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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 6 (1990), S. 153-165 
    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Many descriptions of the design process do not include the specifications as part of the process, but rather as an input to the design. Once the specifications are considered to be the input, the assumption is made that they are in a form that is suitable for the design process to proceed. The need for a design always starts with ill-defined objectives. The process by which this information is transformed into well-defined design objectives is called the design specification extraction process. An attempt to expose the underlying structure of the first step in the design process—the design specifications—is presented in this paper. The extraction of specifications is divided into four major tasks—diagnosis or information gathering, interpretation and assessment, classification and decomposition, and information patching. The conceptual framework for the design specification extraction and synthesis is implemented in the expert system program SEISD (specification extraction interface for structural design) developed in the LISP programming language. A few examples are presented to demonstrate the implementation strategies. These examples are drawn from the specific problem of a beam design.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    The @journal of physical chemistry 〈Washington, DC〉 26 (1922), S. 481-486 
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 70 (1991), S. 4113-4120 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The propagation of the lowest-order symmetric (S0) and antisymmetric (A0) Lamb wave modes in a piezoelectric plate is investigated both theoretically as well as experimentally. The characteristics of the modes and their relation to the surface acoustic wave is modified by electrical boundary conditions on the plate surfaces. It is found that when both surfaces are either metallized or unmetallized, the surface acoustic wave is obtained by a linear superposition of the A0 and S0 modes. On the other hand, if only one surface is metallized, then the surface acoustic wave is equivalent to just one of modes (either the A0 or S0 mode, depending on which surface is metallized). The beating phenomenon, whereby wave energy launched on one surface transfers periodically back and forth between opposite plate surfaces, is present when both surfaces are either metallized or unmetallized, but is absent if only one surface is metallized. Experimental measurements performed on Lamb wave devices fabricated on Y-cut, Z-propagating lithium niobate plates are found to be in good agreement with theoretical calculations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 69 (1991), S. 8018-8024 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The excitation of ultrasonic Lamb waves by an interdigital transducer (IDT) deposited on a piezoelectric plate is analyzed using the Green's-function method. The amplitudes of the generated Lamb waves are obtained in terms of the charge density on transducer electrodes. An electrostatic analysis that neglects piezoelectric coupling is used to relate this charge density to the voltage applied across the IDT. This is then used to calculate the radiation conductance of the transducer. Experimentally measured characteristics of interdigital transducers deposited on 128° Y-X and Y-Z lithium niobate plates are found to be in fair agreement with theoretical calculations. The analysis can also be used to calculate the electromechanical coupling between the IDT and various Lamb-wave modes. It is found that when the plate is more than a few acoustic wavelengths thick, the lowest-order symmetric and antisymmetric Lamb modes are almost equally generated. The slight difference in the velocities of these modes gives rise to the beating effect, whereby energy launched by the IDT on one surface transfers periodically back and forth between the two surfaces as a sinusoidal function of the distance traveled. A 65-MHz Lamb-wave delay line fabricated on a 0.25-mm-thick Y-Z lithium niobate plate shows the beating effect, with a beat wavelength of 14.7 mm, in good agreement with theoretical calculations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 41 (1983), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: Two distinct classes of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) from the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster are reported: a soluble species that shows heterogeneity of forms and a particulate species. The subunit composition of the particulate enzyme was studied using the active site label [3H]diisopropylfIuorophosphate. Comparison of the electrophoretic patterns on nondenaturing gels using the activity stain and the active site label shows that the label is specific to AChE. The smallest active site-containing subunit of the enzyme is a monomer of —60,000 daltons MW. Two such units are linked by disulphide bonds to produce a dimer of about 110,000 daltons. Another monomeric form of MW —64,000 daltons, although present, does not participate in the dimerisation. The particulate enzyme when solubilised exists as a 9–10S species as determined by sucrose gradient centrifugation. This species has a MW 〉 200,000, as shown by its behaviour on a coarse-bead Sephadex-G200 column. Electrophoretic analysis suggests a MW of nearly 250,000 daltons for this form. Thus, this species is likely to be a tetramer. One possibility is that this tetramer is made up of two units of 64,000 daltons each and a dimer of 110,000 daltons. Preliminary data on mutant enzymes that support such a possibility are also presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Journal of the American Chemical Society 78 (1956), S. 2222-2224 
    ISSN: 1520-5126
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 80 (1996), S. 2228-2233 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Thin Fe2O3 layers (44 and 55 nm) were deposited by pulsed excimer laser ablation on single-crystal alumina (α-Al2O3) substrates heated at 675 °C. The ion beam mixing of these α-Fe2O3/α-Al2O3 couples was carried out using 300 keV Kr3+ ions at a fluence of 2×1016 ions/cm2. The mixing effect was followed by Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS), conversion electron Mössbauer spectroscopy, and grazing incidence x-ray diffraction method. RBS spectra do not show any evidence of mixing at the interface, whereas the data obtained with the two other techniques display phases like oxygen deficient Fe3O4, Fe3−yAlyO4, and Fe1+xAl2−xO4. For this last phase, x is determined as being equal to about 0.5. It is shown that ion beam mixing is more efficient for the thinner Fe2O3 layer, in accordance with the projected range of the Kr3+ ions. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 86 (1999), S. 6868-6874 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A new effect, the anomalous resisto-acoustic effect, is theoretically predicted. This effect deals with increase in the velocity of surface acoustic waves due to deposition of a thin conducting film on the piezoelectric substrate. The influence of a thin conducting layer on the propagation of surface acoustic waves in a piezoelectric medium is investigated theoretically. It is generally believed that wave velocity would decrease monotonically with increasing sheet conductance of the layer. Our calculations show, however, that in the case of weakly inhomogeneous surface waves, such as Bleustein–Gulyaev and Love waves, there exists a certain conductance interval in which the wave velocity increases with increasing layer conductance. This anomalous behavior is related to the penetration depth of the wave into the substrate. The anomalous effect is present if the penetration depth exceeds a certain critical value, and absent otherwise. The characteristics of surface acoustic waves in various structures containing layers of finite and/or in finite conductivity have been investigated. It is found that under certain conditions vm, the velocity for a metallized surface, may actually be greater than v0, the velocity for an unmetallized surface. The anomalous resisto-acoustic effect allows one to obtain value of Δv/v, the financial velocity change, that is greater than the normally predicted value of Δv/v=(v0−vm)/v0. For example, for Bleustein–Gulyaev waves propagating in Y-cut, X-propagation potassium niobate, values of Δv/v greater than 0.32 can be obtained, compared to the normally predicted value of 0.26. This has significant advantages in improving the performance of various sensing and signal processing devices. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 62 (1991), S. 208-213 
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The use of a surface acoustic wave (SAW) device for measuring rate of gas flow is described. A delay-line stabilized SAW oscillator is heated above the ambient by using a novel approach in which radio frequency (rf) energy is converted to heat via acoustic dissipation. This "self-heating'' arrangement eliminates the need for a separate heater and associated circuitry. Convective cooling caused by gas flow results in a change in the substrate temperature and thereby the oscillator frequency. The frequency of a 75-MHz oscillator fabricated on a 128° rotated Y-cut, X-propagating lithium niobate substrate is found to vary by more than 55 kHz for variation in flow rate from 0 to 500 cm3/min. A dual-oscillator configuration is implemented to provide temperature compensation and a convenient low-frequency output corresponding to flow rate. Adequate flow-sensing response is achieved with only modest (15 mW) oscillator loop power.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 57 (1986), S. 2310-2314 
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A capillary viscometer designed for evaluating low-viscosity (0.2–10 cp) solutions at elevated temperatures [20–150 °C (68–302 °F)] has been built and extensively tested. This viscometer is automated, so that minimum operator effort is needed to obtain the viscosity as a function of temperature for a given solution. This viscometer is normally operated at a constant back pressure of 90 psi to avoid bubble formation. While the viscosities are routinely measured at a shear rate of about 38 s−1, viscosity measurement at other shear rates (10–250 s−1) can also be achieved by changing the set point on the flow controller.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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