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  • 101
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 78 (1995), S. 447-451 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: (+)-Multifidence ((+)-1) has been synthesized starting from (R)-(cyclopent-2-enyl)methanol ((+)-2) via its chloroformate 4, Co-mediated radical cyclization reaction to the lactone (+)-6, and introduction of the olefinic side chains.
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  • 102
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A procedure was developed for the biosynthetic preparation of 15N-labelled guanosine and inosine through the action of a mutant Bacillus subtilis strain. Crude [N2,1,3,7,9-15N]guanosine and [1,3,7,9-15N]inosine were isolated from the culture filtrate by precipitation and anion-exchange chromatography (Scheme 1). No cell lysis and no enzymatic degradation was necessary. The per-isobutyrylated derivatives 1 and 2 were isolated from a complex mixture, purified by virtue of their different lipophilicity, and separated in three steps involving normal-and reversed-phase silica-gel chromatography. One litre of complex nutrient medium yielded 8.44 mmol of guanosine derivative and 2.84 mmol of inosine derivative with high average 15N enrichment (83.5 and 91.9 atom-%, resp.). [N6,1,3,7,9-15N]Adenosine (4) was obtained from 2′,3′,5′-tri-O-isobutyryl[1,3,7,9-15N]inosine (1) through the ammonolysis of its 1,2,4-triazolyl derivative with aqueous 15NH3 (Scheme 2).
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 103
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Two cis-fused cyclopenteno-1,2,4-trioxanes, 1a and 1b, were subjected to Zn in AcOH or FeCl2 · 4H2O in MeCN. In the first case, the main course was deoxygenation to give cyclopentanone (18) and the 1,4-diphenyl- or 1,4-bis(4-fluorophenyl)cyclopent-3-ene-1,2-diol 10 (Scheme 5). In the second case, isomerization chiefly occurred resulting in the formation of a dimer 9 of the respective 3,5-diaryl-5-hydroxycyclopent-2-enyl 5-hydroxypentanoates 8 (Scheme 3).
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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  • 104
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The Rh11-catalyzed carbenoid addition of diazoacetates to olefins was investigated with [Rh2{(4S)-phox}4] (1;phox = tetrakis[(4S)-tetrahydro-4-phenyloxazol-2-one]), [Rh2{(2S)-mepy}4] (2; mepy = tetrakis[methyl (2S)-tetrahydro-5-oxopyrrole-2-carboxylate]), and [Rh2(OAc)4] (3). While catalysis with 2 and 3 afford preferentially trans-cyclopropanecarboxylates, the cis-isomers are the major products with 1. In general, the enantioselectivities achieved with 1 and 2 are comparable. Additions catalyzed by 1 are strongly sensitive to steric effects. Highly substituted olefins afford cyclopropanes in only poor yield. The preferential cis-selectivity observed in reactions catalyzed by 1 is attributed to dominant interactions between the ligand of the catalyst and the substituents of both olefin and diazoacetate, which overrule the steric interactions between olefin and diazoacetate in the transition state for carbene transfer.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 105
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 78 (1995), S. 486-504 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A New Access to 2′-O-Alkylated Ribonucleosides and Properties of 2′-O-Alkylated OligoribonucleotidesA general access to 2′-O-alkylated ribonucleosides using the key intermediate 5 is presented. The incorporation of 2′-O-‘ethyleneglycol’- and 2′-O-‘glycerol’-substituted (i.e., 2′-O-(2-hydroxyethyl)- and 2′-O-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)-substituted) ribonucleosides into oligonucleotides affords a new generation of oligonucleotides with high affinity for RNA, high specificity, and increased nuclease resistance.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 106
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 78 (1995), S. 471-485 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The objectives of this study were to gain insights into the structure-lipophilicity relationships of peptides and to propose an improved model for estimating their lipophilicity. First, existing databases were extended to obtain the distribution coefficients of a total of 208 free or protected peptides (di- to pentapeptides). The polarity parameters (Λ) of 23 free amino acids and 19 protected amino acids (AcNH—CHR—CONH2) and of their side chains were calculated from experimental distribution coefficients and computed molecular volumes. An analysis of the polarity parameters revealed that the hydrophobicity of the amino-acid side chains is largely reduced due to the polar field of the backbone. The polarity parameters of the peptides were then obtained in a similar manner and shown to be highly correlated with the sum of the polarity parameters of their side chains, i.e., the lipophilicity of peptides can be calculated from their molecular volume and the sum of their side-chain polarities using the regression established for each individual series of peptides (Fig. 1). This last restriction is essential since the polarity and lipophilic increment of a NH—C*H—CO unit were shown to decrease with increasing length of backbone.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 107
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 78 (1995), S. 533-536 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 108
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 78 (1995), S. 857-865 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The spiro[cyclohexane-1,2′-[2H]indene] derivatives 15a,b with molecular dimensions and nucleophilic functional groups similar to known steroid 5α-reductase inhibitors (e.g. 2) were synthesized. The spiro[cyclohexane-1,2′-[2H]indene]-1′(3′H),4-dione (5) was synthesized from 5-methoxyindan-l-one ( = 2,3-dihydro-5-methoxy-1H-inden-1-one). A Grignard reaction and a dehydration step led to the cyclohexene (±)-7 which, upon a stereoselective hydrogenation catalyzed by Raney-Ni under mild conditions, gave 8a as a pure epimer. Further hydrogenation and hydrogenolysis of 8a over Pd/C at room temperature reduced the keto group to give pure 9a. Finally, the 5′-substituted derivatives 12a, 14a, and 15a were generated by deprotection and Heck-type reaction.
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  • 109
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Cationic Pd-complexes modified by dicyclohexyl{(R)-1-[(S)-2-(diphenylphosphino)ferrocenyl]ethyl}phosphine (1a) give very active catalytic systems for the regioregular isotactic specific copolymerization of propene with CO. Other alk-1-enes also give stereoregular and regioregular copolymers, even if with lower productivity. The copolymers are isolated as poly(4-alkyl-tetrahydrofuran-2,2,5,5-tetrayl-2-oxy-2-methylenes) B in the solid state and give the isomeric poly(2-alkyl-1-oxopropane-1,3-diyls) A by dissolution in (CF3)2CHOH. Solid polymer A (R = Et) is formed back at least partially when the dissolved material is reprecipitated from MeOH. The use of the related (ferrocenyl)diphosphine ligands 1b-e and 2 as the catalyst modifier shows that the presence of both elements of chirality and of large substituents on the P-atoms of the ligand is necessary to achieve good stereocontrol, and that the large difference in basicity between the two P-atoms is probably the reason for the good catalytic activity.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 110
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Boron Trifluoride Catalyzed Reaction of 3-Amino-2H-azirines and Amides: Formation of 4,4-Disubstituted 4H-ImidazolesReaction of trifluoroacetamide and 3-amino-2H-azirines 1 in refluxing MeCN affords 4-amino-2-(trifluoromethyl)-4H-imidazoles 5 in fair yields (Scheme 3). Less acidic amides do not react with 1 under similar conditions. Therefore, a procedure involving BF3-catalysis has been elaborated: the aminoazirine 1 in CH2Cl2 at -78° is treated with BF3 · Et2O and then with a solution of the sodium salt of an amide in THF, prepared by addition of sodium hexamethyldisilazane at -78°. The 4H-imidazoles of type 5 are formed in ca. 50% yield (Scheme 4). Reaction mechanisms for this ring enlargement of 1 are proposed in Schemes 5 and 6.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 111
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The 4-hydroxyheptadecan-7-one (1) and 14-hydroxyoctadecan-8-one (2), two new hydroxyketones isolated from leaves of Chiococca alba, were synthesized, for the first time, by hydroxy-functionalized nitroalkanes 4 and 9, respectively, via two chemoselective key steps: i) nitroaldol condensation with basic alumina, and ii) direct Nef conversion of nitroalkenes to carbonyl derivatives with sodium hypophosphite, in order to preserve the OH group.
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  • 112
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Electron Transfer and Ion Pair Formation Single Crystal Structure of Bis(sodium 1,1′-biphenyl-2-thiolate-diglyme): An Intermediate in the Reductive Ring Opening of DibenzothiopheneOn Na-metal reduction of dibenzothiophene, the five-membered sulfur ring opens to form a colorless 1,1′-biphenyl-2-thiolate sodium salt, which, according to its single-crystal structure determination, is a dimer containing a four-membered, twice diglyme-solvated ring (diglyme···Na⊕⊖SR)2. Additional measurements provide the following information: cyclic voltammetry in aprotic MeCN solution shows one quasi-reversible electron transfer at E1/2Red = -2.58 V. The dibenzothiophene radical anion can be generated in aprotic THF solution at a K mirror and characterized by an 81-line ESR spectrum and its simulation. This blue species is also the first UV/VIS detectable one before the solution changes via green (due to blue + yellow color mixing) to yellow, yielding across an isosbestic point a second and diamagnetic compound. All of the above results suggest a consecutive two-electron reduction followed by an intersystem protonation, M + (e⊖) → M.⊖ (blue) + (e⊖) → (M⊖⊖, yellow?) + (H⊕) → MH⊖ (colorless), to yield the crystallized and structurally characterized reaction intermediate. The diglyme-solvated sodium-salt dimer provides a basis for a quantum-chemical discussion of some facets of the most likely microscopic reduction pathway.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 113
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 78 (1995), S. 910-924 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Absolute rate constants and their temperature dependence were determined by time-resolved electron spin resonance for the addition of the radicals PhĊH2 and PhĊMe2 to a variety of alkenes in toluene solution. To vinyl monomers CH2=CXY, PhĊH2 adds at the unsubstituted C-atom with rate constants ranging from 14 M-1S-1 (ethoxyethene) to 6.7 · 103 M-1S-1 (4-vinylpyridine) at 296 K, and the frequency factors are in the narrow range of log (A/M-1S-1) = 8.6 ± 0.3, whereas the activation energy varies with the substituents from ca. 51 kJ/mol to ca. 26 kJ/mol. The rate constants and the activation energies increase both with increasing exothermicity of the reaction and with increasing electron affinity of the alkenes and are mainly controlled by the reaction enthalpy, but are markedly influenced also by nucleophilic polar effects for electron-deficient substrates. For 1,2-disubstituted and trisubstituted alkenes, the rate constants are affected by additional steric substituent effects. To acrylate and styrenes, PhĊMe2 adds with rate constants similar to those of PhĊH2, and the reactivity is controlled by the same factors. A comparison with relative-rate data shows that reaction enthalpy and polar effects also dominate the copolymerization behavior of the styrene propagation radical.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 114
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 78 (1995), S. 925-934 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Lactones from Epoxycyclodecanone Derivatives by Ring Enlargement Involving Fragmentation ReactionsA stereospecific ring-enlargement reaction of alkyl esters of 2,3-epoxy-1-(3-hydroxypropyl)-10-oxocyclo-decanecarboxylic-acid derivatives is described, involving Grob fragmentation of in situ formed hemiacetals. The assignment of the relative configuration of the starting materials was accomplished on the basis of 1H-NMR data. The rearrangement of the epoxides 9 and 10 (with cis-orientation of the ester group and the epoxide ring, Scheme 1) gives the lactone 15 as the single and as the major product, respectively, with (Z)-configuration of the newly formed C=C bond. A concerted reaction mechanism is assumed. The formation of a small amount of 12 from 10 is probably due to a competitive two-step carbanion pathway. The reaction of the diastereoisomers 7 and 8 leads to the lactones 11 and 12, respectively, as the only ring-enlargement products (Scheme 1), with (E)-configuration of the newly formed C=C bond. On the basis of our results, we cannot distinguish in this case between a concerted and a two-step carbanion mechanism. This type of reaction takes place only in the presence of an ester group; no ring enlargement was detected in case of compound 20 (Scheme 3), which is the de(alkoxycarbonyl) derivative of 9. The eliminative opening of the epoxide ring in the epoxylactone 17 affords 11 as the single product (Scheme 2). A carbanion mechanism was assumed for this reaction.
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  • 115
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    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 78 (1995), S. 959-969 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A number of new glycosyl donors, O-(1-phenyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl) glycosides, are prepared from the corresponding hemiacetals, commercially available 5-chloro-1-phenyl-1H-tetrazole (2), and tetrabutylammonium fluoride (Bu4NF) in either THF or DMF. The mild reaction conditions are compatible with a variety of protecting groups. The glycosyl donors are treated with hydrogen fluoride-pyridine complex (HF·py) to rapidly provide glycosyl fluorides in good-to-excellent yields, apparently by a (single or double) SN2 mechanism as studied by both 1H- and 19F-NMR spectroscopy. Under acidic conditions, glycosyl fluorides equilibrate partially or completely, equilibration requiring a large excess of HF · py.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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  • 116
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 78 (1995), S. 970-992 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Enantioselective Synthesis of Allyl-, Propargyl-, and 4-En-2-ynyl-amines via 1,2-Addition of Organocerium Reagents to Chiral Aldehyde Imines(E)- and (Z)-Allyl-, propargyl-, and 4-en-2-ynyl-amines 5 and 14, useful bifunctional building blocks and of pharmaceutical interest, are synthesized in high enantiomeric purity (e.e. ≥ 97%). Key step is the diastereoselective 1,2-addition (d.e. 86 to ≥ 98%) of organocerium reagents to chiral α,β-unsaturated aldehyde imines 3 or 8 to produce adduct amines 4 and 9 (Schemes 1 and 4, resp.). The propargylamine 9 is a substrate for Pd-catalyzed coupling with alkenyl halides to produce the enynylamine 11a and the thienyl-substituted alkynylamine 11b. The chiral auxiliary (S,S)-2 is removed from 4 and 11 in 3 steps affording the title compounds 5 and 14. Diastereoisomer enrichment of the hydrochloride of 6 by crystallization is possible.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 117
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: An improved synthesis of 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)pyrazole (1) is described. This compound was used for the high-yield syntheses of the tris(pyrazoly1)borates Nd[HB(3,5-(CF3),-pz)3] (2a) and the corresponding potassium salt, 2b, starting from 1 and NaBH4 and KBH4, respectively. A convenient route to the corresponding thallium(I) salt, 2c, using thallium(I) acetate and either 2a or 2b in CHCI3, is also described. The sodium (3a), potassium (3b), and thallium (3c) salts of bis(pyrazolyl)borate [H2B(3,5-(CF3)2-pz)2]- were also prepared. The above pyrazolylborates were characterized by 1H-, 13C-, 19F-, and 11B-NMR spectroscopy. The X-ray crystal structure of the thallium derivative 2c was determined. The compound crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/m with a = 8.248(9) Å, b = 15.034(12) Å c = 9.243(8) Å, β = 100.10(7)°, Z = 2. The Tl-atom adopts a pyramidal geometry with respect to the three N-atoms. However, two TI-N distances (2.725(7) Å) are longer than the third (2.675(10) Å).
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  • 118
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 78 (1995), S. 1013-1019 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ‘Bare’ FeO+ reacts in the gas phase with norbornane with collision efficiency, and the most prominent cationic products correspond to [FeC5H6]+ (32%), [FeC7H8]+ (19%), [FeC3H6O]+ (19%) and [FeC6H6]+ (14%), which are structurally characterized by ligand exchange as well as collision-induced dissociation experiments. Circumstantial evidence is provided which indicates that the complexes [FeC5H6]+, [FeC7H8]+, and [FeC6H6]+ originate from an Fe(norbornene)+ intermediate which itself is formed by elimination of H2O from the [FeO(norbornane)]+ encounter complex. Although the reactions are preceded and/or accompanied by partial H/D exchange, the isotope distribution in the productions clearly points to a preferential endo-attack of bare FeO+, with an endo/exo-ratio of ca. 10.3 and kinetic isotope effects kH/kD for the endo-abstraction of 2.4 and of 7.7 for approaching an exo-C—H bond. The preferred endo-approach of bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane by ‘bare’ FeO+ is in distinct contrast to the P-450-mediated or the iron(III)porphyrin-catalyzed hydroxylation of this substrate which favor reactions at the exo-face.
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  • 119
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The structures 9 and 8 are proposed for the single isolated irradiation product of 5-oxo-5,10-secocholest-1(10)-en-3α-yl acetate (6) [2] and for the minor product of irradiation of 5-oxo-5,10-secocholest-1(10)-en-3β-yl acetate (1) [3], respectively. These compounds are formed in an alternative reaction with respect to the originally observed intramolecular Paterro-Büchi photoprocess (transformation of 1 to oxetane 2). The formerly postulated ‘active’ conformations for 1 and 6 still allow explanation of their generation.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 120
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Formation of 1,2,4-Trithiolanes in Three-Component Reactions of Phenyl Azide, Aromatic Thiones, and 2,2,4,4-Tetramethylcyclobutanethiones: A Sulfur-Transfer Reaction to ‘Thiocarbonyl-thiolates’ ((Alkylidenesulfonio)-thiolates) as Reactive IntermediatesThe reaction of PhN3 and aromatic thioketones 18 (two-component reaction) at 80° yields only the corresponding imines 22, S, and N2. Under similar conditions, in the presence of sterically crowded 2,2,4,4-tetramethyl-cyclobutanethiones 19 (three-component reaction), 1,2,4-trithiolanes of type 20 are formed in good yields in addition to imines 22 (Scheme 4). In case of 19a and 19c (X = CO, CS), the symmetrical trithiolanes 21a and 21b, respectively, are also isolated. With 4,4-dimethyl-2-phenyl-1,3-thiazole-5(4H)-thione (24) instead of aromatic thioketone 18, imine 25, trithiolane 21a, and 1,4,2-dithiazolidine 26 are formed (Scheme 5). A reaction mechanism for the formation of 1,2,4-trithiolanes 20 and 21, including an S-transfer to generate ‘thiocarbonyl-thiolates’ 2b and/or 2c and 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition with a thioketone, is proposed in Scheme 7.
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  • 121
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Three 1,4-dimethylidenecyclohexanes, bridged in the 2,6- and 3,5-positions by two ethano (4), one ethano and one propano (5), and two propano bridges (6) have been synthesized. The interaction of the two exocyclic methylidene groups has been investigated by He(I) photoelectron (PE) spectroscopy. It revealed a slightly larger energy difference (0.8 eV) for 4 and 5 as compared to the parent 1,4-dimethylidenecyclohexane (7) (0.7 eV). The interpretation of the PE spectra was based on the comparison with PE data of related systems and with the results of semiempirical calculations on 4-6.
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  • 122
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 78 (1995), S. 2048-2052 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The [Rh2(OAc)4]-catalyzed addition of methyl diazoacetate to N-benzylideneaniline (1a) afforded the imine cis-2 in 35% yield. Under catalysis by chiral RhII catalysts, however, only racemic 1a was produced, and the yield was low. In the presence of dimethyl maleate, aziridine formation was suppressed, and an intermediate ylide 6 was trapped as cycloadduct 7. No aziridines were obtained, however, from 1b, 1c, and 3. The iminium salt 8 reacted with (trimethylsilyl)diazomethane in the absence of [Rh2(OAc)4] via dipolar cycloaddition followed by extrusion of N2 to 10.
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  • 123
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 78 (1995), S. 2053-2064 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The cross-coupling of the homopropargylic ether 1 and the halopropargylic ethers 2a and 2b was optimized, and aspects of the coupling mechanism were studied. Coupling promoted by Pd° and Cu1 in the presence of an amine yielded a mixture of the heterodimer 3 and the homodimers 4 and 5 (Scheme 1). Optimizations were first directed at suppressing homo-coupling. Homo-coupling is partially due to a H/I exchange (1 + 2a ⇌ 6 + 7) promoted by CuI and an amine. The exchange, but not the formation of homodimers, was largely suppressed in DMSO. The influence of phosphine ligands was also evaluated. Weaker σ-donors (with the exception of PPh3) lead to a faster coupling and to a higher ratio of hetero- to homodimers, with P(fur)3 leading to the cleanest reaction. Homodimers are also formed (together with I2 · (i-Pr)2NH) by reductive dimerization of the iodoalkyne 2a in the presence of [Pd2(dba)3], CuI, and (i-Pr)2NH. Bulky and acceptor-substituted amines reduced the extent of the dimerization of 2a, but the bulkiest amines did not promote coupling. Better results were obtained by using the bromoalkyne 2b. Neither dimerization of 2b, nor H/Br exchange between 1 and 2b were observed. Coupling of 1 and 2b was slower than the one of 1 and 2a, but gave higher yields of the heterodimer 3. The yield of 3 and the ratio of hetero-to homodimers was greatly improved by addition of LiI; no phosphine ligand is then required. While the oxidative addition of the iodoalkyne 2a to [Pd(PPh3)4] (2a → 8a) was rapid, the one of the bromoalkyne 2b was much slower and proceeded via the η2-complex 9 as evidenced by 1H-NMR spectroscopy. The rearrangement of 9 to the bromopalladium σ-complex 8b follows first-order kinetics (k = 0.014 min-1). CuBr greatly increased the rate of this rearrangement. LiI caused rapid substitution of Br by I in the Pd σ-complex (8b → 8a), but not in 9, nor in 2b. The σ-complex 8a did not react with the alkyne 1 in the presence of (i-Pr)2NH, unless CuI was added. The alkynes 10 or 1 did not react with CuI and either TMEDA or (i-Pr)2NH to yield detectable amounts of the Cu-acetylides 11 or 12. These observations are rationalized by the mechanism shown in Scheme 3, postulating the intermediacy of the binuclear alkyne-Pd-Cu complexes C and J, and some or all of E-H, and highlighting the role of CuI in this coupling.
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  • 124
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Cycloadditions of the α,β-unsaturated-acyl cyanides 1-3 with (Z)-or (E)-1-bromo-2-ethoxyethene (4) may be performed at moderate temperatures and provide in good yields the 3-bromo-2-ethoxy-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran-6-carbonitriles 5-7, respectively (Scheme 1). Diastereoisomeric pairs of products result at room temperature merely from the ‘endo’- and ‘exo’-transition states; more complex mixtures appear above 60° as a consequence of (Z)/(E)-isomerization of 4. The relative stability of the anomers of 5 and 6 is explored by treatment with BF3·Et2O. Acid alcoholysis (MeOH or EtOH) of 5 leads to acetals 9a, b of 4-bromo-5-oxopentanoate. Alkyl (2Z,4E)-5-ethoxypenta-2,4-dienoates 12, 17, and 20, are formed in alcoholic alkoxide solutions from 5, 6, and 7, respectively, which is compatible with the intermediacy of 2-alkoxy-2H-pyrans and their valence tautomers, α,β-unsaturatedacyl cyanides. Methoxide addition to the CN group competes with dehydrobromination in case of 5; it leads to 3-bromo-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran-6-carboximidate 13 (ca. 50% at -20°) which can be hydrolyzed to the methyl carboxylate 14. DBU (1,8-diazabicyclo[5,4,0]undec-7-ene) in benzene converts 5 to 6-ethoxy-2-oxohexa-3,5-dienenitrile (11), the ring-opening product of an obviously unstable 2-ethoxy-2H-pyran; the same reagent dehydrobrominates 6 to 2-ethoxy-4-methyl-2H-pyran-6-carbonitrile (15). HBr Elimination from 7 takes place with great ease in presence of pyridine, or even during chromatography on alumina, and leads to the stable ethyl 6-cyano-2-ethoxy-2H-pyran-4-carboxylate (18); this dimerizes at room temperature to give a 1:3 mixture of tricyclic adducts ‘endo’-21 and ‘exo’-21. The structure of the latter is established by an X-ray crystallographic analysis.
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  • 125
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Absolute rate constants and their temperature dependence were determined by time-resolved electron spin resonance for the addition of the radicals ·CH2CN and ·CH2CO2C(CH3)3 to a variety of mono- and 1,1-disubstituted and to selected 1,2- and trisubstituted alkenes in acetonitrile solution. To alkenes CH2=CXY, ·CH2CN adds at the unsubstituted C-atom with rate constants ranging from 3.3·103 M-1S-1 (ethene) to 2.4·106 M-1S-1 (1,1-diphenylethene) at 278 K, and the frequency factors are in the narrow range of log (A/M-1S-1) = 8.7 ± 0.3. ·CH2CO2C(CH3)3 shows a very similar reactivity with rate constants at 296 K ranging from 1.1·104 M-1S-1 (ethene) to 107 M-1S-1 (1,1-diphenylethene) and frequency factors log (A/M-1S-1) = 8.4 ± 0.1. For both radicals, the rate constants and the activation energies for addition to CH2=CXY correlate well with the overall reaction enthalpy. In contrast to the expectation of an electro- or ambiphilic behavior, polar alkene-substituent effects are not clearly expressed, but some deviations from the enthalpy correlations point to a weak electrophilicity of the radicals. The rate constants for the addition to 1,2- and to trisubstituted alkenes reveal additional steric substituent effects. Self-termination rate data for the title radicals and spectral properties of their adducts to the alkenes are also given.
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  • 126
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 78 (1995), S. 177-193 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The Me3Si—C(1) bond of the bis-(trimethylsilyl)ethynylated anhydroalditol 2 is selectively cleaved with BuLi to yield 3/4, while AgNO2/KCN in MeOH cleaves the Me3Si—C(2′) bond, leading to 5 (Scheme 1). Both Me3Si groups are removed with NaOH in MeOH (→ 7), the (i-Pr)3Si group is selectively cleaved with HCl in aq. MeOH ( →6); all silyl substituents are removed with Bu4NF ( →8). Acetolysis transformed 9 into 13, which was desilylated to 14, while thiolysis of 9 led to a mixture 11/12. The tetraacetate 14 has also been obtained from 9 via 10. Oxidative dimerisation of either 3 or 5, or of a mixture 3/5 yields only the homodimers 15 and 16 (Scheme 2); treatment of 16 with AgNO2/KCN yielded 17, deprotection proceeding much more slowly than the cleavage of the Me3Si—C(2′) group of 2. The iodoalkyne 20, required for the cross-coupling with 5 according to Cadiot-Chodkiewicz, was prepared by deprotection of 3/4 to 18, methoxymethylation (→19), and iodination. Cross-coupling yielded mostly 21, besides the homodimer 22. Similarly, cross-coupling of 20 and 23 (obtained from 5) led to 24 and 22. The structure of 24 was established by X-ray analysis (Fig.), showing a C(6)-C(5′) distance of 5.2 Å. The conditions for deprotecting 2 were applied to 21, and led to 25 (AgNO2/KCN), 26 (aq. NaOH), 27 (Bu4NF), and 29 (HCl/MeOH; Scheme 3). Attempted deprotection of the propargylic-ether moiety with BuLi, however, failed. The dimer 27 was further deprotected to 28. Acetolytic (Ac2O/Me3SiOTf) debenzylation of the dimer 30, obtained from 10, gave 31 (83%) which was deacetylated to 32 (Scheme 4). Cross-coupling of 5 and the bromoalkyne 33, obtained from 10, yielded 34; again, acetolysis proceeded well, leading to 35. The cellobiose derivative 38 was prepared from the lactone 36 via 37. The glycosidic linkage of 38 proved resistant to the conditions of acetolysis, leading to 39. Acetolysis of the benzylated thiophene 40 (from 30 with Na2S) yielded the octaacetate 41, but proceeded in substantially lower yields (50%).
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  • 127
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 78 (1995), S. 238-241 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: It is shown that sodium (methoxycarbonyl)cyclopentadienide (1), which is easily accessible from sodium cyclopentadienide and dimethyl carbonate in THF, reacts with 2,4,6-trisubstituted pyrylium tetrafluoroborates 2a-d in boiling MeOH to afford the corresponding methyl azulene-2-carboxylates 4a-d in good yields. The corresponding 1-carboxylates 3 were not found (cf. Schemes 1 and 2).
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  • 128
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 78 (1995), S. 231-237 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: It is shown that the thermal electrocyclic ring-closure reaction of 1,2-di[(E)-prop-1-enyl]benzene to yield 2,3-dimethylnaphthalene (cf. Scheme 1) [10] can successfully be applied also to the synthesis of benz[a]azulenes (cf. Schemes 2 and 3). Starting materials are methyl 4,6,8-trimethylazulen-2-yl ketone (6) and the corresponding 2-carbaldehyde 5, which, in a Horner-Emmons reaction, are transformed into the (azulen-2-yl)-acrylates (E)-8 and (E)-7, respectively. Vilsmeier formylation of these compounds, followed by the Horner-Emmons reaction leads to the formation of the bisacrylates (E,E)-11 and (E,E)-12, respectively. In an alternative reaction, (E)-8, on treatment with dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate (ADM) in the presence of [RuH2(PPh3)4], can be transformed into the methoxycarbonyl-substituted bisacrylates (E,E)- and (E,Z)-17. All three bisacrylates, on heating at 180-190° in p-cymene, undergo cyclization to yield the corresponding dihydrobenz[a]azulenes 13, 14, and 18, respectively, which could easily be dehydrogenated on heating in the presence of Pd/C. The new benz[a]azulenes 15, 16, and 19 are fully characterized.
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  • 129
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: 1H- and 13C-NMR spectra of nonafulvene 1e and nonafulvenes 2 and 3 have been assigned, high-resolution 1H-NMR spectra of 2 (600 MHz, Fig. 3) and of 3 (400 MHz, Fig. 2) have been analyzed, and the data are compared with those of other nonafulvenes (Tables 1-6). Generally speaking, according to their spectroscopic behavior, four classes of nonafulvenes (A-D) may be distinguished (Fig. 1). The investigation shows that compounds 1e and 3 belong to class A, being characterized by 1H-chemical shifts around 6 ppm, strongly alternating 3J(H,H) and 13C chemical shifts in the range of 123 to 130 ppm, thus existing in the olefinic form with a non-planar nine-membered ring. On the other hand, 2 is the first nonafulvene of class D, being characterized by 1H chemical shifts in the aromatic range, large 3J(H,H) values of the same size, and 13C chemical shifts around 110 ppm. Since NMR parameters are virtually not influenced by temperature (-50° to 50°) or solvents, it is concluded that 2 exclusively exists in the dipolar structure 2± with a planarized nine-membered ring. According to Fig. 4, these classes (and their spectroscopic data) are linked by 10,10-bis(dimethylamino)nonafulvene (1c; and its temperature-dependent NMR parameters): for 1c, a temperature-dependent equilibrium 1c⇌1c± had earlier been established.
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  • 130
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: This work describes L-phenylalanine cyclohexylamide (5c) as a simple, cheap, and powerful chiral auxiliary for the synthesis of a series of optically pure α,α-disubstituted (R)- and (S)-amino acids of type 1, such as (R)- and (S)-2-methyl-phenylalanine (1a), (R)- and (S)-2-methyl-2-phenylglycine (1b), and (R)- and (S)-2-methylvaline (1c; Scheme 3). These amino acids were efficiently transformed into the suitably protected and activated amino acid building blocks (R)- and (S)-12b and (R)- and (S)-12c (Scheme 4) which are ready for incorporation into peptides by solution or solid-phase techniques. Based on the crystal structures of 6b, 6c, and 7a belonging to the diastereoisomeric peptides series 6 and 7, the absolute configurations of each member of the series were determined. β-Turn geometries of type II′ and I were observed for 6b and 7a, respectively, whereas 6c crystallized in an extended conformation. The impacts of side-chain variation on conformation and crystal packing of these triamides are discussed.
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  • 131
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The four α,α,α, β,β,β,-hexamethyl α-hydrogen Coα, Coβ-dicyanocobyrinates 2b, d-f, with a free b-, d-, e-, and f-propionic-acid function, respectively, were prepared by partial hydrolysis of heptamethyl Coα, Coβ-dicyanocobyrinate (cobester; 1) in aqueous sulfuric acid. The cobester monoacids 2b, d-f were obtained as a ca. 1:1:1:1 mixture which was separated. The monoacids were purified by chromatography and isolated in crystalline form. The position of the free propionic-acid function was determined by an extensive analysis of 2b, d-f using 2D-NMR techniques; an analysis of the C,H-coupling network topology resulted in an alternative assignment strategy for cobyrinic-acid derivatives, based on pattern recognition. Additional information on the structure of the most polar of the four hexamethyl cobyrinates, of the b-isomer 2b, was also obtained in the solid state from a single-crystal X-ray analysis. Earlier structural assignments based on 1D-NMR spectra of the corresponding regioisomeric monoamides 3b, d-f (obtained from crystalline samples of the monoacids 2b, d-f) were confirmed by the present investigations.
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  • 132
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 78 (1995), S. 615-618 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Syntheses and Crystal Structure of 1-Lithio-2,2-diphenyl-1-(phenylsulfonyl)etheneCrystals of [1-lithio-2,2-diphenyl-1-(phenylsulfonyl)ethene]- N,N,N′,N′ -tetramethylethylenediamine (2/2) (2) were prepared by addition of BuLi to 1,1-diphenyl-2-(phenylsulfonyl)ethene (1) in the presence of N,N,N′,N′ -tetramethylethylenediamine (TMEDA) at low temperature. The X-ray structure analysis shows a centrosymmetric dimer bridged over an eight-membered (Li—O—S—O)2 ring. There are no Li-C contacts to the C(α) atoms. Both Li cations are tetracoordinated via the sulfonyl O-atoms and the N-atoms of the TMEDA ligand. The X-ray structure analysis of 1,1-diphenyl-2-(phenylsulfonyl)ethene (1) also was determined to compare interatomic distances and angles.
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  • 133
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A new pteridine compound was isolated from green sulfur photosynthetic bacteria, Chlorobium limicola f. thiosulfatophilum NCIB 8327. The structure of this pterin derivative was established to be 1-O-(L-erythro-5,6,7,8- tetrahydropterin-2′-yl)-β-N-acetylglucosamine (1) from 1H-NMR and CD spectra as well as from various mass spectrometric techniques and chemical-cleavage techniques. Upon acid hydrolysis of 1, equimolar amounts of biopterin (2) and N-acetylglucosamine were produced. The structure of the hydrolysis product 2 was confirmed by comparing its NMR, UV, CD, and MS and its chromatographical behavior with those of an authentic specimen. N-Acetylglucosamine was identified by an enzymatic hydrolysis experiment as well as by NMR and thin layer chromatography. Electrospray (ES), fast-atom-bombardment (FAB), and thermospray (TS) mass spectrometry of 1 yielded an MH+ at m/z 441. Periodate-oxidation experiments of the intact molecule 1 and of its hydrolysis product 2 are consistent with the proposed structure. Differential I2 oxidation experiments with the native compound showed that the in vivo oxidation state of this pterin is its tetrahydro form. We propose the trivial name ‘limipterin’ for this new compound.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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  • 134
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The synthesis, characterization, and electrochemical and photophysical properties of the ReI and RuII complexes of permethylated β-cyclodextrins, functionalized on the primary face by a 2,2′-bipyridine ligand, are reported. For comparison, model compounds, in which the cyclodextrin was replaced by a Me group, were also prepared and their properties investigated.
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  • 135
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Reactions of 3-silylated β-lactams (1) with α,β-unsaturated ketones give the propylidene-β-lactams 3 and the cycloalkenylidene derivatives 5. Structure and configuration are elucidated by spectroscopic methods, and the reactivity is discussed. While compounds 5 do not react with dienophiles, the (Z)-isomers of 3 are the favored substrates for Diels-Alder reactions yielding the spiro compounds 6 and 7.
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  • 136
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The conformational space of the tetrasaccharide α-L-Fuc-(1→2)-β-D-Gal-(1→3)-β-D-GalNAc-(1→3)-α-D-GallPr (3) and of some overlapping di- and trisaccharide sequences was investigated with the aid of molecular-mechanics energy minimizations, molecular-dynamics simulations, and 1H-NMR analysis. These investigations suggested that in compound 3 a certain rigidity of the first two glycosidic linkages (Fuc-Gal and Gal-GalNAc) is combined with the flexibility of the third one (GalNAc-Gal).
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  • 137
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 78 (1995), S. 663-669 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: In the synthesis of the title compound 12, the important intermediate 7 was obtained in good yield from the easily available ethyl 5, 5-ethylenedioxy-2-oxocyclohexane-1-carboxylate (1) via ring enlargement of the bicyclic enol ether 5 (Scheme). Its reduction (NaBH4 in EtOH) and subsequent protection with (t-Bu)Me2Si resulted in the highly functionalized ten-membered lactone 9. Introduction of the (Z)-configurated double bond, followed by deprotection and elimination of H2O, gave (±)-pyrenolide B (12) in 16% overall yield.
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  • 138
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 78 (1995), S. 1185-1206 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Both enantiomers of tert-butyl 2-(tert-butyl)-5,5-dimethyl-4-oxoimidazolidine-1-carboxylate (11; Bbdmoic) were prepared from L-alanine (Schemes 1 and 2). The parent heterocycle, 2-tert-butyl-5,5-dimethylimidazolidin-4-one (12; from 2-aminoisobutyramide, H-Aib-NH2, and pivalaldehyde) was also available in both enantiomeric forms by resolution with O,O′-dibenzoyltartaric acid. The compound (R)- or (S)-11 was used as an auxiliary, but also as a chiral Aib building block in a dipeptide synthesis. The 3-propanoyl derivative 13 of (R)-11 was used for the preparation of enantiomerically pure 2-methyl-3-phenylpropanoic acid (enantiomer ratio (e.r.) 99.5:0.5), by benzylation of the Zn-enolate (→ 14; Scheme 3). Oxidative coupling of the bis-enolate derived from heptanedioic acid and (S)-11 (→ 23) and methanolysis of the auxiliary gave dimethyl trans-cyclopentane-1,2-dicarboxylate (26) with an e.r. of 93:7 (Scheme 5, Fig. 5). The 3-(Boc-Gly)-Bbdmoic derivative 29 was doubly deprotonated and, after addition of ZnBr2 alkylated with alkyl, benzyl, or allyl halides to give the higher amino-acid derivatives with excellent selectivities (e.r. 〉 99.5:0.5, Schemes 6 and 7). Michael additions of cuprates to [(E)-MeCH=CHCO]-Bbdmoic 36 occurred in high yields, but high diastereoselectivities were only observed with aryl cuprates (diastereoisomer ratio (d.r.) 99:1 for R = Ph, Scheme 8). Finally, 3-(Boc-CH2)-Bbdmoic 17 was alkylated through the ester Li-enolate with primary and secondary alkyl, allyl, and benzyl halides with diastereoselectivities (ds) ranging from 91 to 98%, giving acetals of Boc-Aib-Xxx-O(t-Bu) dipeptides (Scheme 4). The effectiveness of Bbdmoic is compared with that of other chiral auxiliaries previously used for the same types of transformations.
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  • 139
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A new general concept for the total synthesis of pseurotin A (1), a secondary metabolite of Pseudeurotium ovalis STOLK, which possesses a highly substituted 1-oxa-7-azaspiro[4.4]nonane skeleton, is presented. A key intermediate of the planned reaction sequence is the functionalized γ-lactone 8. The corresponding protected compound 52 was prepared using (S)-O,O-isopropylideneglyceraldehyde (13) and the bromoacetal 14 as starting material. γ-Lactone 52 was obtained in enantiomerically pure state in ten steps. It possesses the desired configuration.
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  • 140
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 78 (1995), S. 1325-1333 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A series of N2S2-macrocycles with ring sizes varying between 12 and 16, as well as two 12-membered N2S2-rings with a pendant carboxylic and amino group, respectively, were synthesized. Their complexation properties towards Ag+ were studied by pH titrations and by potentiometry with a silver electrode. The observation that 1:1 ([AgLH2]3+, [AgLH]2+, [AgL]+) and 1:2 species ([AgL2H2]3+, [AgL2H]2+, [AgL2]+) were formed is interpreted by postulating that Ag+ can bind either to the S-donors only, or to both the N- and S-atoms. The most stable complex [AgL]+ in the series of the nonfunctionalized macrocycles was found for the 12-membered N2S2-ring 3. The stability of it increased when an additional donor group was introduced into the side chain. The highest formation constant (logβ110 = 14.43(1)) was obtained with the 12-membered ring 12 carrying the ethanamine side chain. In view of a radiochemical application, all Ag+ complexes were tested in blood serum for their stability, but were not stable enough against transmetallation.
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  • 141
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 78 (1995), S. 1392-1392 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 142
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A concept of first choice for the synthesis of the title compounds had been proposed by Dane in the late 1930s. It was soon turned down, because the opening move-a chirogenic Diels-Alder reaction - did not work. With Lewis acids as mediators, however, a successful start has been achieved now. With Ti complexes of chelating ligands (Seebach's TADDOLs (= α,α,α′,α′-tetraaryl-1,3-dioxolane-4,5-dimethanols)), enantioselective formation of the desired adducts does occur. Efficient total syntheses of 2 and 3a have been accomplished.
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  • 143
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 78 (1995), S. 1419-1436 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Sodium [1,3-13C2]cyclopentadienide in tetrahydrofuran (THF) has been prepared from the corresponding labelled [13C2]cyclopentadiene which was synthesized from 13CO2 and (chloromethyl)trimethylsilane (cf. Scheme 10) according to an established procedure. It could be shown that the acetate pyrolysis of cis-cyclopentane-1,2-diyl diacetate (cis-22) at 550 ± 5° under reduced pressure (60 Torr) gives five times as much cyclopentadiene as trans-22. The reaction of sodium [1,3-13C2]cyclopentadienide with 2,4,6-trimethylpyrylium tetrafluoroborate in THF leads to the formation of the statistically expected 2:2:1 mixture of 4,6,8-trimethyl[1,3a-13C2], -[2,3a-13C2]-, and -[1,3-13C2]azulene (20; cf. Scheme 7 and Fig. 1). Formylation and reduction of the 2:2:1 mixture [13C2]-20 results in the formation of a 1:1:1:1:1 mixture of 1,4,6,8-tetramethyl[1,3-13C2]-, -[1,3a-13C2]-, -[2,3a-13C2]-, -[2,8a-13C2]-, and -[3,8a-13C2]azulene (5; cf. Scheme 8 and Fig. 2). The measured 2J(13C, 13C) values of [13C2]-20 and [13C2]-5 are listed in Tables 1 and 2. Thermal reaction of the 1:1:1:1:1 mixture [13C2]-5 with the four-fold amount of dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate (ADM) at 200° in tetralin (cf. Scheme 2) gave 5,6,8,10-tetramethyl-[13C2]heptalene-1,2-dicarboxylate ([13C2]-6a; 22%), its double-bond-shifted (DBS) isomer [13C2]-6b (19%), and the corresponding azulene-1,2-dicarboxylate 7 (18%). The isotopically isomeric mixture of [13C2]-6a showed no 1J(13C,13C) at C(5) (cf. Fig. 3). This finding is in agreement with the fact that the expected primary tricyclic intermediate [7,11-13C2]-8 exhibits at 200° in tetralin only cleavage of the C(1)—C(10) bond and formation of a C(7)—C(10) bond (cf. Schemes 6 and 9), but no cleavage of the C(1)—C(11) bond and formation of a C(7)—C(11) bond. The limits of detection of the applied method is ≥96% for the observed process, i.e., [1,3a-13C2]- 5 + ADM→ [7,11-13C2]-8→[1,6-13C2]-9 →[5,10a-13C2]-6a (cf. Scheme 6).
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  • 144
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Kinetic and equilibrium NMR studies of briarane diterpenes isolated from the pennatulacean coral Funiculina quadrangularis showed that funicolide A (1), funicolide D (5), and brianthein W (6), with R2 = Hβ, undergo slow flipping by rotation of the C(1)—C(2)—C(3)—C(4) dihedral angle, giving rise to two observable conformers in a 4:96 population ratio, both having an axial AcO—C(14) and C(16) pointing ‘downwards’, but differing for pseudoaxial or pseudoequatorial position of R1O, respectively. δ(C) for the minor conformers could be quickly assigned by an original emulation methodology. Similar studies revealed that funicolide B (2), 7-epifunicolide A (4), funicolide E (7), and unnatural epibrianthein W (8) undergo similar motions, where, however, the nature of the α-positioned substituent R2 determines which conformer predominates: axial R1O for R2 = Hβ (4 and 8) or equatorial R1O for R2 α-OH, (2 and 7). In contrast, funicolide C (3) proved to undergo slow conformational motions that involve also the cyclohexene ring, resulting in two observable conformers characterized by either an equatorial AcO—C(14) and trans-diaxial C(2)/C(9) or an axial AcO—C(14) and trans-diequatorial C(2)/C(9) in a 9:1 population ratio, respectively. These observations, and molecular-mechanics calculations for briaranes known to exhibit broad NMR signals, lead to general views on the conformational preferences of diterpenes of this class.
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  • 145
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: 1,3-Dipoles with a Central S-Atom from the Reaction of Azides and Thiocarbonyl Compounds: An Unexpected MeS Migration in the Trapping Product of a ‘Thiocarbonyl-aminide’ with Methyl DithiobenzoateReaction of PhN3 with O-methyl thiobenzoate (11a) and thioacetate (11c) as well as with the dithio esters 11b,d at 80° yields the corresponding imidates and thioimidates 12 (Scheme 3). The formation of 12 is rationalized by a 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of the azide and the C=S group followed by successive elimination of N2 and S. In the three-component reaction of 11b, PhN3, and the sterically crowded thioketone 1a, 1,2,4-trithiolane 13a and 1,4,2-dithiazolidine 3a are formed in addition to 12b (Scheme 4). The heterocycles 13a and 3a are trapping products of 1a and ‘thiocarbonyl-thiolate’ 5a and ‘thiocarbonyl-aminide’ 2a (Ar=Ph), respectively (Scheme 6). These 1,3-dipoles are formed as reactive intermediates. Surprisingly, in the presence of catalytic amounts of acids, the major product is the (methyldithio)cyclobutyl thioimidate of type 14 (Scheme 5), formed by an acid-catalyzed MeS migration in dithiazolidine 17. A reaction mechanism is proposed in Scheme 7.
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  • 146
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The synthesis of a cis-Phe-Pro dipeptide mimetic is described, which adopts a type-VIβ-turn conformation. In this mimetic, the α-positions of Phe and Pro are joined by a CH2CH2 bridge, thereby forming a fused bicyclic system, and fixing a geometry similar to that seen in cis-Phe-Pro units in protein crystal structures. The dipeptide mimetic 20 was synthesized in optically pure form starting from (R)-α-allylproline (6; Schemes 1, 3, and 4), with a free carboxylic acid and an Fmoc-protected N-terminus, thereby allowing its incorporation into linear and cyclic peptides using standard solid-phase methods. The mimetic 20 was incorporated into the cyclic somatostatin analogue cyclo(-Phe = Pro-Phe-D-Trp-Lys-Thr-), where Phe = Pro represents the mimetic. This analogue shows a high affinity (pIC50 8.6) for somatostatin receptors on rat-brain cortex membranes. Based on NMR studies in aqueous solution, likely low-energy conformations for this analogue were deduced using restrained dynamic simulated annealing. The conformations found, which include a distorted type-II′ turn at D-Trp-Lys, are similar to low-energy conformations deduced elsewhere for cyclo(-Phe-Pro-Phe-D-Trp-Lys-Thr-), as well as to those seen in crystal structures of the somatostatin analogue octreotide.
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  • 147
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 78 (1995), S. 1620-1620 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 148
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The hetero-armed p(tert-butyl)calix[4]arene 1 was synthesized by a stepwise procedure. This ligand presented a very strong complexing behavior towards Cu1, giving the chiral complex 2 and parent species when reacted with CuII salts. High-resolution NMR techniques were employed for the characterization of 2, demonstrating notably exchange processes between its two enantiomeric forms. The racemic nature of 2 was confirmed by X-ray crystal-structure analysis.
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  • 149
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Fe(ClO4)2 reacts with the segmental ligand 2-{6-[1-(3,5-dimethoxybenzyl)-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl]pyridin-2-yl}-1,1′-dimethyl-5,5′-methylene-2′-(5-methylpyridin-2-yl)bis[1H-benzimidazole] (L2) in MeCN to give the diamagnetic deep violet complex [Fe(L2)2]2+ where the metal is pseudo-octahedrally coordinated by two perpendicular tridentate binding units. When L2 reacts with an equimolar mixture of Ln(ClO4)3 (Ln = La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu) and Fe(ClO4)2, electrospray-mass spectrometric, spectrophotometric, and 1H-NMR data in MeCN show the selective formation of the deep red heterodinuclear C3-cylindrical complexes [LnFe(L2)3]5+ where the three ligands L2 are wrapped about the metal-metal axis. FeII occupies the pseudo-octahedral capping site produced by the three bidentate units and LnIII lies in the resulting ‘facial’ pseudo-tricapped trigonal prismatic site defined by the three remaining tridentate coordinating units. The heterodinuclear complexes [LnFe(L2)3]5+ display spin-state equilibrium (1A ⇄ 5T) and thermochromism in MeCN between 243 and 333 K. Detailed 1H-NMR, UV/VIS, and magnetic measurements in solution show that the partial spin-crossover behavior of [LnFe(L2)3]5+ occurs for Ln = La—Eu with similar thermodynamic parameters (ΔHsc = 20-23 kJ·mol-1 and ΔSsc = 55-66 J·mol-1·K-1) indicating that the size of LnIII has a negligible influence on the spin-state equilibrium. However, the smaller LnIII ions have less affinity for the pseudo-tricapped trigonal prismatic coordination site in the heterodinuclear complexes as demonstrated by the partial decomplexation of [YFe(L2)3]5+ to give [Fe(L2)2]2+ and the absence of the heterodinuclear complex [LuFe(L2)3]5+ under the same conditions. The crucial role played by the sterically demanding FeII in the assembly processes is discussed together with the use of the efficient combination of lanthanide probes with magnetic d-block probes for the design and investigation of luminescent and magnetic materials with controlled structural and physical properties. Photophysical measurements reveal that efficient ligand → metal and Eu → Fe energy transfer occur in [EuFe(L2)3]5+ which strongly quench both the ligand and the Eu-centered luminescence.
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  • 150
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 78 (1995), S. 1738-1746 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The (1H-imidazol-2-yl)ulose 8 and the 1H-imidazol-2-yl C-glycopyranosides 23 and 24 have been prepared from tetra-O-benzylgluconolactone 6 in two and six steps, respectively. The imidazoles 8 and 24 are moderate competitive inhibitors of sweet-almond β-glucosidase (pH 6.8, Ki ≈ 0.79 and 0.64 mM, respectively), while 23 is a competitive inhibitor of yeast α-glucosidase (pH 6.8, Ki ≈ 0.26 mM). Addition of 2-lithiated 1-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1H-imidazole to 6 gave the ulose 7 (68%), which was deprotected to 8. Reduction of 7 with NaBH4 yielded a 12:88 mixture 10/11. Attempts to selectively mesylate HO—C(1) of these diols failed, while dinitrobenzoylation led to 19/20, which cyclized easily (NaH) to a 25:75 mixture of 21 and 22 which were separated and debenzylated to the C-glycosides 23 and 24.
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  • 151
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Caulerpenyne (1), the most abundant of the ecotoxicologically relevant sesquiterpenoids of the Mediterranean-adapted tropical green seaweed Caulerpa taxifolia, was found to react with Et3N or pyridine in MeOH by initial deprotection of C(1)HO to give oxytoxin 1 (2a), previously isolated from the sacoglossan mollusc Oxynoe olivacea. With BuNH2, without any precaution to exclude light, 1 gave the series of racemic 3 and 4, and achiral (4E,6E)-5, (4E,6Z)-5, (4Z,6E)-5, and (4Z,6Z)-5 pyrrole compounds, corresponding to formal C(4) substitution, 4,5-β-elimination, and (E/Z)-isomerization at the C(4)=C(5) and C(6)=C(7) bonds. Changing to CDCl3 as solvent in the dark, 1 gave cleanly, via 2a as an intermediate, 3 and (4E,6E)-5. The latter proved to be prone to (E/Z)-photoisomerization. Under standard acetylation conditions, 3 gave (4E,6E)-5 via acetamide 7 as an intermediate. Particular notice is warranted by selective deprotection of 1 at C(1), mimicking enzyme reactions, and unprecedented formation of pyrrole compounds from freely-rotating, protected 1,4-dialdehyde systems.
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  • 152
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The configuration of several keto-cyclolignans related to podophyllotoxin has been reviewed. Under basic catalysis, the configuration at the C-atom in α-position to the lactone carbonyl group in podophyllotoxone is inverted instead of the C-atom in α-position to the ketone group, as it has been reported.
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  • 153
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 78 (1995), S. 1823-1836 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Boron-Trifluoride-Catalyzed Reactions of 3-Amino-2H-azirines with Amino-acid Esters and AminesAfter activation by protonation or complexation with BF3, 3-amino-2H-azirines 1 react with the amino group of α-amino-acid esters 3 to give 3,6-dihydro-5-aminopyrazin-2(1H)-ones 4 by ring enlargement (Scheme 2, Table 1). The configuration of 3 is retained in the products 4. With unsymmetrically substituted 1 (R1 ≠ R2), two diastereoisomers of 4 (cis and trans) are formed in a ratio of 1:1 to 2:1. With β-amino-acid esters 5 and 7, only openchain α-amino-imidamides 6 and 8, respectively, are formed, but none of the seven-membered heterocycle (Scheme 3). Primary amines also react with BF3-complexed 1 to yield α-amino-imidamides of type 9 (Scheme 4, Table 2). Compound 9b is characterized chemically by its transformation into crystalline derivatives 10 and 12 with 4-nitrobenzoyl chloride and phenyl isothiocyanate, respectively (Scheme 5). The structure of 12 is established by X-ray crystallography. Mechanisms for the reaction of activated 1 with amino groups are proposed in Schemes 6 and 7.
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  • 154
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: [(Benzyloxy)methyl]dialkylsilyl-substituted 1,3-dithianes show in CI-MS an abundant loss of benzaldehyde from the [M + H]+ quasi-molecular ion. The fragmentation is explained with an intramolecular redox process, where a hydride is proposed to be transferred from the benzyl position to a neighboring thionium ion. This would form a particle that could readily lose benzaldehyde as a neutral fragment. The CI-MS results provide an explanation for the unusual instability of (benzyloxy)methyl-substituted silanes towards acids. In fact, the formation of benzaldehyde was established in the decomposition of a (benzyloxy)methyl-substituted acylsilane in the presence of Lewis or Brønsted acids and ethanethiol. The CI-MS study, therefore, represents a useful method to recognize unusual reactions that are - or might be - important in solution.
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  • 155
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 78 (1995), S. 1894-1894 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 156
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 78 (1995), S. 1895-1903 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The crystal structure of the macrobicyclic europium(III) complex [Eu3+ ⊂1]3Cl- incorporating a N,N′ - dioxide unit has been determined. It confirms the cryptate nature of this species, the included cation being bound to six N- and two O-sites. The efficient shielding of the bound Eu3+ ion may be related to the efficient luminescence of this cryptate and points to the role played by the N-oxide sites. To further explore the effect of such binding groups, the two macrocyclic ligands 4 and 5 bearing two bipyridine N,N′ -dioxide lateral arms have been synthesized and their EuIII and TbIII complexes prepared.
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  • 157
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 78 (1995), S. 1933-1970 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The high-pressure reaction of 1-methylazulenes 1 with excess of dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate (ADM) in hexane at 30° and at pressures up to 7 kbar affords the tricyclic compounds 2 in reasonable-to-good yields (cf. Table 1). The crystalline compounds 2 decompose on melting into the starting materials and undergo rearrangement to the corresponding heptalene-1,2-dicarboxylates 6. The X-ray crystal-structure analyses of 2f and 2g (cf. Fig. 1) reveal the presence of a perfectly planar seven-membered ring and comparably long C(1)-C(10) as well as C(1)-C(11) bonds (cf. Tables 2 and 3). The thermolysis of 2g in different solvents leads in aprotic media to the formation of the starting azulene 1g and, depending upon the polarity of the solvents, to varying amounts of the corresponding heptalene-1,2-dicarboxylate 6f (cf. Table 11). The formed amounts of 1g depends linearly on the ET values of the solvents (cf. Fig. 4). The same is valid for the thermolysis of 2g in protic media (cf. Table 10 and Fig.3). However, in these cases instead of the heptalene-1,2-dicarboxylate 6g, the corresponding (E)- and (Z)-isomers of the 1-(azulen-1-yl)ethene-1,2-dicarboxylates 7g are formed. The other tricyclic compounds 2 exhibit the same behavior on thermolysis in MeCN and BuOH (cf. Tables 8 and 9, resp.). The results show that the tricyclic compounds 2 undergo at temperatures up to 110° two competing reactions, namely heterolysis of the C(1)-C(10) bond, leading to the formation of heptalenes 6 in polar aprotic media, and the (E)- and (Z)-ethene-1,2-dicarboxylates 7 in polar protic media, and concerted homolysis of the C(1)-C(10) and C(8)-C(9) bonds in the sense of a retro-Diels-Alder reaction in apolar media, yielding the starting azulenes and ADM, the amount of which decrease with increasing polarity of the solvent. The kinetic and activation parameters measured for 2g and the other tricyclic compounds 2 are collected in Tables 12-15. The tricyclic compounds 2a and 2b show in polar aprotic media (MeCN) a different behavior in that they form, instead of heptalenes, the corresponding 3,4-dihydrocyclopent[cd]azulene-1,2-dicarboxylates 16a and 16b, respectively (Scheme 4). Experiments with [8-2H]-2a showed that these compounds are not formed via intramolecular H-shifts (cf. Schemes 8 and 9).
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  • 158
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 78 (1995), S. 1971-1982 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Glycosylidene carbenes derived from the GlcNAc and AllNAc diazirines 1 and 3 were generated by the thermolysis or photolysis of the diazirines. The reaction of 1 with i-PrOH gave exclusively the isopropyl α-D-glycoside of 5 besides some dihydrooxazole 9 (Scheme 2). A similar reaction with (CF3)2CHOH yielded predominantly the α-D-anomer of 6, while glycosidation of 4-nitrophenol (→7) proceeded with markedly lower diastereoselectivity. Similarly, the Allo-diazirine 3 gave the corresponding glycosides 12-14, but with a lower preference for the α-D-anomers (Scheme 3). The reactions of the carbene derived from 1 with Ph3COH (→8) and diisopropylideneglucose 10 (→11) gave selectively the α-D-anomers (Scheme 2). The αD-selectivity increases with increasing basicity (decreasing acidity) of the alcohols. It is rationalized by an intermolecular H-bond between the acetamido group and the glycosyl acceptor. This H-bond increases the probability for the formation of a 1,2-cis-glycosidic C-O bond. The gluco-intermediates are more prone to forming a N-H…(H)OR bond than the allo-isomers, since the acetamido group in the N-acetylallosamine derivatives forms an intramolecular H-bond to the cis-oriented benzyloxy group at C(3), as evidenced by δ/T and δ/c experiments.
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  • 159
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 78 (1995) 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 160
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 78 (1995), S. i 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 161
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 78 (1995), S. 1-12 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Double-helical metal complexes, the helicates H2-H5, were found to bind to double-helical DNA by spectroscopic, DNA-melting, and electrophoretic-mobility measurements. The helicates also inhibited the cleavage of DNA by two restriction enzymes, Sspl and EcoRV, a property which agrees with the binding occurring in the major groove of the double helix. Visible-light irradiation of solutions containing a helicate and the pBR322 plasmid led to single-strand cleavage, indicating that these complexes could be of interest as potential probes for nucleic-acid structure.
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  • 162
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Asymmetric methylation and phenylation of the chiral pyridinium salt 7, as well as methylation of chiral pyridinium salt 18, with Grignard reagents occurred in good yield and with good-to-excellent diastereoselectivities (Schemes 2 and 3, resp.). These results are best explained by assuming chelate control to govern the asymmetric alkylation/arylation process. The minimum-energy conformations of the out-of-plane twisted pyridinium salts 7 and 18, as determined by the ‘Molecular Simulations Cerius-Dreiding II’ program, are in good agreement with the postulated asymmetric chelate-control mechanism.
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  • 163
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The preparation of tetraethynylethene (3,4-diethynylhex-3-ene-1,5-diyne) 1 as well as of a great diversity of differentially mono-, di-, and triprotected derivatives by newly developed synthetic routes is described. These fully cross-conjugated molecules are versatile building blocks and precursors to two-dimensional all-C networks and novel C-rich nanoarchitecture with unusual structural and electronic properties, such as perethynylated expanded radialenes, or molecular wires and polymers with the novel polytriacetylene backbone. A key step in all of these routes was the Corey-Fuchs dibromoolefination of aldehydes and ketones. Dibromoolefination of silyl-protected penta-1,4-diyn-3-ones yielded the corresponding dibromomethylidene derivatives which, by twofold Pd-catalyzed alkyne coupling, were transformed into tetraethynylethene derivatives. In routes to tetraethynylethenes with free cis-or trans-enediyne moieties, dibromoolefination of aldehyde groups produced geminal dibromoethenes which, upon elimination/metallation with LDA followed by quenching with H+ or other electrophiles, yielded free or substituted ethynyl groups in high yields. Tetra- and triprotected tetraethynylethenes are rather stable compounds that could be isolated in pure form, whereas derivatives with two or more free ≡C—H termini were only stable in dilute solution and polymerized rapidly in pure form. A trans-bis(triisopropylsilyl)-protected derivative represented an exception and could be isolated as stable crystals. X-Ray analysis revealed that the two bulky (i-Pr)3Si groups isolate the reactive chromophores from one another in the crystal and prevent intermolecular reactions. The structures of several tetraethynylethenes were revealed in high-quality X-ray crystal structures.
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  • 164
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Novel Alkaloids from the Poison Glands of Ants LeptothoraciniNovel pyrrolidine alkaloids were isolated from the poison glands of ants Leptothoracini(Myrmicinae) and identified as a mixture of N-alkylated 3-methylpyrrolidines. The females of these species produce male-attracting pheromones in their poison glands. The basic compounds in the secretions were found to be active. The major alkaloid, 3-methyl-1-(3-methylbutyl)pyrrolidine (5), is present in only ng quantities per gland.
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  • 165
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 78 (1995), S. 46-60 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Salmycin A-D, Antibiotics from Strep tomy ces violaceus, DSM 8286, Having a Siderophor-Aminoglycoside StructureSalmycin B (2) and C (3) were isolated under acid conditions, under which they are stable, from the culture broth of Streptomyces violaceus, DSM 8286. The acid- and alkaline-labile, native main component salmycin A (1), as well as salmycin D (4), were obtained under strictly neutral pH conditions. The compounds 1 (C41H70FeN7O21), 2 (C41H69FeN6O21), 3 (C40H67FeN6O21), and 4 (C40H68FeN7O21) are classified as sideromycins and are stable when dry. Mild alkaline hydrolysis of 1 and 2 yielded the known siderophor danoxamin (5; C27H46FeN5O11), and amino-disaccharides. The amino-glycoside 6 (C14H25NO11) of salmycin B was stabilized by hydrogenation and the structure of the corresponding peracetate 10 determined by 1H,1H- and 1H,13C-correlation NMR spectroscopy (Table 1). Compound 6 consists of a glucos-2-ulose unit which is linked to the 2-position of a 6-deoxy-6-(methylamino)heptopyranose. The danoxamin is bonded via the carboxy group by ester linkage to the primary alcohol of the glucos-2-ulose. Salmycin A (1) is a natural oxime of 2, it was synthesized from 2 with hydroxylamine. The salmycins and those derivatives which contain hexapyranos-2-ulose form stable ketone hydrates which can be identified by mass spectrometry. Although several recently identified features of the danomycins do not correspond with those of the salmycins, 13C-NMR spectra show that both groups of antibiotics are closely related. All salmycins, especially component 1, are highly active against Staphylococci and Streptococci, even against resistant strains of these pathogens.
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  • 166
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The crystal structure of (±)-7,8,13β,14α-tetrahydro-N7-(13C)methylcorysaminium iodide (13C-3a·I) was investigated by X-ray analysis and thus the relative configuration (7S*,13S*,14S*) established (Fig. 1). The conformation of 3a was shown to have a cis-junction of the B/C rings and the rings A and D in an antiperiplanar position relative to the C(13)—C(14) bond (‘anti-cis’), a twisted half-chair for ring B, and a half-chair for ring C (Figs. 2 and 3). Conformation analysis by 1H-NMR data indicated that the crystal conformation of 3a is also the preferred one in MeOH solution.
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  • 167
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 78 (1995), S. 94-108 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The oligonucleotide building blocks 4b-d derived from 7-bromo-, 7-chloro-, and 7-methyl-substituted 7-deaza-2′-deoxyadenosines 3b-d were prepared. They were employed in the solid-phase synthesis of the oligonucleotides 7-25. The dA residues of the homomer d(A12), the alternating d[(A-T)6], and the palindromic d(G-T-A-G-A-A-T-T-C-T-A-C) were replaced by 3b-d as well as by the parent 7-deaza-2′-deoxyadenosine (3a). The melting profiles and CD spectra of oligonucleotide duplexes, showing this major groove modification, were measured, and the Tm values as well as the thermodynamic data were determined. It was found that small substituents such as Br, Cl, or Me introduced in the 7-position of a 7-deazaadenine residue increase the duplex stability compared to oligonucleotides containing adenine.
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  • 168
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 78 (1995), S. 87-93 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The angular alkylation of cis-decalin epoxides like 5 or 7 can be achieved at C(8a)For convenience, the arbitrary numbering given for 5 (Scheme I) is used throughout the General Part; for systematic names, see Exper. Part. in good yield by using CuI and a large excess of Grignard reagents without an sp3 centre at C(2). The reaction proceeds via a carbenium-ion intermediate which is stabilised by homoconjugative interaction with the adjacent double bond. Due to 1,3-diaxial strain in the alkoxides resulting from alkylation or reduction at C(4a) of the epoxides 5 or 7, the nucleophile is delivered selectively to C(8a). Grignard reagents possessing H-atoms at C(β), transfer a hydride to the epoxide yielding the trans-decalol 11 (Grignard reduction). The angular alkylation of 5 with allylic and benzylic Grignard reagents proceeds with good yield.
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  • 169
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 78 (1995), S. 122-128 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Using a series of enantioselective aldol condensations followed by an ester enolate addition, the cyclic hemiacetal 2 was prepared stereospecifically. Hemiacetal 2 represents the synthetically most challenging ‘southern part’ of the antifungal macrolide soraphen A (1). Spontaneous enolisation of 26, the C(2) epimer of 2, revealed that 2 is the most stable diastereoisomer at room temperature.
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  • 170
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 78 (1995), S. 109-121 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: β-Ketonitrile-Derived Protecting Groups of the Amino Function. Synthesis of Amino AlcoholsThe amino group of natural L-amino acid esters is protected by condensation with 2-oxocyclopentanenitrile (1) or 2-formyl-2-phenylacetonitrile (10). Only the ester group of the formed cyanoenamino esters 2 and 11 reacts with nucleophilic reagents such as organometallics (RMgX, RLi), borohydrides, or metal amides, whereas the cyanoenamino group is unchanged (Schemes 1 and 2). Cyanoenamino alcohols obtained by reduction of cyanoenamino esters 2 are hydrolyzed under acidic conditions to amino alcohols with retention of the configuration of the starting amino acid. This sequence of reactions allows to prepare derivatives of L-tyrosinol from (-)-L-tyrosine (see, e.g., Scheme 4). Cyanoenamino esters 11 are readily methylated at the N-atom to give N-methylated cyanoenamino esters (Scheme 3). This property is exploited on the way of a multistep procedure to obtain N-methylated amino alcohols homologous to natural (-)-(1R,2S)-ephedrine.
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  • 171
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 78 (1995), S. 670-678 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Benzyl phosphites were used in the Micaelis-Arbuzov reaction. Special experimental conditions allowed preparation of a set of phosphonate analogs of mono-, di-, and triphosphate. Furthermore, regioselective monodeprotection makes these molecules useful building blocks for the synthesis of analogs of polyphosphorylated compounds of biological interest (e.g. nucleotides), after removal of all phosphonate benzyl ester groups under very mild conditions and high yields.
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  • 172
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 78 (1995), S. 679-692 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The UV/VIS absorption spectrum of [14]annulene was measured in 3-methylpentane at room and liquid-N2 temperatures and interpreted by the CNDO/S-CI method. This comparison between experiment and theory supports a structure with π-bond delocalization for this molecule.
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  • 173
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The new bis-macrocycle 1, 1′-[(1H-pyrazol-3], 5-diyl)bis(methylene)bis[1, 4, 7-triazacyclononane] (1) was synthesized and its complexation with Cu2+ studied. Potentiometric and spectrophotometric titrations indicate that, in addition to the mononuclear species [Cu(LH2)]4+, [Cu(LH)]3+, [CuL]2+, and [Cu(LH-1)]+, binuclear complexes such as [Cu2L]4+, [Cu2(LH-1)]3+, and [Cu2(LH-2)]2+ are also formed in solution. The stability constants and spectral properties of these are reported. The binuclear species [Cu2(LH-1)]3+ specifically reacts with an azide ion to give a ternary complex [Cu2(LH-1)(N3)]2+, the stability and structure of which were determined spectrophotometrically and by X-ray diffraction, respectively. The two Cu2+ ions are in a square-pyramidal coordination geometry. The axial ligand is one of the N-atoms of the 1, 4, 7-triazacyclononane ring, whereas at the base of the square pyramid, one finds the other two N-atoms of the macrocycle, one N-atom of the pyrazolide and one of the azide, both of which are bridging the two metal centres. In [Cu2(LH-1)(N3)]2+, a strong antiferromagnetic coupling is present, thus resulting in a species with a low magnetic moment of 1.36 B.M. at room temperature.
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  • 174
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 78 (1995), S. 715-731 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The racemic form of the bicyclic diterpene hydrocarbon δ-araneosene (4), endowed with the dolabellane skeleton, was prepared from geraniol in two different ways. The more efficient route involved 13 steps and proceeded with an overall yield of 3.6% (average: 77% per step). With this reference sample at hand, the hitherto elusive metabolite (-)-4, a likely biogenetic precursor of cycloaraneosene ((-)-3) and sordaricin ((-)-1), could finally be isolated in ≥ 99.5% purity from the neutral fractions of the mold Sordaria araneosa CAIN (Ascomycetes).
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  • 175
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1995), S. 13-23 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: mass transport problems ; error estimation ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: In order to make an exact estimation of discretization error for finite/infinite element methods, it is necessary to develop analytical solutions for some transient mass transport problems in infinite media. These transient mass transport problems may be viewed as the benchmark problems for the discretization error estimation of a new numerical method so that they generally have the following characteristics: (1) their initial and boundary conditions can be exactly modelled by the finite/infinite element method; (2) their solutions can be rigorously expressed in a closed form. In this paper, several of the aforementioned problems have been constructed and solved mathematically for transient mass transport problems in both 1D and 2D infinite media.
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  • 176
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1995), S. 25-32 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: Riccati equation ; transmission line modelling ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: In this communication, the application of the transmission line modelling (TLM) technique to the solution of the differential Riccati equation is described. A comparison is made between the TLM, fourth-order Runge-Kutta and the first-order Gear methods, for the case where one is applying the Kalman filter to the estimation of a voltage in a passive analogue circuit. In the particular example studied, the state equation is second-order. It is found that, when the system is underdamped, the fourth-order Runge-Kutta method has the best performance, followed by the TLM method. When the system is overdamped and stiff, the TLM method yields results that are closest to the analytical solution. Finally, a discussion is presented of the effects of errors in the TLM solution of the Riccati equation on the accuracy of the solution to the continuous Kalman filter estimation equation.
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  • 177
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1995), S. 49-58 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: gears ; fracture mechanics ; service life ; fatigue process ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The paper describes the influence of contact area on the service life of dynamically loaded gears with a crack in a tooth root. Numerical results obtained with the finite element method using the program package BERSAFE are compared with the experimental results obtained on the universal testing machine INSTRON 1255. Numerical and experimental results are in good agreement. The analysis shows that the contact area directly influences the speed and direction of the crack propagation and the service life of the gear with a crack in a tooth root.
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  • 178
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1995), S. 41-47 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: shear correction ; laminates ; cylindrical bending hypothesis ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Mindlin-type plate and shell finite elements are the most widely used ones in the analysis of laminated composite structures. In the commercially available finite element programs, the transverse shear correction factors for these elements are usually the same as for structures made of isotropic materials. In the paper the shear correction factors are determined using energy principles for general laminates in cylindrical bending. Results for various materials and laminates are presented.
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  • 179
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1995), S. 59-68 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: RLW equation ; finite elements ; splines ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A B-spline finite element method is used to solve the regularized long wave equation numerically. This approach involves a Galerkin method with quadratic B-spline finite elements so that there is continuity of the dependent variable and its first derivative throughout the solution range. Time integration of the resulting system of ordinary differential equations is effected using a Crank-Nicolson approximation. Standard problems are used to validate the algorithm, which is then used to model the smooth development of an undular bore.
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  • 180
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1995), S. 69-72 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: finite element method ; thermoplasticity ; internal dissipation ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: In the paper, a simple modification of the internal dissipation term in coupled thermoplastic finite element equations is presented. A modified form of the heat capacity and the thermomechanical coupling matrices are derived. These modifications are based on a decomposition of the internal dissipation term into two parts, which depend on the total strain rate and the rate of temperature change, respectively.
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1995), S. 91-92 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1995), S. 93-94 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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  • 183
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1995), S. 179-185 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: finite elements ; fluid flow ; open boundaries ; Sommerfield boundary conditions ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: We examine a method to impose boundary conditions on arbitrary boundaries, introduced to make domains of infinite extent finite for the purpose of numerical calculations, when a finite element discretization based on linear, bilinear or trilinear elements is used, in one, two or three dimensions, respectively. In particular, we look at the so-called ‘free’ boundary condition, which consists in retaining the boundary integrals generated by the weighted-residuals formulation along the open boundaries and adding them to the stiffness matrix. We show that this procedure is exactly equivalent to imposing on the boundary nodes a Sommerfeld radiation condition in one dimension, and a slightly modified form of the Sommerfeld boundary condition in two and three dimensions. We also show that the procedure is not applicable to the purely elliptic case.
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1995), S. 189-190 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1995), S. 187-188 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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  • 186
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1995) 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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  • 187
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1995), S. 191-198 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: triangulations ; mesh relaxation ; computational geometry ; planar mesh generation ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Recent advances in planar mesh generation of arbitrary domains incorporate methods for placing points as well as connecting them into a triangulation. Postprocessing techniques such as Laplacian smoothing and mesh relaxation enhance the shape of triangles in these meshes but do not address the construction of meshes near boundaries or provide a criterion to determine the number of interior points of the initial triangulation. The paper addresses these issues by investigating the construction of degree-6 triangulations, the primary goal of the mesh relaxation method.
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  • 188
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1995), S. 227-233 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: finite element analysis ; distributed computing ; structures ; client-server model ; remote procedure calls ; structural mechanics ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The paper presents a distributed computing approach for concurrent finite element analysis of truss structures. The client-server model of distributed computation is applied to the plane frame finite element algorithm and implemented on SUN workstations. The remote procedure call combined with the ability to create threads of computation allows one to efficiently implement distributed and concurrent programs. The present approach is demonstrated through a typical truss structure to illustrate the details of the implementation. This approach can be used for very large finite element systems.
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  • 189
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1995), S. 199-211 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: SUPG ; Petrov-Galerkin methods ; finite elements ; explicit scheme ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This work is devoted to the simulation by finite elements of nearly incompressible inviscid flows in real 3D geometries, by means of an Euler code based on the SUPG (streamline upwind Petrov-Galerkin) method, explicit forward Euler pseudo-temporal time integration and periodic and absorbing boundary conditions, among other features. The main goal is the application to flow around turbomachinery, with special emphasis on the performance analysis of a given machine, that involves several numerical computations at different operation points. Finally, these results are summarized in the form of characteristic curves.
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  • 190
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1995), S. 213-226 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: a posteriori error estimates ; asymptotic exactness ; finite elements ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A posteriori error estimation for typical Euler-Bernoulli beam bending problems is developed using a recovery operator based on a smoothing technique that is applied in the context of one-dimensional fourth-order problems. The development exploits a discrete superconvergence property of the ‘bending moments’ of the trial space interpolant of a polynomial solution of sufficiently low degree at certain Gauss points, and the superconvegence property of the energy norm difference of the trial space interpolant (of the weak solution) and the finite element approximation. An asymptotically exact error estimator is developed.
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  • 191
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1995), S. 243-254 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: fracture ; boundary elements ; superposition ; stress intensity factor ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: We discuss a two-step superposition method for calculating linear elastic stress intensity factors. The procedure requires the solution to the full cracked problem and the solution to a problem on the same mesh assuming the singularity due to a crack tip in an infinite region. We show that this is equivalent to the well known subtraction of singularity method if the two solutions are characterized by crack tip stress. The advantages of our procedure are that no modifications need to be made to a standard computer program and that once one singular solution is available on a given cracked mesh, solutions with different boundary conditions on the same mesh may be obtained in one step without including any singular crack effects. The mesh required to represent the singular crack tip field may also be studied independently of the complete problem. The additional computational cost of a two-step procedure is minimal since the solution matrix from step one may be reused with a new right-hand side. Numerical experiments using the boundary element method demonstrate the high accuracy and simplicity of the superposition approach.
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  • 192
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1995), S. 235-242 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: upwinding ; iterative methods ; convection-diffusion ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The effect of upwinding on iterative performance of convection-diffusion problems is investigated. An analysis of the iterative method considered here leads to a criterion for selecting the optimal upwinding parameter to improve iterative performance for a class of two-dimensional convection-diffusion problems. Supporting numerical experiments are presented.
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  • 193
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1995), S. 267-279 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: dynamic interaction ; rigid wheel ; flexible beam ; contact force ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A numerical method is presented for the analysis of dynamic interaction between rigid wheel and flexible beam. In contrast to traditional approaches, the wheel nominal motion as well as the contact force are considered here as unknowns. The correct contact force between the wheel and the beam is computed by iteratively reducing the constraint error towards zero, and a simple time integration is employed for the solution of equations of motion. Convergence of the iterative scheme is analysed, and numerical simulations are conducted to demonstrate the accuracy of the solution.
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  • 194
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1995), S. 255-265 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: boundary element method ; error estimation ; hp-version ; Galerkin BEM ; numerical results ; elasticity ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The paper investigates the convergence of the h-, p- and hp-versions of a variational symmetric boundary element method (BEM) in plane elasticity by numerical experiments. The study discusses mixed boundary value problems on polygonal domains, i.e. problems for which the exact solution is analytic except in a finite number of points. The convergence of the error in energy norm is displayed for all versions of the BEM. All results are also compared with those obtained by the corresponding finite element methods. The theoretically predicted asymptotic convergence rates for all versions of the method can be observed in the numerical experiments. A comparison of computer times is given as well.
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1995), S. 281-282 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1995), S. 283-284 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 197
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1995), S. 285-286 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
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  • 198
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1995) 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
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  • 199
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1995), S. 287-296 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: eigenvalues ; integral transforms ; analytical methods ; convection ; Sturm-Liouville system ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The integral transform method is employed in the analytical solution of the non-classical eigenvalue problem that appears in connection with the analysis of forced convection in ducts, including the effect of fluid heat diffusion in the axial direction. The related eigenfunctions are expanded in terms of eigenfunctions from a simpler auxiliary eigenvalue problem, and the original eigenvalues are determined from the associated matrix eigensystem analysis. Convergence rates of the proposed solutions are illustrated and reference results established for different values of the governing parameters.
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 200
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1995), S. 355-362 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: permanent heavy waves ; circular shaped channels ; conformal mapping ; Fatou's method ; Levi-Civita's decomposition ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Because of the earth's curvature, all existing channels have a curvature. E. Zeidler gave an existence and uniqueness proof for permanent heavy and capillar-heavy waves in such circular shaped channels. Based on this proof and on a general computational method for constructing the solutions numerically, the case of permanent heavy waves in circular-shaped channels is considered in this work.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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