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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Pacing and clinical electrophysiology 20 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1540-8159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Patients with a history of sustained ventricular tachyarrhythmias form an extremely inhomogeneous group with respect to presenting arrhythmia, underlying cardiac disease, and therefore, risk of dying suddenly. Eor subgroups such as ventricular tachycardia in the absence of underlying cardiac disease, radiofrequency catheter ablation offers cure. In others, implantation of a cardioverter defibrillator already appears to have gained the therapy of first choice, leaving only a secondary role to antiarrhythmic drugs. It must be emphasized however, that these new therapeutic strategies have their pros and cons like the older, seemingly outfashioned approaches of noninvasively or invasively guided antiarrhythmic drug therapy or empiric amiodarone treatment. Until the advent of controlled randomized trials comparing the implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) with the best other, usually medical form of treatment, physicians must continue to base their individual therapeutic decisions on circumstantial published and personal experience. In doing so, the recent achievements of catheter ablation and defibrillator implantation have definitely improved patient care, but have not made antiarrhythmic drugs jobless. With all the alternatives at hand, it remains a challenging task to weigh the benefits and risks of the various approaches against each other in an attempt to tailor the antiarrhythmic intervention to the very individual need of the patient.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Monatshefte für Chemie 88 (1957), S. 47-51 
    ISSN: 1434-4475
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Zusammenfassung 1,2-Di-α-pyridyl-1,2-diphenyläthan wurde durch Dehydrierung von 2-Benzylpyridin mit Schwefel oder Selen dargestellt. Seine Konstitution wird durch C-, H-, N-Mikroanalyse, Molgewichtsbestimmung und Untersuchung des UV-Spektrums der Verbindung im Vergleich mit denen ähnlicher Substanzen bewiesen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1434-4475
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Spectrotemporal mapping ; Fourier Transform ; Ventricular tachycardia ; Late potentials
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Late potentials in the terminal phase of the QRS and early S-T segment are looked upon as a risk marker in patients prone to sustained ventricular tachycardia after myocardial infarction. Since the amplitude of late potentials at the body surface is very low (1–5 μV), most studies use signal averaging of the ECG to increase the signal-to-noise ratio. Two different approaches are generally used to analyze the signal-averaged ECG. In the time domain, the individual channels are combined into a vector magnitude and highpass filtered in a bidirectional mode. Late potentials are suspected if the filtered QRS duration is 〉120 ms and/or the amplitude in the terminal 40 ms of the QRS complex is ≤25 μV. The limitations of this method are that the definition of abnormality differs from one study group to another, highpass filters may introduce artificial signals, patients with bundle branch block in general have to be excluded, and the definitions depend upon the noise level. More recently, spectral analysis of the ECG with Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) has been performed. Late potentials are characterized by a higher frequency content in the otherwise low-frequent S-T wave. We analyzed 25 overlapping segments of the terminal QRS and early S-T wave time shifted in steps of 2 ms with FFT (spectrotemporal mapping). This method was shown to overcome some of the limitations of conventional time domain analysis: no highpass filters have to be applied, noise interference can be detected by a characteristic spectral pattern, and patients with bundle branch block need not be excluded. In this retrospective study spectrotemporal mapping was abnormal in 26/38 patients (67%) after myocardial infarction with sustained ventricular tachycardia. Only 3/21 patients after myocardial infarction without ventricular tachycardia had abnormal values. In healthy persons an abnormal Fourier result is a rare finding. Thus, spectral analysis of the ECG might offer promise for an improved identification of patients prone to sustained ventricular tachycardia after myocardial infarction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1433-0407
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 0942-0940
    Keywords: Spinal abscess ; epidural ; subdural ; surgical treatment ; antibiotics ; risk factors ; diagnostic procedures ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Bacterial abscesses involving the spinal canal are associated with a high morbidity and mortality. Most frequently, these lesions are found in the epidural, rarely in the subdural space. In this report, our clinical material consists of a series of 16 patients treated during the last seven years. The clinical presentation included local neurological signs (back pain, para-/tetraparesis, bladder dysfunction), disturbances of consciousness (ranging from drowsiness to deep coma) and general inflammatory signs (meningism, fever). All patients presented with risk factors (septic foci, chronic diseases, and iatrogenic causes). Laboratory investigations revealed typically pathological blood sedimentation rate, leucocytosis and CSF-pleocytosis. Radiologically, the diagnosis was confirmed by myelography, CT and preferably MRI. The abscesses were located epidurally in 14 and subdurally in 2 cases. The surgical treatment included laminectomy, or multiple flavectomies in extensive lesions. Drainage systems (either simple silicon outflow drains or suction-/irrigation systems) were installed in all cases, as well as antibiotic treatment. Results of treatment: Following an observation period of 0,5–6 years, we found complete recovery in six (38%) cases, six (38%) others were mildly disabled and four (25%) patients died. Focussing on the results of the two different drainage systems, we found a statistically significant superiority of the inflow-/outflow system. Complications included mandatory re-exploration, post-inflammatory hydrocephalus, syringomyelia, spinal instability, surgical treatment of peripheral septic foci and therapy resistant septicaemia. In conclusion, we propose that spinal epi-or subdural abscesses require surgical evacuation, using a suction-/irrigation drainage system, as well as antibiotic and intensive care treatment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: Key words: Tomography, X-ray computed – Coronary disease – Coronary atherosclerosis – Multirow-detector computed tomography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. This contribution reviews the pathology and morphology of coronary calcifications. It summarizes the indications for investigation of the coronary arteries. The standard protocols for scan acquisition using electron beam and conventional computed tomography are described as well as various methods for evaluation such as the traditional Agatston scoring method and the newer three-dimensional scoring algorithms. Guidelines for interpreting scores are also reviewed. Major limitations of the reproducibility of the calcium score measurement are summarized. Future aspects of multirow-detector spiral computed tomography with retrospective electrocardiographic triggering for quantifying coronary calcium are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-2102
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Elektronenstrahl CT ; Koronarkalzifikationen ; Koronargefäßscreening ; Key words Electron beam CT ; Coronary calcification ; Coronary screening
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Purpose: To compare electron beam CT (EBCT) und prospectively ECG gated conventional CT for the detection and quantification of coronary artery calcifications. Methods: 42 patients (mean age 62.8±8.8 years) were scanned, both with EBCT and ECG gated sequential CT. For quantification, the traditional „total calcium score” (TCS) according to the Agatson method as well as the ”volumetric calcium score” (VCS) as determined with a stand-alone workstation (NetraMD) was calculated for both modalities. Results: There was close correlation between EBCT and conventional CT, both for TCS (r=0.984) as well as for VCS (r=0.986) score values. The median difference was 17% for TCS and 13% for VCS. The difference between the two modalities was not statistically significant (p=0.44). Conclusion: EBCT and prospectively ECG triggered conventional CT are equivalent for the quantification of coronary artery calcifications. The extent of calcifications can be established with both modalities using either TCS or VCS score values.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Fragestellung: Zwei alternative Methoden zur Quantifizierung von Koronarkalzifikationen bei einer vergleichenden Untersuchung mit einem Elektronenstrahl-CT (EBCT) und einem konventionellen CT mit prospektiver EKG-Triggerung (SEQ) sollten untersucht werden. Methodik: 42 Patienten (62,8±8,8 Jahre) wurden sowohl mit dem EBCT als auch mit dem SEQ untersucht. Zur Quantifizierung wurde bei beiden Modalitäten der „Traditional Calcium Score” (TCS) nach Agatston als auch der „Calcium Volumetric Score” (CVS) mit einer externen Workstation (NetraMD) ermittelt. Ergebnisse: Es zeigte sich sowohl für den TCS (r=0,984) als auch für den CVS (r=0,986) eine sehr gute Korrelation der Scorewerte zwischen EBCT und SEQ. Der Median der prozentualen Differenz lag für TCS bei 17% und für CVS bei 13%. Der Unterschied zwischen den beiden Scoringverfahren war statistisch nicht signifikant (p=0,44). Schlußfolgerung: EBCT und SEQ liefern vergleichbare Daten zur Quantifizierung von Koronarkalzifikationen. Das Ausmaß der Verkalkungen kann mit beiden Modalitäten sowohl mit dem TCS als auch mit dem CVS gleichermaßen festgestellt werden.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-2102
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Angiographie ; Koronare Bypässe ; Myokardszintigraphie ; Echokardiographie ; Elektronenstrahl-Tomographie ; Spiral-Computertomographie ; Magnetresonanztomographie ; Key words Angiography ; Coronary artery bypass grafts ; Myocardial scintigraphy ; Echocardiography ; Electron beam tomography ; Spiral computed tomography ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Purpose: Electron beam tomography (EBT) permits acquisition of images with high spatial and temporal resolution. The value of EBT and other imaging modalities for the depiction of patent coronary artery bypass grafts (ACVB, IMA) are compared to coronary angiography and an overview of current results is given. Material and methods: Graft patency can be evaluated with indirect methods stress, such as echocardiography, radionuclide ventriculography, myocardial scintigraphy, positron-emission tomography (PET) and direct imaging modalities, such as Doppler/2D echocardiography, EBT, spiral computed tomography (SCT) and magnetic resonance angiography (MRA). Results: With indirect methods graft patency can be evaluated with sensitivity of 64–100% and specificity of 73–100%. EBT and SCT are equivalent in sensitivity (=94%) in the assessment of open venous grafts and specificity is up to 100%, but EBT is superior in the diagnosis of patent IMA grafts (sensitivity 100% vs 89%). Visualization of high-grade venous bypass stenosis seems possible with EBT. MRA with gradient echo technique is highly accurate in the assessment of patent venous grafts (sensitivity 77–93%) but has limited value in the evaluation of IMAs (sensitivity=53%). Promising are ultrafast 3D-MRA methods which permit high accuracy (sensitivity=94–96%) in assessing venous and arterial grafts. Discussion: Indirect imaging methods cannot differentiate between an occluded bypass, progression of coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction. EBT and SCT are equivalent in the diagnosis of open and occluded venous grafts, but EBT is superior in the assessment of patent IMA grafts. Visualization of high-grade venous bypass stenosis seems possible with EBT. MRA techniques, especially ultrafast 3D-MR methods, are highyly accurate in the assessment of patent venous and arterial grafts but are still limited to scientific research.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Zielsetzung: Die Elektronenstrahl-Tomographie (EBT) erlaubt es, Einzelschichtbilder mit hoher räumlicher und zeitlicher Auflösung zu erzeugen. Der Stellenwert der EBT in der Diagnostik venöser und arterieller Bypässe soll anderen bildgebenden Verfahren gegenübergestellt werden. Material und Methoden: Die Beurteilung der Durchgängigkeit von Bypässen erfolgt mit indirekten und direkten Methoden. Indirekte Methoden umfassen die Streßechokardiographie sowie nuklearmedizinische Techniken wie die Radionuklidventrikulographie, Myokardszintigraphie und Positronen- Emissions-Tomographie (PET). Zu den direkten Verfahren zählen die Doppler-/2D-Echokardiographie, die Spiral-Computertomographie (SCT), Magnetresonanz-Angiographie (MRA) und die EBT. Ergebnisse: Mit nuklearmedizinischen Methoden gelingt die Beurteilung der Bypassdurchgängigkeit mit einer Sensitivität von 64%–100% bei einer Spezifität von 73%– 100%. Bei der Echokardiographie liegt die Sensitivität bei 83%–93%. EBT und Spiral-CT weisen vergleichbare Sensitivitäten (bis 94%) in der Beurteilung venöser Bypässe auf, die Spezifität wird mit bis zu 100% angegeben. In der Diagnostik arterieller Bypässe zeigt die EBT dagegen eindeutige Vorteile (Sensitivität bis 100%) gegenüber der SCT (Sensitivität bis 89%). Die morphologische Beurteilung hochgradiger venöser Bypass-Stenosen scheint nur mit der EBT möglich zu sein. Mit Gradienten-Echo-Techniken der MRA können angiographisch offene venöse Bypässe mit einer Sensitivität von 77%–93% als durchgängig bewertet werden, für die Diagnostik arterieller Grafts sind sie nicht geeignet (Sensitivität=53%). Vielversprechend sind moderne kontrastverstärkte 3D-MRA Methoden, die auch eine genaue Beurteilung von arteriellen Bypässen gestatten (Sensitivität=96%). Ob eine morphologische Beurteilung von Bypass-Stenosen mit Navigator-Echo-Technik möglich ist, muß noch untersucht werden. Zusammenfassung: Mit indirekten bildgebenden Verfahren ist eine Differenzierung zwischen Bypassverschluß, Progression der koronaren Herzerkrankung oder stattgehabten Myokardinfarkt nicht möglich. EBT und Spiral-CT sind gleichwertig in der Beurteilung der Durchgängigkeit venöser Bypässe. Die EBT besitzt Vorteile in der Diagnostik arterieller Bypässe und der morphologischen Beurteilung hochgradiger venöser Bypass-Stenosen. Die MRA, vor allem ultraschnelle kontrastverstärkte 3D-Methoden, weisen eine hohe diagnostische Aussagekraft in der Beurteilung der Durchgängigkeit venöser und arterieller Grafts auf, ihr Einsatz bleibt aber vorerst wissenschaftlichen Fragestellungen vorbehalten.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-2102
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Elektronenstrahltomographie ; Ventrikuläre Funktion ; Myokardmasse ; Key words Electron-beam computed tomography ; Ventricular function ; Myocardial mass
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Purpose: Electron-beam computed tomography (EBCT) enables examinations with a very short acquisition time of 50 ms and thus permits cardiac imaging without motion artifacts. Utilizing eight detector rings simultaneous image acquisition in up to eight levels and complete imaging of the whole heart is possible. In studies, functional imaging with EBCT was compared to our angiocardiography, echocardiography, radionuclide, ventriculography and magnetic resonance tomography. Materials and methods: ECG-triggered long- and short-axis cine studies were performed with the Imatron C-150 Evolution, acquiring 160 and 156 images at 8 and 12 levels. After manual tracing of epicardial and endocardial borders, ventricular size, ejection fraction, wall-thickening and myocardial mass were calculated. Results: A very high correlation between EBCT and direct determination of right and left ventricle (r=0.98 and r=0.99) was demonstrated. Compared to echocardiography, angiocardiography and radionuclide ventriculography, assessment of ventricular function was more precise and more reliable. Discussion: EBCT allows the exact and reliable determination of left and right ventricular function. Also precise assessment of myocardial mass is possible. However, the high radiation exposure and diagnostic effort have to be considered.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Zielsetzung: Die Elektronenstrahltomographie ermöglicht Aufnahmen mit einer äußerst kurzen Akquisitionszeit von 50 ms. Dadurch erfolgt die artefaktfreie Abbildung des Herzens. Zudem ist mit 2 Detektorringen die simultane Bildakquisition in bis zu 8 Schichten und damit die vollständige Abbildung des Herzens möglich. Wir haben die EBCT mit Angiokardiographie, Echokardiographie, Radionuklidventrikulographie und Magnetsonanztomographie zur Beurteilung von Ventrikelgröße, Pumpfunktion und Myokardmasse verglichen. Material und Methoden: Mit dem Imatron C-150 Evolution wurden Cine-Studien EKG-getriggert in der langen und kurzen Herzachse mit jeweils 160 bzw. 156 Einzelaufnahmen in 8 bzw. 12 Schichten durchgeführt. Nach manueller Markierung der Ventrikelgrenzen erfolgte die Bestimmung von Ventrikelgröße, Ejektionsfraktion, Wanddickenzunahme und Myokardmasse. Ergebnisse: Es zeigte sich eine sehr gute Korrelation der EBCT mit der direkten Bestimmung der rechten und linken Ventrikelgröße (r=0,98 und r=0,99). Im Vergleich zu Echokardiographie, Angiokardiographie und Radionuklidventrikulographie ermöglichte die EBCT eine genauere und zuverlässigere Bestimmung der ventrikulären Funktion. Diskussion: Mit der EBCT kann die rechts- und linksventrikuläre Funktion exakt und zuverlässig beurteilt werden. Auch die genaue Bestimmung der Myokardmasse ist möglich. Allerdings ist die hohe Strahlenbelastung und der im Vergleich zur Echokardiographie hohe diagnostische Aufwand in Betracht zu ziehen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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