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  • Electronic Resource  (22)
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  • 1971  (12)
  • 1966  (10)
  • 1905
  • Cerebellum
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 133 (1971), S. 274-287 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Cerebellum ; Cytology ; Synapses ; Mossy fibers ; Glomeruli ; Golgi II neurons
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Mossy fibers engage in synapses en marron with the somata of some Golgi II cells. These synapses resemble in all particulars the synapses en marron made by climbing fibers except for the distinctive characteristics of the presynaptic terminal. The mossy fiber, with its axial stream of neurofilaments and mitochondria and its loose aggregations of round synaptic vesicles, makes an extensive contact with the wrinkled surface of the Golgi II perikaryon. Synaptic complexes are confined to the depths and sides of the furrows in the Golgi cell. The free side of the mossy fiber terminal often articulates with large numbers of granule cell dendrites, an arrangement similar to that found in ordinary glomeruli. These synaptic connections may be interpreted in the light of the physiological evidence that Golgi II cells inhibit granule cells that are not strongly activated by mossy fibers. Since each granule cell receives four to six mossy fibers, strong activation may require either a selected frequency pattern or synchrony of several inputs. The collateral inhibition indirectly evoked by the same mossy fiber via Golgi II cells would suppress those granule cells not receiving concurrent excitation from other mossy fibers or the favored pattern of excitation. In contrast, granule cells simultaneously activated by other mossy fibers would not be inhibited but would send impulses to the molecular layer. Thus, the glomerulus would behave as a filter that increases the signal-to-noise ratio of the excitatory input to the Purkinje cells.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 13 (1971), S. 339-358 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cuneocerebellar tract ; External cuneate nucleus ; Main cuneate nucleus ; Cerebellum ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. The origin and termination was determined for cells belonging to the cuneocerebellar tract in the cat, which consists of one proprioceptive component (P-CCT) activated by group I muscle afferents and one exteroceptive component (E-CCT) activated by cutaneous afferents. The recording sites of the cells were histologically verified and the termination of the axons assessed by antidromic activation from the cerebellar surface. 2. The P-CCT originates from cells in the external cuneate nucleus, where forelimb muscles are somatotopically represented. The observations suggest that practically all cells in this nucleus project to the cerebellum and are activated by muscle afferents. 3. The E-CCT originates from cells in the rostral part of the main cuneate nucleus, where they occur intermingled with lemniscal neurones. 4. The CCT terminates in the pars intermedia of lobule V of the anterior lobe and in the four rostral folia of the paramedian lobule. The majority of the cells send one branch to each projection area. 5. The P-CCT and E-CCT terminate in the same projection areas. 6. CCT neurones activated from distal and proximal parts of the limb terminate diffusely in the entire projection area, although there is some tendency for neurones activated from distal parts to terminate caudally and for neurones activated from proximal parts to terminate rostrally.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 12 (1971), S. 254-264 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Thalamus ; Corpus striatum ; Pyramidal tract ; Cerebellum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of stimulation of the Entopeduncular nucleus on the thalamic ventrolateral nucleus (VL) was studied by recording with macroelectrodes and microelectrodes in cats anesthetized with chloralose or under local analgesia. An asynaptic response (0.5 ms shortest latency) was evoked in the VL following the Entopeduncular stimulation. It is demonstrated that this response is attributable to the activation of the Entopeduncular-VL fibers described by anatomists. The postsynaptic events revealed, since only a small proportion of VL cells are affected by Entopeduncular stimulation, that the influence exerted by the Entopeduncular nucleus on the VL is much weaker than the cerebellar one.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 12 (1971), S. 447-456 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Electron microscopy ; Cerebellum ; Purkinje cells ; Diphenyl-hydantoin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Electron microscopic examination of Purkinje Cells was performed in sections from the cerebellum of three albino rats aged 4 1/2 month, intoxicated with diphenylhydantoin for 51 days. Three untreated albino rats served as controls. There were no difference between the substructure of the Purkinje cells from the two groups of animals. It was concluded that diphenylhydantoin in toxic but sublethal doses does not change the substructure of the Purkinje cells.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 12 (1971), S. 528-546 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Deiters' Cells ; Cerebellum ; Somatic Inputs ; Vestibular
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The influence of the cerebellum on the activity of Deiters' cells has been studied by comparing the extracellularly recorded activity of single cells in decerebellate cats and in those with an intact cerebellum. The tonic inhibitory influence of the cerebellum is reflected in three ways: a smaller proportion of those cells projecting to the spinal cord is spontaneously active; fewer cells are found which do not project to the spinal cord, indicating that activity in this population of cells is depressed; among those cells that are spontaneously active, the rates of discharge are lower. In the decerebellate cat, stimulation of either ipsior contralateral limb nerves facilitates many cells, whereas in the presence of the cerebellum, peripheral stimulation evokes facilitation followed by inhibition. The inhibition is ascribed to activation by peripheral stimulation of Purkinje cells projecting to Deiters' nucleus from the cerebellum. The thresholds for facilitation and inhibition are similar but longer stimulus trains are required to evoke inhibition. Inputs from many different nerves converge upon the same cell. Among the nerves to muscles, quadriceps was the only nerve effective at stimulus strengths below the group III range. Three populations of cells are found in Deiters' nucleus: cells receiving somatic inputs but not labyrinthine inputs; cells receiving inputs from both the labyrinth and ascending somatic systems; cells activated from the labyrinth but free of somatic influences.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cerebellum ; Purkyně cells ; Integration ; Topography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The 275 Purkyně cells identified by the criteria of the previous paper have been investigated with respect to their role as units integrating the input to the anterior lobe from various limb nerves. The discharges from single Purkyně cells have been studied in lightly anesthetized (pentothal) or in decerebrate unanesthetized cats, there being averaging usually of 128 responses in the form of post-stimulus time histograms and cumulative frequency distributions. Single Purkyně cells exhibited a wide variation in their responses to the diverse inputs from the various afferent nerves. Attention was focussed on excitatory and inhibitory responses evoked by mossy fibers with a short latency, usually 10–15 msec for hindlimb afferents. With most Purkyně cells these responses were predominantly evoked from cutaneous nerves, low threshold fibers being particularly effective. A few Purkyně cells were preponderantly excited by afferent volleys from muscle nerves, but there was a large group with a mixed input from cutaneous and muscle nerves. Graded strengths of stimulation of muscle nerves showed that sometimes group I volleys were prepotent, but other Purkyně cells were selectively excited by group II volleys. Though sometimes the afferent volleys from antagonistic muscles had a reciprocal action on a Purkyně cell, as on a motoneurone, it was more common to find similar actions. Also convergence of inputs from forelimb and hindlirnb nerves, both cutaneous and muscular, was not uncommon, particularly in marginal areas between hindlimb and forelimb zones. A special design feature is the convergence onto a Purkyně cell of mossy fiber and climbing fiber inputs evoked by the same afferent volley. This convergence was of particular interest along the parasagittal strip of hindlimb climbing fiber distribution in lobule V. It was not possible to translate the observations into some map of the cerebellar cortex on which are marked the territorial distributions from the various limb afferent nerves. Rather, there was an ill-defined patchy character, closely adjacent Purkyně cells often receiving very different subsets of the total input from the various limb nerves. The unitary integrations accomplished by the individual Purkyně cells are further integrated when their axons converge onto and inhibit the neurones of the cerebellar nuclei, and this integration by convergence would occur in each successive relay on the output pathways from the cerebellum. It is pointed out that the experimental findings on the integrative action of the individual Purkyně cells provide basic information for attempts to construct models simulating cerebellar performance and control.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 13 (1971), S. 359-377 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cuneocerebellar tract ; Proprioceptive path ; Exteroceptive path ; Cerebellum ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. The afferent connections to 180 cuneocerebellar tract (CCT) neurones were studied in the cat. The neurones were classified into two groups, proprioceptive and exteroceptive. 2. The proprioceptive neurones (P-CCT) occurred in the external cuneate nucleus and were monosynaptically activated by group I muscle afferents. About 60% of these neurones received additional excitation from group II muscle afferents. 3. The P-CCT neurones received excitation from one nerve only. 4. The P-CCT neurones received postsynaptic inhibition from muscle nerves not supplying excitation. 5. The exteroceptive neurones (E-CCT) occurred in the main cuneate nucleus and received di- and polysynaptic excitation from cutaneous afferents. Most neurones received additional excitation from high threshold muscle afferents. The latter originated from receptors that were sometimes activated by pressure against deep structures but seldom, if ever, from slowly adapting stretch receptors in muscle. 6. The E-CCT neurones were usually activated from several skin and muscle nerves. 7. Stimulation of the sensorimotor area of the cerebral cortex evoked inhibition in some P-CCT neurones and excitation and/or inhibition in some E-CCT neurones. 8. The afferent organization of the CCT is compared with that of the dorsal spinocerebellar tract. The information carried by the two tracts is discussed.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cerebellum ; Purkyně cell discharges ; Mossy fibers ; Climbing fibers ; Afferent volleys
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Impulses discharged by Purkyně cells provide the only output from the cerebellar cortex. Usually the Purkyně cells can be identified with certainty because they alone respond by the brief bursting discharge generated by climbing fiber (CF) impulses, as well as by the ubiquitous simple spikes. The discharges from single Purkyně cells in the anterior lobe have been studied in lightly anesthetized and in decerebrate unanesthetized cats. All of our 275 identified cells had an average background discharge frequency in the range of 5/sec to 100/sec. The discharge was increased and/or depressed by afferent volleys from a number of limb nerves. In addition there was usually a slow rate of CF-evoked spike bursts at 0.5–2/sec, and many afferent inputs also evoked CF responses. The firing patterns of Purkyně cells are often very irregular, but by the technique of computer averaging of many sweeps, usually 128, the responses of the cell under observation have been accurately and reliably displayed as post-stimulus time histograms and their cumulative frequency distributions. In this manner the distinctive features of the responses evoked by the mossy fiber and climbing fiber inputs have been determined under a wide variety of conditions. The most direct mossy fiber responses — excitatory or inhibitory — had a shorter latency than the climbing fiber responses, usually by more than 10 msec. However, there were also later responses to both types of input. Repetitive afferent volleys were used to study facilitation of the mossy fiber responses at short intervals, and the effectiveness of repetition on both kinds of inputs at slower frequencies. Repetitive mossy fiber inputs apparently can give a maintained enhancement or depression of the Purkyně cell discharge.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis ; Cerebral cortex ; Cerebellum ; Experimental neuroanatomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of degenerating fibres in the nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis (N.r.t.) has been examined in Nauta (1957) impregnated sections from cats with discrete lesions of various cortical regions. The following cortical regions send fibres to the N.r.t.: Ms I, Sm I, Sm II, the orbital gyrus, the proreate gyrus, the parietal cortex and parts of the medial surface of the frontal lobe. The projection is bilateral, but mainly ipsilateral. The main terminal area of fibres from all cortical regions mentioned is the ventral part of the N.r.t. at middle rostrocaudal levels. Within this territory most cortical regions have their particular terminal sites in the N.r.t., but there is considerable overlapping. The anatomical organization and the role of the N.r.t. as a cerebrocerebellar relay station are discussed. The regions of the N.r.t. not receiving cortical fibres are supplied by fibres from other sources. These fibre groups have their preferential, although overlapping, areas of termination. In its organization the N.r.t. differs markedly from the pontine nuclei proper. Like the two other precerebellar reticular nuclei the N.r.t. appears to provide possibilities for an integration of impulses from the cerebral cortex with those from many other sources before they influence the cerebellum.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 14 (1971), S. 24-37 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cerebellum ; Inhibition ; Strychnine ; Picrotoxin ; Bicuculline
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Stimulation of the parallel fibres, or the mossy fibres, in the cerebellar cortex depresses the potential generated in the granular layer by anti-dromic invasion of the Purkinje cells (N1), and that generated by the axon discharge of granule cells (P2). The reduction of these potentials indicate inhibitions mediated respectively by basket and Golgi cells. The depressions of both N1 and P2 potentials are unaffected by strychnine at doses of up to 1 mg/kg. Picrotoxin and bicuculline reduce or suppress both inhibitions at doses of 2 to 5 mg/kg and 0.2 to 0.4 mg/kg respectively. The action of the picrotoxin is long lasting or even possibly irreversible, whereas that of bicuculline lasts only a few minutes. The ratio by weight between the dose of picrotoxin and that of bicuculline necessary to reduce the N1 and P2 depression exceeds 10. These results indicate that gamma-aminobutyric acid may be the chemical inhibitory transmitter at basket cell — Purkinje cell and Golgi cell — granule cell synapses.
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  • 11
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cerebellum ; Mossy fibers ; Granule cells ; Afferent volleys
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary This paper is the first of a series in which the processing of information in the cerebellum has been studied by investigating the effects that known inputs from limb nerves produce on the unitary spike potentials in the cerebellar cortex. These spikes have been recorded extracellularly at all depths along microelectrode tracks in the 5th, 4th and 3rd lobules of the anterior lobe in the lateral vermis or in the pars intermedia. These units have a background frequency of discharge, often very irregular, and computer averaging techniques have been employed in order to derive reliable information on the time course and intensity of the excitatory and/or inhibitory actions produced by the input against this background. Most of the spike responses recorded from the granular layer fall into two classes, one characteristic of impulses in mossy fibers, and the other of impulse discharges from granule cells. Both in the spontaneous background and in the response to afferent volleys in limb nerves the mossy fibers exhibit a performance in close accord with that described for the discharges up the spino-cerebellar tracts. The short latency of 6–9 msec for hindlimb stimuli and the high frequency burst response of 2–4 impulses are characteristic. The mossy fibers displayed a wide variety of responses to the wide range of testing inputs, there being various combinations of excitatory and inhibitory responses and also delayed excitatory actions, all of which must be assumed to be reflections of synaptic influences on the cells of origin of the mossy fibers in the spinal cord. Granule cells have a longer latency by several milliseconds, 9–20 msec for the hindlimb, and a slower frequency in their burst response which tended to be longer and more irregular. The small unitary spike potentials are more difficult to isolate. Also with repetitive stimulation granule cells are more readily depressed than are mossy fibers. Usually a granule cell exhibits a wider range of response to the various cutaneous and muscular afferents of a limb. Both mossy fibers and granule cells may display reciprocal responses to volleys from muscle nerves to antagonistic muscles. This attempt to define properties of the mossy fiber and granule cell spike potentials should help in their identification in future investigations.
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience 215 (1971), S. 92-106 
    ISSN: 1433-8491
    Keywords: Cerebrum ; Cerebellum ; Neuronal Clusters ; Reliability ; Großhirn ; Kleinhirn ; Neuronengruppierungen ; Projektionssicherung
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Arbeit gibt eine Übersicht über die säulenartige Ordnung von Neuronen mit ähnlichen Funktionen in der Großhirnrinde und vergleicht diese mit entsprechend gruppierten Neuronpopulationen im Kleinhirn. Die Zellsäulen bilden senso-motorische Funktionseinheiten von Neuronengruppen. Im somatosensiblen Cortex meldet jede Zellsäule jeweils die gleiche Sinnesmodalität, in der Sehrinde die gleiche Raumorientierung von Konturen. Der motorische Cortex enthält ebenfalls senkrechte Zellsäulen von Pyramidenzellen, die spezifische Bewegungen auslösen. Die Säulenordnung der Hirnrinde wird als Parallelschaltung von Neuronen ähnlicher Funktion in einzelnen Gruppen gedeutet. So entstehen geordnete kollektive Neuronenleistungen trotz unregelmäßiger Hintergrundsentladung der einzelnen Nervenzellen. Mehrere Neurone eines Kollektivs konvergieren jeweils auf ein Integrationsneuron (target neurone), dessen Entladung die summierte Leistung der Zellsäulen in zeitlicher Abfolge wiedergibt. Neuere Untersuchungen am Kleinhirn zeigen eine ähnliche Kollektivordnung der Purkinje-Zellen mit Gruppen von ähnlichen receptiven Feldern. Diese PurkinjeAxone konvergieren auf Neurone der Kleinhirnkerne, z. B. den Dachkern, der ebenfalls funktionell geordnete Neuronenkollektive enthält. Allgemeine Folgerungen. Die kollektive Gruppenordnung der Neurone kann sowohl im Großhirn wie im Kleinhirn neben einer Verstärkung und Integration einlaufender Signale und einer Kontrastverschärfung durch Umfeldhemmung vor allem durch räumliche Summation vieler ähnlich arbeitender Neurone bedeutsame Signale aus dem Rauschpegel herausheben. Dann können die Axone dieses Zellkollektivs ihre gesamte Information auf die Integrationsneurone projizieren. Die Projektionen der neuronalen Funktionseinheiten verlaufen in mehrfachen Sequenzen und Stufen komplexer sensomotorischer Erregungskonstellationen, die durch eine afferente Eingangsmeldung ausgelöst werden.
    Notes: Summary An account is given of the columnar arrangement in the cerebral cortex that has been discovered for neurones having a similar receptivity. This has been observed in the somaesthetic cortex for neurones with similar modality sensitivities and in the visual cortex for neurones with similar directional sensitivities. The anatomical basis is discussed. In the motor cortex also there is an arrangement in clusters of pyramidal cells that are responsible for particular movements. The functional significance of this organization in clusters in the cerebral cortex is discussed in relationship to the problem of securing a reliable performance despite the irregular background discharge of the individual neurones. It is proposed that reliability is secured by the in-parallel arrangement of neurones with similar receptivities in the clusters. The neurones of a cluster tend to converge onto common target neurones, which, as it were, read out the summed performance of the cluster from moment to moment. Recent work on the cerebellum also discloses that there is an arrangement of Purkyně cells in clusters with somewhat similar receptive fields and that their axons tend to converge onto neurones of the cerebellar nuclei (fastigial nucleus), which likewise are arranged in functional clusters. The general concept emerges that the arrangement of neurones in clusters both in the cerebrum and in the cerebellum, achieves functional significance not only in giving opportunity for amplification and integration of incoming signals and for their sharpening by surround inhibition, but it is also important in the output performance. Signals are lifted out of noise by the spatial summation deriving from the many similarly performing neurones that project by their axons to the same cluster of target neurones; and this orderly projection can go on sequentially through all the complexities of on-going actions initiated by some input.
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  • 13
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    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 2 (1966), S. 18-34 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cerebellum ; Parallel fibres ; Basket cells ; Purkinje cells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. Stimulation through concentric electrodes on the surface of a wide cerebellar folium was employed to set up a parallel fibre volley or beam. Serial recording of the field potential was made over a range of depths along microelectrode tracks arranged in a transverse plane across the folium in order to discover the action on Purkinje cells, both those that were on-beam for the parallel fibre volley and those at various distances off-beam. A juxta-fastigial electrode was carefully placed so that an applied stimulus could excite the axons of Purkinje cells distributed across the folium under investigation, the antidromic propagation of impulses thus obtained being utilized to test the effect of parallel fibre volleys upon Purkinje cells. 2. The observations were in accord with the two actions that a parallel fibre volley would be expected to exert on Purkinje cells: a direct excitatory action by the synapses made by parallel fibres with the spines of the Purkinje cell dendrites; an inhibitory action mediated by the stellate and basket cells that themselves are directly excited by the parallel fibre volley. 3. The excitatory synaptic action would result in the two types of responses that were restricted to the narrow zone and superficial location of the parallel fibre volley: active sinks formed by this excitatory synaptic action on the superficial dendrites of Purkinje cells would account for the observed depth profile of extra-cellular slow potentials, a superficial negative wave reversing to a deeper positive wave formed by passive sources on deeper dendrites; superficial synaptic excitation would also account for the facilitation of the propagation of antidromic impulses into the superficial dendrites. 4. The inhibitory synaptic action would result in the two types of responses that were widely dispersed transversely and in depth, far beyond the traject of the parallel fibre volley: a slow positive potential wave with a maximum at a depth usually of 300–400 μ; an inhibitory action on the antidromic invasion of Purkinje cells. The transverse profiles of these two presumed indices of inhibitory action on Purkinje cells apparently revealed that a basket cell may give inhibitory synapses up to 1000 μ laterally from the location of its soma and dendrites. 5. A description is given of the variants in the transverse profiles of the deeper positive waves and of inhibitory actions of a parallel fibre volley that presumably are mediated by basket cells and also by the superficial stellate cells. These physiological findings are correlated with the histologically determined distribution of synapses from a basket cell onto Purkinje cells.
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  • 14
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    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 1 (1966), S. 1-16 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Inhibitory interneurones ; Cerebellum ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. Extracellular microelectrode recording has been employed to study the responses of three types of interneurones in the cat cerebellar cortex: basket cells, superficial stellate cells and Golgi cells. The large unitary spike potentials of single cells were sharply localized and presumably were generated by impulse discharges from the cell somata. The characteristics of their responses described below sharply distinguished them from Purkinje cells. 2. The parallel fibre volleys generated by surface stimulation of a folium evoked brief repetitive discharges that were graded in respect of frequency and number. Maximum responses had as many as 10 impulses at an initial frequency of 500/sec. 3. At brief test intervals there was facilitation of the response to a second parallel fibre volley; at about 50 msec it passed over to depression for over 500 msec. 4. Stimulation deep in the cerebellum in the region of the fastigial nucleus (juxta-fastigial, J.F.) evoked by synaptic action a single or double discharge, presumably by the mossy fibre-granule cell-parallel fibre path, but climbing fibre stimulation from the inferior olive also usually had a weak excitatory action evoking never more than one impulse. 5. J.F. stimulation also had an inhibitory action on the repetitive discharge evoked by a parallel fibre volley. Possibly this is due to the inhibitory action of impulses in Purkinje cell axon collaterals. 6. There was a slow (7–30/sec) and rather irregular background discharge from all interneurones. The inhibitory actions of parallel fibre and J.F. stimulation silenced this discharge for some hundreds of milliseconds, probably by Golgi cell inhibition of a background mossy fibre input into granule cells. 7. All these various features were displayed by cells at depths from 180 to 500 μ; hence it was concluded that superficial stellate, basket and Golgi cells have similar properties, discrimination being possible only by depth, the respective depth ranges being superficial to 250μ, 250μ to 400μ, and deeper than 400μ.
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  • 15
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    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 1 (1966), S. 17-39 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Parallel fibres ; Purkinje cells ; Cerebellum ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. When electrical stimuli were applied to the surface of a cerebellar folium by a local electrode (LOC), there was a propagated potential wave along the folium with a triphasic (positive-negative-positive) configuration. 2. Investigations by microelectrode recording established that this wave is produced by impulses propagating for at least 3 mm and at about 0.3 m/sec along a narrow superficial band or “beam” of parallel fibres. As expected from this interpretation, there was an absolutely refractory period of less than 1 msec and impulse annihilation by collision. 3. Complications occurred from the potential wave forms resulting from the excitation of mossy fibres by spreading of the applied LOC stimulus. These complications have been eliminated by chronically deafferenting the cerebellum. 4. When recording within the beam of excited parallel fibres there was a slow negative wave of about 20 msec duration, and deep and lateral thereto, there was a slow positive wave of approximately the same time course. 5. These potential fields were expressed in serial profile plots and in potential contour diagrams and shown to be explicable by the excitatory and inhibitory synaptic action on Purkinje cells: excitatory depolarizing synapses of parallel fibre impulses on the dendrites; and hyperpolarizing inhibitory synapses of stellate and basket cells respectively on the dendrites and somata. The active excitatory synapses would be strictly on the parallel fibre beam and the inhibitory concentrated deep and lateral thereto, which is in conformity with the axonal distributions of those basket and stellate cells that would be excited by the parallel fibre beam. 6. Complex problems were involved in interpretation of slow potentials produced by a second LOC stimulus at brief stimulus intervals and up to 50 msec: there was a potentiation of the slow negative wave, and often depression of the positive wave deep and lateral to the excited beam of parallel fibres. 7. Often the LOC stimulus evoked impulse discharge from the Purkinje cells, these discharges being inhibited by a preceding LOC stimulus.
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  • 16
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    Springer
    Experimental brain research 1 (1966), S. 65-81 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cerebellum ; Cerebellar synaptology ; Climbing fibers ; synapses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary An attempt is made to identify, under the electron microscope, the climbing fibers of the cerebellum (in the cat) and their synaptic contacts with Purkinje cells and other cortical neurons. — Two kinds of axonal profiles, having synaptic contacts with primary and secondary dendrites of Purkinje neurons, can be recognized: One being terminal fibers densely packed with neurofilaments, having mainly contacts “de passage” with the dendrite surface, with small accumulations of synaptic vesicles at the presynaptic side of the contact. The others are rather knob-shaped contacts filled with synaptic vesicles and poor in neurofilaments. In chronically isolated folia, in which only local neurons and their processes have survived, all filamentous profiles have disappeared while vesicular ones are not appreciably reduced in number. It is inferred from this, that the neurofilamentous profiles correspond to climbing fibers, whereas the vesicular ones could be the endings of outer stellate axons, recurrent Purkinje axon collaterals, or ascending basket axon collaterals. — Similar two kinds of axon-terminal profiles are found in synaptic contact with Golgi and basket cell bodies. As in chronically isolated folia only the vesicular profiles survive, it is inferred that the climbing fiber has axo-somatic terminals on Golgi cells and basket cells as well. Previous information of this kind, gained with the light microscope and with degeneration studies, is thus substantiated with the aid of the electron microscope. The vesicular presynaptic profiles on Golgi and basket neurons are in the first case certainly and in the second with high probability endings of recurrent Purkinje axon collaterals. — The few axosomatic synapses found on outer stellate neurons may also be terminals of climbing fibers, but degeneration evidence for this is not conclusive. — The observations are summarized and evaluated from the functional point of view in a diagram, with consideration to recent physiological information on the function of climbing fibers.
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  • 17
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    Springer
    Experimental brain research 1 (1966), S. 82-101 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cerebellum ; Mossy fibre input ; olgi cell inhibition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. The glomerulus in the cerebellar granular layer is composed of the three elements; the mossy fibre terminal, the granule cell dendrites and the Golgi cell axons. The afferent input to the cerebellar cortex through the glomerulus, the mossy fibre-granule cell relay (M.G.R.), and its inhibitory control by the Golgi cells were studied by recording, a) extracellular field potentials in the granular and molecular layers, b) unitary spikes of granule cells, and c) intracellular postsynaptic potentials in Purkinje cells. 2. Mossy fibres were activated by juxta-fastigial, transfolial, lateral cuneate nucleus and radial nerve stimulation. Stimulation of an adjacent folium (transfolial stimulation) could excite branches of mossy fibres under the stimulating electrode which supply other branches also to the folium under the recording electrode. This technique was utilized to distinguish the response due to mossy fibre activation from those due to the climbing fibre and Purkinje cell axons. 3. These stimulations resulted in, through the M.G.R., a powerful activation of granule cells whose axons (parallel fibres) excited in turn the Purkinje cells and the inhibitory interneurones, including the Golgi cells, in the molecular layer. 4. Field potentials and unitary spikes due to granule cell activity elicited by the stimulation of mossy fibres were markedly depressed for hundreds of milliseconds after the direct stimulation of parallel fibres (LOC stimulation). The postsynaptic potential in Purkinje cells evoked by mossy fibre activation was also depressed by the conditioning LOC stimulation in the same manner. The “spontaneous” background activities recorded from granule cells as unitary spikes and from Purkinje cells as inhibitory synaptic noise were silenced for hundreds of milliseconds after the LOC stimulation. 5. These depressions indicate that the parallel fibre activation evokes an inhibitory action upon M.G.R. On anatomical grounds this inhibition can be mediated only by the Golgi cell, and it is postulated that the inhibitory action is postsynaptic upon the dendrites of granule cells. 6. It is concluded that the Golgi cell inhibition regulates the mossy fibre input to the cerebellar cortex at the M.G.R. by a form of negative feed-back.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 1 (1966), S. 161-183 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cerebellum ; Purkinje cells ; Intracellular recording ; Postsynaptic potentials
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. Intracellular recording from Purkinje cells has been employed in investigating the excitatory and inhibitory synaptic action that is exerted on these cells by the mossy fibre input into the cerebellum. 2. These synaptic actions are evoked not directly by the mossy fibres, but probably always through granule cells and their axons, the parallel fibres. The intracellular records conform with the anatomical evidence that the parallel fibres directly exert a powerful synaptic excitatory action on Purkinje cells, and that the inhibitory pathway occurs via an inhibitory interneurone — a basket cell or a stellate cell. Direct stimulation of parallel fibres gives intracellular potentials closely resembling those produced by deep stimulation of mossy fibres. 3. As would be expected, direct stimulation of parallel fibres produces an EPSP with a latency 1 to 2 msec briefer than the IPSP. The IPSP has a duration usually in excess of 100 msec. The EPSP appears to be briefer, though its superposition on the IPSP greatly reduces its apparent duration. Neutralization of the IPSP by appropriate membrane polarization or by intracellular chloride injection reveals an EPSP duration of up to 50 msec. 4. The IPSP is typically affected by polarizing currents; reduced and even inverted by hyperpolarizing currents, and increased by depolarizing currents. The IPSP is converted to a depolarizing response by excess of intracellular chloride. It must therefore be generated by an increased ionic permeability of the inhibitory subsynaptic membrane, chloride ions being importantly concerned. 5. Often small irregular IPSPs can be observed occurring spontaneously, and they react to polarizing currents and to chloride injections in a manner identical to the evoked IPSPs. It is concluded that they are generated by the spontaneous discharges of basket cells. 6. A brief account is given of various spontaneous rhythmic responses of impaled Purkinje cells, and of the effect of synaptic inhibitory action upon them. 7. There is a general discussion of these findings in relation to the various neural pathways and neural mechanisms that have been postulated in the light of the preceding investigations.
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 1 (1966), S. 306-319 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Lateral reticular nucleus ; Reticulocerebellar tract ; Spinoreticular tract ; Cerebellum ; Flexor reflex afferents
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Mass discharges were recorded from the dissected left restiform body in unanaesthetized, decerebrate, and decerebellate cats. The spinal cord was severed in the thoracic or cervical region sparing only the left ventral quadrant. In this preparation the discharges were shown to relate largely or exclusively to activity in the reticulocerebellar tract originating from the lateral reticular nucleus. The ascending spinal tract was identified with the bilateral ventral flexor reflex tract (bVFRT) of Lundberg and Oscarsson (1962). The reticulocerebellar tract was activated from the flexor reflex afferents and nerve volleys from each of the four limbs were equally effective. It is concluded that the lateral reticular nucleus is not responsible for the somatotopically organized projection of cutaneous afferents, as assumed before. The bVFRT is strongly influenced from the cerebellar cortex and the organization of the closed loop formed between the cortex and the spinal cord is discussed.
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 1 (1966), S. 320-328 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Lateral reticular nucleus ; Reticulocerebellar tract ; Spinoreticular tract ; Cerebellum ; Flexor reflex afferents
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The experiments were done on unanaesthetized, decerebrate, and decerebellate cats. Recording was made from axons originating in the lateral reticular nucleus on stimulation of various nerves, cutaneous receptors, and certain descending tracts. Excitatory and inhibitory effects were evoked from the flexor reflex afferents of receptive fields which included most of the body surface. It is concluded that the lateral reticular nucleus with respect to its afferent inflow is similar to the non-cerebellar nuclei of the reticular formation. The possibility that the reticulocerebellar tract is important in determining the background excitation of cortical neurones is discussed. The effects evoked by stimulation of descending tracts were consistent with the disclosure that the bilateral ventral flexor reflex tract is the afferent path to the lateral reticular nucleus.
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 1 (1966), S. 329-337 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Inferior olive ; Olivocerebellar tract ; Spinoolivary tract ; Cerebellum ; Flexor reflex afferents
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The discharges were recorded from the dissected right restiform body in unanaesthetized, decerebrate, and decerebellate cats. The spinal cord was severed in the thoracic and/or cervical region sparing only the left ventral quadrant. The discharges were shown to relate largely or exclusively to activity in the olivocerebellar tract. The olivocerebellar discharges were elicited by stimulation of the flexor reflex afferents. Large responses were evoked from the right hindlimb nerves and small responses from the left hindlimb nerves. The responses had a latency of about 20 msec. The spinoolivary tract is tentatively identified with the contralateral ventral flexor reflex tract of Lundberg and Oscarsson (1962).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 22
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cerebellum ; Nucleus interpositus anterior ; Red nucleus ; Somatotopy ; Degeneration study
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Small lesions were done in various areas of the nucleus interpositus anterior (NIA) of the cerebellum, and the distribution of terminal degeneration was studied in the red nucleus with the methods of Nauta and Glees. The NIA projects to the contralateral red nucleus. Two principles of organization can be demonstrated in the projection: a caudorostral arrangement in the red nucleus corresponds to a mediolateral organization in the NIA and a mediolateral arrangement in the red nucleus corresponds to a caudorostral organization of the NIA. The latter distribution coincides with the somatotopical areas of the red nucleus defined by Pompeiano and Brodal (1957). Special attention has been paid to the questions of the subdivision of the cerebellar nuclei and of the course of the fibres issuing from the nuclei in the cerebellar hilus. The present findings on the projection of the NIA to the red nucleus have been correlated with recent anatomical and physiological data on the cerebellum and the red nucleus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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