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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparison of the arrhythmogenic effects of tauro- and glycoconjugates of cholic acid in an in vitro study of rat cardiomyocytes (2004)
    Oxford, UK and Malden, USA : Blackwell Science Ltd
    BJOG 111 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-0528
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Obstetric cholestasis is associated with intrauterine death. In obstetric cholestasis, primary bile acids are more commonly conjugated with taurine than glycine, while glycoconjugates predominate in normal pregnancy. Using an in vitro model of rat cardiomyocytes, we compared the effect of tauro- and glycoconjugated cholate on cardiomyocyte rhythm, contraction amplitude and network integrity. We demonstrated that taurocholate had a more marked effect on all of these parameters, and the effects of the glycoconjugates were fully reversible while those of tauroconjugates were not. The increased proportion of tauroconjugated bile acids in obstetric cholestasis may contribute to the aetiology of the intrauterine death associated with the condition.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.2004.00166.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Photoacoustic cell for routine analysis (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 65 (1994), S. 2155-2156 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A photoacoustic cell was designed for routine studies (e.g., samples adsorbed on filter paper). Teflon disks that are easily cleaned and removed are used as the sample holders. The cell was characterized by recording the photoacoustic waveform with a digital oscilloscope.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1144719
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A simple internally mixed photomultiplier with GHz response (1993)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 64 (1993), S. 3014-3017 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A small head-on photomultiplier (HR2247) with "half photocathode gating'' is being used for detection in a superheterodyne mixing scheme. The HR2247 has a spectral range of 160–650 nm, a frequency response to 1 GHz and is inexpensive. A gate mesh covers part of the photocathode surface. Internal mixing is accomplished by applying a rf signal to the gate mesh. A fiber-optic/objective assembly mounted on an X-Y stage scans the position of the incident laser beam on the mesh. In order to evaluate the suitability of the HR2247 for practical fluorescence and imaging experiments, the photocathode surface was mapped at 41, 205, 410, 615, and 820 MHz modulation frequencies for variations in phase and modulation. The mixed signal at any point on the gate mesh can be optimized by adjusting the potential at the gate mesh.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1144349
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Scaling of streamwise vortices in wakes (1995)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Fluids 7 (1995), S. 2307-2309 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7666
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: In this Letter, we demonstrate the coexistence of two distinct systems of streamwise vortices in a bluff body wake. It appears that there exist conditions to amplify streamwise vorticity in bluff body wakes, by vortex stretching, in both the separating shear layers from the sides of the body and also in the vortex street wake. The length scale governing the streamwise vortices in the shear layer has a 1/(square root of)Re dependence, whereas the scale of such structures in the wake is independent of Reynolds number, Re (over a large range of Re). The proposition that there should exist two distinct, and possibly disparate, spanwise length scales in the cylinder wake is well supported by compiled measurements, particularly those of Williams and co-workers (Mansy et al. [J. Fluid Mech. 270, 277 (1994)]), as well as those from Chyu and Rockwell (submitted to J. Fluid Mech.). © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.868744
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Wave interactions in the far wake of a body (1993)
    New York, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Fluids 5 (1993), S. 1854-1856 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7666
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: There has been some question recently as to whether the far-wake structure of a bluff body is dependent on, or "connected'' with, the precise details of the near-wake structure. Indeed, it has previously been assumed that there is no direct connection in scale or frequency. In the present work, observations are shown of a honeycomb-like 3-D pattern in the far wake, which is caused by an interaction between the decaying oblique shedding waves from upstream and large-scale 2-D waves in the far wake. A clear "connection'' between the 3-D scales of the near and far wakes is thereby demonstrated. The symmetry and spanwise wavelength of Cimbala et al.'s [J. Fluid Mech. 190, 265 (1988)] 3-D pattern are precisely consistent with such wave interactions. In the presence of parallel shedding, the lack of a honeycomb pattern shows that the pattern is clearly dependent on oblique vortex shedding. It also follows that for oblique shedding, the far-wake 2-D waves cannot possibly be the result of vortex pairing.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.858810
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Defining a universal and continuous Strouhal–Reynolds number relationship for the laminar vortex shedding of a circular cylinder (1988)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Fluids 31 (1988), S. 2742-2744 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7666
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The existence of a discontinuity in the Strouhal–Reynolds number relationship for the laminar vortex shedding of a cylinder is found to be caused by a change in the mode of oblique shedding. By "inducing'' parallel shedding (from manipulating end conditions) the resulting Strouhal curve becomes completely continuous and agrees very well with the oblique-shedding data, if it is transformed by S0=Sθ/cos θ (where Sθ is the Strouhal number corresponding with the oblique-shedding angle θ). The curve also agrees with data from a completely different facility. This provides evidence that this Strouhal curve (S0) is universal (for a circular cylinder).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.866978
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phase dynamics of Kármán vortices in cylinder wakes (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Fluids 8 (1996), S. 91-96 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7666
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The temporal evolution of Kármán vortex shedding patterns in the wake of a cylinder placed at right angles to a uniform flow is studied for Reynolds numbers (based on cylinder diameter) between 80 and 140. Focusing on the dynamics of the vortex shedding phase in the wake planview (the plane spanned by the free-stream direction and the cylinder axis) we study experimentally and model the response of shedding patterns to time-dependent boundary conditions imposed at the cylinder ends. By appropriate impulsive changes of end conditions, spanwise wave number "shocks'' can be produced that travel along the cylinder span. These shock experiments, together with data from steady oblique shedding patterns, are used to determine the parameters for the spanwise Ginzburg–Landau model, which has already been used successfully to describe many of the phenomena observed in cylinder wakes. We then demonstrate experimentally that, in analogy to gasdynamics, it is also possible to produce "expansion waves'' of the spanwise wave number, which are well described by the Ginzburg–Landau model without further adjustment of its parameters. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.868817
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The existence of two stages in the transition to three-dimensionality of a cylinder wake (1988)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Fluids 31 (1988), S. 3165-3168 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7666
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The transition to three-dimensionality in the near wake of a circular cylinder involves two successive transitions, each of which corresponds with a discontinuity in the Strouhal–Reynolds number relationship. The first discontinuity [between Reynolds numbers (Re) of 170 to 180] is associated with the inception of vortex loops, and it is hysteretic. The second discontinuity (between Re=230 to 260) corresponds with a change to a finer-scale streamwise vortex structure. At this discontinuity there is no hysteresis, and it is suggested that two modes of vortex shedding alternate in time.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.866925
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mode A secondary instability in wake transition (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Fluids 8 (1996), S. 1680-1682 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7666
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: It is now well known that the wake transition regime for a circular cylinder involves two modes of secondary three-dimensional instability (modes "A'' and "B''), depending on the regime of Reynolds number (Re). However, there exists a surprisingly large scatter in previous measurements of critical Re for the inception of the mode A instability (Re from 140 to 190) and in previous measurements of spanwise length scale. It is deduced in this work that the large variation in previous measurements concerning mode A are due to the presence of vortex dislocations. In the absence of such dislocations, we find an excellent agreement of the critical Re as well as spanwise wavelength of mode A with the linear secondary stability analysis of Henderson and Barkley [Phys. Fluids 8, 1683 (1996)]. We further demonstrate that these large-scale dislocations in wake transition are triggered at the sites of some of the vortex loops for mode A; they are an intrinsic feature of transition, independent of end conditions. These studies lead us to a new clarification of the possible flow states through wake transition, as follows. If one defines a Mode A* as (Mode A+Dislocations), then the route through transition appears to follow the scenario of wake modes: (2D→A→A*→B). © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.868949
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Obstetric cholestasis, outcome with active management: a series of 70 cases (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    BJOG 109 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-0528
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Objective To determine the nature and outcome of obstetric cholestasis in a United Kingdom population.Design Prospective analysis of clinical outcome in women diagnosed with obstetric cholestasis that is actively managed.Setting Antenatal population of three London hospitals between August 1999 and April 2001.Population Seventy women with obstetric cholestasis defined as abnormal liver function (one or more abnormality in gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, alanine amino-transferase, aspartate amino-transferase and total bile acids) in a pregnant woman with pruritus, in the absence of other pathology.Methods All women were interviewed weekly regarding their symptoms. All were actively managed according to a standardised protocol, which included early delivery before 38 weeks. Obstetric outcome was recorded.Results Seventy women of mean age 30 (6) years delivered 73 infants. The median gestation at onset of pruritus was 30 (range 4–39) weeks and at diagnosis of obstetric cholestasis was 33.7 (range 21–40.7) weeks. Asian women were more likely to be diagnosed with obstetric cholestasis. Pruritus was usually severe and generalised, and commonly worst on the palms and/or soles of the feet. There were no stillbirths or perinatal deaths. Twenty-five women required caesarean section (36%); only four (16%) were for fetal distress. Twelve women (17%) delivered before 37 weeks, of which eight (67%) were iatrogenic. Ten (14%) infants required admission to the special care baby unit of which four (40%) were ventilated.Conclusions Policies of active management result in increased intervention and associated complications. This must be balanced against possible reductions in perinatal mortality.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.2002.01368.x
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