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  • 1959  (39)
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  • Electronic Resource  (99)
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  • 1965-1969  (60)
  • 1955-1959  (39)
  • 1850-1859
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 2 (1966), S. 247-260 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Synaptic excitation ; Hippocampus ; Pyramidal cells ; Dendritic activation ; Cat ; Rabbit
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Following selective activation of four afferent paths that terminate exclusively on dendrites, only a small proportion of pyramidal cells in the hippocampal fields CA1 and CA3 discharged impulses. Following a single afferent volley, an EPSP was never observed even in cells synaptically excited. On tetanic stimulation (about 10/sec), a large EPSP developed, but this was not a prerequisite for an action potential. Studies of the extracellular field potentials corresponding to the EPSP and the population spike potential, indicated that the EPSP was generated across the dendritic membrane and that the spike was initiated in the neighbouring part of the dendritic tree, propagating from there along the thicker dendrites towards the soma. This conduction had an average velocity of 0.4m/sec, and, presumably, a relatively low safety factor. In certain cases, the intrasomatic electrode recorded small all-or-nothing spikes which presumably were generated in the dendritic tree. These small spikes (D-spikes) invaded the soma only if assisted by some additional depolarization, for example by frequency potentiation of excitatory synapses. The results indicate two functional types of pyramidal dendrites, the conducting and the synaptic type.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 1 (1966), S. 1-16 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Inhibitory interneurones ; Cerebellum ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. Extracellular microelectrode recording has been employed to study the responses of three types of interneurones in the cat cerebellar cortex: basket cells, superficial stellate cells and Golgi cells. The large unitary spike potentials of single cells were sharply localized and presumably were generated by impulse discharges from the cell somata. The characteristics of their responses described below sharply distinguished them from Purkinje cells. 2. The parallel fibre volleys generated by surface stimulation of a folium evoked brief repetitive discharges that were graded in respect of frequency and number. Maximum responses had as many as 10 impulses at an initial frequency of 500/sec. 3. At brief test intervals there was facilitation of the response to a second parallel fibre volley; at about 50 msec it passed over to depression for over 500 msec. 4. Stimulation deep in the cerebellum in the region of the fastigial nucleus (juxta-fastigial, J.F.) evoked by synaptic action a single or double discharge, presumably by the mossy fibre-granule cell-parallel fibre path, but climbing fibre stimulation from the inferior olive also usually had a weak excitatory action evoking never more than one impulse. 5. J.F. stimulation also had an inhibitory action on the repetitive discharge evoked by a parallel fibre volley. Possibly this is due to the inhibitory action of impulses in Purkinje cell axon collaterals. 6. There was a slow (7–30/sec) and rather irregular background discharge from all interneurones. The inhibitory actions of parallel fibre and J.F. stimulation silenced this discharge for some hundreds of milliseconds, probably by Golgi cell inhibition of a background mossy fibre input into granule cells. 7. All these various features were displayed by cells at depths from 180 to 500 μ; hence it was concluded that superficial stellate, basket and Golgi cells have similar properties, discrimination being possible only by depth, the respective depth ranges being superficial to 250μ, 250μ to 400μ, and deeper than 400μ.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 1 (1966), S. 17-39 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Parallel fibres ; Purkinje cells ; Cerebellum ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. When electrical stimuli were applied to the surface of a cerebellar folium by a local electrode (LOC), there was a propagated potential wave along the folium with a triphasic (positive-negative-positive) configuration. 2. Investigations by microelectrode recording established that this wave is produced by impulses propagating for at least 3 mm and at about 0.3 m/sec along a narrow superficial band or “beam” of parallel fibres. As expected from this interpretation, there was an absolutely refractory period of less than 1 msec and impulse annihilation by collision. 3. Complications occurred from the potential wave forms resulting from the excitation of mossy fibres by spreading of the applied LOC stimulus. These complications have been eliminated by chronically deafferenting the cerebellum. 4. When recording within the beam of excited parallel fibres there was a slow negative wave of about 20 msec duration, and deep and lateral thereto, there was a slow positive wave of approximately the same time course. 5. These potential fields were expressed in serial profile plots and in potential contour diagrams and shown to be explicable by the excitatory and inhibitory synaptic action on Purkinje cells: excitatory depolarizing synapses of parallel fibre impulses on the dendrites; and hyperpolarizing inhibitory synapses of stellate and basket cells respectively on the dendrites and somata. The active excitatory synapses would be strictly on the parallel fibre beam and the inhibitory concentrated deep and lateral thereto, which is in conformity with the axonal distributions of those basket and stellate cells that would be excited by the parallel fibre beam. 6. Complex problems were involved in interpretation of slow potentials produced by a second LOC stimulus at brief stimulus intervals and up to 50 msec: there was a potentiation of the slow negative wave, and often depression of the positive wave deep and lateral to the excited beam of parallel fibres. 7. Often the LOC stimulus evoked impulse discharge from the Purkinje cells, these discharges being inhibited by a preceding LOC stimulus.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 1 (1966), S. 48-64 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Spontaneous post-synaptic potentials (EPSPs, IPSPs) ; Motor cortex ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Im motorischen Cortex von ausgewachsenen Katzen (mittlere Nembutalnarkose) wurden spontane postsynaptische Potentiale (PSP) mit intrazellulären Mikroelektroden untersucht. Die spontanen EPSP wurden mit ausgelösten EPSP nach schwachen Reizen in spezifischen (VL) und unspezifischen (CM) Thalamuskernen verglichen. 2. Spontane EPSP treten entweder einzeln oder gruppiert auf. spontane IPSP sind seltener und machen nur 3–10% aller spontanen PSP aus. Die kleinsten EPSP haben eine Amplitude von 150–200 μV, daneben kommen kleinere, flache Schwankungen des Membranpotentials vor. Die mittlere Amplitude von spontanen EPSP liegt bei 0.7 mV. Amplitudenhistogramme spontaner EPSP unterscheiden sich nicht wesentlich von solchen, die durch schwache CM- oder VL-Reize ausgelöst sind. 3. Die Anstiegssteilheit von spontanen EPSP liegt zwischen 2 und 15 msec. Es besteht keine konstante Beziehung zwischen Amplitude und Anstiegssteilheit. Der Potentialabfall ist annähernd exponentiell, die Zeitkonstante liegt zwischen 8 und 12 msec und ist damit etwas länger als die passive Neuronzeitkonstante (8.5±2.2 msec nach Creutzfeldt u. Mitarb., 1964b). Es bestehen keine konstanten Unterschiede der Zeitverläufe von spontanen, durch VL- oder CM-Reiz ausgelösten EPSP-Einheiten. 4. Die Intervallhistogramme von spontanen EPSP sind verschieden je nach dem, ob alle Intervalle oder nur Perioden mit sporadischer, nicht-gruppierter Aktivität ausgezählt werden. Nicht gruppierte EPSP haben längere mittlere Intervalle (70–80 msec). 5. Nach überschwelligen Thalamusreizserien ist sowohl die spontane als auch die reizinduzierte PSP-aktivität vermindert. Es kann jedoch nicht entschieden werden, inwieweit corticale und inwieweit thalamische Mechanismen für diese post-tetanische Depression verantwortlich sind. 6. Während reversibler Deafferentierung des Cortex durch K+-depolarisation afferenter Fasern und im chronisch isolierten Cortex finden sich keine spontanen PSP mehr, obwohl EPSP und IPSP am isolierten Cortex durch epicorticale Reize noch ausgelöst werden können. 7. Aus den Befunden wird geschlossen, daß die beobachteten PSP durch afferente und collaterale Faseraktivität ausgelöst sind. Für echte „Miniaturpotentiale” entsprechend Beobachtungen an Muskelendplatten findet sich kein Anhalt. Insofern repräsentiert das „synaptische Rauschen” corticaler Zellen die konvergierende Afferenz dieser Zellen und kann nicht als echtes „spontanes Rauschen” angesehen werden.
    Notes: Summary Spontaneous post-synaptic potentials (PSP's) of neurones of the motor cortex are analysed (intracellular recording, Nembutal anesthesia, cats). Distinct EPSP's either appear grouped or more sporadically distributed. Spontaneous EPSP's only represent about 3–10% of all spontaneous PSP's. The mean amplitude of EPSP's is about 0.7 mV. The smallest EPSP's have an amplitude of 150–200 μV, smaller slow fluctuations of the membrane potential (MP) are seen occasionally. Amplitude histograms of spontaneous EPSP's are similar to those of evoked EPSP units following weak thalamic stimulation. — The rising time of spontaneous EPSP's varies between 2 and 15 msec. and is not correlated with the peak amplitude. The decay is almost exponential, the time constant is between 8 and 12msec., thus being slightly higher than the neurone time constant of cortical pyramidal cells (8.5±2.2 msec. Creutzfeldt et al., 1964b). No consistant differences in time course and amplitude of “EPSP units” after VL and CM thalamic stimulation and of spontaneous EPSP's was found. Cortical and thalamic components of post-tetanic depression of spontaneous and evoked PSP activity cannot be distinguished. Interval histograms are different whether all EPSP's during sporadic and grouped activity or whether only sporadically appearing EPSP's are counted. Non-grouped EPSP's show longer mean intervals (between 70 and 80 msec.). — During reversible deafferentation with K+-depolarization of afferent fibers and in the chronically isolated cortex no spontaneous EPSP's or IPSP's are found eventhough membrane fluctuations of cells in the latter preparation may sometimes be difficult to distinguish from real EPSP's. In the chronically isolated cortex, EPSP's and IPSP's can still be elicited by epicortical stimulation. — From these findings it is concluded that the observed spontaneous PSP's represent “unit” EPSP's and IPSP's due to afferent and collateral fiber activity and that no true miniature potentials due to spontaneous liberation of transmitter substance can be recorded. Thus, the “synaptic noise” of cortical neurones represents convergent activity on these cells and consequently cannot be considered as true “spontaneous noise”.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 8 (1966), S. 371-378 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Previous studies indicated that when cells grown in a NaCl-free glucose medium were subjected to a high salt concentration, cellular constituents were released which were metabolized by the cells in preference to glucose. In the present study, cells grown on glucose in high salt medium were subjected to a shock loading of salt-free medium. In this case, the resulting lysate was not used in preference to glucose; the lysate was metabolized only after an acclimation period following glucose utilization. It was shown by injecting chloramphenicol into the reaction liquor during glucose metabolism that new protein synthesis was required in order to metabolize the lysate. This response represents an additional way in which a rapid change in salt concentration can adversely affect biological treatment of waste waters, and a new type of situation in which sequential removal of substrates occurs.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 8 (1966), S. 337-352 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Oxygen uptake of Penicillium chrysogenum hyphae growing in automatically aerated deep cultures was the subject of local and periodical change. The change depended on the concentration of carbon dioxide which accumulated in the gas phase of system during the evolution of foam bubbles, and which was suddenly liberated when the foam was destroyed. The actual concentration of sunflower oil added as an antifoaming agent also influenced the oxygen uptake of culture.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 8 (1966), S. 405-431 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 8 (1966), S. 456-460 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 8 (1966), S. 465-471 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The addition of as little as 2 ppb of manganese to ferrocyanide-treated beet molasses during citric acid fermentation by Aspergillus niger NRC A-1-233 caused a 10% reduction in acid yield and undesirable change in the morphology of the organism from the normal pelletlike form to the filamentous from. Still smaller additions (0.4-2ppb) caused undesirable pellet clumping, while greater additions (2-100 ppb) gave further decreases in yield. The yield obtained at 100 ppb was less than 25% of that obtained at 1 ppb or less. None of the other metals tested (Al3+, Ca2+, Co2+, Cu2+, Fe2+, Mg2+, Ni2+, Zn2+) visibly changed pellet morphology, and only Al3+, Fe2+, and Zn2+ at relatively higher concentrations (5-25ppm) reduced acid yield. The adverse effect of manganese on growth and acid production was not affected by addition of the other metals.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Oxygen Utilization as a scale-up parameter is evaluated in two antibiotic-producing fermentations. This method of scale-up was used in tank-to-tank and in flash-to-flash scale-up studies. Antibiotic yields and cell weight trends were generally duplicated in the replicate runs, with some discrepancy noted in chlortetracycline yields at high aeration levels. The apparatus for measuring oxygen consumption rates and for automatically controlling oxygen utilization, according to a predetermined pattern, is described.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 8 (1966), S. 581-593 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Biological systems can be used in three types of fuel cell: depolarization (or concentration) cell, product cell, and redox cell. The possibilities and theoretical limitations of each type of cell have been considered in terms of the metabolic activities of microorganisms and the coupling of these to electrochemical systems. The use of cell extracts and enzymes, particularly in an insoluble form, has been discussed.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 8 (1966), S. 195-215 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In three series of experiments, 3-l., 20-l., and 150-l. bacterial cultures were grown in stirred, deep culture vessels to average bacterial cell densities of 71 × 108, 63 × 108, and 43 × 108 viable organisms per milliliter, respectively, and then infected with phage. The average yield of progeny phage in each case was ca. 3000 mpfu (minimum plaque-forming units) per cell. Thus, the average mass of phage obtained in the 3-l. experiments was not less than 124 mg./l., calculated from the plaque counts, assuming a particle size of 3.6 × 106 Daltons for the μ2 phage. This is about twentyfold higher than is obtainable by conventional methods in aerated, shaken culture flasks. The actual phage yields are probably much higher than the minimum values calculated from plaque counts. For example, in the case of one of our culture lysates which was purified at King's College, the efficiency of plating was shown to be only 19%. The carbon dioxide evolution rate of cultures was measured and used as a guide to the time at which phage should be added. In this way, greater control of cultural conditions was obtained than is possible in shaken flasks. For the best yield of phage per milliliter of culture, the optimum time for phage infection was such that bacterial lysis just prevented the carbon dioxide evolution rate from reaching its potential maximum. The major factor influencing the phage yield per milliliter of culture was the aeration capacity of the culture vessel used. All had maximum aeration capacities much higher than those obtainable in shaken culture flasks. Cultures grown and infected in 3-l. Vessel operated under conditions of low aeration gave poor yields of phage. The reason for this are discussed.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 8 (1966), S. 453-455 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 8 (1966), S. 461-463 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 8 (1966), S. 25-42 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The effects on mass-transfer and overall mixing rates of varying impeller geometry and operating speed have been studied for flat-bladed turbines in laboratory fermentors, in aerated aqueous solutions, and in unaerated and aerated suspensions (1.6% w/v) of paper pulp. In the absence of suspended solid, oxygen absorption rates could be correlated directly with power input. In the pulp suspension, oxygen absorption at a given power input was influenced by impeller geometry and operating speed. The data for the three-phase system can be correlated by a dimensionless equation relating oxygen-transfer rates and mixing times to the geometrical and operating parameters of the impellers.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 8 (1966), S. 85-96 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Previously, the degree of mixing was not felt to be an important consideration in fermentor design. In this study on the continuous propagation of Baker's yeast, it was found that at low dilution rates, i.e., 0.02hr-1, the degree of mixing achieved does effect the cell yield. At low dilution rates, appreciable quantities of sugar can be utilized for endogenous respiration in comparison to that utilized for making cell mass. Poor distribution of the sugar aggravates the balance of sugar utilized for each process. Yields at these low dilution rates can be improved to a limited extent by using a multiple feed-distribution system and better mixing.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 8 (1966), S. 167-182 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Probabilistic models for the killing of microorganisms are formulated and described. The utility of the models is illustrated by applying them to the optimization of an idealized fermentation process.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 8 (1966), S. 193-193 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 8 (1966), S. 217-235 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A brief review of the development of our knowledge about hydrogen bacteria is presented, with emphasis on the characteristics and physiological differences of various Hydrogenomonas species. One species, Hydrogenomonas eutropha, is discussed in greater detail. Nutritional requirements, physical factors affecting growth, and equipment used for culturing 100-ml. shake cultures and 15-1.mass cultures of H. eutropha are described. Cell-free extracts of H. eutropha carry out the oxyhydrogen reaction as demonstrated by the alternate reduction and oxidation of endogenous flavins and cytochromes by molecular hydrogen and oxygen, respectively. Spectra of cell-free extracts of this organism show the presence of cytochromes of the c and b1 types. A cytochrome of the o type was also found, but none of the a cytochromes were detected. The sum of a series of enzymatic reactions shown to be catalyzed by these extracts can account for the oxidation of hydrogen by oxygen.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 8 (1966), S. 275-286 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Our program on the mass cultivation of basidiomycetes was designed to determine whether these organisms, being more highly differentiated than bacteria, molds, and yeasts, would in turn carry out markedly different reactions on natural products. A discussion of our methods of isolating and characterizing a representative collection of basidiomycetes and of our difficulties in obtaining pure cultures which grew well is presented. Some information we obtained on the growth and types of products that these organisms produced in a synthetic medium is discussed. Our techniques for examining fermentation beers for transformation products from indole compounds and from progesterone are explained, and the types of products we obtained are described.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 8 (1966), S. 318-320 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 8 (1966), S. 287-296 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Growth of the ciliate, Colpoda steinii, was studied in shake flasks, 30-l., stirred jars, and a conventional 50-gal. stainless-steel fermentor. This organism was growth with either washed or unwashed Escherichia coli cells as the sole food source. Generation times of 3-4 hr. were obtained at 30°C. With average yields of 78% (0.78 g. of protozoa/g. of bacteria). In a 100-l. fermentation, a dry weight concentration of 12.5 g./l. (1.04 × 107 protozoa/ml.) was reached by means of periodic addition of E. coli paste. The influence of bacterial concentration on the growth rate of the protozoa was also investigated. It was found that this relationship could be represented by a Michaelis-Menten equation with a maximum specific growth rate of 0.23 hr. -1 (3-hr. generation time) and a bacterial concentration for half-maximum growth rate of 6.0 mg. (dry wt.)/l.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 8 (1966), S. 315-317 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 8 (1966), S. 323-336 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An experimental investigation of the foam separation of E. coli from distilled water suspension using a cationic surface-active agent, ethylhexadecyldimethyl-ammonium bromide (EHDA-Br) is presented. Results are evaluated in terms of total cell count, using a membrane filtration technique. Cell concentrations in the initial suspensions are varied from 5.0 × 105 to 1.0 × 108 cells/ml. Surfactant concentrations in the initial cell suspensions are varied from 0.015 to 0.040 mg./ml., and foaming times are varied from 2 to 20 min. The residual quantity of cells decreases exponentially with foaming time to about 0.02% of the initial quantity after 20 min. The cell enrichment ratio, varying from 10 to 1,000,000, is an inverse power function of the initial surfactant concentration and an exponential function of foaming time. Foaminess decreases with increasing initial cell concentrations, and for an initial surfactant concentration of 0.030 mg./ml., the residual cell concentration is a linear function of the initial cell concentration.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 25
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 26
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Presented is a mathematical model for the continuous-flow steady-state bacterial culture which permits the experimental determination of carbon transfer rates within the system by use of radioactive tracer techniques. The transfer rates are specific for hydraulic loading rates, feed concentrations, type of organism, and substrate, and were incorporated within the existing theoretical description of the growth kinetics in order to elucidate the yield relationships. The carbon transfer rate of cells to soluble organic substrate was observed to exhibit a minimum value at or near dilution rate D = 0.5 hr.-1. A maximum effective yield coefficient, Y, was observed at the same value of D. At dilution rates greater and less than D = 0.5 hr.-1, the cell-substrate transfer rate increased, and effective yield coefficient was observed to decrease. The former showed increases of 50-200%, and the latter exhibited decreases of the order of 10%. The magnitude of these variations would seem to be significant in industrial fermentation processes which utilize continuous microbiological cultures. In light of these findings, the results of other researchers were shown to exhibit maximum effective yield at similar dilution rates or process loadings.
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  • 27
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 8 (1966), S. 473-488 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An improved system is presented for measurement of interactions between a number of individual bacterial species. In the procedure, steady-state populations are fed into a common-mixed-culture vessel. Generation times of each species are determined under these conditions and contrasted with generation time in an identical situation in pure culture. Populations for generation time are determined with the aid of differential media. The mechanical system includes three types of peristaltic pumps for media feed and a unit for measurement, recording, and/or control of pH. A new type of anaerobic continuous-culture vessel which can be inoculated, sampled, and fed continuously is also described. A functional test of a three-part system including Streptococcus salivarius, Veilloncella alcalescens, and Staphylococcus aureus is presented. An unusual feature was the finding that, under certain conditions, the generation time of S. Salivarius was less than 10 min.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 28
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The requirements of the continuous analysis of effluent gas streams from aerated flash and tank fermentors are described, as are instrumental devices for measuring the oxygen and carbon dioxide content of fermentor gases. The use of a specially designed sequential gas sample for monitoring four fermentations simultaneously and a system for precise control of low air flow and pressure is explained. Equations for calculating carbon dioxide production or oxygen consumption rates and respiratory quotients are given. A discussion of the operating characteristics of a device for automatic translation of aeration data between fermentors is presented.
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  • 29
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 8 (1966), S. 595-619 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 30
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 8 (1966), S. 43-54 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Power requirements in the agitation of non-Newtonian fermentation broths with and without aeration were measured by a strain gage-type dynamometer. Broth from the production of gluc-amylase by Endomyces species and carboxymethyl cellulose solutions were used as non-Newtonian fluids. In gas-liquid agitation systems, the correlation between Pg and P02 ND3/Q0.56 observed by Michel and Miller was found to be applicable to non-Newtonian fluids in laminar and transition regions. This was particularly true for fluids with apparent viscosities larger than 300 cp. The impeller diameter and impeller blade width had considerable effects on power consumption in a nongassed system. It was suggested, therefore, that Pg/P0 should be correlated by a dimensionless term involving some impeller-size factors.
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  • 31
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 8 (1966), S. 97-108 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Dissolved oxygen measurements were made in pilot (20 and 250 l.) and production scale (15,000 l.) novobiocin fermentations. Bulk mixing was found to be incomplete in pilot tanks with turbine impellers of D/T = 0.40 (where D is impeller diameter, and T is tank diameter) but appeared homogeneous with impellers of D/T = 0.69. In the former case, the respiration rate was presumably limited by insufficient oxygen supply in areas of poor bulk mixing, whereas, in the latter case, the major resistance was between the bulk of the liquid and the cell (intraclump resistance). Higher agitator speeds decreased the gas-liquid resistance proportionally more than they reduced the liquid-cell resistance. In production fermentors, dissolved oxygen measurements indicated that bulk mixing was complete with each of the three impeller sizes tested (D/T = 0.28, 0.33, and 0.43), but that the respiration rate was again limited, mainly by a resistance between the bulk of the liquid and the cell.
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  • 32
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 8 (1966), S. 117-134 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A system of automatic control of substrate inflow into an aerated culture of microorganisms which depend on oxygen-absorption rate (OAR) has been devised and tested. As the control variable, dissolved oxygen concentration (DOC), which shows the equilibrium between OAR and oxygen-uptake rate in the microbial culture, was chosen. If the equilibrium is disturbed by changes in OAR, then the oxygen-uptake rate is changed by substrate limitation. The DOC is measured by means of a Clark-type polarographic electrode, and the signal is used to actuate the substrate inflow valve or pump. The oxygen-uptake rate changes of microorganisms, after the addition or exhaustion of substrate in the medium, are so rapid that they can be used for this type of control.Fundamental equations were derived and graphical solutions for the control system parameters were suggested for the steady-state relations between DOC, oxygen-uptake rate, specific growth rate, substrate concentration, KLa, and concentration of microorganisms. The system is stable in the entire range of the uptake rates up to nearly the maximum attainable in unlimited substrate conditions, and can be operated in batch feed or continuous flow modifications. It was experimentally tested with the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The complete utilization of aeration-system capacity of the fermentor was achieved with high yeast yield and no alcohol formation. The quality of the product was excellent.
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  • 33
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 8 (1966), S. 135-151 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Foam separation of microorganisms has been investigated with varying success by many workers, usually at high rates of gas flow. Microflotation was developed to overcome some of the disadvantages inherent in these high gas-flow-rate processes and is introduced in this paper as a new technique for the foam separation of microorganisms at low gas-flow rates. With microflotation, a stable surface phase is produced by adding an insoluble collector such as a long-chain fatty acid or amine. The formation of an insoluble surface phase eliminates the need for high foaming. Low rates of gas flow are used resulting in a more efficient separation and a less voluminous and drier surface phase upon which to collect the microorganisms. The efficiency of this technique is also improved by using flotation aids such as frothers and flocculents. Frothers are used to improve the collector properties of the surfactant and to refine further the small bubbles produced by a very fine sparger. Small concentrations of flocculents, such as alum, are used to partially agglomerate the organisms and provide sites for adsorption of collector. The work described in this paper is preliminary in nature, designed to illustrate that a low flow-rate process may be used to separate microorganisms and to stimulate further research. The applications discussed are removal of the bacterium, Escherichia coli, and alum, and two species of algae, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and Chlorella ellipsoidea, using stearylamine without alum. The frother used was ethanol.
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  • 34
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 8 (1966), S. 189-191 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 35
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 8 (1966), S. 297-313 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Observations on quantitative relationships between oxygen diffusion rate and product formation were made with penicillin, bacitracin, and gluconic acid. For penicillin and gluconic acid formation, no toxic oxygen concentration could be achieved in the broth, whereas concentration above approximately 7 mg. O2/l. suppressed the bacitracin yield to an ever increasing extent. The intensity of mixing was measured by means of distributing a dye. With penicillin formation as an example, it was shown that the antibiotic yield is not only dependent on maintenance of a certain oxygen diffusion rate, but also on ensuring a necessary minimal mixing.
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  • 36
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 8 (1966) 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 37
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 8 (1966), S. 353-369 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 38
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 8 (1966), S. 464-464 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 39
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Polysaccharide gum was made by fermentation with Xanthomonas campestris NRRL B-1459 in a medium of glucose, minerals, and distillers' solubles. The effect of distillers' solubles on growth rate can be described by the familiar saturation equation. Although a quasistoichiometric relationship was observed between nitrogen utilization and growth, total nitrogen supply was not growth limiting, nor was polymer formation growth associated. Cell growth primarily took place in the early part of the fermentation; polysaccharide biosynthesis occurred throughout the fermentation. Glucose was converted to polysaccharide at a fairly constant yield, which was 70-80% of glucose consumed, under optimum conditions. The kinetic patterns observed indicate that multistage continuous fermentation will be suitable for polysaccharide production.
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  • 40
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 8 (1966), S. 549-565 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A stable mixed yeast culture designated as Culture 4, consisting of Candida intermedia and Candida lipolytica was investigated. The culture was judged stable based on uniformity of fermentation results and the nearly constant ratio of the two organisms at the completion of fermentations. However, the ratio of the two organisms at different times during the fermentation was not determined. The mixed culture grew more rapidly on n-alkanes than did C. intermedia; C. lipolytica did not grow on unsupplemented mineral salt-n-alkane medium. Solid n-alkanes were dissolved in 2,6,0,14-tetramethylpentadecane (pristane) for investigation as carbon sources. With Culture 4, on n-alkanes ranging from pentadecane (C15) through octacosane (C28), cell yields were 74.2-89.5%; generation times were 3.0-8.0 hr. during the exponential growth phase. The fastest growth rates and highest cell yields were obtained with docosane (C22) as substrate. The cells obtained contained 6.75-8.81% nitrogen and 1.9-13.4% lipid. Crude protein yields were 34.4-47.6%. The oxidation of n-alkanes by C. intermedia was studied manometrically with resting whole cells. The alkaneoxidizing system of this organism appears to be constitutive and nonspecific for alkane substrates.
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  • 41
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 8 (1966), S. 631-632 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 42
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 8 (1966) 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 43
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The Meta-Stat gas monitor, a component instrument which automatically monitors and controls the pH and gas content of the liquid phase in suspension cell-culture systems, has been developed to provide continuous pH control within ± 0.015 units, as well as continuous oxygen control within 0.5% of the preset level in the range of 0-40% O2.
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  • 44
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 8 (1966), S. 567-580 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A mixed yeast culture (Culture 4) was grown on representative gas oil samples as well as paraffin wax. Culture 4 was found to utilize n-paraffinic hydrocarbons almost quantitatively from most gas oil fractions; significant alteration of other hydrocarbon components was not detected. Generation times of 4.0-9.0hr. were typical during the exponential growth phase in fermentations with various gas oil fractions. Cell yields were 70-90% based on n-paraffin utilization. The culture appeared to exhibit maximum efficiency of n-alkane removal in the C19 to C24 range. The cells recovered from the fermentations contained 8.8-9.3% nitrogen. Paraffin wax also served as a suitable carbon source when dissolved in 2,6,10,14-tertramethylpentadecane (pristane). However, substrate utilization appeared to be incomplete.
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  • 45
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 8 (1966), S. 3-24 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Scale-up of a mixing process in fermentation involves breaking the process down into individual but interrelated steps. The effect of mixing on gas-liquid absorption, fluid shear rates, blending, and heat transfer allows each to be considered separately. A method of estimating the mixer size required in a full-scale system from pilot studies illustrates the application of a particular technique.
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  • 46
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 8 (1966), S. 71-84 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A model system, utilizing shear-sensitive protozoa, has been developed for characterizing the disruptive forces in agitated systems. The model system gives a measure of the maximum shear stresses in the apparatus being tested, and is particularly useful when tissue fragility is a factor in fermentor design. The time dependency of protozoan disruption is shown and discussed. Breakdown data in conventional stirred vessels and a laminar shear device are presented and discussed.
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  • 47
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 8 (1966), S. 153-165 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The design and operation of a permanently-piped plant for sterilizing 10-200 l. of tissue-culture media is described. The plant is sterilized in situ by steam injection, the filtration rate is 2-3 l./min., and the turn-around time for volumes of 100 l. is about 3 hr.
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  • 48
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 8 (1966) 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 49
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 8 (1966), S. 237-245 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Extremely halophilic bacteria, which are able to grow in, and require, saturated or near-saturated salt solutions are both of historical interest and of practical importance as food spoilage organisms. In addition, because of the environment in which they live, their membranes, enzymes, and ribosomes have unusual or unique properties that make them especially worthy of physiological study. A simple method for growing large quantities of extreme halophiles is described, and various growth media, both complex and synthetic are discussed.
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  • 50
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 8 (1966), S. 259-273 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A chemically defined medium for Micromonospora purpurea has been devised, consisting of glucose, a nitrogen source, calcium carbonate, magnesium sulfate, dibasic potassium phosphate, and the required trace quantities of iron, copper, zinc, and manganese. Using washed cell inocula, dry mycelial weights of more than 16 mg./ml. were obtained in 7-day shaken-flask fermentations. Nutrient requirements for M. purpurea are discussed and growth data presented. Sucrose, maltose, starches and dextrins could be substituted for glucose, and resulted in good growth of the organism. A number of amino acids and inorganic nitrogen-containing compounds were capable of utilization as sole nitrogen sources. Weekly serial transfers of the culture in defined medium have shown no diminution in mycelial weights over a four-month period.
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  • 51
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 8 (1966), S. 321-321 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 52
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 8 (1966) 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 53
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 8 (1966), S. 1-1 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 54
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 8 (1966), S. 55-69 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: By means of gas-absorption experiments in a stirred vessel, with various depths of liquid above a properly positioned single-opening pipe-type gas sparger, conclusions are reached about relative contributions to the overall absorption rate by localized actions near the sparger tip, in the impeller region, and from bubbles distributed in the bulk volume of the fluid. Results are discussed for difficulty soluble gases (oxygen in water and chlorine in water) and a substantially soluble gas (chlorine in benzene). In all cases, dissolution rates in the vicinity of the sparger and impeller were significantly large compared with those near free bubbles.
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  • 55
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 8 (1966), S. 109-115 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The performance of a multiple-rod mixing impeller was compared to that of conventional turbine impellers in viscous novobiocin beers. The advantages of the multiple-rod impeller were found to be: (1) the power requirement was independent of changes in apparent viscosity of the fermentation beer; and (2) it gave the same novobiocin yield and oxygen-availability rate at about one-half of the power required by turbines.
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  • 56
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 8 (1966), S. 183-188 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A versatile and simple continuous-culture apparatus is described. With this apparatus, independent control of limiting growth factors and other nutrilites is possible and the conditions of each experiment are reproducible. In view of the synchronized speed of the feeder syringes, flow variation troubles are not encountered. The device allows the performance of growth experiments at different dilution rates simultaneously in a single run which makes the comparison of the results more reliable. The operation of the device has been tested successfully with a study of adenine deaminase induction in yeast.
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  • 57
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 8 (1966), S. 247-258 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The insect pathogen Bacillus popilliae Dutky causes a fatal milky disease of Japanese beetle larvae. Spores of the bacterium offer a biological means of controlling this insect. While satisfactory sporulation in vitro has not yet been accomplished, conditions have been developed for the proliferation of vegetative cells in shaken flasks and aerated fermentors. Vegetative cultures are maintained by frequent transfer or by lyophilization. Media based on yeast extract are used routinely, but corn steep liquor and casein hydrolyzates afford comparable yields of 5 × 108 cells/ml. in 16-24 hr. Nutritional requirements have been established for growth in a synthetic medium. Oxygen availability affects the pathway of carbohydrate catabolism and is necessary for optimal growth. In rapidly growing cultures, a short period of maximum viability is characteristically followed by rapid death of the cells. When inoculum size and transfer time are suitably manipulated, viable cell yields reach 1-2 × 109/ml. Alternative methods of propagation, including the addition of particulate carbon, and procedures designed either to neutralize acids or to remove metabolic products by dialysis, do not markedly enhance the yield of cells per volume of medium, although viability may be prolonged.
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  • 58
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 8 (1966), S. 621-624 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 59
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 8 (1966), S. 379-388 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A multiphase project has been planned to develop a new biological process capable of economically treating high BOD wastes. Herein is presented the results of the first phase of the program, in which the feasibility of growing concentrated microbial cultures was investigated and the oxygen and power requirements for maintaining such cultures were determined. An example is given of the scale-up of power requirements for oxygen transfer in a prototype system.
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  • 60
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 8 (1966), S. 625-629 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 61
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    Journal of Biochemical and Microbiological Technology and Engineering 1 (1959), S. 1-11 
    ISSN: 0368-1467
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The effects of pH and concentration on foam separation of the protein bovine serum albumin (BSA) from solution has been studied. All results agree, at least qualitatively, with theory. BSA maximum enrichments were observed at the isoelectric pH and enrichment ratio was found to increase with decreasing protein concentrations.
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  • 62
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    Journal of Biochemical and Microbiological Technology and Engineering 1 (1959), S. 13-25 
    ISSN: 0368-1467
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Most of the free fluid can generally be expressed from fibrous pulps in a few seconds at 50 lb/in2 if the layer of pulp is kept thinner than 1 in. after it has been pressed, and if the fluid is allowed to run away freely. The need for this time and the frictional properties of many pulps are serious obstacles to the design of any strictly continuous press. Roller presses do not allow enough time, screw expellers create too much friction, continuous centrifuges and some other arrangements are intricate and vulnerable.An intermittent but automatic press which avoids these defects is described. In this the material on a perforated conveyor is pressed by a ram and then moved forward as the ram lifts. One such machine has already been made. An outline is given of the principles on which an improved design will depend.
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  • 63
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    Journal of Biochemical and Microbiological Technology and Engineering 1 (1959), S. 27-36 
    ISSN: 0368-1467
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Equipment has been developed in which fermentation processes for fastidious, pathogenic micro-organisms can be operated on a pilot-plant scale. Experience has shown the need for the development of concepts, techniques, and equipment meeting more stringent requirements than those ordinarily encountered in the fermentation industry. A system has been developed for the preparation of pure cultures which may be used either for the development of processes or in the preparation of substantial quantities of pure cultures. The equipment includes specially designed valves, fermentors, piping arrangement, and requires special methods of operation in order to maintain pure cultures during growth of the organism. The number of cultures of pathogenic, fastidious micro-organisms contaminated in the systems commonly used in industry is materially greater than the number of contaminated cultures produced in the system described.
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  • 64
    ISSN: 0368-1467
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A strain of C. purpurea has been isolated which will produce L-tryptophan from indole in submerged culture.The L-tryptophan produced is extracellular and in a free form.Levels of up to 1·5 mg/ml of L-tryptophan have been obtained.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 65
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    Journal of Biochemical and Microbiological Technology and Engineering 1 (1959), S. 37-47 
    ISSN: 0368-1467
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The results of a study on the surface electric charge carried by fresh-water planktonic algae are used to provide a theory for the flocculation of algae with chemical coagulants. Where it is desirable to remove algae from water, for example from lakes or reservoirs for water supply, or from sewage oxidation ponds, the theory indicates certain practices are desirable to obtain the best removal. It is planned to extend the theory and experimental work to cover the removal of untreated algae from water by filtration through porous granular media, believed to be an adsorptive effect. Separation of different species of algae employing their electrokinetic properties is also described.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 66
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    Journal of Biochemical and Microbiological Technology and Engineering 1 (1959), S. 59-76 
    ISSN: 0368-1467
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An apparatus is described in which large numbers of algal cultures can be maintained under the following conditions: (1) Constant temperature within the range 5 to 70°C, four different temperatures being maintained simultaneously; (2) uniform illumination at intensities up to 20,000 metre-candles; (3) continuous shaking at variable speed; and (4) aeration under aseptic conditions with mixtures of up to four different gases in any desired proportions.Among other features, thermoregulator heads, flow-meters and heaters for sterile filters, of improved design are described.To illustrate the use of the apparatus, data showing the effects of light intensity and temperature on the growth of Monodus subterraneus are presented.
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  • 67
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    Journal of Biochemical and Microbiological Technology and Engineering 1 (1959), S. 99-113 
    ISSN: 0368-1467
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The nature of the problem of mould growth on baked products is discussed. Existing information on the reduction of this source of wastage by chemical and irradiation techniques is briefly reviewed, and new experimental evidence is presented relating to the use of these procedures. The effectiveness of ionizing radiations in preventing mould growth is indicated but there are many problems to be considered before it can be regarded as a satisfactorily established technique.
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  • 68
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    Journal of Biochemical and Microbiological Technology and Engineering 1 (1959) 
    ISSN: 0368-1467
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 69
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    Journal of Biochemical and Microbiological Technology and Engineering 1 (1959), S. 77-98 
    ISSN: 0368-1467
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Fractions of markedly different protein contents may be obtained by air-classifying flour (in the sub-sieve range) at cut sizes of about 17 and 35 μ respectively. Of these fractions, the fine, 1 (of high protein content), contains fragments of interstitial endosperm protein and small starch granules; the intermediate, 2 (low protein), mainly large starch granules; the coarse, 3, fragments of endosperm cells. The yields and protein contents of the fractions vary with different wheats; the yields of 1 and 2 may be greatly increased through suitably grinding the flour after milling.In general, 1 may be used for raising the protein content of flours deficient in protein to a level suitable for bread-making. The amount of 1 required depends on its protein contents and on whether it came from a hard or soft wheat, the hard wheat fraction having better bread-making qualities. The resulting variation in the proportion of 1 required in the blend causes variation in the proportion of other particulate materials introduced with 1, in which they have become concentrated during the air classification. These include diastatically active agents and finely divided discolouring matter; the level of the former reached in the blend greatly affects its bread-making value. Pre-grinding of the flour may be helpful in this respect.When chlorinated, 2 is potentially useful for making light-structured cakes, but hard English wheats have mainly given less satisfactory results than soft. Under certain conditions, 3, with or without 2, may be better for biscuit-making than the parent flour.
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  • 70
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    Journal of Biochemical and Microbiological Technology and Engineering 1 (1959), S. 129-141 
    ISSN: 0368-1467
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Applying radio-isotope 32P, the distribution of bacterial cells retained within glass-fibre air sterilization filters was measured. In particular, the time-dependence of the radial as well as the longitudinal distribution was studied. The collection efficiency of glass-fibre was obtained and the experimental result was compared with a theoretical value based upon the sum of interception, inertia and diffusion. Discrepancies could not be accounted for and are similar to those in the literature. An equation was proposed for the estimation of air filter life. This was not completely verified but leads to some suggestive results.
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  • 71
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    Journal of Biochemical and Microbiological Technology and Engineering 1 (1959), S. 207-215 
    ISSN: 0368-1467
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The mathematical relationship between the throughput of a batch centrifuge and its mechanical characteristics has been applied to the scale-up of one of the steps in virus processing for possible application to the production of vaccines and similar antigens. Slurries that contained a test virus were purified in a laboratory centrifuge. The Q/Σ relationship, developed by Ambler, was used to predict the operating conditions of a larger centrifuge in order to achieve the same clarification of slurry as that produced in the laboratory centrifuge. A correlation between conditions of centrifugation and amount of virus removed from the feed to the centrifuge shows that there is a well-defined Q/Σ value at which significant concentrations of the test virus are sedimented.
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  • 72
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    Journal of Biochemical and Microbiological Technology and Engineering 1 (1959), S. 239-242 
    ISSN: 0368-1467
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 73
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    Journal of Biochemical and Microbiological Technology and Engineering 1 (1959), S. 243-243 
    ISSN: 0368-1467
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 74
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    Journal of Biochemical and Microbiological Technology and Engineering 1 (1959), S. 229-238 
    ISSN: 0368-1467
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An account is given of the construction and operation of a fully automatic apparatus in which the material is kept under agitation in a closed container alternately surrounded by hot and cold alcohol supplied from separate baths. The apparatus has the following applications in microbiology and cell physiology: (1)Extraction of micro-organisms and cell tissues by repeated freezing (F) and thawing (T) at variable temperatures and lengths of FT cycle. Extraction can be controlled automatically or manually. As a practical example of the use of the apparatus a description is given of the extraction of living virulent S. typhi bacteria.(2)Studies of the reactions of living micro-organisms and tissues under varying physical conditions (e.g. high- and low-temperature resistance experiments, osmotic studies, thermal synchronization of bacterial cultures, etc.).(3)If required, the normal gas mixture in the residual air space can without difficulty be replaced by other gases or mixtures such as CO2 or N2.
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  • 75
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    Journal of Biochemical and Microbiological Technology and Engineering 1 (1959), S. 217-228 
    ISSN: 0368-1467
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A process is described for the extraction of co-enzyme A from dried yeast. It involves cold water extraction, charcoal adsorption followed by pyridine elution, preparation of an acetone power, co-precipitation as the double cuprous complex with glutathione and removal of the glutathione by means of an ion exchange resin.Improvements over previous processes include use of drum dried yeast plus cold extraction resulting in easy filtration and increase of throughput by a factor of three to five, together with the elimination of the ion exchange step formerly thought necessary to remove zine before the co-precipitation stage. Under the best conditions yields represent 30% recovery of the co-enzyme A in the yeast, the product being 90% pure.
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  • 76
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    Journal of Biochemical and Microbiological Technology and Engineering 1 (1959) 
    ISSN: 0368-1467
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 77
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    Journal of Biochemical and Microbiological Technology and Engineering 1 (1959), S. 244-244 
    ISSN: 0368-1467
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 78
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    Journal of Biochemical and Microbiological Technology and Engineering 1 (1959), S. 245-259 
    ISSN: 0368-1467
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The design and construction of a highly sensitive katharometer is described with special reference to the application of the instrument for the precise determination of traces of ethylene by gas chromatography. Factors influencing katharometer sensitivity, and the relative advantages and disadvantages of katharometers as compared with other types of detectors, are discussed.
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  • 79
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    Journal of Biochemical and Microbiological Technology and Engineering 1 (1959), S. 273-288 
    ISSN: 0368-1467
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An electrophoretic method for the separation of acid polyelectrolytes from proteins in cell extracts is described.A description of the apparatus is given and some results of the separation of extracts from Bordetella pertussis are included.
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  • 80
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    Journal of Biochemical and Microbiological Technology and Engineering 1 (1959), S. 289-295 
    ISSN: 0368-1467
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An ultrasonic generator was tested at 3 frequencies for its effects on Serratia marcescens during fermentation. The generator controlled foam adequately at 26, 29, and 34 kc/sec at medium aeration rates up to 0·6 ft3/min. Final viable counts were in the same range as those for cultures grown using lard oil as a foam control agent. At 34 kc/sec the final viable counts were slightly higher than those of cultures with lard oil.No harmful effects were evident when large volumes of cultures were exposed to ultrasonic energy during growth.
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  • 81
    ISSN: 0368-1467
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The feasibility of producing antibiotics by single-stage continuous fermentation was explored by means of a specially designed pilot plant. Both the chloramphenicol and penicillin processes appeared adaptable to such an operation. At dilution rates of 1·0 and 0·5 volume changes per day respectively, yields of from ¼ to ½ of the maxima obtained in batch operation were maintained in the steady-state for more than 2 weeks.
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  • 82
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    Journal of Biochemical and Microbiological Technology and Engineering 1 (1959), S. 393-412 
    ISSN: 0368-1467
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Kinetic data are needed to develop basic understanding of fermentation processes and to permit rational design of continuous fermentation processes.The kinetics of the fermentation of glucose to lactic acid have been studied at six constant pH levels between 4·5 and 6·0 by measuring the instantaneous rates of bacterial growth and of lactic acid formation throughout each fermentation.It was found that the instantaneous rate of acid formation dP/dt, could be related to the instantaneous rate of bacterial growth dN/dt, and to the bacterial density N, throughout a fermentation at a given pH, by the expression \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$\frac{{{\rm d}P}}{{{\rm d}t}} = \alpha \frac{{{\rm d}N}}{{{\rm d}t}} + \beta N$\end{document} where the constants α and β are determined by the pH of the fermentation.
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  • 83
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    Journal of Biochemical and Microbiological Technology and Engineering 1 (1959), S. 413-429 
    ISSN: 0368-1467
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Information on fermentation process kinetics is potentially valuable for the improvement of batch process performance; it is essential for continuous process design. An empirical examination of rate patterns in various fermentations discloses three basic types: (1) ‘growth associated’ products arising directly from the energy metabolism of carbohydrates supplied, (2) indirect products of carbohydrate metabolism and (3) products apparently unrelated to carbohydrate oxidation. Effects of operating variables on the primary kinetic processes, growth, sugar utilization and antibiotic formation, in the penicillin process, illustrate the special nature of this type.
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  • 84
    ISSN: 0368-1467
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Steady-state and transient equations are derived for continuous-flow fermentation processes. Analytical as well as graphical methods for predicting from batch data the performance of single- or multi-stage continuous fermentations are developed. The criteria for stability are also examined. Actual experimental measurements of continuous lactic acid fermentations conducted at controlled pH levels agree with the theory developed.
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  • 85
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    Journal of Biochemical and Microbiological Technology and Engineering 1 (1959), S. 379-392 
    ISSN: 0368-1467
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A pilot plant unit for continuous cultivation of hyphaeforming micro-organisms, providing for a uniform flow velocity in fermentations on suspension media with a massive growth of mycelium, is described. For the maintenance of aseptic conditions, over-pressre of air is maintained in the whole equipment. This equipment has been used for studies of the continuous biosynthesis of streptomycin. A three-stage fermentation proved the most advantageous. The first stage serves for multiplication of the inoculum; the second and third for the formation of the antibiotic. The system was maintained for 300-400 h with yields amounting to 2,000-2,500 u. of streptomycin/ml without any signs of contamination or degeneration of the growing culture.
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  • 86
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    Journal of Biochemical and Microbiological Technology and Engineering 1 (1959) 
    ISSN: 0368-1467
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 87
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    Journal of Biochemical and Microbiological Technology and Engineering 1 (1959), S. 143-162 
    ISSN: 0368-1467
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An analysis of the organic constituents of whole, domestic sewage was made by analysing four physically separated fractions. Settlement, centrifuging and filtration were used to obtain one liquid and three solid fractions. Concentration of the filtrate was achieved by freeze-drying with only minor changes in composition. The average concentration of organic carbon in fresh, whole domestic sewage was 310 p.p.m., of which about 70 per cent was in suspension. Eight classes of compounds were found, on analysis, to comprise about 75 per cent of the organic carbon in whole sewage and of the soluble organic carbon 80 per cent was distributed between five groups. Using chromatographic methods the concentrations of four volatile acids were determined and the presence of other acids was detected. Similarly, seven of the soluble sugars and eight present in hydrolysed suspended solids have been identified. The probable nature of some of the compounds unaccounted for is discussed.
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  • 88
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    Journal of Biochemical and Microbiological Technology and Engineering 1 (1959), S. 163-172 
    ISSN: 0368-1467
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The influence of mechanical agitation in aerobic fermentations is felt mainly through increased aeration efficiency. For yeast propagations in which oxygen supply is abundant - and presumably not limiting to growth - a specific, but limited, effect of fluid agitation on growth rate has been demonstrated. The improved growth rate is attributed primarily to better mixing of the entire fluid mixture rather than to improved cell-fluid mass transfer.
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  • 89
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    Journal of Biochemical and Microbiological Technology and Engineering 1 (1959), S. 115-127 
    ISSN: 0368-1467
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Information on a reliable method for determining the nutritive value of existing and experimental peptones is lacking in the literature. To overcome this handicap, a method for comparative evaluation of microbiological peptones has been developed.The method is based on measuring the growth of eight carefully selected, fastidious, test cultures. The cultures are grown in presence and absence of yeast extract in an inorganic basal medium containing test peptone and a low and high level of glucose.Statistical analysis of replicate peptone evaluations of six peptones, conducted over a period of six months, shows that 95 per cent confidence limits for this method are ± 2·5 to 7·9 per cent of the mean.Four criteria are employed for determining the overall performance of 12 widely used, commercial peptones.The method is very sensitive for detecting differences between batches of commercial peptones. With the aid of this method a new peptone ‘N-Z-Amine YT’ has been developed. Considering performance and relative cost, this peptone is the most economical of the peptones evaluated.
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  • 90
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    Journal of Biochemical and Microbiological Technology and Engineering 1 (1959), S. 173-184 
    ISSN: 0368-1467
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A study of factors affecting the reproducibility and yields in cultivations of H. pertussis (the whooping cough organism). The search for suitable media led to the development of a new kind of blood medium suitable for pre-cultures. Sterility of the blood additive could be ensured by filtration, and contamination on starting the freeze-dried cells was avoided by the use of a special kind of ampoule.In the course of studies of different cultivation techniques a 6,000 ml ‘pulsaerator’ was found to be ideal for the preparation of ordinary small batches. Inoculation density, aeration and other factors affecting the yield were studied and a culture cycle suitable for preparing 500 l. batches was developed.
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  • 91
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    Journal of Biochemical and Microbiological Technology and Engineering 1 (1959), S. 185-205 
    ISSN: 0368-1467
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The mathematical theory of the sedimentation type of centrifuge is developed in terms of unhindered settling of a single particle that has reached equilibrium velocity. From this is derived the sigma value for several of the different forms of sedimentation type centrifuge which is the calculated equivalent area of a settling tank theoretically capable of doing the same amount of work in a unit gravitational field. The limitations controlling the accuracy of scale up between centrifuges of similar geometry and between centrifuges of substantially different geometry are discussed.
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  • 92
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    Journal of Biochemical and Microbiological Technology and Engineering 1 (1959), S. 261-271 
    ISSN: 0368-1467
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: During the biosynthetic production of chlortetracycline on a medium with sucrose, soy meal, corn steep extract, sodium chloride, ammonium sulphate, calcium carbonate and beet molasses, the amount of nucleic acids synthesized by the culture and the maximum respiration of the culture is determined by the amount of inorganic phosphate in the original medium. Chlortetracycline production does not start until all the inorganic phosphate has been consumed. The adverse influence of increased amounts of inorganic phosphate upon production of chlortetracycline is more apparent in flasks on a shaking machine than in agitated and aerated fermentation tanks with higher oxygen transfer numbers.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 93
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biochemical and Microbiological Technology and Engineering 1 (1959), S. 297-302 
    ISSN: 0368-1467
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A simple, rugged and compact automatic feed control attachment for the laboratory-size glass circulating evaporator has been designed and constructed. Experience has demonstrated that this apparatus operates satisfactorily with a variety of aqueous biological extracts and solutions having resistivity values of 50,000 ohm-in. or less. The device in adaptable to other evaporators and stills.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 94
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biochemical and Microbiological Technology and Engineering 1 (1959), S. 303-309 
    ISSN: 0368-1467
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A description of the cultivation of Rhodospirillum rubrum in 1,000 and 3,000 l. fermentors fitted with a special illumination device, and a discussion of the results.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 95
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biochemical and Microbiological Technology and Engineering 1 (1959) 
    ISSN: 0368-1467
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 96
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biochemical and Microbiological Technology and Engineering 1 (1959), S. 311-324 
    ISSN: 0368-1467
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Novobiocin fermentations in 20 l. baffled fermentors were studied as a function of the size and speed of the dual four-bladed flat-blade turbines used. Power input and sulphite oxidation rate measurements were made. The courses of pH, sugar utilization, mycelial dry weight, carbon dioxide evolution and antibiotic titer were determined. Optimum antibiotic yields were achieved at a power input of 0·5 h.p./100 gal, equivalent to a sulphite oxidation rate of 110 mmoles O2/l.h, when the impeller diameters were 29 per cent or 39 per cent of the tank diameter. A power input of 0·75 h.p./100 gal, equivalent to a sulphite oxidation rate of 160 mmoles O2/l.h, was required for equivalent results with the impeller diameter 49 per cent of the tank diameter. Some explanations of the lack of equivalent results with the large impeller are discussed.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 97
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biochemical and Microbiological Technology and Engineering 1 (1959), S. 325-334 
    ISSN: 0368-1467
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Probability theory has been applied to the analysis of bacterial distribution within a fibrous air sterilization filter. For a long filter layer, to which the so-called ‘log-penetration’ law is no longer applicable, the probability theory is considered to be effective in interpreting the distribution data.The effects of the diameter, volume fraction and moisture content of the glass-fibre on the longitudinal distribution of bacterial cells, were studied. The distribution was estimated beyond the experimental data points. This estimation will be of use for predicting the ‘life’ of an air sterilization filter.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 98
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biochemical and Microbiological Technology and Engineering 1 (1959), S. 349-357 
    ISSN: 0368-1467
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The equations of Monod that describe the course of bacterial population growth and substrate concentration during continuous culturing are usually analysed with reference to steady-state conditions. These equations are analysed to give information on the course of bacterial population growth from inoculation to the achievement of a steady-state condition. For common values of certain parameters occurring in Monod's development, growth is well approximated by an exponential law (logarithmic phase) which depends on: (a) the maximum specific growth-rate constant for the organism and medium concerned, and (b) the constant dilution rate.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 99
    ISSN: 0368-1467
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The effect of agitation on the rate of acid formation by the microaerophilic organism Lactobacillus delbrueckii was studied. Fermentations were conducted at constant temperature and pH, and with the continuous addition of a nutrilite source. The range of agitator speeds was from 85 to 720 rev/min.The acid formation rate was found to increase with increasing agitator speeds and decrease with decreasing speeds if corn-steep liquor was the nutrilite source. No effect of agitation was observed with yeast extract as the nutrilite source.The data from corn-steep liquor media were found to be consistent with a mass transfer mechanism, but did not warrant a conclusion as to the specific nature of the effect of agitation. It was concluded, however, that the effect of agitation on the acid formation rate was at most very small.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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