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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 117 (1964), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of legal medicine 50 (1960), S. 54-61 
    ISSN: 1437-1596
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Law
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 30 (1972), S. 135-160 
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird über eine arbeitspsychologische Fragebogenerhebung bei 517 (80,3%) der deutschen Fluglotsen aller deutschen ZivilflughÄfen mit Ausnahme der FlughÄfen Berlin und Saarbrücken berichtet. Der Fragebogen umfa\te 106 Fragen zur Arbeitssituation, zur Arbeitszufriedenheit und zum subjektiven Gesundheitsstatus. Die Fragebögen wurden unter Aufsicht des Versuchsleiters in Gruppen bis zu 20 von den Lotsen ausgefüllt. Es wird festgestellt, da\ das berufliche Interesse der Lotsen an ihrer TÄtigkeit besonders gro\, die Arbeitszufriedenheit aber besonders gering war, wenn man die Äu\erungen zu den Einzelaspekten der Arbeitssituation als Kriterium heranzog. Als Ursachen geringer Arbeitszufriedenheit erwiesen sich: Fehlende Aufstiegsmöglichkeiten, allgemeine Arbeitsbedingungen, UnverstÄndnis der Administration, Bezahlung sowie Arbeitsbelastung. Die vorhandene Arbeitsunzufriedenheit wirkte sich sehr deutlich auf den Berufsbezug von Gesundheitsstörungen aus, wobei dieser vom Lebensalter und von der Dauer der Betriebszugehörigkeit überlagert wurde. Die Verursachung oder Aggravation von berufsbezogenen Gesundheitsstörungen durch Arbeitsunzufriedenheit wird diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary An inventory study was performed using as subjects 517 (80.3%) of the German air traffic controllers of all German civilian air-ports except Berlin and Saarbrücken. The inventory included 106 questions about job situation, job satisfaction and the subjective health status. The controllers completed the inventories in groups of 20 under the supervision of the test leader. Is was found that the interest of the controllers in their work was particulary high but job satisfaction was particularly low if remarks about individual aspects of the job situation were accepted as a criterium. Reasons for low job satisfaction were: Lack of opportunity for professional advancement, general working conditions, lack of appreciation by the administration, payment and job load. The lack of job satisfaction was very closely related to health disturbances attributed to job situation; age and length of service were also involved. There is a discussion on whether lack of job satisfaction can cause or aggravate job-related health disturbances.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 31 (1973), S. 73-80 
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Annual cycle ; Performance ; Railway ; Shift-work ; Jahresrhythmus ; LeistungsfÄhigkeit ; Eisenbahn ; Schichtarbeit
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Aus insgesamt 40755 Zwangsbremsungen, die in den Jahren 1968 bis 1971 durch Nichtbedienen der Wachsamkeitstaste vom Triebfahrzeugpersonal im Bereich von 51 Betriebswerken der Deutschen Bundesbahn verursacht waren, wurden die relativen MonatshÄufigkeiten ermittelt. Diese zeigten in allen 4 Jahren einen jahresrhythmischen Gang mit dem Hauptminimum zu Jahresbeginn, einem ersten Maximum im April und dem Hauptmaximum im Oktober. Die Amplitude betrug in den Jahren 1968 bis 1970 etwa 25% des Jahresmittelwertes, im Jahre 1971 wurde sie durch bekannte Äu\ere Störeinflüsse extrem überhöht, wobei die grundsÄtzliche Verlaufsform erhalten blieb. Der gefundene Jahresgang widerspricht der Annahme eines dominierenden Einflusses Äu\erer jahreszeitlich schwankender Belastungsfaktoren und stimmt vielmehr formal mit dem bekannten Jahresrhythmus innerer biologischer Leistungsvoraussetzungen überein. Es wird vermutet, da\ eine mit den Schwankungen der vegetativen RegulationsqualitÄt einhergehende Resistenzschwankung des Organismus gegenüber den Störeinflüssen der Schichtarbeit den ausschlaggebenden Einflu\ auf die Phasenlage des gefundenen Jahresgangs ausübt, wobei exogene Faktoren eine sekundÄre Bedeutung haben können. Auf Möglichkeiten und Bedeutung einer nÄheren Analyse im Hinblick auf die Sicherheit des Betriebsablaufs wird hingewiesen.
    Notes: Summary The monthly percentage frequency of automatic compulsive braking by engine-drivers employed by the Deutsche Bundesbahn was calculated on the basis of 40755 such occurrences during the years 1968–1971. An annual cycle was evident throughout the 4 years, with the main minimum at the beginning of the year, the first maximum in April and the main maximum in October. The amplitude from 1968–1970 amounted to about 25% of the annual average. In 1971 the amplitude was radically increased through known external interferences, the basic shape of the annual course remaining intact. The observed annual cycle contradicts the assumption that seasonal variations of external load factors cause the annual cycle, being more consistent with some biological annual rhythms of internal performance factors. It is supposed that variations of the organism tolerating the disturbances of shift work, caused by changes in the quality of the vegetative regulation, dominate the phase position of the annual course, while external factors may have some secondary importance. With a view to the safety of the railway service, the authors stress both the significance of and possibilities for a closer analysis of the annual performance cycle.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 37 (1976), S. 125-137 
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Shift work ; Body temperature ; Circadian rhythm
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of permanent night and rapidly rotating shift systems on the daily course of body temperature were examined in an experimental situation. In the first series of tests 4 subjects worked on night shift for 3 successive weeks. A further 4 subjects worked on rapidly rotating shift systems; 2 subjects on a 1 - 1 - 1 - system (first day early shift, 2nd day late shift, 3rd day night shift, 4th day free), and 2 subjects on a 2 - 2 - 2 -system (“metropolitan rota”). Only slight changes in the daily course of rectal temperature were found with single night shifts. The greatest changes in the circadian rhythm occurred during the first week of night shifts. p]Even after 21 consecutive night shifts we failed to find complete inversion of the daily course of body temperature. In view of these test results rapidly rotating shift systems would seem to be advisable.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 47 (1980), S. 129-141 
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Postural work ; Static work ; Unfavourable body posture ; Longtime heart rate recording ; Loading work ; Haltungsarbeit ; Haltearbeit ; ungünstige Körperposition ; ganzschichtige Herzfrequenzregistrierung ; Ladearbeiten
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Auf einem Großflughafen wurde das Be- und Entladen verschiedenster Flugzeugtypen untersucht, wobei these Ladearbeiten durch das Heben, Bewegen und Tragen schwerer Lasten in ungünstigen Körperhaltungen und unter beengten Raumverhältnissen gekennzeichnet waren. Dazu wurden für 43 männliche Lade- und Vorarbeiter 46 ganzschichtige Untersuchungen durchgeführt. Die Art der Tätigkeit wurde über das “Arbeitswissenschaftliche Erhebungsverfahren zur Tätigkeitsanalyse” (AET) erfaßt. Zur Belastungsanalyse wurden ganzschichtige Positions studien durch kontinuierliche Beobachtung durchgeführt und für typische Tätigkeiten der Energieumsatz bestimmt. Die Beanspruchung durch die Ladearbeiten wurde mit Hilfe ganzschichtiger Herzfrequenzregistrierungen über einen tragbaren Cardiocorder erfaßt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß das Beladen von Flugzeugen sich aus dynamischer Arbeit sowie Halte- und Haltungsarbeit zusammensetzt, wobei in Abhängigkeit von der Körperhaltung und der Art der Tätigkeit deutliche Unterschiede in der Herzfrequenz auftraten. Die Körperhaltung wird dabei im wesentlichen von den Frachtraumhöhen (61 cm-197 cm) der verschiedenen Flugzeugtypen bestimmt. Der zusätzliche Einfluß des Lastentransportes kommt nur bei den Körperhaltungen mit geringem energetischen Aufwand zum Tragen. Daraus abgeleitete Vorschläge für geänderte Frachtraumhöhen bzw. entsprechende Auswahl der einzusetzenden Mitarbeiter wurden gemacht.
    Notes: Summary Loading and unloading of aircrafts involves lifting, moving, and carrying of heavy cargo in unfavourable body positions and in narrow spaces. This transport work was subjected to an investigation in a big airport. Forty-three male transport workers and foremen were studied during 46 total shifts. The type of activity was recorded by using the standardized procedure, the so-called “Arbeitswissenschaftliches Erhebungsverfahren zur Tädtigkeitsanalyse” (AET). For time and motion analysis, body positions were recorded by continuous observation during the total shift. For typical activities the energy expenditure was determined. The strain caused by transport work was estimated by recording the heart rate with a portable cardiocorder during the total shift. The results show that both dynamic and static work are involved in the loading and unloading of aircrafts. The heart rate varied characteristically according to the body position and to type of activity. The body position was mainly determined by the height of the bellies (from 0.61–1.97 m) of different aircrafts. An additional influence due to weight carrying could be observed only in body positions with low energy expenditure. Recommendations for changing the height of the bellies or to the appropriate selection of workers were made.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 46 (1980), S. 111-125 
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Shift work ; Night sleep ; Day sleep ; Ultradian rhythmicity ; Noise
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In connection with experimental shift work 20 volunteers were examined while working on different rapidly or slowly rotating shift systems. Sleep was analysed over a total of 112 days. Sleep was disturbed by childrens' noise or traffic noise. Sleep duration and sleep quality were particularly badly affected by noise with a high information value (childrens' noise). The ultradian rhythmicity of sleep did not appear to be disrupted by the change from day to night work. There were no significant differences between morning sleep and afternoon sleep after night work. In the laboratory experiments with fixed sleep durations, no separate effects on sleep quality could be established for different shift systems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 49 (1982), S. 353-355 
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 54 (1984), S. 173-180 
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Temperature rhythm ; Watchkeeping systems ; Ships ; Cosinor analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Oral temperature data were collected from 12 members of the crew of an oil tanker at sea. Most of the personnel examined were engaged on watchkeeping duties on a ‘4 on, 8 off’ fixed-hours system; the remainder included 3 “day-workers”. The study commenced after the subjects had been following their particular work schedules continuously for several weeks, thus providing good opportunity for adaptation to them. Observations were made at 4-hourly intervals during waking hours, over a period ranging from 8 to 13 days in individual cases. The form of the mean curves produced by averaging the readings over all days indicated that a reasonable degree of adjustment of the temperature rhythm to the different sleep/wake routines imposed by the work system had occurred. Estimates of rhythm phase and amplitude obtained by “single cosinor” time series analyses of the sequential data supported this impression. However, further investigations are needed to substantiate these findings, and also to determine how long it takes for the rhythm adjustment process to reach completion in inexperienced workers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Time zone crossing ; Watchkeeping ; Circadian rhythms ; Human performance ; Subjective alertness
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Daily diary records of sleep and activity, and 4-h measurements of body temperature, performance and subjective alertness were collected on board ship from 15 watchkeepers on the 4-on/8-off system, and from 28 dayworkers, on both westward and eastward transatlantic voyages. The data from a balanced sample of the subjects were analysed over selected 8-d periods of the voyages where four or five time zones were crossed. During these periods the average amount of daily sleep obtained by dayworkers on the eastward voyage was more than 1 h less than that on the westward voyage, and its quality was rated lower. Watchkeepers' main sleep was also shorter when travelling eastward, but this reduction was partially compensated for by a slightly longer secondary sleep. With the exception of subjective alertness on the eastward voyage, the basic phase of the circadian rhythms in the measured variables adjusted appropriately to the clock changes associated with the time zone crossings. The normal shape of the average daily curves was, however, altered differentially in the two directions of travel; as a result, morning levels of all variables were lower on the eastward voyage than on the westward, but evening levels were higher. These distortions of rhythm waveforms, which probably arose from a combination of endogenous and exogenous factors, add another dimension to the basic problem caused by the effects of circadian rhythms on operational efficiency in the shipboard situation. This problem can only be solved by the development of alternative watchkeeping systems which take full account of these rhythms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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