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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The temperature dependence of the bilinear and biquadratic exchange coupling in Fe/Cu, Ag/Fe(001) structures (abstract) : 38th Annual Conference on Magnetism and Magnetic Materials (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 75 (1994), S. 6473-6473 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The exchange coupling through nonmagnetic metallic interlayers is described by bilinear and biquadratic exchange coupling terms. In simple metals such as Cu(001) and Ag(001), the bilinear exchange coupling exhibits strong short wavelength oscillations (∼2 ML). The exchange coupling through non ferromagnetic interlayers is strongly affected by the interface roughness. Realistic interfaces consist of finite atomic terraces that result in variations of the interlayer thickness. Slonczewski showed that in this case the biquadratic exchange term can be produced by frustration of local magnetic moments. Recent band structure calculations showed that the biquadratic exchange coupling can be intrinsic. In this case its strength is usually found to be significantly weaker than that of bilinear coupling. The temperature dependence of biquadratic exchange coupling is expected to be different for the Slonczewski and intrinsic mechanisms. The intrinsic biquadratic exchange coupling is expected to vary with temperature faster than that predicted by the Slonczewski mechanism. In the present studies using the FMR and MOKE techniques we have investigated extensively the temperature dependence of the bilinear and biquadratic exchange coupling in Fe/Cu/Fe and Fe/Ag/Fe(001) structures. The quantitative studies of the exchange coupling were carried out in the temperature range 77–400 K. By growing the first Fe layer at various substrate temperatures one can prepare samples possessing interfaces with a variable atomic terrace width at the Fe/Cu, Ag interface. That way one can control the strength of the biquadratic exchange coupling. Two limits were investigated: (a) The strength of the biquadratic term in the exchange coupling was much smaller (10%) compared to the bilinear term; (b) the strength of the biquadratic term was comparable to the bilinear exchange coupling. The results are discussed within the framework of existing theories.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.356966
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    "Loose spins'' in Fe/Cu/Fe(001) structures : 38th Annual Conference on Magnetism and Magnetic Materials (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 75 (1994), S. 6187-6189 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Slonczewski recently proposed a model for the exchange coupling between ferromagnetic layers separated by a nonferromagnetic spacer based on the concept of "loose spins.'' "Loose spins'' contribute to the total exchange energy. We have studied the role of "loose spins'' in bcc Fe/Cu/Fe(001) structures. bcc Fe/Cu/Fe(001) trilayers deposited at room temperature were investigated extensively in our previous studies. In our "loose spin'' studies, the Fe was added inside the Cu interlayer. Several structures were atomically engineered in order to test the behavior of "loose spins:'' One additional atomic layer of an (Fe+Cu) alloy were located in appropriate positions in a Cu spacer. The bilinear and biquadratic exchange coupling in the above structures was quantitatively studied with FMR in the temperature range 77–370 K and with MOKE at RT.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.355451
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interface alloying at Fe/Cr interfaces and its role in exchange coupling, angular resolved Auger electron, magneto-optic Kerr effect, and Brillouin light scattering studies (invited) : The 40th annual conference on magnetism and magnetic materials (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 79 (1996), S. 4518-4523 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Angular resolved Auger electron studies were carried out for Fe whisker/Cr(001) interfaces which were prepared at 100, 180, 246, and 296 °C. The Cr atoms penetrate progressively into the second (counting from the surface) atomic layer at 100, 180, and 246 °C. At 296 °C the Cr atoms enter the third atomic layer. No noticeable fraction of the Cr atoms was found in the fourth atomic layer. The exchange coupling was studied in Fe whisker/Cr/Fe(001) films which were grown in a nearly perfect layer by layer mode. Magneto-optic Kerr effect and Brillouin light scattering measurements showed that the measured change in the phase of the short wavelength oscillations, the presence of a slowly varying exchange coupling bias, and the small measured values of exchange coupling are caused by the same mechanism: interface alloying. The exchange coupling in Fe whisker/Cr/nFe specimens, for n=10, 20, 30, and 40 ML, showed no obvious dependence on the Fe layer thickness. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.361768
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Temperature dependence of the exchange coupling in the Fe(001) whisker/11 ML Cr/20 ML Fe structure : 38th Annual Conference on Magnetism and Magnetic Materials (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 75 (1994), S. 6181-6183 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The exchange coupling between iron layers separated by 11 monolayers (ML) of Cr(001) has been investigated using a structure in which the Cr(001) was grown on a bulk iron whisker Fe(001) surface at a temperature of approximately 300 °C. This temperature was selected to produce near optimum smoothness of the Cr layer. The Cr(001) deposition was followed by the deposition of 20 ML of Fe(001) at room temperature, and by the deposition of a 20 ML Au(001) protective layer. The frequencies corresponding to the magnetic excitations in this structure were measured by means of Brillouin light scattering (BLS). One of the observed frequencies corresponds to a surface mode in the bulk iron whisker. Another observed frequency corresponds to the lowest lying precessional mode of the magnetization in the 20 ML thick Fe(001) thin film. Typically, the thin film frequency exhibits a dependence on applied magnetic field that displays two cusps. The positions of the cusps are dependent on the exchange coupling between the 20 ML Fe film and the bulk iron substrate. The surface mode frequency increases monotonically with increasing field over most of the field range investigated. However, at the field corresponding to the low field cusp in the thin film frequency, the surface mode frequency undergoes an abrupt jump in magnitude. We have used the position of the cusps in the thin film data to deduce values for the bilinear, J1, and biquadratic, J2, coupling terms, where the coupling energy is written in the form EAB=−J1 cos(Δφ)+J2 cos2(Δφ); Δφ is the angle between the thin film and bulk iron magnetizations. Measurements of J1 and J2 have been carried out at six temperatures that span the range 100–350 K. Both J1 and J2 are found to depend strongly on temperature. The data are well described by the quadratic expression J2=−0.54+1.46 ×||J1||−0.52×J12, where J1 and J2 are expressed in erg/cm2. The large nonzero intercept and the linear term probably imply a significant intrinsic contribution to the biquadratic exchange.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.355449
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Magnetic properties of sandwiches and superlattices of fcc Fe(001) grown on Cu(001) substrates (1988)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 63 (1988), S. 3464-3466 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The magnetic properties of Cu/Fe epitaxial sandwiches and superlattices have been measured using Brillouin light scattering and ferromagnetic resonance. All of the samples are perpendicularly magnetized at room temperature, due to the presence of large uniaxial anisotropies with an easy axis perpendicular to the sample surface. Inclusion of a second-order uniaxial anisotropy term is particularly important for one of the superlattice samples.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.340767
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Light scattering from thermal magnons in thin metallic ferromagnetic films (1988)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 63 (1988), S. 3814-3816 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A computer program has been written with which the complex resonant frequency can be calculated for a thin ferromagnetic metal film sandwiched between a nonmagnetic metallic substrate and a nonmagnetic metallic overlayer. The calculation includes exchange and magnetic damping having the Gilbert form. The program has been used to investigate the sensitivity of thin-film resonant frequencies to the resistivities of the overlayer, the substrate, and the magnetic film. It is concluded that the presence of an overlayer and of a substrate are unimportant for the analysis of Brillouin scattering data from films less than 100 A(ring) thick: uncertainties in the absolute value of the frequency shift of the scattered light—typically 1:200—are greater than, or comparable with, the frequency shifts caused by an overlayer or a substrate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.340623
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ferromagnetic antiresonance transmission through pure iron at 73 GHz (1988)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 63 (1988), S. 3811-3813 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The magnetic damping in pure iron has been studied over the temperature range 140–300 K using a single-crystal slab l5 μm thick. The results at room temperature are consistent with the accepted value of the damping parameter for iron of G=0.7×108 Hz. The damping increases as the temperature is reduced and reaches a value of approximately 1.4×108 Hz at 140 K.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.340622
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Engineering magnetic materials on the atomic scale (invited) (1987)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 61 (1987), S. 3721-3728 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) systems and the use of atomic beams for deposition of atoms layer by layer combine to make possible the creation of new materials. The applications to metallic magnetism are gaining increasing attention. The building of sandwiches of magnetic and nonmagnetic layers should lead to increased understanding of the propagation of spin polarization through metals and the effects of finite thickness on the ground state properties and the thermodynamics of magnetic materials. The most important step in this process is in the first layer, i.e., the preparation of the substrate and the determination of the quality of the interface and of the overlayer. The techniques of surface science, e.g., residual gas analysis (RGA), reflection high energy electron diffraction (RHEED), Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), and x-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS) are essential for the characterization of the interface. Illustrations of these include our own work on body-centered-cubic Ni deposited epitaxially on (100)Fe with and without intermediate epitaxial Au layers and with and without Au cover layers, studied using ferromagnetic resonance (FMR). The engineering of new magnetic phases takes into account the tendency of increased atomic volume to enhance magnetic moments. Epitaxy can be used to create negative pressures. New phases of Mn have been formed using the (0001) surface of Ru as a template for expanded structures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.338672
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ferromagnetic resonance in ultrahigh vacuum of bcc Fe(001) films grown on Ag(001) (1988)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 64 (1988), S. 5334-5336 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Ferromagnetic resonance studies carried out in ultrahigh vacuum at 16.88 GHz on bcc Fe (001) films 5–14.2 monolayers (ML) thick grown on Ag (001) substrates indicate that an ultrathin Fe film 5 ML thick should be magnetized perpendicular to the specimen plane at room temperature. Covering the bare Fe specimens with Ag causes a substantial reduction in the uniaxial surface anisotropy for all Fe film thicknesses and would put the moment of a 5-ML film back into the plane. For a given Fe film thickness, the maximum obtainable uniaxial surface anisotropy depends on both the amount of oxygen contamination in the film and on the surface roughness.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.342362
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Calculation of Brillouin light scattering intensities from pairs of exchange-coupled thin films (1988)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 64 (1988), S. 6092-6094 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A computer program has been developed that can be used to calculate the intensity of light scattered from thermal magnons in two planar exchange-coupled magnetic films. The static magnetizations have been assumed to be uniform and parallel with an applied magnetic field which lies in the plane of the films. The calculation includes exchange energies, cubic magnetocrystalline anisotropy energies, and surface pinning energies. The results of the calculation compare favorably with the data reported for iron films by Grünberg et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 57, 2442 (1986)].
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.342103
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