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  • Electronic Resource  (2,626)
  • 1975-1979  (2,626)
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  • 1976  (2,626)
  • Polymer and Materials Science  (2,626)
  • 101
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 7 (1976), S. A67 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 102
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 7 (1976), S. A70 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 103
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 7 (1976) 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 104
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 7 (1976), S. 177-181 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 105
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 7 (1976), S. 292-297 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Tissue Elasticity and Biomechanical Interaction of Vascular Components. Many contributions have been made on the mechanical behaviour of soft biological tissues. Relatively small, however, is the knowledge of the biomechanical interaction of their components. Vascular tissues show a highly nonlinear load-deformation response which in their passive state depends on the three following, major wall components: elastic and collagen fibres and groundsubstance, a nonfibrous matrix. With increasing pressure, namely, blood vessels lose their distensibility, collagen and elastic fibres becoming straight and form a strong wall reinforcement which keeps the vessel from being blown out at higher intraluminal pressures.In order to better understand the material properties of the vessel wall and the interaction of these vascular components a continuum mechanical model is developed. Based on thermodynamical considerations reasonably approaching the physiological situation, constitutive equations are derived by which the amounts of stresses contributed by these components as well as the deformation energy stored by them, can be determined. Of particular significance, thereby, are the distribution densities and distribution functions of the fibres becoming and having become aligned during the vascular dilatation. These functions were determined from uniaxial tensile tests performed with electronic tensile testing machines using quasi pure fibre structures histologically corresponding. As specimen human tendons were taken for the evaluation of the collagen and ligaments from the neck of cattle for the evaluation of the elastic fibres' mechanisms. When simulating the pressure-radii response of an aortic segment on a computer using these data the results definitely show that the contribution of elastic and collagen fibres to the vessel mechanics is considerable already at mean physiological pressures and by far prevailing at higher ones.The present investigations are a necessary step forward in the biomechanics and materials research of vessels and, hence finally, in the research of the circulatory system.
    Notes: Viele Beiträge über das mechanische Verhalten weicher biologischer Gewebe sind bisher erschienen. Relativ klein ist jedoch unser Wissen über das biomechanische Zusammenspiel ihrer Bausteine. Vaskuläre Gewebe zeigen ein hochgradig nichtlineares Last-Deformations-Verhalten, das passiv mechanisch von ihren drei hauptsächlichen Wandkomponenten abhängt, nämlich elastischen und kollagenen Fasern sowie der Grundsubstanz, einer nichtfibrösen Matrix. Mit zunehmendem Druck verlieren nämlich Blutgefäße ihre Dehnbarkeit, weil sich die elastischen und kollagenen Fasern dann straffen. In diesem Zustand bilden sie dann eine starke Wandbewehrung und schützen so das Gefäß vor Aneurysmen bei höheren Blutdrücken.Um die Materialeigenschaften der Gefäßwand und das Zusammenspiel der vaskulären Komponenten auch qualitativ erfassen zu können, wird ein kontinuumsmechanisches Modell vorgestellt. Ausgehend von thermodynamischen Überlegungen, die die physiologische Situation sinnvoll erfassen, wird ein Materialgesetz entwickelt, mit dem die Spannungsbeiträge der einzelnen Komponenten sowie die von ihnen gespeicherte Deformationsenergie ermittelt werden kann. Hierbei sind die Verteilungsdichten und -funktionen der während einer vaskulären Dilatation anspringenden und angesprungenen Fasern von fundamentaler Bedeutung. Diese wurden an histologisch ähnlichen, quasi reinen Faserstrukturen aus Zugversuchen bestimmt, die mit elektronischen Zugprüfmaschinen durchgeführt wurden. Fur die Ermittlung des kollagenen Mechanismus wurden menschliche Sehnen, für die Ermittlung des elastischen Mechanismus Nackenbänder von Rindern als Prüflinge verwandt.Die Simulation des Druck-Radien-Verhaltens eines Aortensegmentes auf einem Computer unter Benutzung dieser experimentellen Ergebnisse beweist, daß der Beitrag der elastischen und kollagenen Fasern zum gefäßmechanischen Verhalten schon bei mittleren physiologischen Drücken beträchtlich sein kann und bei höheren Drücken bei weitem überwiegt.Die vorliegenden Untersuchungen sind ein notwendiger Schritt vorwärts in der Biomechanik und Materialkunde der Gefäße und damit schließlich in der Kreislaufforschung.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 106
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 7 (1976), S. 304-304 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 107
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 108
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 7 (1976), S. A96 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 109
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Fibre Reinforced Composite Materials. The basic principles of the reinforcing and stiffening effect of fibers in composite materials as well as the failure behaviour of composites are discussed for composites which are reinforced with unidirectionally arranged continuous fibers, with short fibers and with multidirectionally arranged fibers. The most candidate continuous fiber materials for high performance composites which are presently available such as carbon fibers, boron- and silicon carbide fibers, organic fibers and fiberglass are compared with respect to properties and price. Whiskers are considered to have only very limited significance as reinforcing material. Furthermore the paper presents the most candidate fiber/matrix-combinations such as boron-, carbon-, organic- and glassfiber reinforced polyimide- and phenolic resin, boron- and carbon fiber reinforced aluminium, carbon- and SiC-fiber reinforced glass as well as carbon/carbon composites. The problems of chemical compatibility between fiber and matrix and the mechanical properties of these composites at room temperature and at elevated temperature are shown and discussed.
    Notes: Die Grundlagen der Verstärkung und Versteifung in Verbundkörpern und deren Versagensverhalten werden am Beispiel der unidirektionalen Verstärkung mit Endlosfasern erklärt und die Verhältnisse bei der Einlagerung von Kurzfasern und mehrdimensionaler Verstärkung diskutiert. Die aussichtsreichsten verfügbaren Endlos-Fasermaterialien für Hochleistungsverbundwerkstoffe wie Kohlenstoffasern, Bor- und SiC-Fasern, organische Fasern und Glasfasern werden vergleichend betrachtet und die Bedeutung von Whiskern als Verstärkungsmaterial kritisch beleuchtet.Des weiteren befaßt sich die Arbeit mit den aussichtsreichsten Faser/Matrix-Kombinationen, nämlich mit bor-, kohlenstoff-, organischen- und glasfaserverstärktem Epoxidharz, bor- und kohlenstoffaserverstärktem Polyimid- und Phenolharz, bor- und kohlenstoffaserverstärktem Aluminium, kohlenstoff- und SiC-faserverstärktem Glas, sowie kohlenstoffaserverstärktem Kohlenstoff.Es werden die Probleme der chemischen Verträglichkeit zwischen Faser und Matrix und vor allem die mechanischen Eigenschaften der Verbundkörper bei Raumtemperatur und bei erhöhter Temperatur aufgezeigt und vergleichend diskutiert.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
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  • 110
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 7 (1976), S. 300-303 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Investigation on abrasive wear of cemented carbides. The method for testing the abrasion resistance of cemented carbides in accordance with CCPA specification P-112 is discussed. A linear relation between the reciprocal thickness of cobalt layer and the logarithm of wear rate was found. The dependence of wear rate from mineral hardness is shown.
    Notes: In der vorliegenden Untersuchung wurden die Bedingungen für den Schleifradtest optimiert. Es besteht eine lineare Beziehung zwischen dem Logarithmus des Masseverlusts und dem Kehrwert der Kobaltschichtdicke. Für den Verschleißbetrag in Abhängigkeit von der Mineralhärte ergibt sich ein S-Linien-Diagramm.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 111
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 112
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 7 (1976), S. A118 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 113
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 7 (1976), S. 418-420 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 114
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 7 (1976), S. A123 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 115
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 7 (1976), S. 421-428 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 116
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 7 (1976), S. 437-451 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Investigations on creep behaviour of titanium for chemical engineering applications. Long term creep tests with titanium No. 3.7055 (DIN 17 850) made as a team work by Dechema Specialists Committee „Materials and Structure in Chemical Engineering“ (see this journal 5 (1974), pp. 262-273) were continued and evaluated. Creep strengths and 1% creep limits are presented for 1000 hrs, 10000 hrs and 100000 hrs at temperatures between 20 and 400°C. As the results fill the lower half of the tolerance range for the tested material they may be taken as minimum and average creep values, respectively. The characteristical behaviour, already observed with titanium, showing decreasing creep rates when temperature is increasing (up to 300°C) is confirmed by these investigations. Creep values for welded titanium were found in the same range as for the basic material.
    Notes: Zeitstanduntersuchungen an Titan der Werkstoffnr. 3.7055 (DIN 17 850), die im Rahmen eines Gemeinschaftsprogramms des Dechema-Fachausschusses „Werkstoffe und Konstruktion im Chemie-Apparatebau“ vorgenommen worden sind, wurden über den Stand des bereits gegebenen Vorberichts (diese Zeitschrift 5 (1974), 262-273) hinaus weitergeführt und ausgewertet. Als Ergebnis werden Zeitstandfestigkeiten und 1%ige-Zeitdehngrenzen für 1000 h, 10000 h und 100000 h im Temperaturbereich zwischen 20 und 400°C vorgestellt, die die untere Hälfte des Toleranzbereichs für die genannte Werkstoffgruppe abdecken und somit als Mindestwerte bzw. Mittelwerte bei Langzeitbeanspruchung gelten können. Das für Titan aus früheren Untersuchungen bekannte charakteristische Kriechverhalten mit über steigender Temperatur (bis etwa 300°C) abflachendem Verlauf der Kriechgeschwindigkeit wird bestätigt. Für Schweißverbindungen können bei sachgemäßer Ausführung dieselben Zeitstandwerte eingesetzt werden wie für den Grundwerkstoff.
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
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  • 117
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 118
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 119
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 120
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 7 (1976), S. 311-314 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: The Composite Structure: Coating on Base Material. The mechanical properties of the composite structure consisting of a coating on a base material is investigated assuming a planar interface between the coating and the base material. After a description of the mechanical properties of the coating material the maximum adhesion energies of the coating on the base material is calculated by different bonding mechanisms. The influence of inner compressive stresses on the adhesion is estimated and characterized by a dimensionless number.
    Notes: Die mechanischen Eigenschaften eines Schicht-Grundwerkstoff-Verbundsystems werden in einem einfachen Modell betrachtet, in dem Schicht und Grundwerkstoff durch eine ebene Grenzzone voneinander getrennt sind. Nach einer Diskussion der Unterschiede zwischen einem Schichtwerkstoff und dem Vollmaterial gleicher chemischer Zusammensetzung werden Maximalwerte für die Haftfähigkeit bei verschiedenen Bindungsmechanismen diskutiert. Der Einfluß innerer Spannungen auf die Haftung wird für den Fall von Druckspannungen durch eine Kennzahl charakterisiert.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 121
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 7 (1976), S. 318-323 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Mechanical compatibility and stress analysis in composite material. This paper gives a short description of the problem of mechanical interactions and mechanical compatibility in composite bodies. The formation of stress-strain states, caused by the mechanical compatibility by bonding of the interfaces, is discussed. The difference between the continuous and discontinuous type of material transition in the interface is described. Flat laminated materials are at first considered. For this type of composite bodies thermal stresses and thermal residual stresses are elastically-plastically calculated.
    Notes: In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird eine kurze Beschreibung des Problems der mechanischen Wechselwirkungen und der mechanischen Verträglichkeit in Verbundwerkstoffen gegeben. Die Entstehung von Spannungs- und Verformungszuständen durch mechanische Verträglichkeit (Stoffschluß) der Grenzflächen wird diskutiert. Auf den Unterschied zwischen kontinuierlichen und unstetigen Werkstoffübergang in der Grenzfläche wird hingewiesen. Behandelt werden vor allem eben geschichtete Werkstoffe. Hierfür werden Wärmespannungen und thermische Eigenspannungen elastisch-plastisch berechnet.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 122
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 7 (1976), S. 351-352 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 123
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 7 (1976), S. 7-11 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: The creep behaviour of sheet lead. The exact dimensioning of building components subject to deformation through creep is becoming an increasingly important factor in modern engineering. A search of the literature for the mechanical properties of sheet lead shows that differing statements are made on the mechanical behaviour of lead (1-3). Above all, it is repeatedly found that the strength properties over long periods are derived from short-term trials and that characteristic values such a expansion rate and creep rate are given, which have been determined from such trails. In order that definite information can be given on the strength properties of lead and its alloys used for technical purposes, genuine creep trails over long periods are necessary.
    Notes: Die genaue Dimensionierung von Bauteilen, die einer Verformung durch Kriechen unterliegen, gewinnt in der modernen Technik immer größere Bedeutung. Bei der Durchsicht des Schrifttums nach mechanischen Eigenschaften für Feinblei ist festzustellen, daß über das mechanische Verhalten von Blei unterschiedliche Angaben gemacht werden (1-3). Vor allen Dingen findet man immer wieder, daß die Festigkeitseigenschaften für lange Zeiten aus Kurzzeitversuch gewonnen werden, und daß Kenngrößen z. B. Dehn- und Kriechgeschwindigkeiten angegeben werden, die aus solchen Versuchen ermittelt sind. Um eindeutige Aussagen über das Festigkeitsverhalten von Blei und seine technisch gebräuchlichen Legierungen machen zu können, sind echte Zeitstandsversuche über lange Zeiträume notwendig.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 124
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    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 7 (1976), S. A54 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 125
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 7 (1976), S. 70-79 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: The Effect of the Amplitude on Low-Cycle Corrosion-Fatigue of an Age-Hardened Aluminium Alloy in the Range of High Strain. The influence of corrosion on the fatigue life of metals is usually investigated by so called Woehler-experiments. The duration of constant frequency fatigue tests is different at various strain amplitudes.The courses of fatigue life curves permit an only limited conclusion on the effect of a corrosive medium as a time depending factor is superimposed according to the altitude of the strain. The experiments recorded in the present paper were designed to investigate the effect of some corrosive media upon the fatigue life at different strain amplitudes while frequency and testing time of all experiments were kept constant. Therefore alternating tension-compression-tests were carried out in air and under corrosive conditions with constant strain amplitudes in the range of 102 to 6 · 103 cycles to failure. After every cycle a suitable loading break was considered due to the actual strain amplitude. The hollow-drilled AICuMg-samples were run through by the corrosive media.The investigation led to the result that no deterioration of life was noted by the applied corrosive media at very high alternating strains. However an increasing deterioration by corrosion was found when lowering the strain amplitudes. Before presenting the results a detailed description of the experimental procedure is given.
    Notes: Der Einfluß von Korrosion auf die Schwingfestigkeit metallischer Werkstoffe wird üblicherweise in sogenannten Wöhlerversuchen ermittelt. Bei konstanter Frequenz nehmen Schwingversuche bei verschiedenen Beanspruchungsamplituden unterschiedliche Versuchszeiten in Anspruch.Aus dem Verlauf entsprechender Wöhlerkurven kann nur bedingt auf Wirkung eines Korrosionsmittels geschlossen werden, da je nach Beanspruchungshöhe ein Zeiteinfluß überlagert ist. Die vorliegende Arbeit hatte zum Ziel, den Einfluß der Beanspruchungsamplitude auf die Korrosionszeitfestigkeit zu untersuchen, wobei Frequenz und Versuchsdauer in allen Versuchen konstant gehalten wurden. Dazu wurden Zug-Druck-Wechselversuche an Luft und bei Korrosion mit konstanten Verformungsamplituden im Bereich von 102 bis 6 · 103 Bruchlastspielen durchgeführt. Nach jedem Lastspiel war eine für die jeweilige Verformungsamplitude entsprechend lang zu wählende Belastungspause vorgesehen. Die Proben aus AlCuMg waren hohlgebohrt und wurden vom Korrosionsmittel durchströmt.Die Untersuchung führte zu dem Ergebnis, daß bei sehr hohen Wechselverformungen eine Minderung der Lebensdauer durch die verwendeten Korrosionsmittel nicht festgestellt werden kann. Mit abnehmenden Amplituden stellt sich jedoch eine zunehmende Schädigungswirkung durch die Korrosionsmittel ein. Den Ergebnissen wird eine eingehende Beschreibung der Versuchsdurchführung vorangestellt.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 126
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 7 (1976), S. 62-70 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Manufactoring process for metal-ceramic adhesive joint specimens. A technique is described how to manufacture adhesive joints made from ceramic and metal-state bonding without formation of an intermediate layer. The prior condition for adhesion is a well formation matching of the bonding surfaces during the whole welding procedure. Plastic flow of the metal or ceramic pert leads to a maximum matching og the contacting surfaces. Bending and shearing of the joint during the welding process must be suppressed. The inductive heating is appropriate to from an unifrom temperature distribution and a homogeneous plastic zone to give a symmetrical matchimg. The bond strength is characterized by fracture mechanics methods.
    Notes: Es wird ein Verfahren zur Herstellung und Bearbeitung von Verschweißproben der Kombination Keramik-Metal Vorgestellt. Insbesondere wenden die Schwierigkeiten beim Verschweißen einer Al2O3-Keramik mit einem hochschmelzenden, sich versprödenden Metall Diskutiert. Voraussetzung für die Haftung Solcher Verschweißproben ist Temperatuverteilung notwendig. Bei einer gegebenen Materialkombination wird eine maximale Anpassung durch Fließen mindestens einer Komponente erreicht. Die Fileßzone ist so zu gestalten, daß Verbiegungen und Abscherprozesse unterdrückt werden. Die Induktionsheizung ist wegen der exakten Temperatursteuerung und der Möglichkeit, Die Größe der Fileßzone zu bestimmen, dafür besonders geeignet. Eine direkte Methode zur Haftqualitätsprüfung wird kurz beschrieben.
    Additional Material: 22 Ill.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 7 (1976) 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 128
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 7 (1976), S. A56 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 129
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 7 (1976), S. 111-120 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: The J-Integral-a New Fracture Criterion. The J-Integral, introduced by Rice into fracture mechanics considerations, specifies the state at the crack tip also for large plastic zone sizes. A review of the experimental methods for J-Integral determination and especially of the critical value at the onset of crack extension is given. Further the method of fracture toughness determination with small specimens by means of the J-integral method is described. It is concluded with some problems in connection with J-determination.
    Notes: Das von Rice in die Bruchmechanik eingeführte J-Integral beschreibt den Zustand an der Rißspitze auch bei großer plastischer Zone und ist daher als Bruchkriterium geeignet. Die Arbeit gibt einen Überblick über die experimentellen Methoden zur Bestimmung von J-Werten und insbesondere des kritischen Wertes beim Einsetzen der Rißverlängerung. Außerdem wird beschrieben wie über Messungen des J-Integrals an kleinen Proben die Rißzähigkeit K1c bestimmt werden kann. Anschließend werden einige Probleme im Zusammenhang mit J-Bestimmungen aufgezeigt.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 130
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 7 (1976), S. 107-110 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Today it is impossible to quantitatively judge defects of welded joints, because a definite connection between defect and failurestress does not exist.Based on fracture mechanics a theoretical connection is produced between the portion of defects in a welded joint and the failurestress of such a welded component (plate or pipe).It Proved right that the failure-stress is dependent upon both the ratio Kc/σ* (Kc = fracture toughness; σ* = flow stress) and the component-size, whereas the allowable portion of defects rise with increasing Kc/σ* However, the allowable portion of defects decrease with increasing component-size.
    Notes: Eine quantitative Beurteilung von Werkstoffhomogenitäten in Schweißverbindungen ist nur Zeit nicht möglich, da ein eindeutiger Zusammenhang zwischen Fehlergröße und Bruchspannung nicht existiert.In dieser Arbeit wird aufgrund bruchmechanischer Überlegungen ein theoretischer Zusammenhang zwischen dem flächenmäßigen Fehleranteil in einer Schweißnaht und der Bruchspannung dieses geschweißten, fehlerbehafteten Bauteils - Platte oder Rohr - hergestellt.Es zeigt sich, daß die Bruchspannung sowohl von dem Verhältnis Kc / σ* (Kc = Rißzähigkeit, σ* = Fließspannung) als auch von der Bauteilgröße abhängt, wobei mit zunehmendem Kc / σ* der zulässige Fehleranteil größer wird, während mit wachsender Bauteilgröße der zulässige Fehleranteil Kleiner wird.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 7 (1976), S. 121-122 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 7 (1976), S. 123-123 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 7 (1976), S. 123-123 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 7 (1976), S. 124-124 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 7 (1976), S. 124-124 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 136
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 7 (1976), S. 124-124 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 137
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 7 (1976), S. A62 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 138
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 7 (1976), S. 129-135 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Mechanical properties and deformation behavior of metallic composites with anorganic admixtures. Composite Materials with Al and Fe as Matrix containing α-Corundum (Al2O3) and BN as second phase were produced powdermetallurgically. All specimens show a smaller grain size than the pure materials because of the inhibition of the secondary recrystallization during the deformation at high temperatures. The heterogeneous materials show on the one hand better values of the strength, on the other hand better fracture behaviours under dynamical strain, which is caused by terncating and turning around the crack by the fibers and particles. The formation of the extrusion textures is not inhibited by the addition of the deformable BN-particles, but by that of the undeformable Corundum-particles. The quantitative measurements of the texture exspecially the calculation of the three dimensional orientation distribution function (ODF) shows decrease of the texture index with the logarithm of the particle distances. The maximum cold-workability falls with decreasing interparticle distance and is connected with the increase of the strength. It could be reached in all cases until 80%-reduction of crossection by drawing.
    Notes: Auf pulvermetallurgischem Wege wurden durch Strangpressen Verbundstangen aus den Matrixmetallen Aluminium und Eisen hergestellt, die als zweite Phase BN und Al2O3 in Form von α-Korund enthielten.Bei allen Proben konnte zunächst eine Kornfeinung gegenüber dem zusatzfreien Material beobachtet werden, die auf Behinderung der sekundären Rekristallisation durch die feindispergierten Zusätze während der Warmformgebung zurückzuführen ist.Neben einer deutlichen Steigerung der Festigkeitskennwerte zeigten die heterogen aufgebauten Werkstoffe auch ein deutlich besseres Bruchverhalten bei dynamischer Beanspruchung, das durch Rißabstumpfung und Rißumlenkung bedingt ist.Die Ausbildung der Strangpreßtexturen wird durch das verformbare BN nicht behindert, durch den unverformbaren Korund dagegen kommt es zu einer deutlichen Schädigung. Quantitative Messungen der Textur mit Hilfe von ODF (Orientation Distribution Function) ergaben ein Absinken der Texturschärfe mit dem Logarithmus des Teilchenabstandes.Die maximale Kaltverformbarkeit sinkt mit abnehmendem Teilchenabstand und ist mit einem beachtlichen Anstieg der Festigkeitskennwerte verbunden; es konnten aber in allen Fällen Verformungsgrade bis zu 80% erreicht werden.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 7 (1976), S. 212-219 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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  • 140
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Deformation behavior of polytetrafluoroethylene skived film as a function of temperature. Part I: Tests on unnotched samples. Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) is suitable for use in anticorrosive linings of highly stressed chemical plant. The use of PTFE skived film which is cut to size and welded in place makes it possible to adapt lining techniques to the given geometric form of the steel parts to be lined. Considerable deformation of the PTFE skived film is necessary for such lining work, for example, at the intersection of a vessel body with a connecting pipe, at the crimp of a flange, etc. In order to avoid in such work nonuniformities and material damage such as cracks or overstraining, which leads to a tendency to crack when heated, and to avoid further processing difficulties as far as possible, the deformation behaviour under load of 4 mm thick PTFE skived film from four different manufacturers was studied in the tensile test at elevated temperatures between room temperature and 380°C. The film test not only yielded information about the material behaviour at temperatures of particularly good ductility, but also gave some idea of the similarities and differences between the properties of the PTFE skived films available on the market. Part I of this paper reports the test results obtained with unnotched test specimens and Part II will deal with the effects of notching. The conclusion derived from the present results is that pronounced deformations in PTFE skived film should be made at temperatures just under the crystalline melting point (327°C) and as near to it as possible since at this temperature the material is very ductile and shaping requires only small forces. Compared with deformation at room temperature, the shaping procedure becomes much less problematical even if PTFE skived film is heated to only 50…100 °C.
    Notes: Polytetrafluoräthylen-(PTFE) eignet sich für Korrosionsschutzauskleidungen hochbeanspruchter Chemieanlagen. Der Einsatz von PTFE-Schälfolie, die maßgerecht zugeschnitten und verschweißt wird, macht die Auskleidungstechnik anpassungsfähig an Gegebenheiten der auszukleidenden Stahlteile. Bei solchen Auskleidungsarbeiten muß die PTFE-Schälfolie z. B. an Stutzenaushalsungen, Flanschbördeln usw. erheblich verformt werden. Um dabei Ungleichmäßigkeiten und Werkstoffschädigungen wie Risse oder Überstreckungen, die zu Rißanfälligkeit bei Erwärmung führen, zu vermeiden und Verarbeitungserschwernisse möglichst zu umgehen, wurde das Kraft-Verformungsverhalten von 4 mm dicker PTFE-Schälfolie vier verschiedener Hersteller im Kurzzeitzerreißversuch zwischen Raumtemperatur und 380°C untersucht. Die Folienprüfung brachte nicht nur Erkenntnisse über die Temperaturbereiche besonders guter Materialduktillität, sondern vermittelte auch eine Vorstellung über Eigenschaftsunterschiede und Gleichmäßigkeit marktgängiger PTFE-Schälfolien. Teil I dieser Arbeit gibt an ungekerbten Proben gewonnene Versuchsergebnisse wieder, Teil II wird sich mit dem Einfluß von Kerben befassen. Aus den vorliegenden Ergebnissen ist zu folgern, daß starke Verformungen an PTFE-Schälfolie möglichst kurz unterhalb des Kristallitschmelzpunktes (327°C) durchgeführt werden sollten, da dort das Material sehr dehnungsfähig ist und nur geringe Verformungskräfte erforderlich sind. Gegenüber einer Formgebung bei Raumtemperatur wird der Verformungsvorgang auch schon durch Erwärmung der PTFE-Schälfolie auf 50…100 °C viel problemloser.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 7 (1976), S. 241-247 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Experimental Studies of Neutron Irradiation on a Pressure Vessel Steel for Light Water Reactors. Charpy-V-notch and tensile test specimens of the steel ASTM A 533 B were irradiated in the Material Testing Reactor FRG to three different neutron doses and tested in the Hot Cells. The results show a reduction of the shelf level and a progressive shift of the Nil Ductility Transition Temperature up to 120°C with increasing neutron doses for the impact specimens. The yield strength and the tensile strength increase and the elongation and reduction of area decrease progressively with higher fluences. Post-irradiation annealing of charpy specimens results in a more or less recovery, depending on the annealing temperature, annealing time and neutron dosis.
    Notes: Die bei verschiedenen Dosen bestrahlten Kerbschlagbiege- und Zerreißproben zeigten nach der Prüfung eine Verminderung der Kerbschlagzähigkeit (absinkende Hochlage) und eine abgestufte Verschiebung der Sprödbruchübergangstemperatur, die bei der höchsten Dosis bis zu 120°C beträgt. Die Streckgrenze und die Bruchfestigkeit werden erhöht, während gleichzeitig die Dehnung und Brucheinschnürung abfallen. Erholungsglühversuche an bestrahlten Kerbschlagbiegeproben ergaben mit steigender Glühtemperatur zunehmende Erholungsraten.Der zweite Teil der Untersuchungen sieht eine Prüfung von Kerbschlagbiege- und Zerreißproben vor, die bei einer niedrigeren Temperatur bestrahlt wurden. Außerdem werden Fallgewichtsproben vom Typ P2 zur Ermittlung der NDT-Temperatur und Bruchmechanikproben vom Typ WOL-IX zur Bestimmung des Spannungsintensitätsfaktors KIC in Abhängigkeit von der Temperatur und der Bestrahlungsdosis bestrahlt.
    Additional Material: 21 Ill.
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  • 142
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 7 (1976), S. 252-255 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zyklisches Verformungsverhalten von Ck 15 im Zeitfestigkeitsbereich bei spannungskontrollierter Versuchsführung. Das zyklische Verformungsverhalten von Ck 15 wurde bei Zug-Druck-Wechselbelastung unter spannungskontrollierter Versuchsführung im Amplitudenbereich 24 kp/mm2 ≤ σa ≥ 30 kp/mm2 näher untersucht. Zu Beginn der Ermüdungsbeanspruchung wurde generell zunächst eine Wechselentfestigung beobachtet, der sich dann in einem kontinuierlichen Übergang eine Wechselverfestigung anschloß. Die vor dem Einsetzen makroskopischer Rißausbreitung gemessenen plastischen Dehnungsamplituden sind linear von den zugehörigen Spannungsamplituden abhängig. In guter Korrespondenz zu Ergebnissen an Ck 22 werden in doppeltlogarithmischer Darstellung für die Funktion σ = f(Nf) und εpl = f(Nf) Geraden beobachtet, deren Steigungen übereinstimmend den Wert von ˜ 0.32 aufweisen.
    Notes: Experimental investigations have been carried out to study the cyclic deformation behaviour of Ck 15-steel in the intermediate life under constant stress amplitudes, 24 kp/mm2 ≤ σa ≥ 30 kp/mm2, in axial pushpull fatigue. In all the cases, an initial softening process followed by a hardening process has been observed during fatigue life. The plastic strain amplitudes near fatigue life of the specimens are linearly dependent on the stress amplitudes. From the experimental results, it has been observed that both the fatigue ductility exponent and the fatigue strength exponent have a value of around 0.32. Experimental observations on Ck 22 steel are in excellent agreement with these findings.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 7 (1976), S. 268-268 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 7 (1976) 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 146
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 7 (1976), S. 306-310 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Parameters concerning the mechanical compatibility of bulk composites were discussed. It could be shown that the rule of mixtures does not allow exact calculation in most practical cases. Internal stresses present for various reasons, can cause either a strengthening or softening effect depending on the plus or minus sign. Depending on which effect is desired, a definite mechanical incompatibility of the material phases can be set up.
    Notes: Es wurden die Einflußgrößen der mechanischen Kompatibilität des Kompakt-Verbundwerkstoffes diskutiert. Dabei zeigte sich, daß in den meisten in der Praxis vorliegenden Fällen die Mischungsregel keine hinreichend genaue Berechnung zuläßt. Innere Spannung mit verschiedenen Ursachen bewirken je nach Vorzeichen Verfestigung oder Entfestigung. Je nach gewünschtem Effekt bedeutet dies, eine gezielte mechanische Unverträglichkeit der beteiligten Werkstoffphasen einzustellen.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 7 (1976), S. 317-318 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 7 (1976), S. 329-332 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Dieser Beitrag ist so gegliedert, daß zuerst Messungen an den einzelnen Phasen - etwa Matrix- und Verstärkungswerkstoff - zweitens Messungen der rnechanischen Wechselwirkung an der Grenzfläche Matrix/Faser und drittens Messungen der Eigenschaften des Verbundwerkstoffes behandelt werden. Es werden diejenigen rnechanischen Eigenschaften berücksichtigt, die für das Werkstoffverhalten des Verbundmaterials maßgeblich erscheinen.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 7 (1976), S. 333-338 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 7 (1976), S. 343-344 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 7 (1976), S. 350-351 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 7 (1976), S. A110 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 7 (1976), S. 196-196 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 155
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 156
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 157
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 7 (1976), S. A78 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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  • 158
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 7 (1976), S. 208-211 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Relationships between thermal variability of the critical stress intensity factor and wear. The aim of these investigations was to establish to what extent relationships exist between the critical stress intensity factor and the wear resistance of very hard, refractory materials, in order to obtain a further value to characterize the technological behaviour of these materials. Investigations showed that such relationships exist when wear occurs with a slight rise in temperature within the material. It was also found that at higher temperatures, wear was conditioned by plastic deformations in the thinner surface layers and by the influence of the gaseous environment.
    Notes: Die Untersuchungen haben zum Ziel festzustellen inwieweit Zusammenhänge zwischen den Spannungsintensitätsfaktor und dem Verschleißverhalten hochharter und warmfester Werkstoffe bestehen, um eine weitere Kenngröße zur Beurteilung des technologischen Verhaltens dieser Werkstoffe zu gewinnen. Die Untersuchungen haben ergeben, daß solche Zusammenhänge in den Fällen bestehen in den Fällen bestehen in denen der Verschleiß bei relativ niedrigen bezogenen Temperaturen im Körpervolumen abläuft. Dagegen wird gezeigt, daß bei höheren Temperaturen plasmatische Verformungen in dünnsten Oberflächenschichten den Verschleiß auch unter Mitwirkung gasförmiger Medien bestimmen.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 159
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 7 (1976), S. 198-208 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: The Pulse Hardening of Steel. With pulse hardening of steel thin surface layers are heated to austeniting temperature for a short period through energy pulses and then rapidly cooled through the heat absorbing surrounding material. The present paper describes the energetic processes during heat treatment by rapid localized heating with electron and laser beams, current pulses, friction pulses, and plastic deformation of the crystal lattice. It offers a view on the austeniting processes during rapid localized heating and reports on the properties of the zones hardened by such methods. Transformations and dissolutions are similar to those of long time austeniting. Some special features: increasing inhomogenity of the structure of hypereutectoid steels with decreasing austeniting times, in some cases a reduction of the grain size, a somewhat increased hardness due to the extremely high cooling rates. The white etching areas develop from plastically deformed austenite after cooling, their properties correspond to those of an ausformed structure. In principle the residual stresses of all rehardening zones are identical: the compressive stresses of the hardened zones are followed by areas with extreme tensile stresses.
    Notes: Beim Impulshärten von Stahl werden durch Energie-Impulse dünne Oberflächenschichten kurzzeitig auf Austenitisierungstemperatur gebracht und anschließend über Wärmeentzug durch den umgebenden Werkstoff rasch abgekühlt. Der vorliegende Bericht beschreibt zunächst die energetischen Vorgänge beim Schnellerwärmen durch Elektronen- bzw. Laser-Strahlen, durch Strom-Impulse, durch Reib-Impulse und durch eine plastische Verformung des Kristallgitters. Er vermittelt einen Überblick über die Austenitisierungsvorgänge bei der Kurzzeiterwärmung und er berichtet über die Eigenschaften derart erzeugter Härtungsschichten. Demnach laufen die Umwandlungs-und Auflösungsvorgänge ähnlich ab wie bei einer Langzeit-Austenitisierung. Besonderheiten sind u. a.: Bei übereutektoiden Stählen eine zunehmende Inhomogenität mit Verkürzung der Austenitisierungszeit, eine teilweise Verkleinerung der Korngröße, eine etwas erhöhte Härte infolge der extremen Abkühlungsgeschwindigkeiten. Die white etching areas entstehen nach dem Abschrecken von plastisch verformtem Austenit und sind in ihren Eigenschaften mit dem austenitformgehärteten Gefüges zu vergleichen. Der Eigenspannungszustand aller Neuhärtungszonen ist prinzipiell gleich: Die Druckspannungen der gehärteten Zonen sind von Bereichen mit extremen Zugspannungen gefolgt.
    Additional Material: 25 Ill.
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  • 160
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 7 (1976), S. 224-228 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Comparative examinations on gold layers applied on silver. By electrolytical deposition, high vacuum evaporation and cladding gold layers of 10-20 μm thickness had been produced on silver. These layers had been examined in their initial state and after different heat treatments on air by a light microscope and a scanning electron microscope. The microhardness of these layers had also been determined and the diffusion between gold and silver had been studied with the electron microanalyzer. Besides the known features of surface structure and hardness certain differences in the tarnishing and diffusion behaviour had been detected. The cause of these differentiations is primarily due to typical processing features.
    Notes: Durch elektrolytische Abscheidung, Hochvakuumbedampfung und Walzplattierung wurden 10-20 μm dicke Goldschichten auf Silber hergestellt. Die Schichtwerkstoffe wurden licht- und rasterelektronenmikroskopisch im Ausgangszustand und nach verschiedenen Wärmebehandlungen an Luft untersucht. Daneben wurde die Mikrohärte der Schichten ermittelt und mit einer Elektronenstrahlmikrosonde die Diffusion zwischen Gold und Silber studiert. Es haben sich neben den bekannten Merkmalen der Oberflächenstruktur und der Härte gewisse Unterschiede im Anlauf- und Diffusionsverhalten gezeigt. Die Ursache dieser Differenzierungen ist in erster Linie auf typische Verfahrensmerkmale zurückzuführen.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 161
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 162
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 7 (1976), S. 356-356 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 163
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 7 (1976), S. A112 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 164
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 20 (1976), S. 561-563 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 165
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 20 (1976), S. 573-579 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Ethyl acrylate was readily grafted from an aqueous solution onto cellophane film previously treated in a corona discharge at atmospheric pressure. The effect was found when the corona treatment was carried out not only in air but also in pure nitrogen. The observed grafting was not promoted but depressed by the presence of ferrous ion, which indicated that peroxide radicals were not initiating the graft. A high grafting efficiency was obtained, and the grafted surface was covered with a smooth uniform layer of polymer.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 166
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 20 (1976), S. 591-595 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The details of an infrared technique standardized to analyze cotton-polyester blends of different compositions are reported. It is observed that particle size plays a very important role in the peak intensity of the 1725 cm-1 band (C=O stretching) in polyester, the absorption band recommended for analysis of cotton-polyester blends. However, the product of the band width and peak intensity is found to be dependent on particle size to a lesser extent and hence is a more reliable parameter in the measurement of percentage composition. It has further been shown that the method of sample preparation can affect the band width and hence the results. A suitable sample preparation procedure is, therefore, described whereby an accuracy of ±3% in the estimation of polyester content in a given blend can be achieved.
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  • 167
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 20 (1976), S. 639-649 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The monomer p-N,N-dimethylaminostyrene has been synthesized from p-N,N-diethylaniline and homopolymerized and copolymerized with styrene using 2,2′-azobisisobutyronitrile as free-radical initiator. The polymers have been characterized by thermal analysis (DTA, DSC, and TG). Glass transition temperatures have been measured and activation energies for degradation in nitrogen have been established by a variety of methods for comparative purposes.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 168
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 20 (1976), S. 831-840 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: In the present paper, we report results obtained analyzing the swelling behavior of a composite system prepared from vulcanizing mixtures of cis-polybutadiene and methacrylic acid with different amounts of acid. Two solvents were used as swelling agents, decalin and the N,N-dimethylformamide. The structural data, given by low-angle x-ray diffusion spectra, were used to interpret the mechanical behavior described in terms of the Mooney-Rivlin equation and hysteresis loops. Structural and mechanical data give information about the swelling mechanism of the solvents and about the problem of the experimental deviations from the Gaussian theory of rubber elasticity.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 169
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 20 (1976), S. 1145-1151 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A comparison of the effect of two structurally similar additives, 1-benzoyl-2-naphthol and 6-hydroxybenzanthrone, on the rate of photo-oxidation of polypropylene under conditions of simulated daylight shows that while 6-hydroxybenzanthrone acts as a prodegradant, 1-benzoyl-2-naphthol is a light stabilizer. Examination of the spectroscopic and photochemical properties of 1-benzoyl-2-naphthol indicates that in fluid solution the photoexcited stabilizer is probably deactivated within the singlet manifold. In glassy solvents at 77°K, on the other hand, triplet formation does occur, but only in molecules in which the intermolecular hydrogen bond of the 1-benzoyl-2-naphthol is disrupted.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 170
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Alternating polyamide esters of structures A and B were obtained by melt polymerization of dimethyl adipate and terephthalate or by solution polymerization of adipoyl and terephthaloyl chlorides, with N,N′-di(6-hydroxycaproyl)diamines and an N-6-hydroxycaproyl aminoalcohol: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \begin{array}{*{20}c} {\rlap{--} [{\rm O(CH}_2 )_5 {\rm CONHR}_{\rm 1} {\rm NHCO(CH}_{\rm 2} {\rm )}_{\rm 5} {\rm OCOR}_{\rm 2} {\rm CO}\rlap{--} ]_n } \\ {\mathop {{\rm \rlap{--} [O(CH}_{\rm 2} {\rm )}_{\rm 5} {\rm CONHR}_{\rm 1} {\rm OCOR}_{\rm 2} {\rm CO\rlap{--} ]}_{\rm 2} }\limits_{\rm B}^{\rm A} } \\ \end{array} $\end{document} where R1 is selected from dimethylene, hexamethylene, and p-phenylene radicals, and R2 is selected from tetramethylene or p-phenyl radical. Polyamide esters of structure A′ were also prepared: Average values of melting points of the resulting polyamide esters were dependent on the starting diacid derivatives, amide diols, and methods of polymerizations as follows: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \begin{array}{l} {\rm CPZ 〈 ECA 〈 CHD 〈 CED 〈 CPPD} \\ {\rm DMA 〈 ADC 〈 DMT 〈 TPC} \\ {\rm melt polymerization 〈 solution polymerization} \\ \end{array} $\end{document} where CPZ, CHD, CED, and CPPD are N,N′-di(6-hydroxycaproy1)-, each in this order: piperazine, hexamethylenediamine, ethylenediamine, and p-phenylenediamine. ECA is N-(2-hydroxyethyl)6-hydroxycaproamide. For a given polyamide ester obtained from the same starting materials and by the same method of polymerization, the melting points increased with inherent viscosities. Polyamide esters of high molecular weight were obtained from CHD with both adipic and terepbthalic derivatives both by melt and solution polymerizations. Polymerizations of the other amide diols gave lower molecular weights. Solution polymerization gave colorless or light-colored polymers, while melt polymerization gave deeper-colored polymers.
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  • 171
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 20 (1976), S. 1035-1047 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The terpolymerization of N,N′-terephthalonitrile oxide (TPNO), 1,3,5-tricyanobenzene, and oligomeric perfluoroalkylene dinitriles derived from the oligomerization of tetrafluoroethylene oxide yields poly(perfluoroether)-1,2,4-oxadiazole polymers which are soluble in Freon TF and bear pendent nitrile groups as curing sites. The polymerization is a two-step, ambient-temperature reaction. Several different perfluoroether dinitriles are shown to polymerize using this procedure. The syntheses and certain structure/property relationships of the polymers are discussed. Increasing the chain length of the perfluoroalkylene oxide dinitriles results in polymers which range from paraffin-like solids through tough elastomers and, finally, to tacky gums. Tough, crepe elastomer gum with a Tg of -64°C may be obtained in yields of 60-70%. The poly(perfluoroether) oxadiazoles may be milled with additional TPNO and press cured at 95°C (200°F). The following physical properties of the cured polymers are given: compression set, tensile strength, per cent elongation at break, set at break, and Shore A hardness. Thermal stability, moisture stability, and low-temperature flexibility data are also presented for the cured elastomeric polymer.
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  • 172
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 20 (1976), S. 1069-1075 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This article deals with the effect of orientation on the electrical properties (tangent of the angle of dielectric losses tan δ, electric strength E, and lifetime τ) of polymer films.It is shown that the orientational stretching of PVC and PC films leads to the change of the temperature position of dipole segmental losses and reduces the value of tan δ in the maximum of this region. Under the orientation the electric strength of PE and PVC films increases considerably, and the lifetime τ increases under the high strengths of the field, and reduces under the low ones.The mechanical loads causing no orientation only reduce the lifetime of the polymer films.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 173
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 20 (1976), S. 1107-1116 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The determination of the force-displacement curve during an impact experiment can provide more qualitative and quantitative information on the impact behavior of a material than conventional single-value characterization. To this aim, and Izod-type pendulum was instrumented, so that both the impact force and the displacement of the free end of the specimen can be accurately monitored and recorded. The force-displacement curves produced are analyzed by means of a suitable computer program to obtain different significant characteristics.
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  • 174
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 20 (1976), S. 1025-1034 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) has been applied to the study of thermodynamic interactions in poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) plasticized by di-n-octyl phthalate (DnOP). A number of vapor-phase “probes” were used to evaluate the Flory-Huggins thermodynamic parameter for the PVC-DnOP interaction in stationary phase mixtures of the components which covered the entire composition range. Experiments were carried out in the temperature span of 100-130°C. The interaction parameter was strongly negative, indicating high PVC-DnOP compatibility, up to 0.25 volume fraction of plasticizer. It then became less negative and finally positive at 0.55 volume fraction of DnOP, suggesting a lower compatibility limit. The composition dependence of the interaction parameter and its apparent variation with the chemical nature of the vapor-phase probe may reflect a nonrandom solution of the probe in the stationary phase and/or non-random mixing of PVC-DnOP, particularly at DnOP contents in the limited compatibility range. Evaluations of the influence of DnOP on zero-shear melt viscosity and Tg of compounds indicate that both thermodynamic interactions and volume-of-dilution effects must be taken into account in assessing the effectiveness of the plasticizer.
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  • 175
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 20 (1976), S. 1059-1067 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Differential scanning calorimetry has been used to investigate the thermal behavior of random copolymers of styrene and hexyl methacrylate and of styrene and glycidyl methacrylate in the temperature range of 20° to 150°C. Heat capacities of the copolymers and homopolymers, poly-(hexyl methacrylate), poly(glycidyl methacrylate), and polystyrene have been measured. It is found that the heat capacities of the homopolymers from 60°K to the glass transition temperatures can be adequately obtained by Wunderlich's empirical method. It is also found that the copolymer heat capacities can be adequately represented by addition of homopolymer heat capacities.
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  • 176
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 20 (1976), S. 1095-1105 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The nucleation behavior of a poly(ethylene oxide) melt is measured as the material crystallizes under defined conditions of shear and temperature. Polarized light microscopy is used as the measuring technique. A strong dependence of nucleation rate on supercooling and imposed stress was found. This behavior is explained in terms of stress-induced supercooling of melts. A correlation between the nucleation behavior and morphology of the sheared material is attempted.
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 20 (1976), S. 1137-1141 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 178
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 20 (1976), S. 1143-1144 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 179
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 20 (1976), S. 1573-1582 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: As part of a study in elucidating the mechanisms by which crazing is initiated in polymers, we have measured the force and birefringence decay which occurs in several polymers when placed in contact with methanol. In all cases, the force decay can be used to determine the rate of bulk diffusion of the liquid into the polymer. In contrast, the birefringence decay appears to be related to shear relaxation mechanisms which are highly dependent on the type of material. For example, in the case of simple rubbers such as polyisoprene, the rates of decay of force and birefringence are identical within experimental error. In contrast, in amorphous thermoplastics the force decay is typically an order of magnitude faster than the birefringence decay. These results are discussed in terms of distortional and orientational birefringence and with respect to the morphology of the glassy state.
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 20 (1976), S. 1555-1571 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effect of deformation history on the elongational behavior and spinnability of polypropylene melt was investigated by carrying out isothermal melt-spinning experiments. For the study, spinnerettes of different die geometries were used to investigate the effect, if any, of the entrance angle, the capillary length-to-diameter (L/D) ratio, and the reservoir-to-capillary diameter (DR/D) ratio on the elongational behavior of molten threadlines. An experimental study was also carried out to investigate the phenomenon of draw resonance in the extrusion of polypropylene melts through spinnerettes of different die geometries. Draw resonance is the phenomenon which gives rise to pulsations in the threadline diameter when the stretch ratio is increased above a certain critical value. The results of our study show that the critical stretch ratio at which the onset of draw resonance starts to occur decreases as the L/D ratio is decreased, as the entrance angle is increased, as the DR/D ratio is increased, as the melt temperature is decreased, and as the shear rate in the die is increased. Of particular interest is the observation that, at 180°C, the severity of fiber nonuniformity increases as the stretch ratio is increased, whereas at 200°C and 220°C, the severity of fiber nonuniformity first increases and then decreases as the stretch ratio is increased considerably above the critical value. A rheological interpretation of the observed onset of draw resonance is presented with the aid of the independently determined rheological data.
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  • 181
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 20 (1976), S. 1619-1626 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A dual-calibration method for the determination of molecular weights and molecular weight distribution of styrene-maleic anhydride copolymers (S/MA) by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) is introduced. It might be applicable to copolymers of other type. A linear relationship of intrinsic viscosity [η] and weight-average molecular weight (M̄w) for unfractionated S/MA in tetrahydrofuran (THF) at 25°C can be expressed by the equation \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \left[ \eta \right] = 3.98 \times 10^{ - 4} \bar M_w^{0.596} . $\end{document} The maleic anhydride content of the copolymers ranges from 5 to 50 mole-%, and the M̄w range is from 2 × 104 to 7 × 106. The plot of log [η] M̄w versus GPC elution volume of the S/MA copolymers falls on the same curve as that of the polystyrene standards in THF.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 182
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 20 (1976), S. 1665-1671 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: High molecular weight polyamide (PC-6) with macrocyclic polyetheral rings incorporated into the polymeric backbone was synthesized by a modified interfacial polycondensation of isophthaloyl chloride with diamino-dibenzo-18-crown-6. The high molecular weight polymer is a good film-forming material and forms homogeneous blends with poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP). Scanning electron microscopy did not reveal any heterogeneity in such blends. The water-soluble PVP is not leached out from the blends even after a prolonged storage in water. Excellent mechanical properties of PC-6 were not adversely affected by blending it with PVP. The thermomechanical analysis and differential scanning calorimetry of the blends showed a single transition in lieu of those of the two components. PVP was also found to exert a stabilizing effect on the polyamide. The blends have been found to be thermally more stable than their components.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 183
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 20 (1976), S. 1695-1710 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Static and dynamic properties were studied in a series of polyurethane elastomers as a function of selected compositional variables such as curative system, curative level, catalyst level, and curing temperature. A number of physical properties including swelling ratio, density, glass transition temperature, stress-strain behavior, and thermal conductivity were also measured on these elastomers. The selected variables affect dynamic mechanical properties as well as heat buildup. A good correlation was noted between the loss modulus and the heat generation. The loss modulus and the heat generation decrease with decreasing curative level. The elastomers cured with a mixture of triol and diamine give lower loss modulus and heat buildup than those cured with diamine alone. These responses are believed due to the increase in covalent crosslinks. The observed low heat generation of the elastomer cured with 0.2 phr azelaic acid as a catalyst level was also attributed to the high crosslink density. The curing temperature, in the range investigated, appears to have very little effect on the properties. Thus, the choice of formulation variables, especially the use of diamine-triol blends, provides an effective means of minimizing heat generation in dynamic applications of polyurethane elastomers.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 184
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 20 (1976), S. 1725-1733 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Preparation of cationic polystyrene latexes has been investigated in the absence of emulsifiers. It is clarified that a stable latex can be obtained by using 2,2′-azobis(2-amidinopropane) hydrochloride as initiator (initiator process). The latex seems to be stabilized with the fragments of the initiator chemically bound to the surface of particles. More stable latexes can be obtained by copolymerizing cationic monomers such as dialkyl aminoethyl methacrylates (copolymerization process). The stability of these latexes may predominantly be attributed to cationic monomers chemically bound to the surface of particles. Stable latexes with high solids content can be obtained by using the two-step polymerization technique in the copolymerization process. The particle formation process in the initiator process and the copolymerization process is discussed.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 185
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 20 (1976), S. 1765-1767 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Fine structure, density, and some mechanical properties have been studied in jute fiber dried differently after retting. It is observed that the fiber has a less compact structure before under-going any drying processes after retting. Formation of hydrogen bonding during subsequent drying seems to be the cause of subsequent compactness of the molecules in the fiber.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 186
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 20 (1976), S. 1853-1866 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Tensile experiments in polystyrene (PS) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) conducted at constant strain rate over a wide range of pressure and temperature have shown that a brittle-to-ductile transition is induced in these amorphous polymers by the superposition of hydrostatic pressure as well as by the raise of the experimental temperature. A detailed stress-strain analysis permits explanation of the mechanism for the brittle-to-ductile transition in terms of interaction between two competing processes of plastic yielding - crazing and shear banding phenomena. The crazing and shear banding processes respond quite differently to changes of pressure or temperature, causing shifting of the brittle-to-ductile transition point to where the craze initiation stress and shear band initiation stress again become equal. The evidence that the brittle-to-ductile transition pressure becomes lower with increasing temperature refutes a previously suggested concept that the transition relates primarily to mechanical relaxation phenomena.
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  • 187
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 20 (1976), S. 1921-1931 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A constant volume/variable pressure gas permeability apparatus is described that provides accurate determination of permeabilities ranging from less than 10-1 to 106 centibarrers. Metal construction, variable temperature control, adjustable downstream pressure and constant volume, and a differential pressure transducer with automatic recording are design features that permit detailed permeability studies under a variety of environmental conditions. Pressure effects on polymer films have been investigated up to 1000 psi, and the relation of gas concentration to permeability has been studied by varying the downstream pressure and volume conditions. The high feed pressures have significantly shortened the time required to obtain meaningful data on low-permeability materials after steady-state conditions are achieved, and the variable-temperature control has permitted evaluation of temperature-related phenomena.
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  • 188
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 20 (1976), S. 1977-1982 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Variable-temperature carbon-13 NMR spectroscopy was used to examine the curing reaction of DGEBPA with piperidine. An initial adduct was directly observed and the disappearance of monomer could be conveniently followed. Unreacted epoxide carbons were detectable in cured samples.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 189
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 20 (1976), S. 1967-1976 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The gaseous products generated by the flaming combustion of ten kinds of synthetic polymers and a kind of wood (cedar) under the same conditions (sample weight, 0.1 g; temperature, 700°C air flow rates, 50 and 100 l./hr) were quantitatively analyzed by infrared spectrophotometry, gas chromatography, and colorimetric tube method. The main hydrocarbons generated were methane, ethylene, and acetylene. The amount of acetylene generated by the flaming combustion of polymers was much larger than the amount of acetylene formed by pyrolysis at 700°C in nitrogen. Acetylene increased in quantity with increasing air. For nitrogen compounds, hydrogen cyanide was generated from every polymer containing nitrogen used, but ammonia was detected only for nylon 66 and polyacrylamide. Nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide were detected only in small amounts. Nitrous oxide was detected in the gaseous products generated by the nonflaming combustion of urea resin and melamin resin. It was also found that about 70% of the nitrogen in N-66 and PAA was converted into nitrogen gas (N2) by combustion under the conditions described above.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 190
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 20 (1976), S. 1997-2003 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The decay behavior of radicals produced on poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) fiber by photo-irradiation at room temperature and the graft copolymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) on the irradiated PVA fiber were investigated. Two kinds of stable radicals showing singlet and triplet spectra were indicated for both unsensitized and ferric ion-sensitized samples, especially with the emphasis of triplet component radical. The decay of radicals was promoted by contact with various organic solvent-water solutions, which effects were in the order of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)-water 〉 acetone-water 〉 water 〉 dioxane-water 〉 methanol-water. On the other hand, graft copolymerization of MMA on the preirradiated sample was effectively initiated with the aid of a little water or a mixed solution of organic solvent and water. Methanol and dioxane, which decay radicals milder than acetone and DMSO do, contributed to give a higher per cent grafting. As no initiation took place with the unirradiated sample, it is concluded that the ability of preirradiated samples to initiate graft copolymerization should be caused by the PVA fiber radicals, which are smoothly produced by photo-irradiation at room temperature and show a triplet spectrum.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 191
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 20 (1976), S. 2069-2081 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Swelling of cotton in zincoxen solutions of various concentrations was performed for 1 hr at 0°C. The crystallite orientation and the crystallite dimensions of the swollen cotton fibers were determined by x-ray techniques. The swelling in zincoxen improved the orientation and Young's modulus. The relationships between the modulus and (a) the crystallite orientation and (b) the crystallite dimensions were measured, and the correlation was found to be good with the former and poor with the latter.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 192
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 20 (1976), S. 2111-2129 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Nodular morphology is observed on free surfaces, fracture surfaces, and etched surfaces of epoxy resins of widely different cure and chemistry. The influence of high- and low-energy substrates on nodule size is illustrated. Fine structure or “dimples” exist on several individual nodules, and various states of agglomeration of nodules are depicted. The possible relations between nodular morphology and adhesion phenomena are discussed.
    Additional Material: 19 Ill.
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  • 193
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 20 (1976), S. 1679-1688 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Radiation degradation of cellulose fibers was investigated by gel permeation chromatography (GPC). Scoured cotton of Mexican variety (cellulose I), Polynosic rayon (cellulose II), and their microcrystalline celluloses obtained by hydrolysis of the original fibers were irradiated by Co-60 γ-rays under vacuum or humid conditions. The irradiated samples were then nitrated under nondegradative conditions. The molecular weights and molecular weight distributions were measured by GPC using tetrahydrofran as solvent. The relationship between molecular weight and elution count was obtained with cellulose trinitrate standards fractionated by preparative GPC. The degree of polymerization of the fibers decreased with increasing irradiation dose, but their microcystalline celluloses were only slightly degraded by irradiation, especially in microcrystalline cellulose from cellulose I. Degradation of the fibers irradiated under humid conditions was less than that irradiated under vacuum. It was found that the G-values for main-chain scission for the irradiated cellulose I, cellulose II, microcrystalline cellulose I, and microcrystalline cellulose II were 2.8, 2.9, less than 1, and 2.9, respectively, but the G-value for main-chain scission for the irradiated cellulose II was increased to 11.2 at irradiation doses above 3 Mrad. Consequently, it is inferred that cellulose molecules in the amorphous regions are degraded more readily, and the well-aligned molecules in crystalline regions are not as easily degraded by irradiation.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 194
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 20 (1976), S. 1717-1719 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 195
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 20 (1976), S. 1769-1773 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The deposition rate of polymer from plasma of an organic compound is influenced by the fluid mechanical aspect of plasma. Using cylindrical reactors which have constriction of various size, and utilizing the tail-flame portion of inductively coupled r.f. (13.5 MHz) glow discharge, it is demonstrated that the polymer deposition rate is proportional to the ratio of surface area/volume of the reactor tube, which has been often neglected in studies of polymer deposition rate.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 196
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 20 (1976), S. 1813-1822 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The phase diagrams of the ternary system poly(ethenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2,5-diyl-1,4 phenylene), sulfuric acid, and water indicated that the increase of the ethenyl residue in the copolymers increased the solubility in the acid. The critical point of separation in sulfuric acid was determined, and it decreased from 74% to 60.5% as the ethenyl ratio of copolymers was increased. The electrical properties in the temperature range of 0-90°C at a fixed frequency of 1592 Hz were also investigated. The tan δ values increased with increase in temperature and passed through a maximum. The temperature of this maximum varied with the nature of the copolymer. The observed increase in the dielectric constant with temperature may be due to increased segmental motion in the amorphous region of the polymers.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 197
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 20 (1976), S. 1867-1874 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effect of ultrasonic waves at constant intensity of 20 W/cm2 and frequency of 2 × 106 Hz on the microstructure of polyester fibers has been examined. Crystallinity, crystallite size, total orientation, and crystallite orientation have been estimated. It has been found that when subjected to different ultrasonic tests, the degree of fiber orientation decreases and crystalline perfection improves. The changes in crystallinity and crystallite size proved to be particularly difficult to determine with certainty.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 198
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 20 (1976), S. 1933-1939 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: By measuring moisture permeability constants of printed circuit adhesive films having different solder dip resistances, a study was made of the relation between moisture permeability and solder dip resistances. Comparisons of poly(vinylbutyral) (I)-phenolic resin with I-epoxy resin, I-phenolic resin with poly(vinyl acetate)-phenolic resin, I-phenolic resin with poly(vinylformal)-phenolic resin and study of the effect of hydroxyl group content of I show that adhesive films of good solder dip resistance have small moisture permeability. The solder dip resistance depends markedly on the mole ratio of formaldehyde-phenol in the phenolic resin, while the moisture permeability is almost independent of the ratio.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 199
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 20 (1976), S. 1955-1965 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A TVA study of several anionic polystyrene samples, having number average molecular weights in the range of 4.6 × 103 to 2 × 106, reveals a hitherto unobserved molecular weight dependence of the overall apparent Arrhenius preexponential factor as determined by the method of Roche.2 The latter effect is discussed in terms of a model in which the zip length and chainscission rate constants are both functions of molecular weight. It is suggested that the functional dependence of the kinetic parameters on molecular weight is a reflection of their hydrodynamic coupling to the viscosity of the molten polymer.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 200
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 20 (1976), S. 2005-2007 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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