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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 96 (1992), S. 7352-7363 
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Low frequency Raman spectra (5–50 cm−1) show very obvious effects of disorder in the glass, and of the changes in the system which occur at the liquid–glass transition. Yet this frequency range has been considered in only very few glass formers. Here we report on this frequency range for the glass former system GeSBr2 which constitutes a statistically interrupted network. The temperature range studied was from far below the glass transition temperature (Tg=−30 °C) to well above it (T=−168 °C to +71 °C). In the glass, the loss of q conservation for phonon observation (due to static disorder) leads to a broad inelastic scattering peak around 10–15 cm−1, the so-called boson peak. The Raman spectrum is interpreted in terms of a correlation length Rc of phonon propagation and of phonon–photon-coupling; Rc is a measure of intermediate range order and amounts to ∼10 A(ring), independent of temperature. As T is raised, the minimum between this peak and the elastic peak is gradually filled up due to fast dynamic processes which increase rapidly above Tg. This scattering is interpreted in terms of fast dynamical processes, and the connection is made to the dynamical aspects of the liquid–glass transition. The strength and the time constants of fast processes are discussed in terms of two phenomenological models; both models describe the observed spectra well using a small number of parameters. The relaxation time found for the fast dynamical process (10−11–10−12 s) is in rough agreement with the value found independently in Brillouin scattering.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of cardiac surgery 15 (2000), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1540-8191
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objectives: The study describes the single-center experience using robot-assisted videoscopic mitral valve surgery and the early results with a remote telemanipulator-assisted approach for mitral valve repair. Material and Methods: Out of a series of 230 patients who underwent minimally invasive mitral valve surgery, in 167 patients surgery was performed with the use of robotic assistance. A voice-controlled robotic arm was used for videoscopic guidance in 152 cases. Most recently, a computer-enhanced telemanipulator was used in 15 patients to perform the operation remotely. Results: The mitral valve was repaired in 117 and replaced in all other patients. The voice-controlled robotic arm (AESOP 3000) facilitated videoscopic-assisted mitral valve surgery. The procedure was completed without the need for an additional assistant as “solo surgery.” Additional procedures like radiofrequency ablation and tricuspid valve repair were performed in 21 and 4 patients, respectively. Duration of bypass and clamp time was comparable to conventional procedures (107 Å 34 and 50 Å 16 min, respectively). Hospital mortality was 1.2%. Using the da Vinci telemanipulation system, remote mitral valve repair was successfully performed in 13 of 15 patients. Conclusion: Robotic-assisted less invasive mitral valve surgery has evolved to a reliable technique with reproducible results for primary operations and for reoperations. Robotic assistance has enabled a solo surgery approach. The combination with radiofrequency ablation (Mini Maze) in patients with chronic atrial fibrillation has proven to be beneficial. The use of telemanipulation systems for remote mitral valve surgery is promising, but a number of problems have to be solved before the introduction of a closed chest mitral valve procedure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 80 (1996), S. 2990-2993 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The two possible causes of depth inhomogeneities of the microstructure of porous silicon are changes in the HF concentration with depth and a varying chemical etching rate of the porous silicon layer. During anodization chemical etching will become important for microporous silicon — e.g. p-porous silicon — due to the large internal surface area, especially at long etching times. On the other hand, a considerable decrease of the HF concentration will occur during etching with high current densities to produce p+-porous silicon with high porosities. We have investigated the depth inhomogeneity of porous silicon layers by spectroscopic ellipsometry, Raman spectroscopy and photoluminescence measurements. From a line shape analysis of the Raman signal a size distribution of nanocrystals is deduced. For p-porous silicon smaller nanocrystals are found near the surface of the layer; for p+-porous silicon etched with high current densities smaller nanocrystals are found near the porous silicon/substrate interface. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 66 (1995), S. 3603-3605 
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Electron-electron scattering of ballistic electrons in a two-dimensional electron gas was studied as a function of the electron excess energy above the Fermi energy and of temperature. At low temperatures of 1.4 K it is found that for excess energies of approximately 30% of the Fermi energy the electrons in a ballistic electron beam are already scattered significantly due to electron-electron interaction. A very good agreement between our experimental data and theory was found, when the measured data were compared with numerical calculations based on a theory of Giuliani and Quinn [Phys. Rev. B 26, 4421 (1982)], while the agreement was only poor for the analytical approximation of the electron-electron scattering rate. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 71 (1997), S. 773-775 
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We have investigated the electron heating in metallic diffusive wires of varying length at liquid-helium temperature by measuring the electric noise. The local increase of the electron temperature can be essential already for small currents and is well described by a heat-diffusion equation for the electrons. Depending on the electron thermal conductance and the electron–phonon coupling in the wire, different length regimes are identified. The quantitative knowledge of the electron temperature is important for analysis of nonequilibrium effects involving current heating in mesoscopic wires. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1520-4804
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 78 (2001), S. 1291-1293 
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We explore the electric-field effect of carbon nanotubes (NTs) in electrolytes. Due to the large gate capacitance, Fermi energy (EF) shifts of order ±1 V can be induced, enabling to tune NTs from p to n-type. Consequently, large resistance changes are measured. At zero gate voltage, the NTs are hole-doped in air with |EF|(approximate)0.3–0.5 eV, corresponding to a doping level of (approximate)1013 cm−2. Hole-doping increases in the electrolyte. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1460-9568
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Schizophrenia is a major psychiatric disease, which affects the centre of the personality, with severe problems of perception, cognition as well as affective and social behaviour. In cerebrospinal fluid of drug-free schizophrenic patients, a significant decrease in the level of total glutathione (GSH) by 27% (P 〈 0.05) was observed as compared to controls, in keeping with the reported reduced level of its metabolite γ-glutamylglutamine. With a new non-invasive proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy methodology, GSH level in medial prefrontal cortex of schizophrenic patients was found to be 52% (P = 0.0012) lower than in controls. GSH plays a fundamental role in protecting cells from damage by reactive oxygen species generated among others by the metabolism of dopamine. A deficit in GSH would lead to degenerative processes in the surrounding of dopaminergic terminals resulting in loss of connectivity. GSH also potentiates the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor response to glutamate, an effect presumably reduced by a GSH deficit, leading to a situation similar to the application of phencyclidine (PCP). Thus, a GSH hypothesis might integrate many established biological aspects of schizophrenia.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Allergy 31 (1976), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1398-9995
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    British journal of dermatology 146 (2002), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2133
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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