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  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chemical Coding of GABAB Receptor-Immunoreactive Neurones in Hypothalamic Regions Regulating Body Weight (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of neuroendocrinology 15 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2826
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) interacts with hypothalamic neuronal pathways regulating feeding behaviour. GABA has been reported to stimulate feeding via both ionotropic GABAA and metabotropic GABAB receptors. The functional form of the GABAB receptor is a heterodimer consisting of GABAB receptor-1 (GABABR1) and GABAB receptor-2 (GABABR2) proteins. Within the heterodimer, the GABA-binding site is localized to GABABR1. In the present study, we used an antiserum to the GABABR1 protein in order to investigate the cellular localization of GABABR1-immunoreactive neurones in discrete hypothalamic regions implicated in the control of body weight. The colocalization of GABABR1 immunoreactivity with different chemical messengers that regulate food intake was analysed. GABABR1-immunoreactive cell bodies were found in the periventricular, paraventricular (PVN), supraoptic, arcuate, ventromedial hypothalamic, dorsomedial hypothalamic, tuberomammillary nuclei and lateral hypothalamic area (LHA). Direct double-labelling showed that glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD)-positive terminals were in close contact with GABABR1-containing cell bodies located in all these regions. In the ventromedial part of the arcuate nucleus, GABABR1-immunoreactive cell bodies were found to contain neuropeptide Y, agouti-related peptide (AGRP) and GAD. In the ventrolateral part of the arcuate nucleus, GABABR1-immunoreactive cell bodies were shown to contain pro-opiomelanocortin and cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript. In the LHA, GABABR1 immunoreactivity was present in both melanin-concentrating hormone- and orexin-containing cell populations. In the tuberomammillary nucleus, GABABR1-immunoreactive cell bodies expressed histidine decarboxylase, a marker for histamine-containing neurones. In addition, GAD and AGRP were found to be colocalized in some nerve terminals surrounding GABABR1-immunoreactive cell bodies in the parvocellular part of the PVN. The results may provide a morphological basis for the understanding of how GABA regulates the hypothalamic control of food intake and body weight via GABAB receptors.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2826.2003.00843.x
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    GABAergic Nature of Hypothalamic Leptin Target Neurones in the Ventromedial Arcuate Nucleus (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science, Ltd
    Journal of neuroendocrinology 13 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2826
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Leptin is an adipose tissue-derived cytokine hormone, which reduces body weight via interactions with hypothalamic neurones. Leptin receptors capable of activating the JAK-STAT signal transduction pathway are expressed at high levels in the hypothalamus, particularly in the arcuate nucleus. In order to identify the chemical mediators of leptin's action in the hypothalamus, we have examined whether GABA neurones of the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus contain leptin receptors and the leptin-activated transcription factor STAT3. GABAergic neurones, as visualized by antisera to the GABA-synthesizing enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) and GABA, were demonstrated in the ventromedial and ventrolateral parts of the arcuate nucleus. GABA neurones in the ventromedial arcuate nucleus were shown to contain leptin receptor immunoreactivity, as revealed using an antiserum generated to a sequence common to all isoforms of the leptin receptor (Ob-R), as well as an antiserum generated to the carboxy-terminal end of the long leptin receptor (Ob-Rb), and immunoreactivity for the leptin-induced signal transduction molecule STAT3. Ventromedial GABA neurones were also shown to contain neuropeptide Y, whereas ventrolateral proopiomelanocortin-containing neurones lacked GAD and GABA immunoreactivity. Levels of mRNA for GAD65, GAD67 and the vesicular GABA transporter (VGAT) were analysed in the arcuate nucleus of leptin-deficient ob/ob mice and lean control mice by in situ hybridization. No significant differences in GAD65, GAD67 or VGAT mRNA were detected in the arcuate nucleus of ob/ob mice as compared to lean control mice. The presence of leptin receptor and STAT3 in GABAergic arcuate neurones, but absence of changes in gene transcription for GAD and VGAT mRNA suggests, that leptin does not transcriptionally regulate the expression of proteins involved in GABAergic transmission in arcuate neurones. However, mechanisms other than transcriptional regulation for leptin to influence arcuate GABA neurones may exist.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2826.2001.00662.x
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Cellular Localization of GABAA Receptor α Subunit Immunoreactivity in the Rat Hypothalamus: Relationship With Neurones Containing Orexigenic or Anorexigenic Peptides (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of neuroendocrinology 16 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2826
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA), the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain, acts via two different type of GABA receptors. GABAA receptors are composed of five subunits that belong to eight different classes. Depending on their subunit composition, distinct pharmacological and electrophysiological properties are obtained. GABA is produced in certain hypothalamic neurones known to be involved in control of feeding behaviour. We report the detailed immunohistochemical localization of four GABAAR α subunits in hypothalamic regions associated with the regulation of feeding behaviour. Immunoreactive structures for all studied GABAAR α subunits were observed in the hypothalamus, but with subunit-specific staining patterns. GABAAR α1 immunoreactivity was most prominent in the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus and in the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA), whereas GABAAR α2, α3 and α5 subunits exhibited particularly strong immunoreactivity in the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus. In comparison, GABAAR α subunit immunoreactivities were generally weak in the arcuate nucleus. In the ventromedial part of the arcuate nucleus, neuropeptide Y- and agouti-related peptide-containing cell bodies, which also are known to be GABAergic, were immunoreactive for only the GABAAR α3 subunit, whereas pro-opiomelanocortin- and cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript- containing cell bodies located in the ventrolateral subdivision of the arcuate nucleus, showed GABAAR α1, α2 and α3 subunit immunoreactivity. In the LHA, GABAAR α3 subunit immunoreactivity was demonstrated in both melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) and orexin-containing neurones. In addition, MCH neurones contained GABAAR α2 immunoreactivity. In neurones of the tuberomammillary nucleus, GABAAR α2 and α5 subunits were colocalized with histidine decarboxylase, a marker for histamine-containing neurones.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2826.2004.01207.x
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Plasma membrane and vesicular glutamate transporter mRNAs/proteins in hypothalamic neurons that regulate body weight (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science, Ltd
    European journal of neuroscience 18 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-9568
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Medizin
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1460-9568.2003.t01-1-03010.x
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The cellular and developmental expression of hrs-2 in rat (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of neuroscience 11 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-9568
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: The molecular events underlying vesicular trafficking probably involve the formation and dissolution of protein complexes between integral components of the vesicle and its target membrane. SNAP-25 is associated with the plasma membrane and is a component of a core protein complex thought to be essential for neurotransmitter release. We have previously characterized a protein, hrs-2, that interacts with SNAP-25 and inhibits secretion from permeabilized PC12 cells. The cellular localization and developmental expression patterns of a number of proteins involved in the secretion machinery have been documented. To understand more about the possible cellular role of hrs-2, we have examined hrs-2 distribution, developmental expression and subcellular localization in rat tissues and cell lines. We show herein that the distribution of hrs-2 in brain and periphery parallels that of SNAP-23/25, and that recombinant hrs-2 binds to both SNAP-23 and SNAP-25. Hrs-2 mRNA and protein are found almost ubiquitously in neurons in the brain. Hrs-2 mRNA is expressed in the neural tube at E10 and thereafter mRNA and protein levels remain relatively constant in the whole brain through adulthood. In cultured PC12 cells, endogenous hrs-2 is expressed in the cytoplasm and on the limiting membranes of multivesicular bodies. Overexpression of hrs-2 in mammalian cells results in the appearance of large intracellular compartments that are labelled with hrs-2 antibodies. The wide distribution, the interaction with SNAP-23 and the localization on multivesicular body membranes suggest a general role for hrs-2 in cellular machinery.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1460-9568.1999.00716.x
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Distribution of Cholecystokinin-like Immunoreactivity in the Nervous System (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 448 (1985), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1985.tb29922.x
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  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Intrapulmonary gas distribution in healthy children
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Respiration Physiology 65 (1986), S. 127-137 
    Details
    ISSN: 0034-5687
    Schlagwort(e): Distribution ; Lung ; Moment-ratio analysis ; Ventilation Growth ; Volume
    Quelle: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Thema: Medizin
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0034-5687(86)90045-9
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  • 8
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Hexokinase I Messenger RNA in the Rat Central Nervous System
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience 5 (1994), S. 658-677 
    Details
    ISSN: 1044-7431
    Quelle: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Thema: Medizin
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/mcne.1994.1080
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  • 9
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Queueing analysis of general loop systems (1975)
    Springer
    Computing 14 (1975), S. 349-365 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-5057
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung In dieser Arbeit wird ein allgemeines Ringsystem untersucht. Eine Anzahl mit Speichern versehener Einheiten tauschen miteinander Daten über einen gemeinsamen Ringkanal aus. Dieser Kanal überträgt Daten nur in einer Richtung. Der Verkehr wird durch stationäre stochastische Prozesse mit unabhängigen Zuwächsen beschrieben. Die an den verschiedenen Einheiten auf die Übertragung wartenden Daten werden betrachtet. Die angenommene Warteschlangendisziplin gibt Daten mit längerem Übertragungsweg unterbrechende Prioritäten gegenüber Daten mit kürzerem Übertragungsweg. Für derartige Systeme werden die Erwartungswerte der Warteschlangenlängen und der Wartezeiten im stationären Zustand für alle Einheiten und Prioritätsklassen berechnet. Als hauptsächliches Hilfsmittel wird eine Äquivalenz zwischen einem allgemeinen Ringsystem und einem System von sehr viel einfacherer Struktur benutzt.
    Notizen: Abstract This paper is concerned with general loop systems in which each of several buffered units may exchange data with any other unit via a single oneway loop channel. The traffic is described in terms of stationary stochastic processes with independent increments. The queues of data waiting for transmission which develop at the different units are investigated. The queueing discipline assumed here accords data with longer transmission paths preemptive priority over those with shorter paths. For such systems expected queue lengths and waiting times in the steady state are calculated for all units and priority classes. An equivalence is established between general loop systems and systems of a much simpler structure and is used in the derivation.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02253546
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  • 10
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    A tandem queueing system with priorities (1978)
    Springer
    Computing 19 (1978), S. 203-208 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-5057
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Es wird eine serielle Anordnung vonN unbeschränkten Warteschlangen undN zeitdiskreten Bedienungsstationen untersucht. Der Eingangsstrom besteht ausN stochastischen Prozessen, wobei die Anforderungen, die zumi-ten Prozess gehören, das System verlassen, nachdem sie von den ersteni Bedienungsstationen bedient worden sind. Die Verteilung der Verweilzeiten können mit Hilfe eines Äquivalenzsatzes berechnet werden, wenn die Bedienungszeiten gewisse Bedingungen erfüllen.
    Notizen: Abstract A system ofN unlimited queues andN time-discrete servers in series, is investigated. The input consists ofN stochastic processes where requests which have been generated according to thei-th process leave the system after they have received serivice by servers 1, 2, ...,i. The holding-time distributions can be calculated by means of an equivalence theorem which holds under certain conditions for the service times.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02252199
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