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  • Electronic Resource  (3,424)
  • Loose Leaf
  • 1990-1994  (3,424)
  • 1991  (3,424)
  • Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy  (1,511)
  • General Chemistry  (1,091)
  • Organic Chemistry  (822)
Source
Material
  • Electronic Resource  (3,424)
  • Loose Leaf
Years
  • 1990-1994  (3,424)
Year
Keywords
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Factor analysis in chemistry, (2nd edition), E. R. Malinowski, Wiley-Interscience, 1991. ISBN 0-471-53009-3. Price £43.70 (1991)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 5 (1991), S. 545-545 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cem.1180050607
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Recent developments in multivariate calibrationInvited Paper. (1991)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 5 (1991), S. 129-145 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Multivariate calibration ; Biased regression ; Partial least squares (PLS) ; Principal component regression (PCR) ; Model validation ; Non-linear calibration ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: With the goal of understanding global chemical processes, environmental chemists have some of the most complex sample analysis problems. Multivariate calibration is a tool that can be applied successfully in many situations where traditional univariate analyses cannot. The purpose of this paper is to review multivariate calibration, with an emphasis being placed on the developments in recent years. The inverse and classical models are discussed briefly, with the main emphasis on the biased calibration methods. Principal component regression (PCR) and partial least squares (PLS) are discussed, along with methods for quantitative and qualitative validation of the calibration models. Non-linear PCR, non-linear PLS and locally weighted regression are presented as calibration methods for non-linear data. Finally, calibration techniques using a matrix of data per sample (second-order calibration) are discussed briefly.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cem.1180050303
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Real-time filtering of data from mobile, passive remote infrared sensors with principal component models of backgroundInvited Paper. (1991)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 5 (1991), S. 147-161 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Digital filtering ; Real-time analysis ; Kalman filtering ; Infrared spectroscopy ; Principal components regression ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Real-time monitoring of pollutant levels from a mobile measuring platform requires fast, flexible data analysis methods. This paper reports a method for rapid analysis of passive remotely sensed infrared data with the aid of a Kalman filter. The background spectra produced by emission from the atmosphere are modelled at the start of the data collection sequence with a simple principal components model obtained by eigenanalysis of the initial ‘blank’ data taken with the spectrometer. The species of interest are included in the state space model by a separate measurement of their infrared spectra. It is demonstrated that for best filter performance in detecting the simulated pollutant species SF6 in the atmosphere, a filter model with two principal components describing the emission background works best. The filter ‘maps’ of SF6 closely follow the integrated spectral intensities measured after removal of suitable backgrounds.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cem.1180050304
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Examining large databases: A chemometric approach using principal component analysisInvited Paper. (1991)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 5 (1991), S. 163-179 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Principal component analysis ; Factor analysis ; Chemometrics ; Exploratory data analysis ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Principal component analysis is used to examine large multivariate databases. The graphical approach to exploratory data analysis is described and illustrated with a single example of chemical composition data obtained on environmental dust particles. While the graphical approach to exploratory data analysis has certain advantages over the numerical procedures, the empirical approach described here should be viewed as complementary to the more robust treatments that statistical methodologies afford.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cem.1180050305
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Experimental design in chemometricsInvited Paper. (1991)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 5 (1991), S. 181-192 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Chemometrics ; Systems theory ; Experimental design ; Multivariate analysis ; Measurement science ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Chemometrics is defined as the application of mathematical and statistical methods to chemical systems. Systems theory is seen to be useful for organizing and categorizing the inputs to and outputs from chemical systems. Advances in measurement science in the 1950s and 1960s, particularly in analytical chemistry, created a need for a multivariate approach to data analysis. Early chemometrics emphasized the use of structure-finding methods for existing data sets. In many instances, data sets can be obtained from designed experiments. Such data sets are more likely to contain the desired information and the data can usually be acquired at less cost. Renewed interest in statistical process control will provide many new, more robust data sets in the future.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cem.1180050306
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Simultaneous analysis of Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II) and Cd(II) by spectrophotometry and the Kalman filter (1991)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 5 (1991), S. 193-199 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Kalman filter ; Chemometrics ; 5-Br-PADAP ; Metallic ions ; Simultaneous spectrophotometric determination ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: This paper describes the simultaneous determination of cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc and cadmium by spectrophotometry and the Kalman filter method. Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II) and Cd(II) react with 5-bromo-2-(2-pyridylazo)-5-diethylaminophenol (5-Br-PADAP) in the presence of cationic surfactant cetyl pyridinium bromide (CPB) to form five different coloured ternary complexes. The absorption curves of these complexes overlap severely in the scanning range 500-620 nm. The Kalman filter algorithm is successfully applied to resolve the overlapped absorption curves and therefore makes the simultaneous determination of these metallic ions possible without tedious pretreatment. The proposed method is applied to analyse the titled elements in synthetic samples and in environmental samples such as hair, fingernail and river water samples with satisfactory results.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cem.1180050307
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Step function technique for estimating data uncertainty in experimental results (1991)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 5 (1991), S. 201-209 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Uncertainty ; Step function ; Additive model ; Transformation ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: An additive model is used to express the observed value of a sample characteristic as the sum of the true sample characteristic and a value of the data collection error, commonly known as experimental error. The data uncertainty of the experimental results (or of a survey data set) is defined as the expected squared error. The expected squarred error may change with the sample characteristic, e.g. the error moment could be concentration-dependent. The relationship between the error variance and the analyte concentration may not be very distinct. In such a case the data transformation to stabilize the error moments may not be appropriate. A step function is proposed as an alternative way to represent the second moment of the error. The data uncertainty is defined as the weighted average of the step values of the second raw moment of the error, using the appropriate proportions of the routine samples as weights. The data uncertainties associated with the different data collection stages were evaluated by using regional soil survey data.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cem.1180050308
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Expectation-maximization algorithm for regression, deconvolution and smoothing of shot-noise limited data (1991)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 5 (1991), S. 211-225 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Shot noise ; Expectation-maximization ; Regression ; Deconvolution ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A simple algorithm for deconvolution and regression of shot-noise-limited data is illustrated in this paper. The algorithm is easily adapted to almost any model and converges to the global optimum. Multiple-component spectrum regression, spectrum deconvolution and smoothing examples are used to illustrate the algorithm. The algorithm and a method for determining uncertainties in the parameters based on the Fisher information matrix are given and illustrated with three examples. An experimental example of spectrograph grating order compensation of a diode array solar spectroradiometer is given to illustrate the use of this technique in environmental analysis. The major advantages of the EM algorithm are found to be its stability, simplicity, conservation of data magnitude and guaranteed convergence.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cem.1180050309
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Estimation of errors in absorbance ratio measurements (1991)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 5 (1991), S. 291-298 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Absorbance ratio ; Statistical confidence ; Quality control ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Ratio measurements are commonly used to address a variety of analytical problems in environmental, forensic and pharmaceutical laboratories. In absorbance ratioing techniques, analytical chemists rely on the spectral features of the analyte(s) of interest. The absorbances at two wavelengths are monitored and the ratio of these two absorbances is computed. This ratio is then used to confirm the identity of the analyte(s) of interest, the purity of a product of the overlap of chromatographic peaks. These decisions often have far-reaching consequences (e.g. the identification of the source, biogenic or petrogenic, of hydrocarbons in biological tissues or water). Given the cost and the liabilities associated with such decisions, it is unfortunate that these ratios are seldom reported with any statistical confidence. The purpose of this study is to delineate the parameters that affect absorbance ratio measurements. The models that can be used to estimate the statistical confidence in these measurements are derived and evaluated experimentally. The results show that these models can estimate the relative standard deviations in absorbance ratios accurately. They can also estimate the effect of signal-to-noise ratio and the choice of wavelengths on the precision of absorbance ratios.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cem.1180050315
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Likelihood techniques for interlaboratory calibration in the national stream survey (1991)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 5 (1991), S. 299-308 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Errors in variables ; Orthogonal regression ; Latent variables ; Acid rain ; Acidic deposition ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Techniques for testing for and estimating relative bias between two laboratories are developed and applied to a survey of the chemistry of streams in the United States. The design of the quality assurance program allows estimation of linear corrections for bias as well as testing of the hypothesis of linearity. Designs of this type are useful, but improvements are suggested.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cem.1180050316
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On confidence intervals for the product of three means of three normally distributed populations (1991)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 5 (1991), S. 309-319 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Confidence intervals ; Products of normal random variables ; Risk/exposure modeling ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: In many environmental applications, such as exposure assessment and risk modelling, the desired estimate is a random variable computed as the product of three independently distributed random variables. These variables may not necessarily have the same mean and variance. The method for finding the 100(1 - α)% confidence interval for the mean of the product random variable has been proposed by some practitioners as the product of the 100(1 - α)% confidence interval of the three means. In this paper we show that the distribution of the product of three independent normal variables is not normal. We find the mean and variance of the product distribution. Further, we show that although the mean of the product is equal to the product of the means, the product of the three confidence intervals is not a good approximation of the confidence intervals for the mean of the product variable. The confidence interval of the mean of the product variable may be estimated by computer simulation. An algorithm for estimating the confidence interval for the mean of the product random variable is given. The program implementing this algorithm is given as an appendix.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cem.1180050317
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparison of two screening methods for the detection of volatile organic compounds in ground water (1991)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 5 (1991), S. 321-331 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Screening ; Ground-water quality ; Monitoring ; Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) ; Optimization ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: It is shown that the presence of 31-35 commonly measured volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in ground water can be detected with small error rates by using screening methods which analyze for a subset of such VOCs. A study of selected data sets indicates that analytical determinations of only from two to eight VOCs will suffice to detect 95% of all VOC hits. It is also shown that a serially optimal algorithm for selecting the VOCs for screening is very nearly as accurate as a globally optimal algorithm and much easier to implement. These conclusions are supported by empirical evidence from two drinking-water data sets and one hazardous waste site data set. Additional research areas are also outlined.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cem.1180050318
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1991)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 5 (1991) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cem.1180050401
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diary (1991)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 5 (1991), S. i 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cem.1180050402
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A bootstrap resampling scheme for using the canonical correlation technique in rank estimation (1991)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 5 (1991), S. 333-343 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Rank estimation ; Bootstrap resampling ; Canonical correlation ; Excitation-emission matrix ; Singular value decomposition ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Rank estimation by canonical correlation analysis in multivariate statistics has been proposed as an alternative approach for estimating the number of components in a multicomponent mixture. A methodological turning point of this new approach is that it focuses on the difference in structure rather than in magnitude in characterizing the difference between the signal and the noise. This structural difference is quantified through the analysis of canonical correlation, which is a well-established data reduction technique in multivariate statistics. Unfortunately, there is a price to be paid for having this structural difference: at least two replicate data matrices are needed to carry out the analysis.In this paper we continue to explore the potential and to extend the scope of the canonical correlation technique. In particular, we propose a bootstrap resampling method which makes it possible to perform the canonical correlation analysis on a single data matrix. Since a robust estimator is introduced to make inference about the rank, the procedure may be applied to a wide range of data without any restriction on the noise distribution. Results from real as well as simulated mixture samples indicate that when used in conjunction with this resampling method, canonical correlation analysis of a single data matrix is equally efficient as of replicate data matrices.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cem.1180050403
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Three-way methods for the calibration of chromatographic systems: Comparing PARAFAC and three-way PLS (1991)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 5 (1991), S. 345-360 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Three-way PCA ; Three-way PLS ; PARAFAC ; Trilinear ; Unfolding ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: For the calibration of chromatographic systems, different methods can be used. One class of methods utilizes three-way approaches. The calibration problem is stated in such a way that the decomposition of a three-way array can serve for the prediction of retention on new stationary phases.Two three-way approaches are presented: the Unfold-PCA and PARAFAC models. The theory of both methods is presented and the differences are highlighted, the main difference being that PARAFAC is a trilinear decomposition whereas Unfold-PCA is not. Both three-way methods are evaluated on a small data set consisting of retention measurements of eight solutes at six mobile phase compositions on six stationary phases. The differences in performance of the two models are minor.For calibration purposes, two variants of the methods are discussed: three-way PLS and an extension of PARAFAC. Again the theory and differences between the two methods are explained. The predictive performance of the two methods is compared using the same data set as earlier. The differences in predictive performance, however, are minor. Both methods are capable of predicting 98% of the variation in the test sets. Yet, there are other considerations when comparing methods than predictive performance, e.g. the quality of the predictions.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cem.1180050404
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Estimation in compositional data analysis (1991)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 5 (1991), S. 361-374 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Closure ; Normalization ; Multivariate trimming ; Minimum distance ; Bootstrap ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Compositional data arise naturally in several branches of science, including chemistry, geology, biology, medicine, ecology and manufacturing design. In chemistry, these constrained data seem to occur typically when raw data are normalized or when output is obtained from a constrained estimation procedure, such as might be used in a source apportionment problem. It is important not only for chemists to be aware that the usual multivariate statistical techniques are not applicable to constrained data, but also to have access to appropriate techniques as they become available. The currently available methodology is due principally to Aitchison and is based on log-normal models. This paper suggests new parametric and non-parametric approaches to significantly improve the existing methodology. In the parametric setting, some recent work of Rayens and Srinivasan is extended and a practical regression model is proposed. In the development of the non-parametric approach, minimum distance methods coupled with multivariate bootstrap techniques are used to obtain point and region estimators.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cem.1180050405
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A test of three fitting criteria for multiresponse non-linear modeling (1991)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 5 (1991), S. 375-387 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Determinant criterion ; Multiresponse non-linear fitting ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: This work evaluates objective functions for multiresponse non-linear modeling using computer simulations. Tests are performed under a variety of signal-to-noise ratios and noise variance-covariance structures. The standard error of prediction for the model parameters, computed from 50 trials, is used for performance comparisons. The full rank and rank-deficient problems are considered. For the full rank problem one model was investigated, a first-order two-step consecutive reaction model, and two objective functions were considered, the total sum of squares and the determinant criterion. No distinction could be made between the two objective functions for this model.For the rank-deficient case two models were investigated, a first-order two-step consecutive reaction as in the full rank case, and a pH titration model described by the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation. Three objective functions were investigated for the rank-deficient case, the total sum of squares, a weighted total sum of squares and the determinant criterion. The total sum of squares was found to perform poorly under all conditions tested compared to the weighted total sum of squares and the determinant criterion. The determinant criterion was found to perform much better than the other two criteria when the data have a combination of a low signal-to-noise ratio and high variance-covariance noise structure.
    Additional Material: 7 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cem.1180050406
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The chemometrics team of MITAC (Micro and Trace Analysis Center), University of Antwerp, Belgium (1991)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 5 (1991), S. 405-409 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cem.1180050408
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparison of pattern recognition descriptors for chemical acoustic emission analysis (1991)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 5 (1991), S. 389-403 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Acoustic emission ; Pattern recognition ; Feature selection ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Features used to characterize acoustic emission signals from chemical systems are evaluated with regard to their potential for pattern recognition. Eight chemical systems involving phase transitions, hydration, dissolution and effervescence are employed and treated as separate signal classes. These are compared pairwise and the discriminatory capabilities of about 50 features are investigated by computing Fisher weights. Time domain and frequency domain descriptors are examined. Correlations among the features evaluated are also reported. Recommended descriptors are the mean and median frequencies, frequency bandwidth, number of level crossings (0% and 25%), crest factor (time and frequency domains), half-life, kurtosis and normalized percentiles of the signal and its power spectrum. The effectiveness of the recommended descriptors is demonstrated through the separation of signal classes in two different systems (melting ice and an enzyme-catalyzed gas formation reaction) by principal components analysis.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cem.1180050407
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Scientific computing and automation (Europe) 1990 (Proceedings of the Scientific Computing and Automation (Europe) Conference, 12-15 June 1990, Maastricht, The Netherlands), edited by E. J. Karjalainen for the series Data Handling in Science and Technology, 6, Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam, 1990, 514 pp., ISBN 0-444-88949-3, US$220.00/Dfl. 385.00 (1991)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 5 (1991), S. 411-412 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cem.1180050409
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    UNSCRAMBLER 11, version 3.10: A program for multivariate analysis with PLS and PCA/PCR. Available from CAMO AS, Jarlevn. 4, Trondheim, Norway. Price $3000; academic discount price $1500 (1991)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 5 (1991), S. 413-415 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cem.1180050410
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Announcement (1991)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 5 (1991), S. 416-416 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cem.1180050411
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1991)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 5 (1991) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cem.1180050501
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    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diary (1991)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 5 (1991), S. i 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cem.1180050502
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rapid estimation of the number of coeluting components in liquid chromatography by factor analysis (1991)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 5 (1991), S. 417-434 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Factor analysis ; Power density distribution ; Chromatography ; Absorption spectroscopy ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Evaluation of the results of factor analysis of sets of spectroscopically detected chromatograms is carried out by examining the shapes of the abstract factors. This is done either by visual inspection or by analysis of the power density spectra produced from them. Owing to constraints imposed by the column function and the spectroscopic instrument function, the information content of the chromatograms necessarily occurs at low spatial frequencies. As a consequence, it appears as relatively broad features in the abstract chromatograms and as a peak in the low-frequency region of the corresponding power density plot. On the basis of examination of the power density distribution, a well-defined distinction is made between primary and secondary abstract factors. The major uncertainty encountered in determining the number of chemical components appears to arise from effects of contaminants in reagents.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cem.1180050503
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  • 27
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A class-modelling technique based on potential functions (1991)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 5 (1991), S. 435-453 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Class-modelling methods ; Potential functions ; Pattern recognition ; Discriminant analysis ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A probabilistic and distribution-free class-modelling technique is developed from potential function discriminant analysis. In the multidimensional space of variables the class boundary is built either by the sample percentile of the probability density estimated by means of potential functions, or by the estimate of the ‘equivalent’ determinant of the variance-covariance matrix. The equivalent determinant is that of a hypothetical multivariate normal distribution whose mean probability density was obtained by potential functions. The bases of this modelling rule are evaluated by means of Monte Carlo experiments. The results on four datasets are used to measure the performances of this method, which equal and sometimes exceed the performances of parametric class-modelling methods based on linear and quadratic discriminant analysis which were used for comparison.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cem.1180050504
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  • 28
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Correspondence analysis and adsorbate selection for chemical sensor arrays (1991)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 5 (1991), S. 455-465 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Correspondence analysis ; Cluster analysis ; Optimization ; Eigenanalysis ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Carey et al. utilized principal components analysis (PCA) to analyze frequency shift data obtained from piezoelectric sensors formed by coating quartz crystals with 27 different GC stationary phases and tested using 14 analytes. The objective of the analysis was to determine an optimal reduced set of coatings for detection of the analytes. The results were correlated with those obtained from cluster analysis. In this paper the data are re-analyzed using correspondence analysis (CA). The advantage of using CA include a symmetric treatment of sensor coatings and analytes and better identification of the representation of the analytes in terms of the detection components. The results obtained by the conjunctive use of PCA, a varimax rotation and cluster analysis were obtained by CA.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cem.1180050505
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  • 29
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fuzzy multivariate rule-building expert systems: Minimal neural networks (1991)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 5 (1991), S. 467-486 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Expert system ; Neural network ; Fuzzy entropy ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A fuzzy multivariate rule-building expert system (FuRES) has been devised which also functions as a minimal neural network. This system builds rules from training sets of data that use feature transformation in their antecedents. The rules are constructed using the ID3 algorithm with a fuzzy expression of classification entropy. The rules are optimal with respect to fuzziness and can accommodate overlapped and underlapped clusters of data. The FuRES algorithm combines the benefits obtained from simulated annealing and gradient optimization, which provide robustness and efficiency respectively. FuRES classification trees support OR logic in their inference. The system automatically generates meaningful and consistent certainty factors during rule construction. Unlike other neural networks, FuRES uses local processing which furnishes qualitative information in the rule structure of its classification trees and variable loadings of the weight vectors.
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cem.1180050506
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  • 30
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1991)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 5 (1991) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cem.1180050601
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  • 31
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diary (1991)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 5 (1991), S. i 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cem.1180050602
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  • 32
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Multivariate calibration when data are split into subsets (1991)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 5 (1991), S. 487-501 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Calibration ; Locally linear models ; Discrimination ; Optimality ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A calibration situation is considered where the calibration data are split into subsets with good linear relationship between y and x within each group. Different strategies for good prediction in this case are proposed. Modifications for collinear data are considered and a simple simulated data set is used for illustration.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cem.1180050603
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  • 33
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rank-order analysis for robust multiresponse, multiblock comparisons: Evaluation of herbicide interactions (1991)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 5 (1991), S. 503-521 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Antagonism ; Bounded ordinal scale ; Herbicide interaction ; Inter block comparisons ; Non-parametric ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Studies of interactions among bioactive compounds are often difficult to interpret unambiguously. A priori assumptions about the nature of such interactions can seriously distort analysis of the data. By applying a rank order analysis appropriate to the naturally ordinal scale of response to xenobiotic insult, several co-herbicides were successfully identified from among numerous candidates in an experiment involving multiple blocks, rates and species. Moreover, underlying herbicide interactions were substantiated and identified which were not apparent by more traditional parametric analysis.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cem.1180050604
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  • 34
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diary (1991)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 5 (1991), S. i 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cem.1180050102
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  • 35
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tutorial to robust statistics (1991)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 5 (1991), S. 1-20 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Averaging ; Median ; Outliers ; Regression ; Residuals ; Robustness ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: In this tutorial we first illustrate the effect of outliers on classical statistics such as the sample average. This motivates the use of robust techniques. For univariate data the sample median is a robust estimator of location, and the dispersion can also be estimated robustly. The resulting ‘z-scores’ are well suited to detect outliers. The sample median can be generalized to very large data sets, which is useful for robust ‘averaging’ of curves or images. For multivariate data a robust regression procedure is described. Its standardized residuals allow us to identify the outliers. Finally, a survey of related approaches is given. (This review overlaps with earlier work by the same author, which appeared elsewhere.)
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cem.1180050103
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  • 36
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Use of the Wronskian determinant in the study of multicomponent systems (1991)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 5 (1991), S. 21-35 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Wronskian determinant ; Multicomponent systems ; Derivative spectroscopy ; Spline functions ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The use of Wronskian determinants in the study of multicomponent systems is proposed. The general theory is presented and applied to the spectrophotometric determination of the number of linearly independent components-absorbers. A detailed study of a two-component system is presented and analysed. Numerical methods for smoothing and differentiation of digitized spectra via cubic splines are used.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cem.1180050104
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  • 37
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    Electronic Resource
    Splitting of calibration data by cluster analysis (1991)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 5 (1991), S. 49-65 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Calibration ; Cluster analysis ; Local linearity ; Mahalanobis distance ; Residual distance ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The topic of the present paper is the splitting of calibration data into subgroups with improved linearity in each group. The method proposed is based on a criterion which is a weighted average of a Mahalanobis distance and a squared regression residual. The algorithm used to find the solution is based on fuzzy clustering. Two examples are given to illustrate the theory.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cem.1180050106
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  • 38
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Generalized simulated annealing for calibration sample selection from an existing set and orthogonalization of undesigned experiments (1991)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 5 (1991), S. 37-48 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Optimization ; Simulated annealing ; Calibration ; Experimental design ; Multicomponent analysis ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Generalized simulated annealing (GSA) is an optimization procedure for locating the global optimum (maximum or minimum) of multidimenisonal continuous functions. GSA has been modified for optimization of discrete functions. Selection of calibration samples from an existing set defines discrete optimization and GSA is used to select optimal sets of calibration samples for specific analysis samples. The procedure is applied to near-infrared spectra. When compared to using the complete set of 37 calibration samples, concentration prediction errors were reduced 50%-100% by using select sets of two to seven calibration samples. Additionally, GSA was able to improve a poorly designed experiment. GSA devised augmented experimental designs such that the overall experimental design (original plus augmented) was more orthogonal than the original.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cem.1180050105
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  • 39
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Computational methods in the chemical sciences, A. F. Carley and P. H. Morgan, Ellis Horwood, Ltd, Chichester, U.K., 1989. ISBN 0-85312-746-8 (1991)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 5 (1991), S. 68-69 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cem.1180050108
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  • 40
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    Electronic Resource
    Computerized multiple input chromatography, M. Kaljurand and E. Küllik, Ellis Horwood, Chichester, U.K., 1989. No. of pages: 225. ISBN 0-7458-0120-X. Price £45.00 (1991)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 5 (1991), S. 67-67 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cem.1180050107
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  • 41
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    Electronic Resource
    Editorial (1991)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 5 (1991), S. 71-71 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cem.1180050203
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  • 42
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    Electronic Resource
    The use of a ratio method as an alternative to constrained deconvolution (1991)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 5 (1991), S. 85-95 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Deconvolution ; Gold's ratio ; Iterative deconvolution ; Chromatographic deconvolution ; Peak restoration ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: This paper will consider the use of an iterative ratio technique called Gold's ratio method as an alternative to iterative constrained deconvolution methods for the restoration of overlapped and noisy chromatograpic peaks. The study will consist of first describing the technique and then evaluating its performance with respect to Jansson's deconvolution procedure. A Hewlett-Packard 5890A gas chromatograph will be used to generate most of the test data. The evaluation criteria will include convergence rates, peak area errors and variances, retention time variances and noise performance.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cem.1180050205
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  • 43
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    Electronic Resource
    Comparison of measurement methods based on a model for the error structure (1991)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 5 (1991), S. 523-536 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Measurement errors ; Method comparison ; Mean square successive difference ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Comparison of methods is a technique often used for investigation of systematic errors of measurement methods. As concerns the design and analysis of such comparisons, much variety of opinion and practice exists. In one approach a few specimens are measured several times by different operators in different laboratories (reproducibility conditions) and in another approach several specimens are measured on one or a few occasions by one operator in the same laboratory (repeatability conditions). In this paper a model for the error structure of measurements is formulated and it is emphasized that one has to distinguish between two types of systematic errors: the first type depends only on the level of the measured quantity and the second type is specific for the separate specimens. On the basis of this model the information which can be obtained from the different designs of method comparisons is discussed. A new approach for the analysis of method comparisons with many specimens is also proposed.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cem.1180050605
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  • 44
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Announcement (1991)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 5 (1991), S. 69-69 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cem.1180050109
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  • 45
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    Electronic Resource
    Some issues in chemometrics with environmental applications (1991)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 5 (1991), S. 121-128 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cem.1180050302
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  • 46
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    Electronic Resource
    Laboratorio di Chemiometria, University of Perugia, Italy (1991)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 5 (1991), S. 537-543 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cem.1180050606
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  • 47
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    Electronic Resource
    Diagnostika Sostava Materialov Rentgenodifrakcionnimi I Spektralnymi Metodami (Identification of materials by X-ray diffraction and spectroscopical Techniques) (in Russian), M. S. Nakhmanson and V. G. Feklitschev, Mashinostroenie, Leningrad, 1990. 357 pages. ISBN 5-217-00915-2, Rubl 5.40 (1991)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 5 (1991), S. 546-547 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cem.1180050608
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  • 48
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1991)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 5 (1991) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cem.1180050101
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  • 49
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1991)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 5 (1991) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cem.1180050201
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  • 50
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diary (1991)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 5 (1991), S. i 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cem.1180050202
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  • 51
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    Electronic Resource
    A new serial method for searching the optimum operating conditions of a technological process (1991)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 5 (1991), S. 73-84 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Optimization ; Technological process ; COMPLEX algorithm ; ANTICOMPLEX algorithm ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A new program, named ANTICOMPLEX, has been specially written for searching the optimum conditions of a technological process. The algorithm is based on an iterative procedure with, at each step, a random sampling for a better exploration of the hyperspace of the parameters. Since the process is considered as a ‘black box’, the program operates by successive reductions of the variation domains with a strategy derived from some function optimization (COMPLEX). This approach is very flexible and the experimenter can stop the investigation at any series of experiments according to the desired accuracy for the optimum region. This program has been successfully tested on several real processes. This paper gives a complete description of the approach together with two illustrations on simulated processes.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cem.1180050204
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    Electronic Resource
    The Laboratory for Chemometrics, University of Washington, Seattle (1991)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 5 (1991), S. 113-116 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cem.1180050207
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  • 53
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    Announcements (1991)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 5 (1991), S. 117-119 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cem.1180050208
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  • 54
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    Regression on multivariate images: Principal component regression for modeling, prediction and visual diagnostic tools (1991)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 5 (1991), S. 97-111 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Multivariate images ; Principal component regression ; Multivariate image regression ; Regression model ; Predicted image(s) ; Prediction quality scatter plot ; Visual diagnostic tools ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Regression between two blocks (usually called ‘dependent’ or Y and ‘independent’ or X) of data is a very important scientific and data-analytical tool. Regression on multivariate images is possible and constitutes a meaningful addition to existing univariate and multivariate techniques of image analysis. The regression can be used as a modeling tool or for prediction. The form of the regression equation chosen is dependent upon problem specification and information at hand. This paper describes the use of principal component regression (PCR). Both model building and prediction are presented for continuous Y-variables. The final goal is to supply new image material that can be used for visual inspection on a screen. Also, visual tools for diagnosis of model and prediction are provided, often based on derived image material. Examples of modeling and prediction are given for six channels in a seven-channel satellite image.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cem.1180050206
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  • 55
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    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1991)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 5 (1991) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cem.1180050301
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    Box-Cox transformations in the analysis of compositional data (1991)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 5 (1991), S. 227-239 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Unit-sum constraint ; Mixing proportions ; Ratio data ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The statistical analysis of compositional data is of fundamental importance to practitioners in general and to chemists in particular. The existing methodology is principally due to Aitchison, who effectively uses two transformations, a ratio followed by the logarithmic, to create a useful, coherent theory that in principle allows the plethora of normal-based multivariate techniques to be used on the transformed data. This paper suggests that the well-known class of Box-Cox transformations can be employed in place of the logarithmic to significantly improve the existing methodology. This is supported in part by showing that one of the most basic problems that Aitchison managed to overcome, namely the specification of an interpretable covariance structure for compositional data, can be resolved, or nearly resolved, once the ratio transformation has been applied. Hence the resolution is not directly dependent on the logarithmic transformation. It is then verified that access to the general Box-Cox family will allow a more accurate use of the normal-based multivariate techniques, simply because better fits to normality can be achieved. Finally, maximum likelihood estimation and some associated asymptotics are employed to construct confidence intervals for ratios of the true, unknown compositional constituents. Heretofore this had not been done even in the context of the logarithmic transformation. Applications to real data are presented.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cem.1180050310
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    Finding causes of outliers in multivariate environmental data (1991)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 5 (1991), S. 241-248 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Multivariate kurtosis ; Generalized distance ; Multivariate outliers ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Multivariate outliers in environmental data sets are often caused by atypical measurement error in a single variable. From a quality assurance perspective it is important to identify these variables efficiently so that corrective actions may be performed. We demonstrate a procedure for using two multivariate tests to identify which variable ‘caused’ each outlier. The procedure is tested with simulated data sets have have the same correlation structure as selected water chemistry variables from a survey of lakes in the Western United States. The success rates are evaluated for three of the variables for sample sizes of 50 and 100, significance levels of 0.01 and 0.05 and various amounts of mean shift. The procedure works best for highly correlated variables.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cem.1180050311
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    A statistical procedure to evaluate clean-up standards (1991)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 5 (1991), S. 249-261 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Asymptotic power ; Clean-up standard ; Gamma distribution ; Likelihood ratio test ; Uniformly most powerful unbiased test ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The object of this paper is to develop a suitable statistical procedure to evaluate clean-up standards at hazardous waste sites. Under the assumptions that contaminant masses at a site follow a gamma distribution and that the data from the pre-remediation baseline sample as well as from the interim or final sample taken after a certain period of operation are both distributed as gamma with the same shape parameter but different scale parameters, we derive a uniformly most powerful unbiased test of the hypothesis that a specified percentage of contaminant mass has been reduced. A large-sample approximation of the exact test procedure and a comparison with the likelihood ratio test are provided.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cem.1180050312
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    The quality of mean and variance estimates for normal and lognormal data when the underlying distribution is misspecified (1991)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 5 (1991), S. 263-271 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Mean ; Variance ; Lognormal ; Optimal estimators ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Theoretical and simulation results are employed to evaluate mean and variance estimates for normal data when a lognormal distribution is assumed and for lognormal data when a normal distribution is assumed. Misspecifying the distribution leads to the use of suboptimal estimation methods. However, the results show that the suboptimal methods still produce estimators of good quality (low bias and variance) relative to the minimum variance unbiased estimators for each distribution, at least when practical efficiency is considered.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cem.1180050313
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    Correspondence analysis used in the evaluation of lakewater chemistry in the Adirondacks (1991)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 5 (1991), S. 273-290 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Correspondence analysis ; Eastern Lake Survey - Phase I data ; Acidic deposition ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Correspondence analysis (CA) was applied to lakewater data in order to study the effects of acidic deposition on the geochemical composition of lakes in the Adirondacks. The lake chemistry data analyzed were taken from the Eastern Lake Survey - Phase I (ELS-I) conducted by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. CA was used to identify ‘outlying’ lake samples as well as ‘superflous’ and ‘unresolved’ analytes. Correlational relationship among analytes were also examined.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cem.1180050314
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    Excavations in drug chirality: 1. Cyclothiazide (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chirality 3 (1991), S. 2-13 
    Details
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: drug stereochemistry ; cyclothiazide ; stereoisomerism ; chiral HPLC ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: There is a great deal of current interest in the role and importance of chirality in the development of new drugs, but little attention is being paid to the stereochemistry of older drugs. Indeed, many older chiral drugs were introduced without adequate information on their stereochemical identity or composition. We have examined one such drug, the antihypertensive diuretic agent cyclothiazide. Standard sources of drug information and the research literature do not provide data on the stereochemical composition of clinically used cyclothiazide, although scattered reports indicate that the drug may consist of “several stereoisomers.” Inspection of the chemical structure of the drug, 6-chloro-3,4-dihydro-3-(5-norbornen-2-yl)-2H-l,2,4-benzothiadiazine-7-sulfonamide 1,1-dioxide, shows that it can exist as eight stereoisomers that may form four racemates. Using synthesis, fast-atom-bombardment mass spectrometry, gas-liquid chromatography, chiral and nonchiral high-performance liquid chromatography, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, we determined that pharmaceutical cyclothiazide is in fact a mixture of the eight stereoisomers in the form of the four racemates. The two racemates with endo configuration at the norbornene moiety predominate over the exo racemates, and small but significant differences in isomer distribution between different batches of the drug were observed. We urge that in studies of older drugs the stereochemical details be considered.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chir.530030103
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    Interaction of propafenone enantiomers with human α1-acid glycoprotein (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chirality 3 (1991), S. 30-34 
    Details
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: propafenone ; enantiomers ; α1-acid glycoprotein ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The interaction of propafenone enantiomers with human α1-acid glycoprotein was studied using high-performance liquid chromatography. Each of the two optical antipodes interacted with one class of high-affinity binding sites characterized by Ka(R) = (6.18 ± 0.93) × 105 M-1, n(R) = 1.34 ± 0.09 for the (R)-isomer and Ka(S) = (8.93 ± 1.82) × 105 M-1, n(S) = 0.99 ± 0.08 for the (S)-isomer. Nonspecific binding to secondary low-affinity high-capacity binding site(s) was only slightly greater in the case of the (S)-enantiomer (n′k′(S) = (1.06 ± 0.09) × 104 M-1) compared to the (R)-enantiomer (n′k′(R) = (6.87 ± 0.72) × 103 M-1). It was concluded that both enantiomers interact with common single class of high-affinity binding sites on AAG (along with nonspecific binding) exhibiting only slight stereoselectivity for propafenone.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chir.530030107
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    Direct measurement of enantiomeric ratios of enzymatic resolution by chiral high-performance liquid chromatography (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chirality 3 (1991), S. 67-70 
    Details
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: enzymatic resolution ; chiral HPLC ; enantiomeric ratio ; enantiomeric excess ; 2-(phenoxy)propionate ; 2-(4-chlorophenoxy)propionate ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: (R)- and (S)-Methyl 2-(phenoxy)propionate and their acids could be separated simultaneously by a Chiralcel OD or OK column, while (R)- and (S)-methyl 2-(4-chlorophenoxy)propionate and their acids were separated concurrently only by an OK column. This is a novel and facile way to measure the enantiomeric excesses of the remaining substrate and product in the reaction of enzymatic resolution; enantiomeric ratios could then be calculated.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chir.530030111
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    Announcements (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chirality 3 (1991), S. 88-89 
    Details
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chir.530030115
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    Second international symposium on Chiral discrimination (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chirality 3 (1991), S. 157-157 
    Details
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chir.530030215
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    Synthesis of the [8] gingerol enantiomers (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chirality 3 (1991), S. 151-155 
    Details
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: (-)-(R) and (+)-(S) [8] gingerol ; enantiomers synthesis ; chiral stationary phase ; HPLC ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: (+)-(S)-5-Hydroxy-1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-3-dodecanone 1a commonly named (+)-(S)-[8] gingerol is a natural product known to have cardiotonic activity.1-5 A total synthesis of both enantiomers is described with details for the first time using a general synthetic scheme which was recently outlined in the literature.6 This synthesis relies both on the separation of the diastereoisomers 4a and 4b by simple column chromatography on silica gel and on an HPLC analysis on a chiral phase to determine the optical purity of the enantiomers 8a and 8b of protected [8] gingerol. The gingerol isomers were thus obtained in good chemical yields in greater than 96% enantiomeric excess.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chir.530030213
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    Masthead (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chirality 3 (1991) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chir.530030301
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    Drug chirality: Impact on pharmaceutical regulation (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chirality 3 (1991), S. 161-164 
    Details
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chir.530030303
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    Molecular graphic and modelling training course intensive four-day course with “hands-on” training (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chirality 3 (1991), S. 158-158 
    Details
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chir.530030216
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    N-(n-Butylamide) of (S)-2-(phenylcarbamoyloxy)propionic acid: A new chiral solvating agent, derived from L-lactic acid, for the enantiomeric purity determination of derivatized amino acids (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chirality 3 (1991), S. 174-176 
    Details
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: chiral ; chiral solvating agent ; stereochemistry ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The N-(n-butylamide) of (S)-2-(phenylcarbamoyloxy)propionic acid, easily prepared starting from the inexpensive L-ethyl lactate, can be used as convenient chiral solvating agent (CSA) to determine the enantiomeric composition of N-(3,5-dinitrobenzoyl)amino acid methyl esters.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chir.530030306
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    New chiral fluoroanthryl derivatives: Resolution of the enantiomers by chromatography on cellulose esters and their evaluation as chiral solvating agents in NMR spectroscopy (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chirality 3 (1991), S. 177-182 
    Details
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: cellulose triacetate ; tribenzoylcellulose ; methylbenzoylcellulose ; chiral phase ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: 2,2,2-Trifluoro-1-(9-anthryl)ethanol (TFAE) has now been widely used as a powerful chiral solvating agent for NMR spectroscopy. In connection with the development of a new general synthesis of halogenoalkylalkanols, starting from the corresponding ketone or aldehyde, we synthesized some halogenoalkyl-1-(9-anthryl)methanol derivatives liable to work as chiral solvating agents. The racemic anthryl derivatives were preparatively resolved into their corresponding enantiomers by chromatography on triacetyl cellulose (CTA I) or on meta-methylbenzoyl cellulose beads as chiral stationary phases. Their effectiveness as chiral solvating agents was measured as the magnitude of the splitting induced in the 1H-NMR spectra of 1-phenylethylamine and of (1-phenylethyl)methyl ether in comparison with splitting caused by TFAE. While TFAE induced the largest splitting for 1-phenylethylamine, 2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-(9-anthryl)propanol 2 was more effective in the case of (1-phenylethyl)methyl ether, pointing out that depending on the substrate, other derivatives of the TFAE type can be very useful as chiral solvating agents.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chir.530030307
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    Direct chromatographic resolution of racemic cyclohexylaminoglutethimide and its acetylated metabolite using cellulose-based chiral stationary phase (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chirality 3 (1991), S. 204-207 
    Details
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: chiral chromatography ; cellulose-based chiral stationary phase ; aromatase inhibitor ; cyclohexylaminoglutethimide and metabolite ; enantiomeric separation ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Racemic cyclohexylaminoglutethimide (±ChAG) and its acetylated metabolite (±ChAG) were resolved by a direct chromatographic method using a Chiracel OD column without derivatization. Maximum resolutions (R) of 4.89 and 0.74 were obtained for the enantiomers of cyclohexylaminoglutethimide and its acetylated metabolite, respectively.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    Masthead (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chirality 3 (1991) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chir.530030401
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    Solid angle as steric parameter of acyclic saturated groups (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chirality 3 (1991), S. 242-253 
    Details
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: steric effects ; geometric model ; ester hydrolysis ; ester conformation ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: With the early aim of quantifying steric consequences of chirality, efforts to define a nonempirical steric parameter of chemical groups are reported. Steric hindrance of a reacting center by any acyclic saturated R group has been characterized by a geometric “axial steric parameter”: the solid angle of R. When the group is a “symmetric top substituent” (i.e., when all the terminal atoms are equivalent), the solid angle matches the solid angle of a cone envelope of R. The definition of this cone is compared with Tolman's definition of a ligand cone in organometallic complexes. The chemical significance of this parameter is shown by an excellent correlation with the Dubois' experimental steric parameter E′s. Modeling steric repulsion by the cone of R, and correcting solid angles for conformational effects, only 3 empirical coefficients are needed to calculate 33 values of E′s with less than 10% error. The cone model is suggested to be relevant within the limits of random and independent free rotations about all the bonds in the C-R group. A separation between “axial cone steric hindrance” and other steric effects is proposed. The basic model and the corrections proposed allow the conformational features of esters to be discussed.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chir.530030406
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    Absolute configuration of feroxidin: An experimental support to snatzke's helicity rules for tetralins (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chirality 3 (1991), S. 263-267 
    Details
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: aloe ; feroxidin ; absolute configuration ; tetralins ; helicity ; Cotton effect ; conformation ; half-chair cyclohexene ring ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The configuration of carbon-8 in feroxidin (1) was proven to be (S) by chemical correlation with (S)-methylsuccinic acid. Previous demonstration that 6-hydroxy and 8-methyl groups are equatorial and pseudoaxial, respectively, in a half-chair conformation of the cyclohexene ring (relative configuration) allowed the absolute stereochemistry of the whole molecule to be established (Fig. 3). The CD spectrum of feroxidin represents the first experimental test confirming the applicability of Snatzke's helicity rules to tetralins m-disubstituted on the aromatic ring.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chir.530030409
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    Cooperation in a deep helical energy well (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chirality 3 (1991), S. 285-291 
    Details
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: macromolecular ; optical activity ; polyisocyanate ; deuterium ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: In contrast to random coil polymers, polyisocyanates maintain a highly extended helical conformation in solution. This structural characteristic causes unusually large chiral optical properties to arise from copolymerization of tiny proportions of optically active monomer isocyanates with achiral isocyanates or even from stereospecific placement of deuterium in the side chain of poly(n-hexyl isocyanate). These effects can be understood as phenomenologically related to the optical activity amplification properties of vinyl polymers studied by Pino and his co-workers and ascribed to breaking the energetic degeneracy of the otherwise equally populated left- and right-handed helical states of the backbone. Statistical thermodynamic calculations, based on this model, and analogous to those carried out earlier on the vinyl polymers, allow matching the temperature and molecular weight dependence of the optical activity in poly((R)-1-deuterio-1-hexyl isocyanate) to the approximate responsible energy terms.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chir.530030412
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    An alternative to Urry's model for the gramicidin transmembrane channels (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chirality 3 (1991), S. 315-317 
    Details
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: ↕ β6.3-model ; ↕ β-model ; ↕ β7.2-structures ; closed structures ; open structures ; non-conducting dimers ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: It is suggested that the conducting transmembrane channels formed by the linear gramicidins A, B and C may be head-to-head (formyl end-to-formyl end) dimers of double-stranded parallel β-helices. This possibility is not in conflict with any of the various experimental findings bearing on the molecular organization of the channels and represents a plausible alternative to Urry's model of a head-to-head dimer of single-stranded β6.3-helices.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chir.530030416
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    Editorial (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chirality 3 (1991), S. 1-1 
    Details
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chir.530030102
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    Enantiomers of 11-hydroxy-10-methylaporphine having opposing pharmacological effects at 5-HT1A receptors (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chirality 3 (1991), S. 19-23 
    Details
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: aporphine enantiomers ; serotonin 5-HT1A receptors ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The two enantiomers of the title compound have been prepared by different synthetic routes. Both bind strongly to 5-HT1A receptors from rat forebrain membrane tissue. However, in a guinea pig ileum preparation, the (R)-enantiomer exhibits properties consistent with its being an agonist, whereas the (S)-enantiomer shows no agonist effect, but it blocks the actions of the (R)-enantiomer and of 8-hydroxy-2-di-n-propylaminotetralin (8-OH-DPAT), a 5-HT1A agonist. These data are presented as a rare example of enantiomers which demonstrate opposite pharmacological effects at the same receptor.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chir.530030105
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    Enantioselective carbonylation reactions of para-substituted 2-phenylpropenes (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chirality 3 (1991), S. 341-344 
    Details
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: enantioselectivity ; carbonylation ; hydroformylation ; hydroalkoxycarbonylation ; para-substitution ; 2-phenylpropene ; platinum catalyst ; palladium catalyst ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The enantioselective hydroformylation catalyzed by [(R,R)-Diop]Pt(SnCl3)Cl7 and the enantioselective hydroisopropoxycarbonylation catalyzed by [(R,R)-Diop]PdCl28 or by [(R,R)-Diop-dbp]PdCl29 of some para-substituted 2-phenylpropenes (para substituents = NO2, H, CH3O, Cl, CF3) was investigated in order to recognize possible electronic influences on the regioselectivity and on the enantioface selection which take place in such carbonylation reactions. The catalytic systems used gave no carbonylation products when the nitro compound was the substrate. 7 and 8 show similar regioselectivities, the less branched isomer being exclusively formed for all substrates except p-methoxy-2-phenylpropene which gave small amounts of the alternative regioisomer. The enantioselectivity depends on the σp effect of the substituent in both cases; the differences are, however, rather small and the trend is opposite in the two cases. The regioselectivity displayed by 9 is still in favour of the less branched isomer but it is high only in the case of p-trifluoromethyl-2-phenylpropene. Larger differences with respect to the other catalytic systems were also observed for enantioselectivity but the trend for both regioselectivity and enantioselectivity is not linear.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chir.530030420
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    The asymmetric hydroformylation in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chirality 3 (1991), S. 355-369 
    Details
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: enantiomerically pure compounds ; chiral drugs ; enantioselective hydroformylation ; enantioselective catalysts ; biologically active compounds ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The asymmetric hydroformylation reaction represents a potential powerful synthetic tool for the preparation of large number of different chiral products to be used as precursors of several organic compounds endowed with therapeutic activity. Essential and nonessential amino acids, 2-arylpropanoic acids, aryloxypropyl- and β-phenylpropylamines, modified β-phenylethylamines, pheniramines, and other classes of pharmaceuticals are available through enantioselective oxo-reaction of appropriate functionalized olefins; this process is catalyzed by rhodium or platinum complexes with chiral ligands, mainly chelating phosphines, and sometimes affords very high enantiomeric excesses. Furthermore, the application of many simple optically active aldehydes arising from asymmetric hydroformylation as chiral building blocks for the synthesis of complex pharmacologically active molecules such as antibiotics, peptides, antitumor macrocycle compounds, and prostaglandins is conveniently emphasized. The possibility of a future application of this asymmetric process for the production of many synthons to obtain other valuable pharmaceuticals is widely discussed too.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chir.530030422
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    Masthead (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chirality 3 (1991) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chir.530030501
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    Comments on a novel approach to the role of chirality in the origin of life (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chirality 3 (1991), S. 389-392 
    Details
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: chirality ; origin of life ; Bose condensation ; organic superconductivity ; electroweak interaction ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: We review a recent paper20 in which a specific enhancement factor (i.e., a phase transition into a condensed Bose mode) is proposed to account for the observed amplification of the ground state energies of the L- and D-amino acid enantiomers; the difference between these energies is assumed to be due to the neutral parity-violating electroweak interaction. This physical effect initially shifts the enantiomer energies by about 3 × 10-19 eV. The proposed phase transition is characterized by a critical temperature Tc, which may be studied theoretically by enlarging the standard electroweak theory to include either the top quark or supersymmetry21. Possible experimental means of finding Tc are discussed.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chir.530030503
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    An evaluation of ibuprofen bioinversion by simulation (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chirality 3 (1991), S. 418-421 
    Details
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: chiral bioinversion ; pharmacokinetics ; (+)-(S)-ibuprofen ; (-)-(R)-ibuprofen ; rac-ibuprofen ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Using a pharmacokinetic model recently proposed to explain ibuprofen disposition in man,1 plasma concentrations of pure ibuprofen enantiomers were simulated following oral administration of (-)-(R)-ibuprofen, (+)-(S)-ibuprofen, or rac-ibuprofen. Simulated and literature values for AUC's were used to compare S/R ratios for different cases of the model and for different methods of calculating the fraction of R bioinverted to S. Numerical simulation using STELLA confirmed previous results for different cases of bioinversion. Simulated S/R AUC ratios, for administration of the racemate, ranged from 4.0 (presystemic bioinversion) to 1.66 (systemic bioinversion). Literature values for S/R AUC ratios averaged 1.53±0.2 for administration of the racemate; therefore, systemic bioinversion was concluded to be representative of ibuprofen disposition. Additional simulations of S/R AUC ratios, for administration of (-)-(R)-ibuprofen only, ranged from 1.5 (presystemic bioinversion) to 0.66 (systemic bioinversion). Literature values for S/R AUC ratios averaged 0.50±0.9 for administration of (-)-(R)-ibuprofen only, which again supported conclusions of systemic bioinversion. Using different equations for estimation of fraction of R inverted to S (FR→S), results based on simulated data were identical; however, FR→S values based on literature data were different. Therefore, assumptions made for different FR→S equations do not appear to be rigorous. Calculations of FR→S, based on literature data, averaged 0.52 overall, indicating bioavailability of (+)-(S)-ibuprofen may be similar for a 150 mg dose of (+)-(S)-ibuprofen compared to a 200 mg dose of racemate.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chir.530030507
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    Masthead (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chirality 3 (1991) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chir.530030601
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    Stereoselective accumulation of the β-receptor blocking drug atenolol by human platelets (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chirality 3 (1991), S. 451-453 
    Details
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: enantioselective ; stereoisomers ; β-blockers ; adrenergic β-receptor blockaders ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: We have studied the stereochemistry of accumulation of the hydrophilic β-adrenoceptor antagonist rac-atenolol by human platelets in vitro. The accumulation was slow, not reaching equilibrium until 90 min at 37°C. The uptake was temperature dependent with the accumulation at 37°C being 3-4 times greater than at 4°C. The accumulation was also stereoselective at 37°C, favoring the active (-)-enantiomer over the (+)-enantiomer by 2.3-fold. Reserpine, but not desipramine, inhibited the platelet accumulation of rac-atenolol enantiospecifically. This uptake profile is different from the platelet uptake of lipophilic β-blockers, which is characterized by nonspecific membrane binding, but similar to the carrier-mediated accumulation of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine by storage granules within the platelet.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chir.530030607
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  • 87
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    Stereoselective inhibition of diphenylhydantoin metabolism by p-hydroxyphenyl-phenylhydantoin enantiomers in rats (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chirality 3 (1991), S. 454-459 
    Details
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: phenytoin ; product inhibition ; p-HPPH ; rat liver microsomes ; ligand-exchange chromatography ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Different doses of rac-p-HPPH (0.4 and 4 mg/h) were given repeatedly to rats infused with [14C]phenytoin. The serum levels of 14C-labeled and unlabeled p-HPPH, and [14C]phenytoin were measured by an HPLC method and radiometric analysis. The clearance of phenytoin and p-HPPH was determined by rate of dosing divided by the steady-state concentration. The phenytoin clearance was significantly lower in the high dose p-HPPH injection group than in the low dose group (87 versus 262 ml/h), whereas p-HPPH clearance showed no difference. The formation clearance of [14C]p-HPPH was also significantly lower in rats injected with high dose of p-HPPH (35 versus 169 ml/h). The clearance of other elimination pathways was also lower in rats with high dose of p-HPPH (53 versus 89 ml/h). The serum protein binding of phenytoin was lower in rats injected with high dose of p-HPPH. The result indicated that injections of rac-p-HPPH mainly inhibited on the formation of p-HPPH itself. The formation of (R)-p-HPPH and (S)-p-HPPH in microsomal preparation was measured by a ligand-exchange chromatographic method. The formation of (S)-p-HPPH or (R)-p-HPPH was not only inhibited by the enantiomer itself, but also cross-inhibited by the other enantiomer. To the formation of either (S)-p-HPPH or (R)-p-HPPH, (S)-p-HPPH showed a higher inhibitory activity. The use of rac-p-HPPH to inhibit phenytoin metabolism in vivo involved several mechanisms. In addition to binding displacement on the serum proteins, one is the product inhibition by the respective p-HPPH metabolite, the other is the competitive inhibition by the other p-HPPH enantiomer.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chir.530030608
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    N,N-dimethylcarbamyl derivatives of oxazepam (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chirality 3 (1991), S. 212-219 
    Details
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: oxazepam ; demoxepam ; 3-O-acyl-1-(N,N-dimethylcarbamyl)oxazepam ; 1-(N,N-dimethylcarbamyl)oxazepam ; 3-O-(N,N-dimethylcarbamyl)oxazepam ; camazepam ; norcamazepam ; 1,3-O-bis(N,N-dimethylcarbamyl)oxazepam ; kinetics of racemization ; enantioselectivity of esterases ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Three N,N-dimethylcarbamyl derivatives of oxazepam {1-(N,N-dimethylcarbamyl)oxazepam, 3-O-(N,N-dimethylcarbamyl)oxazepam, and 1,3-O-bis(N,N-dimethylcarbamyl)oxazepam} and a 3-O-acyl-1-(N,N-dimethylcarbamyl)-oxazepam were synthesized from either oxazepam or demoxepam. Enantiomeric pairs of these derivatives and of camazepam were resolved by high-performance liquid chromatography on at least two of three commercially available chiral stationary phase columns employed. Absolute configurations of resolved enantiomers were established by comparing their circular dichroism spectra to those of enantiomeric oxazepams with known absolute stereochemistry. Similar to those of oxazepam, enantiomers of 1-(N,N-dimethylcarbamyl)oxazepam undergo rapid racemization (t½ 1.9 min at 23°C and 0.9 min at 37°C) in an aqueous solution at pH 7.5. The (R)-enantiomer of rac-3-O-acyl-1-(N,N-dimethylcarbamyl)oxazepam was hydrolyzed ∼4.6-fold faster than the (S)-enantiomer by esterases in rat liver microsomes, whereas the (S)-enantiomer was hydrolyzed ∼43-fold faster than the (R)-enantiomer by esterases in rat brain S9 fraction.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chir.530030313
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    Chirality of reverse micelles (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chirality 3 (1991), S. 233-241 
    Details
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: circular dichroism ; 1(S),1′(S)-dimethylbisheptylsulphosuccinate sodium salt ; spectroscopy ; optical activity ; surfactant ; chiroptical properties ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Four chiral analogues of the surfactant Aerosol-OT (AOT) have been synthesized and characterized. All of them form reverse micelles in apolar solvents in the w0 range 0-30 (w0 = [water]/[tenside]). Reverse micellar solutions have been investigated by UV absorption and circular dichroism spectroscopies with the aim of clarifying whether the formation of the macromolecular micellar structure induces the appearance of new chromophoric bands or perturbs the existing ones. Methanolic solutions of the surfactants, in which no micellar aggregates are formed, were taken as references. One of the products 1(S),1′(S)-dimethylbisheptylsulphosuccinate sodium salt (MH-AOT) was capable of forming reverse micelles of relatively high water content (w0 up to 40) and this process was accompanied by a specific increase in the intensity of the circular dichroism band associated with the ester absorbance of the molecule. As no concomitant changes were seen in the UV absorbance spectrum, it was concluded that this observation reflected conformational events occurring within the surfactant rather than chromophoric perturbation. These results are qualitatively similar to those found recently for lecithin reverse micelles which, however, form gels at sufficiently high water contents. The chiroptical properties of these supramolecular aggregates are compared with those of covalent macromolecular systems such as polypeptides.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chir.530030405
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    Evaluation of chiroptical properties of molecules by asymmetric photochemistry (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chirality 3 (1991), S. 257-262 
    Details
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: chiral photochemistry ; excitation transfer ; optical activation ; circular dichroism ; dissymmetry factor ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The physics involved in photochemistry with circularly polarized light, the warnings on its inherent limitations, as well as some examples of application on organic molecules are briefly reviewed.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chir.530030408
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  • 91
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    Helix-sense-selective polymerization of diphenyl-2-pyridylmethyl methacrylate with chiral anionic initiators (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chirality 3 (1991), S. 277-284 
    Details
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: asymmetric polymerization ; stereospecific polymerization ; optically active polymer ; helix ; (+)-tartaric acid ; L-proline ; (+)-(S)-2-(1-pyrrolidinylmethyl)pyrrolidine ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Polymerization of diphenyl-2-pyridylmethyl methacrylate was carried out with the complexes of organolithium compounds with 22 chiral ligands. Helix-sense-selectivity of the polymerization was largely affected by a slight structural difference of chiral ligands. (+)-(S)-2-(1-Pyrrolidinylmethyl)pyrrolidine was the most effective ligand in producing a one-handed helical polymer with narrow molecular weight distribution.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chir.530030411
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    Chiral liquid-crystalline side chain polymers by enantioselective modification of prochiral parent polymers (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chirality 3 (1991), S. 307-314 
    Details
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The preparation is reported of two side chain polyacrylate samples 1a,b containing a sulfide group linked to the mesogenic core. By oxidation with a preferentially chiral oxaziridine, samples 1a,b were chemoselectively and enantioselectively converted to the corresponding sulfoxide containing polymers 2a,b with an estimated 20% asymmetric induction. The mesophasic behaviour of the parent and oxidized polymer samples is analyzed by thermal and optical techniques. The modification of the prochiral sulfide groups into chiral sulfoxide groups slightly depresses the propensity of the resulting polymers to give stable and persistent mesophases.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chir.530030415
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  • 93
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    Polypeptide models of elastin: CD and NMR studies on synthetic poly(X-Gly-Gly) (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chirality 3 (1991), S. 318-323 
    Details
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: nuclear magnetic resonance ; circular dichroism ; β-turn conformation ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Poly(X-Gly-Gly), simple structural models for the hydrophobic, proline-devoid, regions of elastin, have been synthesized and studied by circular dichroism and NMR spectroscopies. The results gave evidence of type II β-turns as the only ordered structure present in the polymers. The stability of the turns has been shown to decrease on hydration and to increase in the series Leu 〈 Ala 〈 Val 〈 Ile.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chir.530030417
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    Cooperativity of chirality in homogeneous catalysis: The gold(I)-catalyzed aldol reaction and the vanadium(IV)-catalyzed hetero Diels-Alder cycloaddition (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chirality 3 (1991), S. 331-340 
    Details
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: asymmetric synthesis ; enantioselectivity ; diastereoselectivity ; double stereodifferentiation ; chiral ferrocenyl ligands ; bis(1,3-diketonato)oxovanadium(IV) complexes ; oxazolines ; dihydropyrones ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The notion of internal (or intramolecular) cooperativity of chirality is reviewed on the basis of various examples of diastereoisomeric ferrocenylphosphine ligands used in the gold(I)-catalyzed aldol reaction. It was found that the stereochemical outcome of this reaction strongly depends on the specific combination of the absolute configuration of the different stereogenic centers present in the ligand. Thus, individual chirotopic segments in these ligand molecules can act either in a cooperative or noncooperative manner in determining both diastereo-and enantioselectivity. Furthermore, several examples of application of the strategy of double stereodifferentiation (external, or intermolecular cooperativity of chirality) in the gold(I)-catalyzed aldol reaction and the vanadium(IV)-catalyzed hetero Diels-Alder condensation are presented. Based on our work it is apparent that, whether the diastereoselectivity of these two reactions is controlled by the catalyst or by a chiral substrate, cannot be predicted and very much depends on the nature of every individual reactant. Thus, it was found that in both reactions the chiral aldehyde substrate usually has a strong impact on the diastereoselectivity, leading to interesting patterns of double asymmetric induction. On the other hand, chiral isocyanoacetate and chiral-activated dienes, respectively, showed little or no effect on the stereochemical outcome of the reactions.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chir.530030419
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    Circular dichroism detection in HPLC (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chirality 3 (1991), S. 376-385 
    Details
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: circular dichroism ; detection system ; chromatography ; chiral discrimination ; enantiomeric excess ; elution order ; dissymmetry factor ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A circular dichroism-based detection system presents several advantages in the HPLC analysis of chiral compounds because of the selective monitoring of optically active molecules. Its use allows reliable determination of enantiomeric excesses and elution order. To this end, the application of empirical, semiempirical, and nonempirical methods to get stereochemical information from the CD signal is reported. Furthermore, recording the CD spectra on line and evaluation of the dissymetry factor make the CD detection very powerful in characterizing the stereochemistry of chiral eluates.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chir.530030424
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  • 96
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    Masthead (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chirality 3 (1991) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chir.530030101
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  • 97
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    Comparative effects of the diastereoisomers, quinine and quinidine in producing phenocopy debrisoquine poor metabolisers (PMs) in healthy volunteers (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chirality 3 (1991), S. 14-18 
    Details
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: debrisoquine ; nortriptyline ; desipramine ; polymorphism ; phenocopy ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: 1A single oral dose (50 mg) of quinidine significantly increased the debrisoquine metabolic ratio in six healthy volunteers. For four of the volunteers the metabolic ratio changed to that typical of the poor metaboliser (PM) phenotype.2The effect of quinidine in producing debrisoquine oxidation “poor metaboliser” phenocopies persisted for at least 3 days but had disappeared by 1 week.3The debrisoquine metabolic ratios for the same six subjects were not significantly altered by the oral administration of quinine (200 or 400 mg), the dia-stereoisomer of quinidine.4The plasma pharmacokinetic parameters of both nortriptyline and desipramine in healthy volunteers were all changed to those more typical of the debrisoquine PM phenotype following the concomitant administration of quinidine (50 mg).5It is concluded that quinidine, but not its diastereoisomer quinine, is a potent selective inhibitor of the in vivo oxidation of debrisoquine and can produce an artifactual PM phenocopy in persons who are phenotypically extensive metaboliser (EM) phenotype status. The clinical implications of this observation are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chir.530030104
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  • 98
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    Benzoyl cellulose beads in the pure polymeric form as a new powerful sorbent for the chromatographic resolution of racemates (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chirality 3 (1991), S. 43-55 
    Details
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: beads ; polymer ; enantiomer ; chiral phase ; interaction ; alcohol ; diol ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Cellulose-based stationary phases are known to be very efficient and versatile chiral sorbents for the chromatographic resolution of racemates. Except for microcrystalline cellulose triacetate (CTA I), basically all other cellulose-based phases have been prepared by coating of ca. 20% weight polymer on a wide pore silica gel used as a carrier. In this work we describe the preparation of benzoylcellulose (TBC) beads in the pure polymeric form (without inorganic carrier) from an emulsion of the organic polymer. The new material has been fully characterized and used as a chiral stationary phase for the resolution of various classes of racemic compounds such as benzylic alcohols or acetate derivatives of aliphatic alcohols and diols. The structural variety of the separated solutes as well as the irrational influence of the aromatic substituent in different classes of aryl compounds suggest that multiple interaction sites are involved in the complexation, making a prediction of the separation difficult. The benzoyl cellulose beads exhibit a very high loading capacity, which is particularly useful for preparative purposes as demonstrated for selected examples.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chir.530030109
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  • 99
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    A molecular dynamics investigation of chiral discrimination complexes as chiral stationary-phase models: Methyl N-(2-naphthyl)alaninate with N-(3,5-dinitrobenzoyl)leucine n-propylamide (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chirality 3 (1991), S. 56-66 
    Details
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: molecular recognition ; chiral recognition ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Molecular dynamics simulations were performed on complexes of (S)-methyl N-(2-naphthyl)alaninate (NAP) with the enantiomers of N-(3,5-dinitrobenzoyl)leucine n-propylamide (DNB), which are used as models for chiral stationary-phase systems developed by Pirkle and co-workers. These studies were undertaken to qualitatively examine (pictorially) the role of entropic effects in these systems. The results of the dynamics calculations were used to refine the search for low-energy conformers. The structures were refined by the use of BioDesign's molecular mechanics method implemented in Biograf. The results of the structural refinements support our previous observation that the SR complex can achieve the same three primary interactions which are observed in the SS structure (i.e., two intermolecular hydrogen bonds and pi stacking) without a significant increase in energy. In addition, these primary interactions are conserved during molecular dynamics simulations with the occurrence of conformations which differ only in the rotational states of the alkyl side chains and ester group (which bears two potential hydrogen bond acceptors utilized in both the homo- and heterochiral complexes). The major difference in the two complexes is the relative position of the sec-butyl group and hydrogen atom on DNB's chiral center, both of which are outside the primary interaction region. All other local minima which have different relative pi orientations (“front-back,” “back-back,” and “back-front” as defined herein) are not sufficiently populated to make more than a negligible contribution to the statistical (time- or energy-averaged) analysis of the (SS)- and (SR)-NAP-DNB complexes. Thus the entropic effects observed in this study (e.g., alkyl side chain or ester group rotations) do not show evidence of qualitative differential effects on the maintenance of the same three primary interactions by both the homo- and heterochiral complexes. The reliability of the present study, which provides pictorial representations of the entropic effects, is not sufficient to determine whether the entropic effects observed herein are sufficient to achieve enantiomeric discrimination alone or in conjunction with other factors (e.g., conformational strain energy). Thus, all of the computational studies we have performed to date (i.e., our previous studies, which include strain energy and through-space field effects, and the present study, which includes entropic effects) show no evidence of any qualitative difference in the homo- and heterochiral complexes in terms of maintaining the same three “contact points”.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chir.530030110
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chirality of isomers of aldosterone formed in dilute alkali (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chirality 3 (1991), S. 71-75 
    Details
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: crystal structure ; aldosterone conformation ; correction of assigned configuration ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: In the presence of dilute alkali at room temperature aldosterone undergoes rearrangement to form 11β,18:18,21-diepoxy-20,21-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (V). X-Ray crystallographic analysis demonstrates that isomers of both 18R, 20S, 21S and 18R, 20S, 21R configuration are formed rather than the 18R, 20R, 21R isomer postulated on the basis of examination of 1H-NMR spectra. The spectra appears to be consistent with the major component of the mixture. The 20S configuration observed is in agreement with the chirality assigned to the degradation product obtained when the same alkaline solution of aldosterone is subjected to reflux. The crystals of (V) are monoclinic P21, Z = 4 with a = 20.891(2), b = 6.3848(5), c = 16.067(2)Å, β = 122.09°(1) with two molecules in the asymmetric unit. Molecule A has the 20S,21S configuration and the molecules in the second site are a mixture of the 20S, 21S and 20S, 21R configuration in the ratio of 3:2.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chir.530030112
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