the Bunyaviridae, hence indicating that this property is a common biological characteristic among this family of viruses. Titration of virus infectivity and neutralizing antibody was done by counting the number of fused cell foci produced in infected Vero cell monolayers after low pH treatment. This method was simpler and more rapid than the ordinary plaque formation method or that of counting infected cell foci by IFA or immunoenzyme assay. In addition, this method may also be applicable in the detection of other enveloped viruses which do not cause a typical cytopathic effect.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01309834
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Epidemiological studies of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) related virus infection among urban rats in Hokkaido, Japan (1986)
    Springer
    Archives of virology 88 (1986), S. 231-240 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-8798
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Seroepidemiological studies of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) virus infection were carried out among urban rats(Rattus norvegicus andRattus rattus) and small field rodents in Hokkaido, Japan. An urban rat colony that was seropositive to SR-11 strain of HFRS virus (laboratory rat origin) was demonstrated in February 1983 at a dumping ground area of Kami-iso Town near Hakodate port. An HFRS-related virus, named KI-262 strain, was isolated from the lung tissue of a seropositive rat using Vero-E6 cell culture. Antigenicity of the isolate was closely related to Hantaan 76–118 and SR-11 strains by the indirect immunofluorescent antibody (IFA) test. No seropositive rat was found among the 861 rats captured in 38 other regions. It is unclear whether or not the infected rats in the positive area were introduced from abroad, though the area is located near Hakodate International Port. Furthermore, higher positive rates of urban rats in the Kami-iso area were observed in the spring and winter than in the summer and fall. Significantly high proportion of positive cases was observed among adult rats (six months or older) than among younger animals. The seasonal and age distribution of postive cases suggested that the virus was not readily transmitted from one infected rat to another. One seropostive case of a small field mouse(Clethrionomys rufocanus bedfordiae) was detected around the Kami-iso area.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01310877
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Protective role of antigenic sites on the envelope protein of Hantaan virus defined by monoclonal antibodies (1992)
    Springer
    Archives of virology 126 (1992), S. 271-281 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-8798
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary To investigate the role of Hantaan virus envelope glycoprotein in infection, a panel of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) was examined in vitro with several serological tests and in vivo by passive transfer experiments in mice. An antigenic site, specific for the inhibition of infected cell focus was detected with the focus inhibition neutralization test (FINT), in addition to the neutralization related antigenic sites, which were revealed by the ordinary focus reduction neutralization test (FRNT). Suckling mice were given the MAbs by passive transfer followed by lethal Hantaan virus challenge. All neutralizing MAbs detected by either FRNT or FINT protected all mice from lethal infection, confirming the importance of the antigenic sites as a protective antigen. Mice given non-neutralizing MAbs by passive transfer, however, began to die earlier than the control group; mean time to death (18.2±2.1 to 21.5±2.8 days) being significantly shorter than that of the control group (25.8±1.8, p〈0.01, Mann-Whitney,U probability test). Virus titers in brains of mice which died early, were about 10 times higher than those of control mice. These results indicated the early death phenomenon of mice which was mediated by the antivirus antibody.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01309700
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Modes of Seoul virus infections: persistency in newborn rats and transiency in adult rats (1996)
    Springer
    Archives of virology 141 (1996), S. 2327-2338 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-8798
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary To understand the mode of persistent infection of Seoul virus in rodents, we examined the distribution of the virus genome and antibody production in infected rats. When 1-day-old rats were inoculated with the KI-83-262 strain, the S segment of viral genome was detected in sera, clots, lungs and kidneys from 3 to 184 days post inoculation (d.p.i.) by nested reverse transcriptase PCR. On the other hand, when 7-week-old rats were infected with this virus, viral genome was detected only in the lungs from 3 to 50 d.p.i. The neutralizing antibody titers of rats inoculated at 1-day of age were higher than those of rats inoculated at 7 weeks of age. In both age groups, however, the IgG avidity of antibody increased along with the course of infection. We found that urban rats (Rattus norvegicus) infected early in life harbored the virus for more than 6 months.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01718634
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Inhibition of Borna disease virus replication by ribavirin in persistently infected cells (1998)
    Springer
    Archives of virology 143 (1998), S. 2039-2044 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-8798
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary.  Ribavirin at concentrations from 1 to 10 μg/ml exihibited inhibitory effects on transcription of Borna disease virus (BDV) in persistently infected cells. Our present study indicates that ribavirin is a candidate anti-BDV drug.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s007050050440
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc)-specific lectins mediate enhancement of Hantaan virus infection (1999)
    Springer
    Archives of virology 144 (1999), S. 1765-1777 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-8798
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary.  N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc)-specific lectins, Dolichos biflorus agglutinin (DBA), and soybean agglutinin (SBA), enhanced Hantaan (HTN) virus infections in Vero E6 and P388D1 cells. Treatment of Vero E6 cells with the lectins either before or during, but not after, virus inoculation resulted in lectin-mediated enhancement of infection (LME), indicating that GalNAc-specific lectin affects an early stage of the infection. Lectin blot and FACS analysis showed that the ability of HTN virus envelope glycoproteins and cell surface molecules to bind DBA and SBA was essential for LME. GalNAc clearly inhibited LME, indicating that the lectins bind with their specific carbohydrate-binding site. These results suggest that a lectin cross-link between the virus and the cell surface is the most plausible mechanism for inducing infection enhancement.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s007050050703
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