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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Essential hypertension ; Hereditary salt sensitivity ; Membrane transport ; Intracellular electrolytes ; Essentielle Hypertonie ; Hereditäre Salzsensitivität ; Membrantransport ; Intrazelluläre Elektrolyte
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Auf Grund von oszillometrischer Blutdrucklangzeitmonitorisierung und biochemischen Untersuchungen an einer großen Anzahl von normotensiven Probanden mit und ohne positiver Familienanamnese von Hochdruck, sowie an einer großen Anzahl von unbehandelten Hochdruckkranken, die wir alle vor und nach diätetischer Intervention mit Änderung der Natriumzufuhr untersucht haben, haben wir Vorstellungen zur Pathogenese der essentiellen Hypertonie entwickelt, die in einigen Punkten von den heute gängigen Hypothesen abweichen: Wir konnten demonstrieren, daß normotensive Probanden mit familiärer Hochdruckbelastung nach Kochsalzrestriktion von 200 mmol auf 50 mmol täglich über zwei Wochen mit einem minimalen Blutdruckabfall von im Mittel 2,9±0,7 mmHg (±SEM) reagieren, während Normotensive ohne familiäre Hochdruckbelastung keine Blutdruckänderung nach Kochsalzrestriktion zeigen (Blutdruckänderung des arteriellen Mitteldrucks −0,93±0,67 mmHg, n.s.). Diese Blutdruckänderung nach Salzrestriktion bei Probanden mit hereditärer Hochdruckbelastung war nur durch die oszillometrische Monitorisierung des Blutdrucks, nicht jedoch durch sphygmomanometrische Messung derselben erfaßbar. Entgegen unserem Erwarten zeigten jedoch weder Gesunde mit familiärer Hochdruckbelastung noch Probanden, die einen Blutdruckabfall auf Kochsalzrestriktion aufwiesen, eine Veränderung der intrazellulären Natriumkonzentration, der Natrium-Kalium-Pumpe und des Natrium-Kalium-Contransports. Auch konnten wir bei familiärer Hochdruckdisposition keine plasmatische Beeinflussung der Natrium-Kalium-Pumpe nachweisen. Hingegen fanden wir bei Gesunden mit familiärer Hochdruckbelastung bei identischen Plasmaund Harnkatecholaminen eine erhöhte Empfindlichkeit gegenüber infundiertem Noradrenalin. Zusätzlich fanden wir indirekte Hinweise dafür, daß salzsensitive Probanden effektivere Mechanismen der Natriumrückresorption proximal vom distalen Tubulussystem aufweisen. Wir propagieren, daß eine intrinsisch erhöhte noradrenerge Empfindlichkeit des Menschen, die eventuell auch zusätzlich durch psychologische Faktoren ausgelöst oder verstärkt werden könnte, zur Salzsensitivität prädestiniert, indem dadurch die Rückresorption von Natrium an der Niere verstärkt wird. Bei Hochdruckkranken fanden wir jedoch in Übereinstimmung mit anderen ausgeprägte Zellmembrandefekte. So fand sich bei etabliertem Hochdruck eine erhöhte Permeabilität der Zellen gegenüber Rubidium (und damit gegenüber Kalium), sowie eine wahrscheinlich kompensatorisch erhöhte Pumprate der Natrium-Kalium-ATPase. Die Pumprate war umso höher, je höher der basale Blutdruck der Patienten war. Bei Hochdruckkranken läßt sich auch tatsächlich nachweisen, daß die im artefiziellen Medium erhöhte Pumprate der Na — K-Pumpe durch die Inkubation der Erythrozyten in ihrem eigenen Plasma auf die Norm zurückgebracht („gehemmt“) wird. Aus der Tatsache, daß sich die beschriebenen Veränderungen des Membrantransportes nicht bei Familienangehörigen von Hochdruckkranken, sondern erst bei etabliertem Hochdruck nachweisen lassen und dann mit dem Schweregrad der Hypertonie progressiv zunehmen, schließen wir, daß diese Veränderungen nichtUrsache sondernFolge des Hochdruckes sind, was sicher zu einer weiteren Verschlechterung des Hochdruckleidens beitragen könnte.
    Notes: Summary Based on oscillatory long-term blood pressure recordings and on biochemical findings in 62 normotensive and 54 untreated hypertensive subjects, who were investigated during their usual high sodium diet and after moderate salt restriction, we have developed a concept for the pathogenesis of essential hypertension, which differs from current concept proposed by others: We demonstrated that normotensive subjects with a positive family history of hypertension respond to sodium restriction from 200 to 50 mmol/day over 2 weeks with a minute fall of mean blood pressure of 2.9±0.7 mmHg (±SEM), whereas in subjects with a negative family history of hypertension blood pressure remained unchanged (−0.93±0.67 mmHg). This difference was only revealed by computing the “basal blood pressure average” from 240 heart beats, but not by conventional sphygmomanometric blood pressure measurements. Normotensives with heredity of hypertension or “salt sensitive” normotensive subjects were not different from subjects with a negative family history in the sodium pump, Na-K-cotransport or intracellular sodium and potassium of erythrocytes. In contrast, the former group had an increased sensitivity to infused noradrenaline, which might be responsible for enhanced tubular sodium reabsorption in subjects with a positive family history of hypertension (or “salt sensitive” subjects). We only found an increased K-permeability of red cells in established hypertension, which was compensated for by a an increased activity of the sodium pump. These cell membrane defects were more pronounced in more severe hypertension. In the course of essential hypertension a cell membrane defect may develop as a consequence rather than a cause of the disease.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Fetal haematopoiesis ; Erythropoietin ; Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor ; Interleukin-3 ; Interleukin-6
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The cascade of known haematopoietic growth factors controlling granulomonopoiesis and erythropoiesis includes interleukin-3 (IL-3), interleukin-6 (IL-6), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and erythropoietin (EPO). Elevated endogenous IL-3 and IL-6 cord blood levels in infection-free premature and mature neonates may reflect their possible role for expansion of haematopoietic progenitor cells, granulocytes and monocytes. Within the erythroid lineage a synergistic action of IL-3, IL-6 and EPO can be assumed. To identify the regulatory role in fetal haematopoietic expansion cord blood plasma levels of these haematopoietic growth factors were assessed in 19 premature and 20 mature infants using commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and enzyme-amplified sensitivity immuno assay test kits. Peripheral blood IL-3, GM-CSF and EPO were studied in 5 and 10 premature infants respectively. Compared with cord blood levels we found a decline in EPO levels but no decrease of IL-3 and GM-CSF during the 1st month of life. We conclude that postnatal decrease in plasma burst-promoting activity levels in preterm infants is mainly explained by low postnatal EPO levels.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience 5 (1994), S. 658-677 
    ISSN: 1044-7431
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1460-9568
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of neuroscience 11 (1999), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1460-9568
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The molecular events underlying vesicular trafficking probably involve the formation and dissolution of protein complexes between integral components of the vesicle and its target membrane. SNAP-25 is associated with the plasma membrane and is a component of a core protein complex thought to be essential for neurotransmitter release. We have previously characterized a protein, hrs-2, that interacts with SNAP-25 and inhibits secretion from permeabilized PC12 cells. The cellular localization and developmental expression patterns of a number of proteins involved in the secretion machinery have been documented. To understand more about the possible cellular role of hrs-2, we have examined hrs-2 distribution, developmental expression and subcellular localization in rat tissues and cell lines. We show herein that the distribution of hrs-2 in brain and periphery parallels that of SNAP-23/25, and that recombinant hrs-2 binds to both SNAP-23 and SNAP-25. Hrs-2 mRNA and protein are found almost ubiquitously in neurons in the brain. Hrs-2 mRNA is expressed in the neural tube at E10 and thereafter mRNA and protein levels remain relatively constant in the whole brain through adulthood. In cultured PC12 cells, endogenous hrs-2 is expressed in the cytoplasm and on the limiting membranes of multivesicular bodies. Overexpression of hrs-2 in mammalian cells results in the appearance of large intracellular compartments that are labelled with hrs-2 antibodies. The wide distribution, the interaction with SNAP-23 and the localization on multivesicular body membranes suggest a general role for hrs-2 in cellular machinery.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of neuroendocrinology 15 (2003), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2826
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) interacts with hypothalamic neuronal pathways regulating feeding behaviour. GABA has been reported to stimulate feeding via both ionotropic GABAA and metabotropic GABAB receptors. The functional form of the GABAB receptor is a heterodimer consisting of GABAB receptor-1 (GABABR1) and GABAB receptor-2 (GABABR2) proteins. Within the heterodimer, the GABA-binding site is localized to GABABR1. In the present study, we used an antiserum to the GABABR1 protein in order to investigate the cellular localization of GABABR1-immunoreactive neurones in discrete hypothalamic regions implicated in the control of body weight. The colocalization of GABABR1 immunoreactivity with different chemical messengers that regulate food intake was analysed. GABABR1-immunoreactive cell bodies were found in the periventricular, paraventricular (PVN), supraoptic, arcuate, ventromedial hypothalamic, dorsomedial hypothalamic, tuberomammillary nuclei and lateral hypothalamic area (LHA). Direct double-labelling showed that glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD)-positive terminals were in close contact with GABABR1-containing cell bodies located in all these regions. In the ventromedial part of the arcuate nucleus, GABABR1-immunoreactive cell bodies were found to contain neuropeptide Y, agouti-related peptide (AGRP) and GAD. In the ventrolateral part of the arcuate nucleus, GABABR1-immunoreactive cell bodies were shown to contain pro-opiomelanocortin and cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript. In the LHA, GABABR1 immunoreactivity was present in both melanin-concentrating hormone- and orexin-containing cell populations. In the tuberomammillary nucleus, GABABR1-immunoreactive cell bodies expressed histidine decarboxylase, a marker for histamine-containing neurones. In addition, GAD and AGRP were found to be colocalized in some nerve terminals surrounding GABABR1-immunoreactive cell bodies in the parvocellular part of the PVN. The results may provide a morphological basis for the understanding of how GABA regulates the hypothalamic control of food intake and body weight via GABAB receptors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science, Ltd
    Journal of neuroendocrinology 13 (2001), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2826
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Leptin is an adipose tissue-derived cytokine hormone, which reduces body weight via interactions with hypothalamic neurones. Leptin receptors capable of activating the JAK-STAT signal transduction pathway are expressed at high levels in the hypothalamus, particularly in the arcuate nucleus. In order to identify the chemical mediators of leptin's action in the hypothalamus, we have examined whether GABA neurones of the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus contain leptin receptors and the leptin-activated transcription factor STAT3. GABAergic neurones, as visualized by antisera to the GABA-synthesizing enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) and GABA, were demonstrated in the ventromedial and ventrolateral parts of the arcuate nucleus. GABA neurones in the ventromedial arcuate nucleus were shown to contain leptin receptor immunoreactivity, as revealed using an antiserum generated to a sequence common to all isoforms of the leptin receptor (Ob-R), as well as an antiserum generated to the carboxy-terminal end of the long leptin receptor (Ob-Rb), and immunoreactivity for the leptin-induced signal transduction molecule STAT3. Ventromedial GABA neurones were also shown to contain neuropeptide Y, whereas ventrolateral proopiomelanocortin-containing neurones lacked GAD and GABA immunoreactivity. Levels of mRNA for GAD65, GAD67 and the vesicular GABA transporter (VGAT) were analysed in the arcuate nucleus of leptin-deficient ob/ob mice and lean control mice by in situ hybridization. No significant differences in GAD65, GAD67 or VGAT mRNA were detected in the arcuate nucleus of ob/ob mice as compared to lean control mice. The presence of leptin receptor and STAT3 in GABAergic arcuate neurones, but absence of changes in gene transcription for GAD and VGAT mRNA suggests, that leptin does not transcriptionally regulate the expression of proteins involved in GABAergic transmission in arcuate neurones. However, mechanisms other than transcriptional regulation for leptin to influence arcuate GABA neurones may exist.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1365-2826
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA), the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain, acts via two different type of GABA receptors. GABAA receptors are composed of five subunits that belong to eight different classes. Depending on their subunit composition, distinct pharmacological and electrophysiological properties are obtained. GABA is produced in certain hypothalamic neurones known to be involved in control of feeding behaviour. We report the detailed immunohistochemical localization of four GABAAR α subunits in hypothalamic regions associated with the regulation of feeding behaviour. Immunoreactive structures for all studied GABAAR α subunits were observed in the hypothalamus, but with subunit-specific staining patterns. GABAAR α1 immunoreactivity was most prominent in the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus and in the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA), whereas GABAAR α2, α3 and α5 subunits exhibited particularly strong immunoreactivity in the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus. In comparison, GABAAR α subunit immunoreactivities were generally weak in the arcuate nucleus. In the ventromedial part of the arcuate nucleus, neuropeptide Y- and agouti-related peptide-containing cell bodies, which also are known to be GABAergic, were immunoreactive for only the GABAAR α3 subunit, whereas pro-opiomelanocortin- and cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript- containing cell bodies located in the ventrolateral subdivision of the arcuate nucleus, showed GABAAR α1, α2 and α3 subunit immunoreactivity. In the LHA, GABAAR α3 subunit immunoreactivity was demonstrated in both melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) and orexin-containing neurones. In addition, MCH neurones contained GABAAR α2 immunoreactivity. In neurones of the tuberomammillary nucleus, GABAAR α2 and α5 subunits were colocalized with histidine decarboxylase, a marker for histamine-containing neurones.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Respiration Physiology 65 (1986), S. 127-137 
    ISSN: 0034-5687
    Keywords: Distribution ; Lung ; Moment-ratio analysis ; Ventilation Growth ; Volume
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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