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  • 2010-2014
  • 1965-1969  (59)
  • 1960-1964  (46)
  • 1915-1919
  • 1890-1899
  • 1965  (59)
  • 1962  (46)
  • 1899
  • 1891
  • Biochemistry and Biotechnology  (105)
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Years
  • 2010-2014
  • 1965-1969  (59)
  • 1960-1964  (46)
  • 1915-1919
  • 1890-1899
Year
Keywords
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sterile techniques (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 7 (1965), S. 6-8 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260070103
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Agitation and mass transfer (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 7 (1965), S. 10-13 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260070105
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Antimicrobial agents as liquid chemosterilizers (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 7 (1965), S. 435-443 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Many antimicrobial agents are available for commercial use, but only a few are truly sporicidal and can be used as chemosterilizers. The action of ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, and β-propiolactone is well documented. Strong acids, e.g., hydrochloric acid, or alkalis may be used as chemosterilizers but their use is extremely limited. The synthetic phenolics accompanied by boiling were recommended, but heat cannot always be employed. Chlorine and iodine have been used in higher concentrations. The use of 8% formaldehyde or 20% formalin was suggested by Spaulding.17 Other aldehydes possess antimicrobial potency. According to work performed in our laboratories, the sporicidal activity of certain alcoholic, saturated dialdehyde solutions equalled or surpassed that of formaldehyde. These included glyoxal, succinaldehyde, and glutaraldehyde. Aqueous alkaline glutaraldehyde solutions killed the most resistant bacterial spores, e.g., B. subtilis and Cl. tetani, within a few hours (Borick1,2). Glutaraldehyde, a 5-carbon dialdehyde, was shown to be a chemosterilizer when tested by various methods, destroying bacteria, including M. tuberculosis, fungi, and viruses. Acid glutaraldehyde solutions stored at room temperature are highly stable, whereas alkaline solutions show a significant change in pH and a diminution of glutaraldehyde concentration on alkalinization. For this reason, fresh (not over 2 weeks old) alkaline glutaraldehyde solutions can be used as chemosterilizers.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260070310
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Microorganisms (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 7 (1965), S. 3-6 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260070102
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Enzymes (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 7 (1965), S. 54-58 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260070111
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Methods for the production of mutants suitable as amino acid fermentation organisms (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 7 (1965), S. 245-268 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In order to find effective methods to isolate microorganisms that excrete large amounts of amino acids, a number of mutants of Escherichia coli ATCC 4157 were prepared and characterized. The majority were isolated for resistance to amino acid analogs. The penicillin method was also employed to select potential producer strains devoid of a biosynthetic enzyme in one case and a catabolic enzyme (tryptophanase) in another. Both of these enzymes were suspected of reducing the yield of an excerted amino acid. The identification of amino acid excreting colonies was aided by the use of pigmented auxotrophic test bacteria.Amino acid analog resistance was frequently found to increase amino acid production. In particular, excretion of valine and glutamic acid could be achieved with comparative ease. Conditions of culture were of extreme importance for the amount and kind of amino acid produced. Under certain conditions a norvaline-resistant strain and even better a leucine-requiring derivative of it excreted more than 2 mg./ml. of valine into the culture medium. The acetolactate-forming enzyme of this strain was not repressible by leucine in contrast to the same enzyme in the wild type. Reversal of the growth inhibitory effects of amino acid analogs by amino acids was studied on agar plates. This method gave too complex results to be a simple guide in the selection of analogs suitable for the isolation of a particular type of production mutant.
    Additional Material: 8 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260070205
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sterilization of microbiological media with β-propiolactone (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 7 (1965), S. 129-132 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A procedure for sterilization of microbiological media with β-propiolactone has been developed. Special attention was paid to the maintenance of mild conditions to enable the treatment of media sensitive to high temperature or low pH. The maximum temperature allowed was 40°C. and automatic neutralization of acid produced during hydrolysis was effected by the use of titration unit. The apparatus could be used for several successive sterilization cycles without disconnection.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260070122
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 7 (1965) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260070301
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Process equipment (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 7 (1965), S. 8-10 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260070104
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Kinetics and continuous culture (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 7 (1965), S. 13-16 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260070106
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amino acids (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 7 (1965), S. 21-29 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260070108
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Extraction and separation of nucleotides from Escherichia coli (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 7 (1965), S. 335-342 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A laboratory process for the isolation of acid soluble nucleotides from bacteria has been scaled-up. Escherichia coli was grown in 220-l. batches, harvested by centrifugation, and extracted with cold trichloracetic acid. The nucleotides in the extract were separated by adsorption onto a Dowex-1 ion exchange resin column followed by elution with dilute hydrochloric acid and lithium chloride. After concentration of the effluent, the lithium chloride was removed by extraction with organic solvents. The overall yield of nucleotides was 75-80%. This elution system has also been used for the separation of nucleotides from bakers' yeast extracts.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260070303
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Studies on the plateau in oxygen uptake during exertion of biochemical oxygen demand by pure cultures of bacteria (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 7 (1965), S. 387-404 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Evidence for generation of the plateau in oxygen uptake during exertion of carbonaceous BOD by pure cultures was sought by making long term Warburg studies using glucose and phthalic acid as substrates. One organism, tentatively identified as Escherichia intermedia, of the 57 tested, exhibited a plateau. Detailed studies on this organism indicated that generation of the plateau depended upon the type of substrate and to some extent upon the initial cell concentration employed, but not upon substrate concentration. Oxygen utilization during the second stage was accompanied by metabolism of secondary extracellular carbon source(s) produced by the cells during metabolism of the original extracellular carbon source (glucose) in the first phase of O2 uptake. The secondary substrate was registered as volatile acids. Selective inhibition of protein synthesis at various times during oxygen uptake led to the conclusion that the plateau occurred because of the need for an induction period before the secondary substrate could be metabolized. Using this organism, it was also found that a plateau could be generated during endogenous respiration. This secondary O2 utilization was accompained by uptake of organic materials excreted into the medium by the cells during metabolism of endogenous carbon sources.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260070307
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A practical method for partial purification of the organism of psittacosis grown in chicken embryo yolk sacIn conducting the research reported herein the investigators adhered to Principles of Laboratory Animal Care, as established by the National Society for Medical Research. (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 7 (1965), S. 447-454 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A procedure described for the partial purification of suspensions of the organisms of psittacosis utilizes tryptic digestion, calcium chloridedextran sulfate precipitation, and centrifugation through a sucrose barrier. More than 40% of the organisms in the original suspension are recovered in 80% of the original volume, with approximately 95% of the lipids and 85% of the proteins removed. This method is suggested as a preliminary purification procedure in laboratories desiring relatively large amounts of purified agent for studies on metabolism, physical properties, or antigenicity of the organism. Significant aspects of the investigations leading to the selection of the procedures are included.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260070402
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Studies on the response of activated sludge to shock-loadingsPaper presented at the 12th Ontario Industrial Waste Conference, Muskoka, Ontario, June 14-16, 1965. (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 7 (1965), S. 455-470 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The response of heterogeneous populations to shockloading was studied under a variety of operational conditions using synthetic wastes consisting of glycerol, glucose, and a mixture of glucose and glycerol. In all experiments, the cells were acclimated to glycerol. The addition of glucose as a shockloading at various times during the aeration period caused an immediate cessation of glycerol metabolism, and glycerol was not again actively metabolized until all glucose had been assimilated. Experiments conducted at various initial sludge concentrations showed that this effect was not dependent upon biological solids level. Glycerol metabolism was also blocked when glucose was applied as a shockloading to a system operating under severe nitrogen deficiency, further reenforcing the conclusion that there is a blockage mechanism for catabolic pathways which operates to suppress enzyme function rather than enzyme synthesis. It was also found that considerable amounts of metabolic intermediates or end products were released during glucose metabolism regardless of the presence or absence of glycerol. In systems containing a source of nitrogen, these products were metabolized after dissimilation of glucose. In resting cell suspensions, the metabolic intermediates were not subsequently removed, indicating that their metabolism depended upon the synthesis of new enzymes. Using old cell sludge, concurrent rather than sequential removal of glycerol and glucose was observed. The results using two component (C6—C3) carbon sources were in general the same as for C6—C6 synthetic wastes. The results provide further evidence for the generality of sequential substrate removal, and suggest that the metabolite suppressing catabolism of glycerol lies below the triose level.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260070403
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Controlled pH and oxidation-Reduction potential with a new glass tissue-culture fermentor (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 7 (1965), S. 529-553 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A 1-l. fermentor was designed and tested for use as a tissue-culture vessel. It features a temperature control device, impeller agitation without the necessity of a shaft seal, and a means of measuring, recording, and controlling both pH and oxidation-reduction potential (ORP). Tests have shown the ORP to change fairly rapidly with impeller speed variations under conditions of a continuous carbon dioxide-air overlay. Working with strain L mouse fibroblasts (Earle), cell counts of more than 1.25 ×106 ml., without centrifugation and medium renewal, were achieved, and cell counts were maintained above 1 ×106 for more than 30 hr. With the vessel studied, pH control was ±0.05, the ORP control was ±10 mV. Controlled environments for tissue-cell metabolic studies are entirely feasible with this system.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260070408
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Studies on automatically aerated biosynthetic processes. I. The effect of agitation and CO2 on penicillin formation in automatically aerated liquid cultures (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 7 (1965), S. 343-354 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The oxygen demand of Penicillium chrysogenum culture was supplied by an automatic aeration control system on the basis of the actual respiration of the cells. The simultaneous use of the automatic aeration apparatus and a turbomixer of great shear stress revealed that some effects of agitation are independent of aeration. These effects of agitation are manifested in two ways: (1) in the increased break down of the cell clumps, thus assuring large free cell surfaces for contact with the substrates; and (2) in the increased mixing effect, which assures a continuous mass transfer towardes the free cell surfaces. These effects of the agitation can improve the yield when the O2 level is maintained near to the saturation value. By means of an automatic aeration control system, the influence of carbon dioxide on the metabolism of hyphae and the production of penicillin was found to be demonstrably inhibitory when the dissolved oxygen was above the critical concentration in the culture liquid. This result is supporting evidence for the assumption that aeration is necessary to biosynthetic processes in two equally important ways: (1) to maintain the oxygen level above the critical value; and (2) to assure ventilation, by which the carbon dioxide level may be kept below its inhibitory critical value.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260070304
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gibberellic acid formation in continuous culture (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 7 (1965), S. 405-415 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The formation of gibberellic acid in single-stage continuous cultures was studied. Stirred fermenters of 3 and 20-l. working volumes were used. Maximum output of gibberellic acid was obtained at a holding time of 200 hr. The rate of formation, calculated on the basis of mycelial nitrogen, was comparable with the highest values reported for batch cultures.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260070308
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A vibrating mixer for agitation of suspension cultures of mammalian cellsSupported in part by Public Health Service Research Grants Nos. CA-08204-01 and SOL-FR-05250-1 from the National Cancer Institute. (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 7 (1965), S. 507-515 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A new type of mixer that utilizes the Bernoulli effect has been found highly useful for providing gentle agitation in suspension cultures of fragile mammalian cells in culture volumes up to 6 l.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260070406
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Submerged production of arginine decarboxy-oxidase in 20-liter and 200-liter fermentors (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 7 (1965), S. 327-334 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A process has been developed whereby arginine decarboxy-oxidase (ADO) can be produced by growing Streptomyces griseus in submerged form in 20-l. and 200-l. tank fermentors. A medium containing salts, corn steep, glucose, or starch is used. With addition of 0.02% arginine and with limited aeration, a high yield has been obtained.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260070302
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Toxin production by Clostridium tetani in biphasic liquid culturesIn conducting the research reported herein, the investigators adhered to Principles of Laboratory Animal Care, as established by the National Society for Medical Research. (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 7 (1965), S. 355-366 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An exploratory study is described on the use of a biphasic culture technique for production of toxin by C. tetani. The biphasic system used was a combination of dextran and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) in the presence of a protein-free medium. The system supported good growth and gave a favorable phase ratio (top/bottom) of 15:1. The majority of the bacterial cells were in the bottom dextran phase, while the greater part of the toxin was in the upper PEG-medium phase. Toxin yields from a typical experiment were 109 mouse IP MLD/ml. of upper phase filtrate. The biphasic culture system was also adaptable to continuous culture, with approximately similar toxin levels found in the upper phase. The appearance of the clostridial cells in older cultures suggested the possibility of protoplast formation, perhaps stabilized by the polymers present. In vitro toxin titration (Lf) was inhibited by the presence of the polymers. Bacillus anthracis also grew well in the biphasic system and elaborated protective antigen, primarily into the upper phase.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260070305
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 7 (1965) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260070401
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electrochemical observations in microbiological processes. Growth of Thiobacillus thiooxidans. I (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 7 (1965), S. 471-490 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The growth of Thiobacillus Thiooxidans, utilizing sulfur in three media, was studied by observing changes in halfcell emf, bacterial cell count, and acid production, all as a function of time. A comparison of the biological halfcell emf with comparable control halfcells reveals that T. thiooxidans makes an electrochemical contribution to halfcell voltage. A change from the more complex medium of Skerman's mineral salts to ATCC allowed a clearer delineation of the ability of T. thiooxidans to make an electrochemical contribution. Reproducible biological halfcell emf's were obtained when the ferrous sulfate was removed from the ATCC medium. One halfcell, consisting of T. thiooxidans utilizing sulfur in ATCC, was observed over a 111-day period. During this time, the initial halfcell voltage of -0.35 V. decreased to a value of -0.64 V. (hydrogen emf series). T. thiooxidans, in utilizing sulfur, produces only sulfate ion, thereby simplifying the identification of an electrochemical contribution during growth.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260070404
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electrochemical observations in microbiological processes. Growth of Thiobacillus Thiooxidans. II (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 7 (1965), S. 491-506 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The electrochemical activity of the individual chemicals in the nutrient medium for growth of Thiobacillus thiooxidans was studied along with the effect of the gases in equilibrium with their solutions. Several chemicals were active individually; however, the magnitudes, as measured by changes in half-cell potential, were less than that observed when T. thiooxidans was present in their composite mixture. Sterilized Skerman's mineral salts and the American Type Culture Collection (without ferrous sulfate) media were not sensitive electrochemically to changes from pure oxygen to nitrogen atmospheres. When T. thiooxidans was present in these media, the biological half-cell emf became sensitive to changes in the oxygen content of the atmosphere in equilibrium with the organism and nutrient. The ability of T. thiooxidans to make an electrochemical contribution, as registered by a platinum electrode, is substantiated further by these investigations.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260070405
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polymers and lipids (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 7 (1965), S. 72-74 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260070116
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Solvents (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 7 (1965), S. 74-75 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260070117
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    Organic acids (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 7 (1965), S. 70-72 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260070115
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  • 28
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    Antibiotics (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 7 (1965), S. 29-51 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260070109
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  • 29
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    Miscellaneous products (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 7 (1965), S. 60-65 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260070113
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  • 30
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    Isolation of bacterial polysaccharide B-1459 through calcium hydroxide complex formation (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 7 (1965), S. 171-175 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A method is described for the isolation of bacterial polysaccharide B-1459 from aqueous dispersion as a calcium hydroxide complex. The polysaccharide is liberated in fibrous form from the complex by means of hydrochloric acid in methanol solution. Overall recovery of the polysaccharide from aqueous dispersion is 85%. Direct conversion of the insoluble calcium hydroxide complex to aqueous polysaccharide solution appears to be a low-cost procedure for preparing viscous solutions for industrial use.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260070126
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  • 31
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    Stripping in sparged fermentation systems. II. The effect of operating temperature and gas phase pre-humidification in an ethanol-water system (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 7 (1965), S. 215-227 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The effect of operating temperature upon relative stripping of a two component (ethanol-water) mixture by dry air, with the aid of a previously derived equation,1 is considered. The variations encountered in the relative humidity of air sparged to fermentors are discussed. A general equation is developed for the stripping of a more volatile component from a solution in water by wet air. The theoretical results derived from this equation are tested experimentally at one particular level of prehumidity of the air sparged to an ethanol-water system.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260070203
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  • 32
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    Starter populations as determined under steady state conditionsContribution No. 1561 from the WHOI. Supported in part by Grant No. 861 of the National Science Foundation. (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 7 (1965), S. 279-283 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Continuous cultures of some heterotrophic Spirilli (Sp. serpens, Sp. curvatum, Sp. sp.) exhibit threshold concentrations of lactate, the growth limiting carbon and energy source, around 15 mg./l. This value corresponds to a threshold population density of 0.92 mg. dry weight/l. at a dilution rate of D = 0.185 hr.-1 (= 0.5 maximum growth rate). The minimum population density, which is regarded as equivalent to the starter population in batch culture, was dependent on the growth rate and the redox potential. The existence of minimum populations and the pronounced effect of population density on growth at low nutrient levels seem to be widespread phenomena closely related to growth under suboptimal conditions.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260070207
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  • 33
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    Relative motion of cells and medium (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 7 (1965), S. 322-325 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260070212
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  • 34
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    Production of cell tissue from hydrocarbons by a microbiological process (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 7 (1965), S. 309-319 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Pseudomonas aeruginosa NCTC 5940 was grown in an aerated mineral salts medium with pure octadecane as sole carbon source, both in batch and continuous culture experiments. Carbon and nitrogen balances were made under different conditions. It was found that the only significant products were fresh cell tissue and carbon dioxide, although traces of several fatty acids were detected.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260070210
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  • 35
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    The use of frozen inoculum in the transformation of hydrocarbons by microorganisms (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 7 (1965), S. 321-322 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260070211
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  • 36
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    Masthead (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 7 (1965) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260070101
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  • 37
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    Product isolation (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 7 (1965), S. 16-19 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260070107
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  • 38
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    Cell and tissue propagation (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 7 (1965), S. 51-54 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260070110
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  • 39
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    Nucleosides and nucleotides (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 7 (1965), S. 65-69 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260070114
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  • 40
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    Production of industrial-grade polysaccharide B-1459Presented at the 145th National Meeting of the American Chemical Society, New York, N. Y., September 8-13, 1963. (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 7 (1965), S. 161-169 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A method to make purified polysaccharide synthesized exocellularly from cereal carbohydrates by the bacterium Xanthomonas campestris NRRL B-1459 and a characterization of its properties have been reported previously by this Laboratory. Because of increasing commercial interest in a less purified polymer, we have extended our work to include production of a lower cost industrial-grade product. Fermentation of media containing 2.25% corn sugar, seeded with 5% inoculum of X. campestris NRRL B-1459 and cultured aerobically at 82°F., is complete in 96 hr. The viscous fermented broth contains about 1.5% polymer. A tan product containing approximately 60% polymer and having good viscosity characteristics is obtained by drum drying the fermented broth at steam pressures below 40 p.s.i.g, 287°F. Drying at higher temperatures adversely affects viscosity. A good product is also obtained by spray drying. Cost estimates indicate that 5 million lb./yr. of dried crude solids could be produced for 37 cents/lb. by drum drying or for 41 cents a pound by spray drying.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260070125
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  • 41
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    Stripping in sparged fermentation systems. I. Two component model systems (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 7 (1965), S. 199-214 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A theoretical approach to the prediction of stripping or accumulation of minor components in solution with water by a sparged stream of dry air bubbles is developed and tested experimentally for two model systems, containing 1 mole-% respectively, of ethanol, to represent situations where the minor component is more volatile than water, and of acetic acid, to represent the reverse. Close agreement between theory and practice is achieved in the former case, where an overall reduction in the liquid phase concentration of the minor component occurs, while in the latter, where overall accumulation occurs, there is some discrepancy. Considerations for an extension of the study are included.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260070202
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  • 42
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    Effect of potassium ferrocyanide on the chemical composition of molasses mash used in the citric acid fermentationIssued as N.R.C. No. 8405. (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 7 (1965), S. 269-278 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The addition of potassium ferrocyanide to the molasses substrate (mash) used in the citric acid fermentation had little or no effect on the total carbon, nitrogen, or phosphorus content of the substrate but reduced the ash content by 1-4% depending on the type and crop year of molasses. Eighteen of the 21 metals identified in beet molasses by spectrographic analysis were precipitated in part by the treatment. The metals known to interfere with citric acid production, particularly manganese and iron, were those most efficiently precipitated. At mash temperatures of 80°C. and approximately 100°C., precipitation was completed within 15 min. after ferrocyanide addition and the reductions in the soluble mineral content in each case were similar. At 25°C. the precipitation reactions occurred but required more than 50 hr. to complete. Significantly more total mineral and more iron, calcium, and copper were precipitated at pHs 4 and 6 than at pH 8; manganese precipitation, however, was not affected by these pH changes.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260070206
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  • 43
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    Die kontinuierliche Züchtung von Mikroorganismen als apparatives problem (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 7 (1965), S. 101-128 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Bei der kontinuierlichen Züchtung von Mikroorganismen ist die zuverlässige Aufrechterhaltung des stationären Zustandes die Grundbedingung für die erfolgreiche Untersuchung der biologischen Probleme. Auftretende Instabilitäten können apparativen oder biologischen Ursprunges sein; eine einwanddfrei funktionierende Ausrüstung ist daher bei der Einführung der Kontinuität primäres Erfordernis. Es wird auf die wichtigsten Ursachen, welche zu Instabilitäten führen können, eingegangen und eine Laborapparatur beschrieben, welche eine Basisausrüstung umfasst, die speziell für hohe Betriebssicherheit und Einfachheit der Bedienung ausgelegt wurde. Besondere Aufmerksamkeit wurde der Konstanz des Zuflusses f des Mediums, und des arbeitenden Volumens v, sowie der sicheren Ausschaltung von Infektionen durch Verwendung sterilisierbarer pH-Elektroden und eines Membranverschlusses geschenkt.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260070121
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  • 44
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    Oxidation-reduction potential and pH patterns obtained in growth of earle's strain L cells in instrumented roux bottles (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 7 (1965), S. 555-558 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260070409
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  • 45
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    Hydrocarbons (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 7 (1965), S. 59-60 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260070112
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  • 46
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    Resistance of microorganisms to hydrostatic pressure (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 7 (1965), S. 139-159 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A small fraction, about 0.05%, of the microorganisms in milk are resistant to pressure to at least 150,000 p.s.i. The pressure-resistant microorganisms were shown to be mainly bacterial spores. Some of the pressure-resistant organisms were identified. The lethal effect of pressure is more pronounced in the solid phase than in the liquid phase of water. B. subtilis was found to be capable of surviving solid-phase transitions from Ice II, III, and V to Ice I. The lethal effect of high pressure in the liquid phase of water was found not to be counteracted by an increase in temperature. The pressure resistance of B. subtilis was found to be maximum around neutral or slightly basic pH. The damaging effect of low and high pH are counteracted by sodium chloride and glucose. It is suggested that the primary mechanism of protein denaturation by pressures above 30,000 p.s.i. is ionization and formation of ionic bonds between charged groups on proteins, altering their solubility.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260070124
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  • 47
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    Steam corrosion and steam corrosion inhibition in autoclave sterilization of dental and surgical steel materials (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 7 (1965), S. 177-198 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Steam corrosion and steam corrosion inhibition of dental and surgical instrument materials during autoclave sterilization have been investigated. The corrosion tests were performed on carbon steel test samples and on round dental burrs. Cyclohexylamine or decylamine were used as corrosion inhibitors, added to the “feed water,” i.e., deionized water, to a concentration of 0.1%. Before the corrosion experiment the surfaces of the test materials were standardized and calibrated by means of ultrasonic treatment. After the experiment the corrosion products were removed from the test samples or burrs using the same ultrasonic cleaning. Deionized water was used as cleaning liquid, and was then analyzed for the amount of Fe dissolved. The amount of corrosion was expressed as μg. Fe/cm.2 sample surface area or μg. Fe/burr. The results show that considerable corrosion occurs when carbon steels are exposed to steam during autoclaving, but if cyclohexylamine or decylamine is added to the steam under the otherwise unchanged experimental conditions the total corrosion was reduced by 96-99%. No cytotoxic effect on HeLa cells could be detected with surface products possibly containing traces of amine and/or amine salts - nor with corrosion products alone - when these products were removed from the test materials by means of ultrasonic cleaning.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260070127
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  • 48
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    Production of Bacillus cereus exopenicillinase on a pilot-plant scale (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 7 (1965), S. 517-528 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A substrain of Bacillus cereus 569/H produced above 10,000 units of penicillinase/ ml. when grown in a pilot-plant fermentor using a medium containing Casamino acids techn. (Difco) or N-Z-Amine type B (Sheffield), and salts. Simplified purification and concentration procedures give an overall yield of 50-65% enzyme. The freeze-dried enzyme preparation had a good storage stability in vacuumsealed ampules kept at 4, 30, and 37°C. In vials containing air in the head space, partial inactivation occurred in two months at 30 and 37°C. The freezedried preparation showed satisfactory performance in the production of yoghurt fermented milk.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260070407
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    Steroids and related compounds (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 7 (1965), S. 76-85 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260070118
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  • 50
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    Vitamins (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 7 (1965), S. 85-90 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260070119
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    An automatic aeration control system for biosynthetic processes (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 7 (1965), S. 91-100 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An automatic aeration controller was constructed to assure the optimal amount of oxygen for aerobic biosynthetic processes. A platinum electrode and a KCl bridge for the calomel electrode were inserted hermetically into the fermentor and were sterilized with the culture medium. The electrode potential developed at the surface of the Pt electrode continuously indicated the actual oxygen concentration of the medium. This served as the controlled variable of the system. The concentration of dissolved oxygen resulted from the actual demand and supply of the microorganism. The electrode potential, which was the measured variable of the process, operated a closed-loop automatic aeration system. The controller activated an air inlet valve in order to balance the controlled variable. The automatic controller operated in fermentors of industrial scale for long periods in a satisfactory manner.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260070120
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    Preparation of amphotericin B-14C (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 7 (1965), S. 133-137 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In a study of fermentation methods of producing amphotericin B-14C, a variety of C-14 labeled precursors were added to cultures of the amphotericin-B producing streptomycete growing in a glucose-cottonseed meal medium. Acetate-14C and propionate-14C were efficiently incorporated into the amphotericin-B while formate-14C, glucose-U-14C and methionine-14CH3 were not.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260070123
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    Masthead (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 7 (1965) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260070201
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  • 54
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    Kinetic studies of gluconic acid fermentations (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 7 (1965), S. 229-243 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The kinetics of the gluconic acid fermentation have been studied at pH 5.8 Pseudomonas ovalis B-1486 was used as the fermenting organism. D-Gluconolactone was found as an intermediate in the fermentation and accumulated at times in large amounts. When this occurred, hydrolysis of the lactone was found to be the rate limiting reaction. This can be, under certain conditions, a poor fermentation in which to study oxygen transfer limiting conditions. Further, it is impossible to relate batch and continuous kinetic data for this fermentation unless the lactone hydrolysis reaction is taken into account.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260070204
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  • 55
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    Oil cake meal for preparation of protein hydrolysate (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 7 (1965), S. 285-293 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: With a view to preparing substitutes for liver or other animal protein hydrolysates used in the treatment of protein malnutrition, a process has been developed based on sesame and mustard cakes as the starting materials. The laboratory process has been successfully scaled up to pilot plant production to compute tentative costing schedule. Essentially the process consists in defatting the cake, isolating the protein by peptization and isoelectric precipitation, enzymatically digesting the protein isolate by papain, and concentrating the digest under reduced pressure. The final product is a light brown fluffy powder, rich in almost all the essential amino acids. Growth experiments with rats have indicated that the product is comparable to commercial casein although supplementation with lysine could further enhance its biological value.
    Additional Material: 8 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260070208
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    The motion of algae in turbulent flow (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 7 (1965), S. 295-308 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Large cultures of microscopic, unicellular algae have been proposed as a means of maintaining a life-supporting atmosphere in a closed, manned system. To achieve vigorous growth of the algal culture it is necessary to subject individual algae alternately to short periods of high intensity light and darkness. One of the means suggested for obtaining a favorable light-dark sequence for photosynthesis is to cause turbulence in a closed channel on which light is incident. Since light is rapidly attenuated in a dense suspension, there will be illuminated regions adjacent to the channel walls and a dark central core. The random motions of turbulence normal to the direction of flow would move the algae alternately from the illuminated regions to the dark region and back again. This paper indicates a method for analyzing the motion of algae into and out of the illuminated region of a channel formed by flat, parallel, transparent plates, with light incident on the plates. Matching of a probability model with a diffusion model makes it possible to estimate the light-dark sequence which could be achieved by turbulence. The results indicate that favorable sequences by this mechanism are unlikely.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260070209
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  • 57
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    An 8-liter continuous flow culture apparatus for laboratory production of microorganisms (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 7 (1965), S. 367-386 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The construction of a “Porton type” chemostat of 8-l. working volume, based on the New Brunswick Scientific Co., Inc., Model F-14 Fermentor, is detailed. Instrumentation for temperature, pH, and foam control, and for medium supply are described and operational problems discussed.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260070306
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  • 58
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    Aerobic hydrocarbon fermentation - a thermodynamic evaluation (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 7 (1965), S. 445-446 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260070311
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  • 59
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    Submerged culture of hamster kidney cells in a stainless steel vessel (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 7 (1965), S. 417-434 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper describes the design and operation of an industrial type culture system for the submerged growth of BHK 21 cells at a volume of 30 l. Using a modified Eagle's medium and with the culture controlled at pH 7.4 ± 0.05 and at a temperature of 35 ± 0.25°C., the cells grew from 0.5 × 106 to about 2.5 × 106 viable cells/ml. in 50 hr. at stirrer speeds of 330 and 460 rpm. The significance of certain aspects of design and operation of a culture system of this type is discussed.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260070309
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  • 60
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    Masthead (1962)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 4 (1962) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260040101
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  • 61
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    Land disposal of pharmaceutical manufacturing wastes (1962)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 4 (1962), S. 153-160 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260040206
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  • 62
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    Complete biological treatment of antibiotic production wastes (1962)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 4 (1962), S. 161-170 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260040207
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  • 63
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    Flotation of Escherichia coli with sodium chloride Presented in part at the 130th National Meeting of the American Chemical Society, New York City, September 1960. This report is based on work supported by the U.S. Army Biological Laboratories, Fort Detrick, Maryland (1962)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 4 (1962), S. 211-222 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260040211
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    Aeration in tower-type fermentors: Effect of tower diameter and number of aeration disksContribution No. 6866, from the Division of Applied Biology, National Research Council, Ottawa, Canada (1962)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 4 (1962), S. 241-245 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The rate of oxygen absorption by aqueous sodium sulphite solutions in tower-type fermentors up to 6 in. in diameter was related both to tower diameter and to the number of sintered Pyrex disks used for dispersing air entering the towers. Maximal rates of absorption were obtained in towers 2.5 in. in diameter. Under comparable conditions, rates of oxygen transfer in towers containing one aeration disk were approximately 30% higher than those in similar towers containing two or more disks. In towers greater than 6 in. in diameter, the absorption rate was independent of vessel diameter and number of aeration disks when more than one disk was used. Bubble coalescence was the main cause of the difference in the rate of oxygen absorption.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260040214
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  • 65
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    “Sleeve” stirrer for submerged cultures (1962)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 4 (1962), S. 299-301 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An aseptic agitation system for submerged culture has been devised. It consists of a stirring rod which is isolated from the interior of the culture vessel by a sleeve of flexible plastic tubing.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260040305
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  • 66
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    Pharmaceutical waste treatment by the trickling filter, activated sludge, and compost processes (1962)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 4 (1962), S. 197-209 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260040210
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  • 67
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    Some effects of turbine size on novobiocin fermentations (1962)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 4 (1962), S. 231-240 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Studies were made of oxygen transfer and power in 20-1. novobiocin fermentations with five sizes (23-60% of the tank diameter) of geometrically similar flatblade turbine impellers. The influence of changes in apparent viscosity on oxygen transfer and power was found to be related to impeller diameter. At constant agitator speed the oxygen availability rate (OAR) decreased with increase in apparent viscosity, but the magnitude of the reduction was less with a small impeller than with a large one. At constant power input the small-diameter impeller (23% of tank diameter) gave an OAR about 8 times that of the large one (60% of tank diameter) when tested in viscous beer, whereas with sulfite or yeast all impeller diameters gave the same OAR. Impeller tip velocity correlated with OAR independently of diameter for the five turbine sizes examined. The power required for optimal novobiocin yields increased with increase in turbine diameter, but the yields were independent of diameter at equal OAR.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260040213
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  • 68
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    Masthead (1962)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 4 (1962) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260040301
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    The use of paper electrophoresis in studying the metabolism of pseudomonas species. I. ApparatusThis investigation represents a portion of a dissertation submitted by one of the authors (W. F. D.) in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Ph.D. degree at the University of Kentucky (1962)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 4 (1962), S. 255-270 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The sandwich paper electrophoresis technique, such as that of Foster (1952b), was modified to permit routine examination of as many as 15 samples of materials such as bacterial cultures, simultaneously, and with greater rapidity than with paper chromatography techniques. By the use of borate buffer at pH 9.6 with aniline hydrogen oxalate for development, materials such as glucose, fructose, 2-ketogluconic acid, and 5-ketogluconic acid could be separated in three hours.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260040302
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  • 70
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    Production of eburicoic acid by submerged cultures of Polyporus sulfureus (1962)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 4 (1962), S. 303-309 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A process has been developed whereby eburicoic acid, a triterpenoid acid, can be produced by growing Polyporus sulfureus in submerged form in either shake flasks or tank fermentors equipped with aeration and agitation systems.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260040306
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  • 71
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    Continuous chemical sterilization of microbiological media with β-propiolactone (1962)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 4 (1962), S. 331-340 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A laboratory bench set-up for the continuous chemical sterilization of microbiological media using β-propiolactone was developed. The apparatus permits the sterilization of up to 4 liters/hr. of liquid media. The parameters of hydrolyzing time and temperature necessary to reduce the β-propiolactone to nontoxic levels were determined using a E. coli-nutrient broth system. The sterilization technique was applied successfully to a variety of media, and its potential usefulness on an industrial scale is discussed.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260040309
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  • 72
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    Flotation of Escherichia coli with some inorganic saltsPresented in part at the 130th National Meeting of the American Chemical Society, New York City, September 1960. This report is based on work supported by the U. S. Army Biological Laboratories, Fort Detrick, Maryland (1962)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 4 (1962), S. 223-230 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260040212
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  • 73
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    A modified adsorption method for determining percentage of dead yeast cells (1962)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 4 (1962), S. 247-254 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The adsorption of methylene blue from different aqueous solutions by dead yeast cells follows Freundlich's law when the percentage of dead cells varies from 0 to 100. When the Fink and Kühles methylene blue was used, there was observed a linear relation between the percentage of dead cells and the dye concentration at the equilibrium. The experimental errors were measured. A simpler and more precise colorimetric method for determining the percentage of dead yeast cells is deseribed.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260040215
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  • 74
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    Fermentation of long-chain compounds by Torulopsis magnoliae. II. Factors influencing production of hydroxy fatty acid glycosidesPresented in part at the 140th Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Chicago, Illinois, September 3-8, 1961. Issued as N.R.C. No. 6929 (1962)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 4 (1962), S. 271-279 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A strain of Torulopsis magnoliae, an osmophilic yeast isolated from flowers, produced an extracellular hydroxy fatty acid glycoside of sophorose which was easily recoverable as a heavier-than-water “oil”. The yield of this product was greatly increased and the nature of the hydroxy fatty acid portion of the molecule was modified, within limits, by the addition of fatty acid esters, hydrocarbons, or glycerides. Yields of hydroxy fatty acids of up to 90% of the substrate added were achieved. Commercially available substrates such as tall oil fatty acids, molasses, and corn steep liquor could be used. Good aeration was necessary, and control of the concentration of nitrogenous substrates and of temperature improved the yields.
    Additional Material: 7 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260040303
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  • 75
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    Volume increase of kernels of corn and sorghum accompanying absorption of liquid water (1962)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 4 (1962), S. 311-322 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The linearity between weight and volume increases, which takes place when kernels of corn and sorghum are immersed in water, was established experimentally. The rate of volume increase was correlated according to an equation analogous to the diffusion equation. The coefficients of volume increase obeyed the Arrehenius equation. The results would be of practical value in designing steeping vessels, as well as of theoretical interest in elucidating the mechanism of water diffusion in cereal grains.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260040307
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    Masthead (1962)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 4 (1962) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260040401
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  • 77
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    Mean light intensity - a useful concept in correlating growth rates of dense cultures of microalgae (1962)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 4 (1962), S. 377-390 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An analysis of the distribution of light within some culture vessels developed at General Dynamics/Electric Boat is presented. The concept of a mean effective light intensity, Ē, is introduced and procedures are developed for computing Ē for any culture vessel geometry and incident light intensity distribution. A correlation is performed indicating the significance of Ēin assessing the growth rate of dense, continuous cultures of microalagae.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260040404
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  • 78
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    Mass cultivation of algae in pure heavy waterBased on work performed under the auspices of the U. S. Atomic Energy Commission (1962)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 4 (1962), S. 281-297 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Strains of the green algae Scenedesmus obliquus, Chlorella vulgaris, and C. pyrenoidosa 7-11-05, and of the blue-green algae Fremyella diplosiphon, Plectonema calothricoides, Phormidium luridum, and Synechococcus lividus have been mass cultured autotrophically in essentially pure D2O. Closed Lucite rocking-box units containing 5 liters of culture media can produce 1 to 2 g. (dry weight) per day of fully deuteriated algae or of fully deuteriated, fully 15N-substituted algae. Racks for six such culture units are readily constructed from commerically available parts. Operation has been routine and essentially trouble-free. The algae produced have proved to be an excellent source of completely isotopically substituted metabolites.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260040304
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  • 79
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    Plastic ampoules for liquid smallpox vaccine (1962)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 4 (1962), S. 323-330 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Manufacturing of plastic (PVC) single-dose ampoules for liquid smallpox vaccine is described. The green stained vaccine is injected in polyvinyl chloride tubes which are then sealed by high frequency welding to make ampoules of 16 mm. length. The tendency for desiccation of the filled vaccine at elevated temperature is considered as an advantage, since it provides a visible indication of previous improper storage. The ampoule is opened by cutting with scissors and vaccine is squeezed out directly on the skin.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260040308
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  • 80
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    Influence of the ionic concentration of nebulized suspensions on stability of microbial aerosols (1962)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 4 (1962), S. 341-344 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper shows that the ionic concentration of a cell suspension submitted to nebulization has a marked influence on the stability of the produced aerosol.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260040310
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  • 81
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    Some effects of microbial growths on surfactant properties of fuelsPresented at the “Symposium on Microbial Transformations of Hydrocarbons,” 142nd National Meeting of American Chemical Society, Atlantic City, New Jersey, September 1962. (1962)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 4 (1962), S. 357-367 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Fungi and bacteria taken from fuel systems were allowed to grow in jet fuel (or hydrocarbon)-salt solution mixtures and the layers were analyzed for surfactant properties. The fuels included both JP-4 and JP-5 types and an alkylate bottom fraction. Controlled surface activity was imparted to some samples by adding minute quantities of either petroleum sulfonates or petroleum naphthenates. Analyses after growth periods of 2 to 14 weeks failed to show any significant increases in the surface active properties of any fuel or hydrocarbon sample. In all cases, there was either little change or else the surfactant effect was reduced slightly. Opposed to these findings, examination of the aqueous bottoms revealed that microbial growths did effect increases in their surface active properties.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260040402
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  • 82
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    A new technique for counting colonies developed on membrane filters (1962)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 4 (1962), S. 411-412 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260040407
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    Carbon balance in high rate dissimilation of acetic acid in semicontinuous methane fermentation (1962)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 4 (1962), S. 105-125 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The nature of anaerobic methane fermentation has been studied extensively over a period of about three years by means of 10-l. semicontinuous fermenters, with ethyl alcohol and calcium acetate as carbon and energy sources. The inoculum for the two systems was isolated by enrichment techniques from primary sewage sludge and used to initiate the processes. No subsequent seeding was necessary. The fermentation was started with a substrate carbon concentration of 50 mmole/l. which was gradually increased to 400 mmole/l.; this means that an increase of substrate level from 3000 ppm to 24,000 ppm of acetate and from 2300 to 18400 ppm of alcohol medium were effected during the study. Such high acetate tolerance of the methane organism does not appear to have been reported before; it was the results of adaptation by the organisms in a semicontinuous culture for a period of 30 months. Effect of supplementary available nitrogen on the rate of gas production at different carbon levels (acetate) was also studied. It was found from the gas analyses that CH4: CO2 ratios were always more than 2 to 3 times the theoretical values, when acetate was used as substrate carbon. At some stages of acetate breakdown the concentration of hydrogen in the gaseous products was found to be as high as 8-9%, a very significant feature of this fermentation. Although sulphate ions were carefully excluded from the constitutents of the media (Analytical reagent chemicals and double-distilled water used throughout) during the period of study (30 months), contaminants later identified as Desulphovibrio desulphuricans were found throughout the study. Morphological study of the organisms reveal that they are short rods appearing in individual or chain form, highly motile, gram-positive and nonflagellated, similar to Methanobacterium söhngenii Barker.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260040113
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  • 84
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    Editorial (1962)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 4 (1962), S. 1-3 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260040102
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  • 85
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    Submerged citric acid fermentation of ferrocyanide-treated cane molassesContribution from the Division of Applied Biology, National Research Council, Ottawa 2, Canada. Issued as N.R.C. No. 6722 (1962)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 4 (1962), S. 17-21 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Ferrocyanide-treated cane molasses was fermented in 2.5-l. Pyrex tower fermenters using pellets of Aspergillus niger, grown in beet molasses, as an inoculum. The success of the process depended on accurate control of the ferrocyanide concentration in the fermentation mash. Highest yields (up to 80% conversion of available sugar in 8 days) were obtained when the ferrocyanide concentration was 20 p.p.m. at the start of fermentation and then increased to 80-150 p.p.m. at the 24-hr. period. Addition of phosphate, nitrate, or methanol to fermentation mash did not increase rate of acid production or final yield.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260040104
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  • 86
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    Electronic Resource
    Design and operation of a pilot-plant fermentor for the continuous propagation of filamentous microorganisms (1962)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 4 (1962), S. 5-16 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A multi-stage pilot fermentor was designed which consists of nine stainless steel cylindrical compartments 2 ft. in length and 8 in. in diameter, joined end to end, giving a tube with a total length of 18 ft. The whole apparatus was mounted with its axis in a horizontal plane. Each compartment was sealed off from its neighboring compartment by a separatory plate having a 1-in. overflow hole in the upper half. Shafts 9½ feet long extended from each end of the fermentor through the compartments to the center. Agitation was provided by a multitude of stainless steel blades mounted at right angles to the shafts and spaced at regular intervals along the shafts. Stationary, stainless steel comb-shaped baffle plates were installed vertically at the bottom of each compartment to increase mixing efficiency. Constant leaving and re-entering of the fermentation liquor by the blades upon rotation imparts a shattering of the liquid surface thus preventing the accumulation of mycelial aggregates on the walls above the fermentation liquor. The mechanical performance of the described fermentor has proved excellent and several trial fermentations (antibiotic formation and steroid bioconversion) are described.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260040103
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  • 87
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    1-dehydrogenation of steroids by Septomyxa affinis (1962)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 4 (1962), S. 57-63 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: 1-Dehydrogenation of steroids by Septomyxa affinis is brought about by an inducible enzyme. Only soluble substrate steroid is attacked. Individual steroids are dehydrogenated at different relative rates. The pH-activity curve is shallow.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260040108
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  • 88
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    Use of ethylene glycol in counter flow electrophoresis and in cold concentration of DNA and protein solutions (1962)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 4 (1962), S. 53-56 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Counter flow electrophoresis was adapted for temperatures down to -5°C. by the use of ethylene glycol. A method is described for evaporation of water solutions containing ethylene glycol at temperatures between -5 and -10°iC. without ice formation. These measures were found not to affect the transforming activity (two markers) of Bacillus subtilis DNA.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260040107
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  • 89
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    Electronic Resource
    An apparatus for aeration of tissue cells in suspended culture with controlled gas mixtures (1962)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 4 (1962), S. 79-86 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An apparatus is described for the aeration of a series of tissue cultures at rates which may be varied independently for each vessel. The composition of the aerating gas can be adjusted to any desired percentages of CO2 and O2. While designed particularly for study of the aeration requirements of submerged tissue growth, the equipment is equally adaptable for study of submerged growth of bacterial and other systems. The apparatus has been designed for future scale-up and is adaptable to both the overlay and bubble-through types of aeration. Flow rates necessary for producing mixtures of 5.0% CO2 and 95.0% air or 5.6% CO2, 14.0% O2, and 80.4% nitrogen are given. The described system has been operated satisfactorily and has proved to be an inexpensive and useful research tool.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260040110
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  • 90
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    Electronic Resource
    Improved shaken flask performance (1962)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 4 (1962), S. 99-103 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Aeration in shaken flasks appears to take place primarily by absorption of oxygen in the thin film of fluid deposited on the flask walls. Marked improvement in aeration efficiency can be had by breaking up these films with an independent baffling surface. This improvement can be combined with an improved closure to give uniform and efficient shaken flask aeration.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260040112
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  • 91
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    Application of waste-to-product ratios in the fermentation industries (1962)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 4 (1962), S. 129-138 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260040203
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  • 92
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    Laboratory testing of pharmaceutical wastes for biological control (1962)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 4 (1962), S. 139-145 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260040204
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  • 93
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    Electronic Resource
    Pharmaceutical waste disposal by soil injection (1962)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 4 (1962), S. 147-151 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260040205
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  • 94
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    Biological treatment of pharmaceutical wastes (1962)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 4 (1962), S. 171-180 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260040208
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  • 95
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    Complete mixing activated sludge treatment of antibiotic wastes (1962)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 4 (1962), S. 181-195 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260040209
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  • 96
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    Microbial degradation of asphaltPresented at the 142nd National Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Atlantic City, New Jersey, September, 1962. (1962)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 4 (1962), S. 369-376 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: It would appear from these data that indeed asphalt degradation by bacteria does occur and can be rather rapid under laboratory conditions. The types of bacteria capable of degrading asphalt are diverse. The effects of temperature, pH, and oxygen tension on asphalt degradation are important but not always critical. The optimum conditions vary for different organisms. There are differences in the mechanisms of asphalt assimilation and degradation. There is a specificity of action by different bacteria which most likely involves the chemical components of the asphalts and the enzymatic action of the microorganism.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260040403
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  • 97
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    Electronic Resource
    Fractionation of cell constituents of Bacillus megaterium in a polymer two-phase system (1962)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 4 (1962), S. 403-410 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The distribution of various cell constituents of Bacillus megaterium has been studied in an aqueous two-phase system containing the two polymers dextran and polythylene glycol. The difference in behaviour between cell walls, lipid granules and soluble cell material are such that a considerable fractionation of a suspension of disrupted cells may be obtained after a few counter-current distributions. A mixture of whole cells and protoplasts can also be fractionated in this phase system. If sodium chloride is added to the phase system, vegetative cells and spores can be separated from each other.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260040406
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  • 98
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    Microbial production of amino acids. I. The synthesis of lysine and threonine by ustilago species (1962)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 4 (1962), S. 23-36 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The ability of a number of Ustilago species, especially Ustilago maydis (DC.) Cda., to produce lysine and threonine was investigated. The organisms were grown in shake flasks or in 10-l. fermentors. Lysine and threonine were found to be excreted into the medium both in the free and bound form. The bound amino acids could be released by acid hydrolysis or by enzymes from autolyzed cells. The optimal conditions for the release by autolysis were, in the case of Ustilago maydis (DC.) Cda., pH 4.3 and 45°C. An enzyme that could liberate lysine from the bound form(s) occurring in the broth was extracted from cells of Ustilago maydis (DC.) Cda. It exhibited an apparent pH optimum near 4.0. The effect of pH and temperature during the growth phase on the yield of lysine and threonine was studied in 10-l. fermentations.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260040105
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  • 99
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    Microbial production of amino acids. II. The influence of carbon and nitrogen sources and metal ions on growth of Ustilago maydis (DC.) Cda. and on lysine and threonine production (1962)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 4 (1962), S. 37-52 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The ability of Ustilago maydis (DC.) Cda. to grow and to produce lysine and threonine was investigated in shake flask cultures. Growth and production of lysine and threonine increased markedly when aeration was increased. The optimal ratio of glucose to diammonium phosphate in the medium seemed to be approximately 10:1. Ammonium phosphate, ammonium sulfate, ammonium chloride, ammonium nitrate, sodium nitrate, urea, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, and glycine were readily used as nitrogen sources. Growth and amino acid production was poor on ammonium carbonate, ammonium acetate, ammonium citrate, trimethylamine, and betaine.U. maydis (DC.) Cda. was found to grow on a number of different carbohydrates. Besides D-glucose the organism could utilize D-mannose, D-galactose, D-fructose, L-arabinose, D-xylose, D-ribose, sucrose, maltose, and the polyalcoholes D-sorbitol, D-mannitol, and i-inositol. Pectin, dextrin, and corn starch treated with α-amylase could also be used but not untreated corn starch or lactose, cellobiose, D-sedoheptulose, glycerol, or D-glucosamine. The formation of lysine and threonine was better with disaccharides and hexoses than with pentoses.No specific effects on the formation of lysine and threonine could be observed from changes in the concentration of calcium, sodium, potassium, magnesium, zinc, iron, copper, manganese, cobalt, or molybdenum. The requirement of metal ions for growth is discussed.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260040106
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  • 100
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    Kinetics of 1-dehydrogenation of steroids by Septomyxa affinis (1962)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 4 (1962), S. 65-78 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Mathematical models for the kinetics of 1-dehydrogenation of steroids by Septomyxa affinis are considered. A model providing for product inhibition fits experimental data best. Product inhibition was also demonstrated directly.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260040109
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