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  • 1995-1999  (31)
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  • 1996  (31)
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  • Genetics
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Detection of oncogene mutation from neoplastic colonic cells exfoliated in feces (1996)
    Springer
    Diseases of the colon & rectum 39 (1996), S. 1238-1244 
    Details
    ISSN: 1530-0358
    Keywords: Colorectal neoplasms ; Genetics ; K-ras ; Gene mutations ; Early diagnosis ; Polymerase chain reaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Purpose: Best chances of a cure from colorectal cancer are obtained before metastatic spread. Lack of specific tests allowing early diagnosis of the tumor accounts for investigation of gene alterations involved in carcinogenesis by a noninvasive method. In the present study, K-ras codons 12 and 13 mutations were studied in neoplastic cells shed from the bowel into the stool and those contained in the tumor and normal mucosa. Moreover, healthy patients and a few others with precancerous conditions were examined. METHODS: Stool, tumor, and mucosa samples were taken from 25 patients with colorectal adenocarcinoma. Stool and mucosa samples were obtained from 11 healthy patients, and stool, pathologic bowel tissue, and normal mucosa samples were obtained from 3 patients with adenoma (1) or ulcerative colitis (2). Polymerase chain reaction amplification and restriction enzyme analysis were performed. RESULTS: K-ras codon 12 mutations were detected in both tumor and stool samples of 10 cancer patients, and no gene alterations were observed in 14 patients. In one patient with a tumor, a mutation was shown in only the tumor tissue. The agreement rate in tumor and stool analysis was 96 percent. A normal pattern of K-ras codons 12 and 13 was observed in the bowel mucosa. All stool and mucosa samples from healthy patients were not altered in K-ras.Agreement was registered between samples taken from patients with preneoplastic lesions. CONCLUSIONS: These preliminary findings show a high rate of accuracy in the investigation of K-ras alterations in the colorectal cells shed into the feces, suggesting that such an approach could be used to study other gene alterations and, prospectively, to identify early colorectal cancers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02055116
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evaluation of the BCL-2 gene locus as a susceptibility locus linked to the clinical expression of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) (1996)
    Springer
    Rheumatology international 16 (1996), S. 121-124 
    Details
    ISSN: 1437-160X
    Keywords: SLE ; Apoptosis ; bcl-2 gene ; Susceptibility ; Linkage ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease characterised by the production of a large number of autoantibodies. It has been postulated that this may be the result of prolonged longevity of auto-reactive B cells due to defective regulation of programmed cell death (apoptosis). The proto-oncogenebcl-2 is involved in the control of apoptosis in immunocompetent cells, and its over-expression is noted in T and B cells from SLE patients. This study examined the genetic linkage between thebcl-2 gene locus and SLE susceptibility using the affected sib-pair method in SLE families. Seventeen caucasian multiplex families were evaluated. A polymorphic microsatellite marker closely linked to thebcl-2 gene on 18g21.3 was used to determine thebcl-2 genotype. We demonstrated that haplotype sharing among the affected sibling pairs was not statistically different from random (P〉0.5). This suggests that thebcl-2 gene locus does not confer a genetic susceptibility to SLE expression.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01409984
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Do animal models have a place in the genetic analysis of quantitative human behavioural traits? (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 74 (1996), S. 515-521 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Emotionality ; Behaviour ; Genetics ; Animal models ; QTL analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract It seems that the genetic basis of common psychiatric diseases such as schizophrenia and manic-depressive psychosis is amenable to the genetic mapping strategies that have been successful in other complex disorders such as diabetes. The next challenge is the genetic dissection of quantitative behavioural traits such as mood, personality and intelligence. Quantitative traits pose new problems for gene cloning experiments. We argue that one way forward is by using animal models. One of the features of quantitative traits is that the DNA sequence variants which are responsible for them are unlikely to be immediately recognizable. In contrast to many qualitative traits where a discrete phenotypic difference is often the consequence of an inactivating mutation, the allelic variation responsible for quantitative traits probably has a more subtle basis. This distinction means that strategies to clone the genetic basis of quantitative behavioural traits will have to rely on functional assays of alleles thought to be important in determining the phenotype. We suggest that an efficient strategy for detecting sequences that give rise to quantitative behavioural traits can be devised in the mouse. The importance and utility of the mouse for quantitative trait analysis make it worthwhile to investigate mouse models of human behaviour; these advantages outweigh the difficulties that arise in attempts to validate the animal models. As an example we review the evidence that validates rodent emotionality as an animal model for susceptibility to human anxiety. We show that there is good evidence that rodent emotionality is a central nervous system state with a genetic basis, and that there are neuropharmacological and neuroanatomical parallels with human anxiety. Furthermore, our own work has shown that the genetic basis of the trait is relatively simple, and that the task of characterizing it at a molecular level is feasible. We expect that future experiments will show us how genetic variation gives rise to quantitative behavioural traits.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00204977
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Do animal models have a place in the genetic analysis of quantitative human behavioural traits? (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 74 (1996), S. 515-521 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Key words Emotionality ; Behaviour ; Genetics ; Animal models ; QTL analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  It seems that the genetic basis of common psychiatric diseases such as schizophrenia and manic-depressive psychosis is amenable to the genetic mapping strategies that have been successful in other complex disorders such as diabetes. The next challenge is the genetic dissection of quantitative behavioural traits such as mood, personality and intelligence. Quantitative traits pose new problems for gene cloning experiments. We argue that one way forward is by using animal models. One of the features of quantitative traits is that the DNA sequence variants which are responsible for them are unlikely to be immediately recognizable. In contrast to many qualitative traits where a discrete phenotypic difference is often the consequence of an inactivating mutation, the allelic variation responsible for quantitative traits probably has a more subtle basis. This distinction means that strategies to clone the genetic basis of quantitative behavioural traits will have to rely on functional assays of alleles thought to be important in determining the phenotype. We suggest that an efficient strategy for detecting sequences that give rise to quantitative behavioural traits can be devised in the mouse. The importance and utility of the mouse for quantitative trait analysis make it worthwhile to investigate mouse models of human behaviour; these advantages outweigh the difficulties that arise in attempts to validate the animal models. As an example we review the evidence that validates rodent emotionality as an animal model for susceptibility to human anxiety. We show that there is good evidence that rodent emotionality is a central nervous system state with a genetic basis, and that there are neuropharmacological and neuroanatomical parallels with human anxiety. Furthermore, our own work has shown that the genetic basis of the trait is relatively simple, and that the task of characterizing it at a molecular level is feasible. We expect that future experiments will show us how genetic variation gives rise to quantitative behavioural traits.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001090050054
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Die Genetik der Migräne (1996)
    Springer
    Der Nervenarzt 67 (1996), S. 837-845 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-0407
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Migräne ; Genetik ; Familiäre Hemiplegische Migräne ; Linkageanalyse ; Zwillingsstudien ; Assoziationsstudien ; Key words Migraine ; Familial Hemiplegic Migraine ; Genetics ; Linkage analysis ; Twin studies ; Association studies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Several historical reports focusing on the heredity of migraine, as well as recent studies on its epidemiology and molecular biology, have revealed evidence for a decisive role of genetic factors in the aetiopathogenesis of familial migraine. Indeed, family studies, segregation analyses and twin studies have shown that genetic factors play an important role in disposition towards migraine but could not explain the entire aetiopathogenesis. The influence of extragenetic factors, however, remains mostly unknown. Recent linkage analyses have provided evidence for genetic heterogeneity. A locus for Familial Hemiplegic Migraine (FHM), the only known type of migraine that follows autosomal-dominant transmission, has been linked to chromosome 19p13 but genetic heterogeneity has also been shown, i. e. different types of migraine could be excluded from this locus. Further investigations should concentrate on identifying the FHM gene on chromosome 19p13, on linkage analyses with markers for different susceptibility genes, and on genomic analyses of highly informative pedigrees. This would lead to further clues to the pathogenesis underlying migraine and, thus, to therapeutic developments.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Nachdem bereits in historischen Beschreibungen eine genetische Verursachung der Migräne vermutet worden war, haben epidemiologische und molekularbiologische Forschungen in den letzten Jahren differenzierte Ergebnisse über genetische Faktoren in der Ätiopathogenese der familiären Migräne geliefert. Aufgrund von Familien- und Segregationsanalysen und von Zwillingsstudien wird dargestellt, daß genetische Faktoren mit größter Wahrscheinlichkeit eine Rolle in der Pathogenese der typischen Migräne spielen. Inwieweit extragenetische Faktoren auf die Ätiopathogenese der Migräne Einfluß nehmen, ist weitgehend offen. Linkageanalysen haben in jüngster Zeit gezeigt, daß möglicherweise mehrere verschiedene Gene für diese Erkrankung verantwortlich sind. Für die Familiäre Hemiplegische Migräne (FHM), der einzigen Migräneform, für die ein autosomal-dominanter Erbgang nachgewiesen ist, konnte ein Genlocus auf Chromosom 19p13 gefunden werden, gleichzeitig wurde aber auch genetische Heterogenität nachgewiesen. Verschiedene andere Formen der Migräne zeigten keine Linkage zu diesem Locus. Weitere Forschungen sollten neben der Identifizierung des FHM-Gens auch Linkageanalysen für Kandidatengene und Genomanalysen an großen informativen Familien zum Ziel haben. Letztlich werden die Ergebnisse genaueren Einblick in die Pathophysiologie der Migräne liefern und damit therapeutisch relevant sein.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001150050061
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The genetics of proximal femur geometry, distribution of bone mass and bone mineral density (1996)
    Springer
    Osteoporosis international 6 (1996), S. 178-182 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-2965
    Keywords: Bone density ; Femor geometry ; Genetics ; Twins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract To estimate genetic effects on femoral neck geometry and the distribution of bone mineral within the proximal femur a cross-sectional twin analysis was carried out at a university hospital that compared correlations in these traits in pairs of mono- and dizygo-tic female twins. Monozygotic (MZ, n=51 pairs, age 49.1±9.3 years) and dizygotic (DZ, n=26 pairs, age 45.7±11.3 years) twins were randomly selected from a larger sample of twins previously studied. Measurements of bone mineral density (BMD), femoral neck angles and length, cross-sectional area and moment of interia, the center of mass of the narrowest cross-section of the femoral neck, and BMDs of regions within the femoral neck were made. A summary index of the resistance of the femoral neck to forces experienced in a fall with impact on the greater trochanter (Fall Index, FI) was calculated. MZ pair intraclass correlations (rMZ) were significantly (p〈0.05) different from zero for all bone mass and femoral geometry variables (0.35〈rMZ〈0.82). DZ pair correlations (rDZ) were lower thanrMZ for all variables (0.04〈rDZ〈0.52) except femoral neck length (rDZ=0.38, rMZ=0.36). After adjustment for BMD of the femoral neck,rMZ was significantly greater thanrDZ, yielding high heritability estimates for regional BMDs (0.72〈H 2〈0.78), the center of mass of the femoral neck (H 2=0.70, −0.04 to 1.43 95% CI) and the resistance of the femoral neck to forces experienced in a fall (FI,H 2=0.94, 0.06 to 1.85 95% CI), but not for femoral neck length. Adjustments for age did not alter these findings. It is concluded that there are significant familial influences on the distribution of femoral bone mass and on the calculated structural strength of the proximal femur, but not on femoral neck length. If the assumptions of the twin model are correct, this is evidence for genetic factors influencing these traits.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01623944
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Differential genetic etiology of reading disability as a function of mathematics performance (1996)
    Springer
    Reading and writing 8 (1996), S. 295-306 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0905
    Keywords: Differential diagnosis ; Etiology ; Genetics ; Mathematics performance ; Reading disability ; Twins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Education
    Notes: Abstract In order to assess the etiology of reading disability as a function of mathematics performance, data from 168 monozygotic (MZ) and 127 same-sex dizygotic (DZ) twin pairs in which at least one member of each pair was reading-disabled were subjected to quantitative genetic analyses. MZ and DZ concordance rates for reading disability were computed for different levels of mathematics performance, and reading performance data were fitted to an extension of the basic multiple regression model for the analysis of selected twin data. Results of these analyses suggest that genetic factors may be especially salient as a cause of reading disability in children with borderline deficits in mathematics performance: thus, mathematics performance may be a valid dimension for diagnosing subtypes of reading disability.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00395110
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Early-onset dementias: clinical, neuropathological and genetic characteristics (1996)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 91 (1996), S. 451-465 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Key words Alzheimer’s disease ; Clinicopathological ; correlations ; Early-onset dementia ; Genetics ; Pick’s ; disease
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004010050452
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Maternally inherited diabetes and deafness: a new diabetes subtype (1996)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 39 (1996), S. 375-382 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Genetics ; maternally inherited diabetes and deafness ; NIDDM ; IDDM ; mitochondria ; MELAS syndrome
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Diabetes mellitus is a common disease with many forms of clinical expression. In addition, the development of diabetic complications is not only dependent on glycaemic control but also on individual factors which may be related to genetic heterogeneity. At present, multiple genetic factors are being recognized as contributing to the development of diabetes or possibly modulating its clinical expression. The purpose of this review is to give an overview of our current knowledge on a subtype of diabetes which is apparently caused by a single mutation in the mitochondrial DNA.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00400668
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Geographic variation in seed dormancy among populations of Echinochloa crus-galli (1996)
    Springer
    Oecologia 108 (1996), S. 419-423 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Barnyard grass ; Seed dormancy ; Geographic variation ; Genetics ; Ecophysiology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In 1991–1993, we investigated the incidence of seed dormancy in 25 local populations of barnyard grass, Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P.Beauv., in the western Czech Republic. The percentage of germination after 4 months afterripening of dry seeds at 25°C varied between 0.0 and 83.6%. Although there were significant annual differences in the percentage of germination at some localities, typical proportions of dormant seeds persisted over 3 years at field sites where the seed bank was not disturbed. One-way ANOVA (using data from 14 cultivated or abandoned fields) revealed that 73.0% of variance in seed dormancy incidence could be attributed to the effect of locality (P〈0.001). Incidence of dormancy was not correlated with mother plant stature (dry above-ground biomass, number of tillers, maximal stem height) nor seed mass. There was a significant correlation (r 2=0.403, P〈0.005) between dormancy incidence at natural localities in 1991 and in F1 offspring sown at experimental grounds at Praha-Ruzyně in 1992. The results indicate that heredity is important in maintaining local variation in seed dormancy, probably favoured by the self-pollinating reproduction of barnyard grass.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00333716
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The clinical and genetic correlates of MRI findings in myotonic dystrophy (1996)
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 38 (1996), S. 629-635 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Myotonic dystrophy ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Brain ; Muscles ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Amplification of an unstable CTG trinucleotide repeat sequence in a protein kinase gene on chromosome 19 has recently been recognised as the molecular basis of myotonic dystrophy (DM), a multisystem disorder with a wide spectrum of muscular and extramuscular manifestations. The CTG expansion of 40 patients was assessed by direct genotype analysis of the white blood cell DNA and correlated with MRI of the brain and muscles, and with functional clinical data. Cerebral pathology on MRI consisted of diffuse atrophy (68 %), subcortical white matter lesions (65 %), wide Virchow-Robin spaces (38 %) and thickening of the skull (35 %). Cerebral atrophy and extent of white matter disease correlated significantly with mental retardation, duration of disease and CTG fragment amplification. MRI of the muscular system showed fatty degeneration of different degrees in neighbouring muscles causing a mosaic pattern of the thigh in 38 % and the calf in 44 %. Muscular changes on MRI were strongly correlated with muscular impairment but less strongly with CTG expansion. Changes on MRI reflect the stage of development of tissue pathology in DM, modified by defect of the DM gene. Pathology on MRI is strongly correlated with functional deficits.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002340050322
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Familial Mediterranean fever in Arab children: the high prevalence and gene frequency (1996)
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 155 (1996), S. 540-544 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Key words Amyloidosis ; Arab ; children ; Familial Mediterranean ; fever ; Genetics ; Recurrent ; abdominal pain
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Over a period of 3 years, 192 children with familial Mediterranean fever were prospectively studied. Of these, 106 (55%) were girls and 86 (45%) were boys. The prevalence was 1 : 2600 children with a gene frequency of 1 : 50. The age at onset ranged between 4 months and 16 years. Of these patients 24% started their illness below the age of 2 years and 88% were symptomatic before the age of 10 years; 82% had recurrent abdominal pain, 43% had pleurisy, 37% had arthritis, 15% had cutaneous manifestations, 12% had splenomegaly and 4% had hepatomegaly. The presenting symptoms were abdominal pain in 51%, unilateral chest pain in 23% and arthritis in 26%. The family history was positive in 62%. Of 12 affected families 19 members had/have renal failure and amyloidosis was confirmed in 7 patients. Conclusion Our data show a high prevalence of familial Mediterranean fever and a high gene frequency in Arab children similar to that reported in Jews and Armenians.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01957901
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Familial Mediterranean fever in Arab children: The high prevalence and gene frequency (1996)
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 155 (1996), S. 540-544 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Amyloidosis ; Arab children ; Familial Mediterranean fever ; Genetics ; Recurrent abdominal pain
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Over a period of 3 years, 192 children with familial Mediterranean fever were prospectively studied. Of these, 106 (55%) were girls and 86 (45%) were boys. The prevalence was 1∶2600 children with a gene frequency of 1∶50. The age at onset ranged between 4 months and 16 years. Of these patients 24% started their illness below the age of 2 years and 88% were symptomatic before the age of 10 years: 82% had recurrent abdominal pain, 43% had pleurisy, 37% had arthritis, 15% had cutaneous manifestations, 12% had splenomegaly and 4% had hepatomegaly. The presenting symptoms were abdominal pain in 51%, unilateral chest pain in 23% and arthritis in 26%. The family history was positive in 62%. Of 12 affected families 19 members had/have renal failure and amyloidosis was confirmed in 7 patients.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01957901
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Inbred mouse strains vary in oral self-selection of nicotine (1996)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 124 (1996), S. 332-339 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Nicotine ; Genetics ; Self-administration ; Reinforcement ; Seizures
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Inbred mouse strains differ in sensitivity to a first dose of nicotine and in the development of tolerance to nicotine. The experiments reported here used six inbred mouse strains (A, BUB, C3H, C57BL/6, DBA/2, ST/b) that differ in sensitivity to an acute challenge dose of nicotine to determine whether differences in oral self-selection of nicotine exist. Animals were presented with solutions containing nicotine or vehicle (water or 0.2% saccharin) and their daily intake of the two fluids was measured for 4 days starting with a 10 µg/ml nicotine solution. This was followed by sequential 4-day testing with 20, 35, 50, 65, 80, 100, 125, 160, and 200 µg/ml nicotine solutions. The strains differed dramatically in their self-selection of nicotine and in maximal daily dose (mg/kg); the rank order of the strains was C57BL/6〉DBA〉BUB〉A≥C3H≥ST/b for both the tap water and 0.2% saccharin choice experiments. Correlations between nicotine consumption and sensitivity to nicotine, as measured by a battery of behavioral and physiological responses, were also calculated. Strain differences in nicotine intake were highly correlated with senstivity to nicotine-induced seizures. As senstivity to nicotine-in-duced seizures increases, oral self-selection of nicotine decreases. This finding may suggest that this toxic action of nicotine serves to limit intake.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02247438
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Eye tracking dysfunction in families with multiple cases of schizophrenia (1996)
    Springer
    European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience 246 (1996), S. 175-181 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-8491
    Keywords: Schizophrenia ; Genetics ; Liability ; Vulnerability ; Eye-tracking dysfunction ; Eye movements ; Smooth-pursuit eye movements
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract There is increasing evidence that the genetic predisposition for schizophrenia in families affects more individuals than those fulfilling the criteria for schizophrenia. This finding is supposed to be one of the major problems in molecular genetic schizophrenia research, especially when linkage studies are employed. Eye-tracking dysfunction (ETD), which is conceived as a possible phenotypic marker for genetic liability to schizophrenia, may offer considerable advantages. However, there is only little information from families with multiple occurrence of schizophrenia. It is still unclear whether in these families ETD aggregates with diagnoses from the schizophrenia spectrum. This first report from an ongoing study presents the results of 48 individuals from 6 multiplex families. Smooth-pursuit eye movements were recorded by infrared reflectometry and assessed by quantitative measurement techniques. Along with the high degree of psychiatric morbidity in these families, in 56.3% of the individuals ETD was assessed. Reduced mean pursuit gain was present in 39.6%. The distribution of eye-tracking dysfunction resembles the distribution of schizophrenia-related psychiatry morbidity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02188950
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pathophysiology of non-insulin-dependent diabetes and the search for candidate genes: dangerous liaisons? (1996)
    Springer
    Acta diabetologica 33 (1996), S. 257-262 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-5233
    Keywords: Key words NIDDM ; Candidate genes ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00571560
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pathophysiology of non-insulin-dependent diabetes and the search for candidate genes: dangerous liaisons? (1996)
    Springer
    Acta diabetologica 33 (1996), S. 257-262 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-5233
    Keywords: NIDDM ; Candidate genes ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00571560
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The genetics of adult-plant blackleg (Leptosphaeria maculans) resistance from Brassica juncea in B. napus (1996)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 92 (1996), S. 382-387 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Genetics ; Blacking resistance ; Brassica napus ; Brassica juncea ; Leptosphaeria maculans
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The genetic control of adult-plant blackleg (Leptosphaeria maculans) resistance in a Brassica napus line (579NO48-109-DG-1589), designated “R13” possessing Brassica juncea-like resistance (JR), was elucidated by the analysis of segregation ratios in F2 and F3 populations from a cross between “R13” and the highly blackleg-susceptible B. napus cultivar “Tower”. The F2 segregration ratios were bimodal, demonstrating that blackleg resistance in “R13” was controlled by major genes. Analysis of the segregation ratios for 13 F3 families indicated that blackleg resistance in these families was controlled by three nuclear genes, which exhibited a complex interaction. Randomly sampled plants of F3 progeny all had the normal diploid somatic chromosome number for B. napus. The similarities between the action of the three genes found in this study with those controlling blackleg resistance in B. juncea is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00223683
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparative mapping in F2∶3 and F6∶7 generations of quantitative trait loci for grain yield and yield components in maize (1996)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 92 (1996), S. 817-826 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Zea mays ; RFLPs ; Plant breeding ; Genetics ; Recombination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract This study was conducted to compare maize quantitative trait loci (QTL) detection for grain yield and yield components in F2∶3 and F6∶7 recombinant inbred (RI) lines from the same population. One hundred and eighty-six F6∶7 RIs from a Mo17×H99 population were grown in a replicated field experiment and analyzed at 101 loci detected by restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs). Single-factor analysis of variance was conducted for each locus-trait combination to identify QTL. For grain yield, 6 QTL were detected accounting for 22% of the phenotypic variation. A total of 63 QTL were identified for the seven grain yield components with alleles from both parents contributing to increased trait values. Several genetic regions were associated with more than one trait, indicating possible linked and/or pleiotropic effects. In a comparison with 150 F2∶3 lines from the same population, the same genetic regions and parental effects were detected across generations despite being evaluated under diverse environmental conditions. Some of the QTL detected in the F2∶3 seem to be dissected into multiple, linked QTL in the F6∶7 generation, indicating better genetic resolution for QTL detection with RIs. Also, genetic effects at QTL are smaller in the F6∶7 generation for all traits.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00221893
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The genetics of blackleg [Leptosphaeria maculans (Desm.) Ces, et De Not.] resistance in rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) (1996)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 93 (1996), S. 932-940 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Genetics ; Adult-plant ; Blackleg resistance ; Brassica napus ; Leptosphaeria maculans ; Australian cultivar
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The genetic control of adult-plant blackleg [Leptosphaeria maculans (Desm.) Ces. et De Not.] resistance in rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) was studied in the F2 and first-backcross populations of the cross “Maluka” (blackleg-resistant) x “Niklas” (highly susceptible). A L. maculans isolate possessing high levels of host specificity (MB2) was used in all inoculations. Resistance/susceptibility was evaluated using three separate measures of crown-canker size, i.e. the percentage of crown girdled (%G), external lesion length (E) and internal lesion area (%II). Disease severity scores for the F2 and first-backcross populations based on E and %II gave discontinuous distributions, indicating major-gene control for these measures of resistance; but those for %G were continuous, indicating quantitative genetic control for this measure. Chi-square tests performed on the (poorly-defined) resistance classes, based on E, in the F2 and first-backcross populations indicated the likelihood for resistance being governed by a single, incompletely dominant major gene. Although the distributions of the F2 and first-backcross populations, based on%II, were clearly discontinuous, the observed segregation ratios for resistance and susceptibility did not fit any of the numerous Mendelian ratios which were considered. Differences in inheritance of resistance according to the assessment method and blackleg isolate used, were discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00224096
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetics of virulence in Leptosphaeria maculans (Desm.) Ces. et De Not., the cause of blackleg in rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) (1996)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 93 (1996), S. 301-306 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Leptosphaeria maculans ; Brassica napus ; Blackleg ; Genetics ; Virulence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The genetic basis of virulence of 24 isolates of L. maculans collected from various sites throughout south-eastern and south-western Australia were studied using five clone-lines of B. napus. The experimental design allowed the estimation of the environmental and genetic components of variance using a standard analysis of variance. Virulence of these isolates (as measured by the percentage of stem girdling, %G) on the clonelines NCII and Tap was found to be most likely controlled by a small number of genes; the broad-sense heritabilities were 79.7% and 67.5% for virulence on NCII and Tap, respectively. The significance of these results in relation to the potential of L. maculans in adapting to new resistant B. napus cultivars is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00223169
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diallel analysis for aluminium tolerance in tropical soybeans [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] (1996)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 92 (1996), S. 267-272 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Cerrado ; Savannah ; Acid soils ; Hydroponics ; Nutrient ; Variety ; Genetics ; Inheritance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The soybean is a major crop in the agricultural systems of the Brazilian Cerrados (Savannahs), whose soils are acidic, devoid of nutrients and need to be amended before they are cultivated. However, below the ploughed layer there is a scarcity of nutrients and toxic aluminium (Al). These limit root growth, subsequently causing nutritional imbalance and drought stress. Our aim in the investigation described here was to identify genetic differences in the aluminium tolerance of soybeans by a 9 × 9 diallel cross among contrasting varieties grown in high-Al areas and in hydroponics. Combining ability analysis indicated predominantly additive gene effects, and the additive-dominance model explained most of the genetic differences in this germ plasm for mineral element absorption and root growth under aluminium stress. The relationship between the two factors suggest that conjugation hydroponics and field evaluations in breeding programmes would further improve soybeans with respect to yield stability under tropical cultivation conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00223384
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparative mapping in F2:3 and F6:7 generations of quantitative trait loci for grain yield and yield components in maize (1996)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 92 (1996), S. 817-826 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words  Zea mays ; RFLPs ; Plant breeding ; Genetics ; Recombination ; Abbreviations  RFLPs Restriction fragment length polymorphisms ; QTL quantitative trait loci ; RIs recombinant inbreds
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract   This study was conducted to compare maize quantitative trait loci (QTL) detection for grain yield and yield components in F2:3 and F6:7 recombinant inbred (RI) lines from the same population. One hundred and eighty-six F6:7 RIs from a Mo17×H99 population were grown in a replicated field experiment and analyzed at 101 loci detected by restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs). Single-factor analysis of variance was conducted for each locus-trait combination to identify QTL. For grain yield, 6 QTL were detected accounting for 22% of the phenotypic variation. A total of 63 QTL were identified for the seven grain yield components with alleles from both parents contributing to increased trait values. Several genetic regions were associated with more than one trait, indicating possible linked and/or pleiotropic effects. In a comparison with 150 F2:3 lines from the same population, the same genetic regions and parental effects were detected across generations despite being evaluated under diverse environmental conditions. Some of the QTL detected in the F2:3 seem to be dissected into multiple, linked QTL in the F6:7 generation, indicating better genetic resolution for QTL detection with RIs. Also, genetic effects at QTL are smaller in the F6:7 generation for all traits.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220050198
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Variability and genetics of tolerance for aluminum toxicity in rice (Oryza sativa L.) (1996)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 93 (1996), S. 738-744 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Aluminum toxicity ; Diallel analysis ; Genetics ; Rice ; Variability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A study was undertaken to investigate the variability among lowland rice cultivars and the mode of gene action of aluminum (Al) toxicity tolerance in rice. Pregerminated seeds were grown in a nutrient solution containing 30 ppm Al and in normal nutrient solution, and relative root length (RRL) was determined at the 14-day-old stage to characterize genotypes for tolerance. Sixty-two traditional rice cultivars grown on lowland acid sulfate soil areas of Asia and West Africa were tested. Tolerant varieties ‘Azucena’, ‘IRAT104’, and ‘Moroberekan’, moderately sensitive ‘IR29’ and ‘IR43’, and sensitive ‘IR45’ and ‘IR1552’ were used to investigate the genetics of tolerance by diallel analysis. Of the 62 cultivars tested, only 3 were found to be sensitive to A l toxicity. Among the tolerant cultivars identified, 11 (‘Siyam Kuning’, ‘Gudabang Putih’, ‘Siyam’, ‘Lemo’, ‘Khao Daeng’, ‘Siyamhalus’, ‘Bjm-12’, ‘Ketan’, ‘Seribu Gantang’, ‘Bayer Raden Rati’, and ‘Padi Kanji’) were found to possess higher levels of tolerance than the improved tolerant upland cultivar ‘IRAT104’. Diallel analysis revealed that high RRL is governed by both additive and dominance effects with a preponderance of additive effects. The trait exhibited partial dominance, and one group of genes was detected. Heritability was high, and environmenal effects were low. Findings suggest that when breeding for A1 toxicity tolerance, selection can be made in early generations. The pedigree method of breeding would be suitable. Combining ability analysis revealed the importance of both general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) in the genetics of A1 toxicity tolerance in rice. GCA was more prevalent than SCA. Tolerant parens ‘Azucena’, ‘IRAT104’, and ‘Moroberekan’ were the best general combiners. The presence of reciprocal effects among crosses suggested the proper choice of parents in hybridization programs. Results indicated that ‘Azucena’, ‘IRAT 104’, and ‘Moroberekan’ should be used as the female in crosses for A1 toxicity tolerance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00224070
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Inheritance of resistance to potato viruses Y and A in progeny obtained from potato cultivars containing gene Ry:evidence for a new gene for extreme resistance to PVA (1996)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 93 (1996), S. 710-716 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Extreme virus resistance ; Potyviruses ; Genetics ; Genes Ry and Ra ; New gene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Extreme resistance in cultivated potato (Solanum tuberosum) to potato viruses Y and A (PVY and PVA) conditioned by the presence of Ry genes introduced from Solanum stoloniferum was described by Cockerham (1970). Cockerham detailed a number of genes which controlled a variety of reactions, including extreme resistance to both viruses (i.e. little or no visible reaction of plants and no viral replication following graft and manual inoculation) controlled by gene Ry sto. In the present study, cvs ‘Pirola’ and ‘Barbara’, which contain a Ry gene, were found to have extreme resistance to PVY isolates from the ordinary (PVY°), veinal necrosis (PVYN) and potato tuber necrotic ringspot (PVYNTN) subgroups, and PVA. The inheritance of this phenotype was examined in seedling progenies obtained by crossing ‘Barbara’ and ‘Pirola’ with susceptible cultivars. Segregation data for resistance to PVY and PVA in a progeny involving cv ‘Pirola’ best fitted a genetical model of one gene controlling extreme resistance to both PVY and PVA, although the possibility that there are two genes, each controlling resistance to one virus but closely linked, cannot be excluded. Segregation data from progenies involving cv ‘Barbara’ best fitted a genetical model in which there are two independent genes, one controlling extreme resistance to PVA and PVY and a second gene controlling extreme resistance to PVA but not to PVY. This previously unrecognised gene conferring extreme resistance to PVA only, should be given the notation Ra in keeping with nomenclature used for other resistance genes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00224066
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Differential risk for developmental reading disorders in the offspring of compensated versus noncompensated parents (1996)
    Springer
    Reading and writing 8 (1996), S. 407-417 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0905
    Keywords: Compensation ; Dyslexia ; Environment ; Familial aggregation ; Genetics ; Risk
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Education
    Notes: Abstract When one or both parents have a history of developmental reading disorder (RD) in childhood, the risk to their offspring for developing reading problems is substantially increased. However, risk research has usually assumed a stability of reading problems across the lifespan (i.e., if a parent was affected in childhood, he or she remains affected in adulthood). Yet, some individuals with RD in childhood compensate for the disorder as they grow older. Both an environmental and genetic hypothesis would predict that the risk for RD in offspring will vary as a function of parental compensation. This study examined whether risk to offspring was dependent on the parents' successful or unsuccessful compensation for their childhood reading problems. Two large family data sets were analyzed (N=907). Diagnoses with either an age discrepant or IQ discrepant criteria essentially showed that having at least one still affected parent (i.e., RD both as a child and as an adult) put the offspring at a higher risk for RD than having at least one compensated parent (i.e., RD as a child but not as an adult). The lowest risk to an offspring occurred when both parents were never affected (i.e., not RD as a child or as an adult). The implications of these findings are discussed with regard to counseling and early diagnosis of reading problems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00404002
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  • 27
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Understanding Candida albicans at the Molecular Level (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 12 (1996), S. 1677-1702 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: No Abstract
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 28
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Yeast Protein Serine/Threonine Phosphatases: Multiple Roles and Diverse Regulation (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 12 (1996), S. 1647-1675 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: yeast ; phosphorylation ; protein phosphatase ; PP1 ; PP2A ; PP2B ; calcineurin ; Sit4 ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Since the isolation of the first yeast protein phosphatase genes in 1989, much progress has been made in understanding this important group of proteins. Yeast contain genes encoding all the major types of protein phosphatase found in higher eukaryotes and the ability to use powerful genetic approaches will complement the wealth of biochemical information available from other systems. This review will summarize recent progress in understanding the structure, function and regulation of the PPP family of protein serine-threonine phosphatases, concentrating on the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 29
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cyclins and the Wiring of the Yeast Cell Cycle (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 12 (1996), S. 1635-1646 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: No Abstract
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 30
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pyruvate Metabolism in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 12 (1996), S. 1607-1633 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Yeast ; glycolysis ; TCA cycle ; sugar metabolism ; metabolic engineering ; pyruvate decarboxylase ; pyruvate carboxylase ; pyruvate dehydrogenase complex ; alcoholic fermentation ; Crabtree effect ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: In yeasts, pyruvate is located at a major junction of assimilatory and dissimilatory reactions as well as at the branch-point between respiratory dissimilation of sugars and alcoholic fermentation. This review deals with the enzymology, physiological function and regulation of three key reactions occurring at the pyruvate branch-point in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae: (i) the direct oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA, catalysed by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, (ii) decarboxylation of pyruvate to acetaldehyde, catalysed by pyruvate decarboxylase, and (iii) the anaplerotic carboxylation of pyruvate to oxaloacetate, catalysed by pyruvate carboxylase. Special attention is devoted to physiological studies on S. cerevisiae strains in which structural genes encoding these key enzymes have been inactivated by gene disruption.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 31
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    1996: A vintage year for yeast and Yeast (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 12 (1996), S. 1603-1606 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: No Abstract
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 32
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Variation between strains of the flour beetle Tribolium castaneum in relative performance on five flours (1991)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 60 (1991), S. 173-182 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Genetics ; evolution ; host adaptation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract When populations are exposed to different environments, evolutionary processes can lead either to genetically differentiated strains or to the appearance of increased generalism at the individual level. For evolution to occur, genetic variability in performance in different environments is required. Here, intraspecific genetic variation across environments was estimated in the flour beetle Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) by comparing the responses of two strains of T. castaneum to different flour types. Replicated groups from each strain were allowed to develop on either the standard whole wheat medium or on one of four novel flours (wheat, rice, corn and oat). In several of the novel flours, clear differences in mean development time or population size of one or both strains were seen relative to performance in the standard medium. Moreover, the strains differed significantly in their phenotypic responses to the flours. One strain did particularly poorly on oat flour. Reduced oviposition, reduced larval survivorship and increased larval cannibalism were examined as possible causes of the low productivity on oat flour. These three factors accounted for about 70% of the reduction in population size when this strain oviposited and developed in oat flour. The difference between these two outbred strains in response to these five flours suggests that genetic variation in resource use is present within T. castaneum and may also be present within strains and natural populations in grain storage facilities. Such variation would permit an evolutionary response to selection in multiple environments (flours). This process has agricultural implications when several types of grain are stored in a single location because it could eventually lead to the evolution of highly generalized populations of T. castaneum, an important pest of stored products.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00177038
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  • 33
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Molecular analysis of iron transport in plant growth-promotingPseudomonas putida WCS358 (1991)
    Springer
    BioMetals 4 (1991), S. 36-40 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8773
    Keywords: Iron transport ; Siderophores ; Pseudomonas putida ; Genetics ; Receptors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Root-colonizingPseudomonas putida WCS358 enhances growth of potato in part by producing under iron-limiting conditions a yellow-green, fluorescent siderophore designated pseudobactin 358. This siderophore efficiently complexes iron(III) in the rhizosphere, making it less available to certain endemic microorganisms, including phytopathogens, thus inhibiting their growth. At least 15 genes distributed over five gene clusters are required for the biosynthesis of pseudobactin 358. High-affinity iron(III) transport in strain WCS358 is initiated by an 86-kDa outer membrane receptor protein (PupA) which appears to be specific for ferric pseudobactin 358. PupA shares strong similarity with TonB-dependent receptor proteins ofEscherichia coli, which suggests a TonB-like protein in strain WCS358 is required for iron(III) transport. Strain WCS358 possesses a second uptake system for ferric pseudobactin 358 and structurally diverse ferric siderophores produced by other microorganisms. A second receptor gene (pupB) responsible for iron transport from pseudobactin BN7 or pseudobactin BN8 has been identified. The production of this and certain other ferric siderophore receptor proteins requires that strain WCS358 be grown in the presence of these siderophores. An apparent regulatory gene required for the expression ofpupB is located adjacent topupB. Two positive regulatory genes have been identified which can independently activate, under low-iron(III) conditions, transcription of genes coding for the biosynthesis of pseudobactin 358.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01135555
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  • 34
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immunoglobulin allotypes are not associated with HLA-antigens, autoantibodies and clinical symptoms in systemic lupus erythematosus (1991)
    Springer
    Rheumatology international 11 (1991), S. 179-182 
    Details
    ISSN: 1437-160X
    Keywords: Immunoglobulin allotypes ; Systemic lupus erythematosus ; Genetics ; Gm ; Km ; HLA-antigens ; Autoantibodies ; Clinical symptoms
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Immunoglobulin heavy chain (G1m, G2m, G3m, A2m) and kappa light chain (Km) allotype and phenotype frequencies of 323 central European Caucasian patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) were examined and correlated with various genetic, serologic and clinical markers of SLE. No significant associations were found between immunoglobulin allotypes or phenotypes and all 20 parameters tested (nephritis, vasculitis, arthralgias, photosensitivity, discoid lesions, central nervous system disease, Raynaud's phenomenon, sex, anti-Ro, anti-La, anti-nRNP, HLA-DR1-DR7, HLA phenotypes B8-DR3, B7-DR2). It could therefore be assumed that Gm, A2m and Km allotypes were not associated with HLA-antigens and had no influence on the serologic and clinical expression of SLE.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00332558
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  • 35
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hemochromatosis and pyruvate kinase deficiency (1991)
    Springer
    Annals of hematology 62 (1991), S. 188-189 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0584
    Keywords: Hemochromatosis ; Pyruvate kinase deficiency ; Hereditary anemia ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Hemochromatosis has been reported in several patients with chronic hemolytic anemia due to pyruvate kinase deficiency. We describe here a further patient with such an association and review the literature on the subject. We hypothesize that iron overload may occur in patients with pyruvate kinase deficiency who are also carriers of the hereditary hemochromatosis gene.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01703147
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  • 36
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Association between a restriction fragment length polymorphism at the liver/islet cell (GluT 2) glucose transporter and familial Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus (1991)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 34 (1991), S. 734-736 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Genetics ; diabetes mellitus ; restriction fragment length polymorphism ; glucose-transport ; familial
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Patients with Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus and a strong family history of the disease may represent a sub-group where genetic factors play a pree-minent role in transmission of the disease. A defect in the liver/islet cell glucose transporter (GluT 2) could explain many of the pathophysiological features of the disease. In order to test the hypothesis that genetic variation at the GluT 2 locus contributes genetic susceptibility to Type 2 diabetes, 60 unrelated Caucasian diabetic patients with at least one affected sibling were genotyped for a Taq 1 restriction fragment length polymorphism marker. Hybridisation with a cDNA GluT 2 probe identified two alleles of sizes 13 kilobase (T1) and 19 kilobase (T2). The allele frequencies in the diabetic group with a family history were significantly different from those in a racially-matched control population of 122 subjects with no personal or family history of the disease (diabetic patients T1=0.96, T2=0.04, control subjects T1=0.89, T2=0.11, p〈 0.03). However, when the study was repeated with 54 diabetic patients with indeterminate family history, statistical significance was not reached although the allele frequencies showed a similar trend. The findings of this study support the hypothesis that a genetic variant of the liver/islet cell glucose transporter may contribute to familial susceptibility in Type 2 diabetes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00401519
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  • 37
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Shared genetic susceptibility of Type 1 (insulin-dependent) and Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus: contributions of HLA and haptoglobin (1991)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 34 (1991), S. 350-355 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Genetics ; Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus ; Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus ; HLA ; haptoglobin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Epidemiologic data suggest that having a parent with Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus increases the risk for Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes in siblings of a Type 1 diabetes proband. This increase in risk is consistent with a shared genetic susceptibility between Type 1 diabetes and Type 2 diabetes. We contrast genetic risk factors in three sets of families, consisting of (1) a single Type 1 diabetic child (proband) and non-diabetic parents, (2) multiple Type 1 diabetic siblings and non-diabetic parents, and (3) at least one Type 1 diabetic child and at least one Type 2 diabetic parent. Previous studies have demonstrated that HLA region genes, which elevate the risk in Type 1 diabetes, have no significant effect with respect to the risk for developing Type 2 diabetes. An earlier report cited a contribution by the haptoglobin locus to genetic susceptibility for Type 2 diabetes. We provide evidence that a high risk HLA antigen (HLA-DR3) is decreased to a greater extent in Type 1 patients with a Type 2 parent than in Type 1 patients in which the parents are not diabetic. The role of HLA-DR4 is maintained in these families, with an unexpectedly significant increased rate of transmission of the HLA-DR4 allele from Type 2 parent to Type 1 offspring. The role of haptoglobin in these families does not appear to be important, either with respect to association with diabetes or with respect to linkage with a secondary susceptibility locus. These results indicate that families with a Type 2 parent and Type 1 child, heavily determined by HLA-DR4 linked factors, may represent a homogeneous subset of diabetes susceptibility.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00405008
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  • 38
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of size at birth, maturation threshold and genetic differences on the life-history of Daphnia magna (1991)
    Springer
    Oecologia 86 (1991), S. 243-250 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Daphnia ; Life-history ; Genetics ; Variation ; Maturation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Life-history traits of 101 clones from two populations of Daphnia magna were measured under controlled environmental conditions in the laboratory. Some individuals had four juvenile instars, others had five. This depended on their length at birth and on the population they came from. Females in the group with five juvenile instars were smaller at birth but larger and older at maturity than those with four juvenile instars. Within groups of females with equal numbers of preadult instars (instar groups) age and size at maturity increased with size at birth. This relationship differed significantly among instar groups for both age and size at maturity. Significant differences in age and size at maturity between two populations became non-significant when size at birth was used as a covariable in AN-COVA. Within populations, size at birth depended on the clone and on the parity of the clutch. First-clutch offspring were considerably smaller than those from later clutches. The results suggest that variability in life-history traits is common within and between clones, but that most of this variation can be accounted for by size at birth and the number of pre-adult instars.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00317537
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    Electronic Resource
    Genetic differences in the effects of competitive and non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonists on locomotor activity in mice (1991)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 104 (1991), S. 17-21 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: MK-801 ; Phencyclidine ; Ketamine ; CGP 39551 ; CGS 19755 ; NPC 12626 ; Locomotor activity ; Genetics ; NMDA/glutamate receptor complex ; Mice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effects of non-competitive (MK-801, phencyclidine, and ketamine) and competitive (CGP 39551, CGS 19755, and NPC 12626) N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists on locomotor activity in inbred CBA and C57, and in outbred NMRI mice were examined. Administration of the non-competitive NMDA antagonists produced a dose-dependent increase in well-coordinated locomotor activity at lower doses, followed by a bizarre behavioral syndrome (head weaving, body rolling, rotations, ataxia) after higher doses. The pharmacological profile of the competitive antagonists CGP 39551, CGS 19755, and NPC 12626 was more complex. CGP 39551 dose-dependently inhibited locomotor activity, whereas CGS 19755 and NPC 12626 displayed a biphasic action, that is low doses inhibited locomotor activity, whereas higher doses produced mild behavioral stimulation. The behavioral effects of NMDA antagonists appear to be genetically determined, since CBA animals were most sensitive to both noncompetitive and competitive antagonists, followed by NMRI and C57 animals. The differential effects of NMDA antagonists in various strains of mice suggest that the observed behavioral differences may be due to genetic differences in the NMDA/glutamate receptor channel complex.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02244548
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  • 40
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    Electronic Resource
    Genes encoding ribulosebisphosphate carboxylase and phosphoribulokinase are duplicated in Pseudomonas carboxydovorans and conserved in carboxydotrophic bacteria (1991)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 157 (1991), S. 92-96 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Carboxydotrophic bacteria ; Ribulosebis-phosphate carboxylase ; Phosphoribulokinase ; Hybridization ; Plasmids ; Genetics ; CO2 fixation ; Alcaligenes eutrophus ; Pseudomonas carboxydovorans ; Rhodospirillum rubrum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Heterologous gene probes derived from cfxLp and cfxPp genes of Alcaligenes eutrophus H16 revealed the presence of structural genes encoding ribulosebisphosphate carboxylase (Rubisco) and phosphoribulokinase (PRK) on the genome of carboxydotrophic bacteria. The two genes were found to be rather conserved. In Pseudomonas carboxydovorans OM5 cfx genes reside on the plasmid pHCG3 and the chromosome as well, indicating that they are duplicated. Also in all plasmidharboring carboxydotrophic bacteria cfxL and cfxP structural genes were found to be plasmid-coded. Our results extend the list of carboxydotrophy structural genes residing on the plasmid pHCG3 and strongly support the idea that the components essential for the chemolithoautotrophic utilization of CO by Pseudomonas carboxydovorans OM5 are plasmid-coded. A cfxL gene probe from Rhodospirillum rubrum did not detectably hybridize with DNA from any of the carboxydotrophic bacteria examined.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00245342
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  • 41
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evidence that genetic differences in habituation and GABAergic mechanisms may be related to sensitivity to ethanol and development of ethanol tolerance in mice (1991)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 105 (1991), S. 13-21 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Habituation ; GABA ; Ethanol sensitivity ; Ethanol tolerance ; Genetics ; Mice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Habituation to a test environment following daily exposure for 5 days was examined in three genetically different strains of mice. C57 animals showed significant habituation to the new environment already on the second day. The habituation of NMRI mice was significant on the third day, whereas CBA mice showed no habituation at all during the experimental period. There was no difference between the animal strains in learning capacity in a passive avoidance test, but CBA mice displayed a significant increase in latency in their performance. When tested for sensitivity to the convulsant actions of GABAergic antagonists, picrotoxin produced seizures at lower doses in CBA as compared to NMRI and C57 mice, whereas there was no difference between the strains in the seizure activity produced by the specific GABA receptor antagonist bicuculline. When the animals were tested for sensitivity to ethanol in a horizontal wire test, ethanol (2 g/kg, IP) produced muscle relaxation in CBA mice whereas the performance of NMRI and C57 was not affected. A large dose of ethanol (4 g/kg, IP) produced a significantly longer sleeping time in CBA mice as compared to NMRI and C57 animals. Ethanol-produced hypothermia was, however, similar in all animals. Environment-dependent development of tolerance to ethanol following daily injections of ethanol for 4 days was examined. C57 mice showed the most rapid development of tolerance towards ethanol's hypnotic actions, whereas CBA mice showed no tolerance to this effect of ethanol. No difference between the strains to the development of tolerance to ethanol's hypothermic effects was observed. The present findings indicate that sensitivity to ethanol and ethanol tolerance are complex phenomena which cannot be adequately characterized by measuring only one single functional response to ethanol. The possibility that a genetically determined perturbation in the functions of the GABA receptor-coupled chloride channel, noted as variable sensitivity to picrotoxin, may be of importance for the observed disturbance in habituation to a new environment, for the different sensitivity to ethanol, and for the different rate of development of ethanol tolerance is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02316858
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  • 42
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    Electronic Resource
    Clinical polydiagnostic studies in a large Swedish pedigree with schizophrenia (1991)
    Springer
    European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience 240 (1991), S. 188-190 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-8491
    Keywords: Families ; Genetics ; Polydiagnostic approach ; Schizophrenia ; Swedish family complex
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A polydiagnostic computerized diagnostic system for psychosis was used in a Swedish family complex, and 51 patients with psychiatric symptomatology were examined with eight main diagnostic systems for schizophrenia and three systems for schizophrenic subgroups. All patients fulfilled the criteria for schizophrenia according to Taylor et al., 50 according to Carpenter, 41 according to RDC, and 31 of the 51 according to DSM-III and DSM-III-R. The hypothesis that the patients in the Swedish family complex differ from other phenotypes of schizophrenia must be refuted based on the data of the present study.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02190762
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  • 43
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    Electronic Resource
    Genetic architecture of growth curve parameters in chickens (1991)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 83 (1991), S. 24-32 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Genetics ; Growth curve ; Body weight ; Chickens
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Genetic improvement in growth of poultry has traditionally proceeded via selection for body weight at a fixed age. Due to increased maintenance costs and reproductive problems of adult broiler breeders, the potential for genetic manipulation of the growth curve has been receiving increased interest. Research of both male and female progeny of a three-way diallel cross was used to investigate the inheritance of growth curve parameters. The Laird form of the Gompertz equation was used to determine growth curve parameters, and was suited to the juvenile growth data frequently collected from meat-type chickens. Growth rate exhibited significant heterosis due to both autosomes and the sex chromosomes. Age at inflection point also exhibited significant average heterosis, though only among females. Growth rate was also influenced by average line effects, as was age at inflection point. Maternal effects had no influence on growth curve parameters, while additive sex linkage was observed for growth rate. Phenotypic and genetic correlations were calculated among the growth curve parameters and suggest that specific breeding programs could alter the growth trajectory of the contemporary broiler chicken. Moderate heritabilities were observed for the growth curve parameters and support the hypothesis that the growth curve could be altered via genetic manipulation of early postnatal growth, especially during the first 14 days post-hatch.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00229222
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  • 44
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    Electronic Resource
    Genetic analysis of rye (Secale cereale L.) Genetics of male sterility of the G-type (1991)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 82 (1991), S. 761-764 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Rye ; Male sterility ; Genetics ; Gene location ; Trisomies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The genetics and relationships between the genes in rye located in the nucleus and cytoplasm of the male sterility of the G-type were investigated. A factor inducing male sterility was found in the cytoplasms or rye cv Schlägler alt and rye cv Norddeutscher Champagner. Monogenic inheritance was observed in linkage tests. Using primary trisomies of rye cv Esto, the nuclear gene ms1 was found to be located on chromosome 4R. Modifying genes, probably masked in normal cytoplasm but expressed in male-sterility-inducing cytoplasm together with gene ms1, were located on chromosomes 3R (ms2) and 6R (ms3). Mono-, di-, and trigenic inheritance types were found in backcross progenies of trisomies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00227322
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    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Molecular heterogeneity and genetics of Vicia faba seed storage proteins (1991)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 81 (1991), S. 50-58 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Vicia faba ; Legumin ; Vicilin ; Structure ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Legumin and vicilin were purified from seeds of Vicia faba L. var. Scuro, characterized in different electrophoretic systems, and used to produce polyclonal antibodies in rabbits. Two-dimensional electrophoretic studies showed a wide range of heterogeneity in the subunits of both legumin and vicilin. Legumin was found to be composed of 29 disulphide-linked subunit pairs with different molecular weight and/or isoelectric point. Western blot analysis of legumin of several mutants revealed molecular polymorphism based on a corresponding gene family. Three different α-major legumin patterns were found, and inheritance studies showed that the 34.3-kD legumin polypeptide is the product of one locus, Lg-1α, which is the first legumin genetic locus described in Vicia faba. Vicilin was found to be composed of as many as 59 subunits distributed in a molecular weight range of 65.7 to 42.8 kD (major polypeptides) and 37.2 to 15.2 kD (minor polypeptides), with different isoelectric points. A model is proposed that explains the possible formation of the minor subunits and the major subunits of 48.2 and 46 kD molecular weight (MW) from proteolytic cleavages and/or glycosilation of precursor polypeptides. Ten different vicilin electrophoretic patterns were observed among the analyzed accessions, which showed large molecular polymorphism that proved to be under genetic control.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00226111
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    Electronic Resource
    α-Amylase structural genes in rye (1991)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 82 (1991), S. 771-776 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Secale cereale ; RFLP ; α-Amylase ; Genetics ; Isozymes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Rye α-Amy1, α-Amy2, and α-Amy3 genes were studied in the cross between inbred lines using wheat α-amylase cDNA probes. The α-Amy1 and α-Amy2 probes uncovered considerable restriction fragment length polymorphism, whereas the α-Amy3 region was much more conserved. The numbers of restriction fragments found and the F2 segregation data suggest that there are three α-Amy1 genes, two or three α-Amy2 genes, and three α-Amy3 genes in rye. These conclusions were supported by a simultaneous study of α-amylase isozyme polymorphism. The F2 data showed the three individual α-Amy1 genes to span a distance of 3cM at the locus on chromosome 6RL. The genes were mapped relative to other RFLP markers on 6RL. On chromosome 7RL two α-Amy2 genes were shown to be separated by 5 cM. Linkage data within α-Amy3 on 5RL were not obtained since RFLP could be detected at only one of the genes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00227324
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    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease among libyan jews (1991)
    Springer
    European journal of epidemiology 7 (1991), S. 490-493 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7284
    Keywords: Creutzfeldt-Jakob diseases ; Prion disease ; Jews ; Libya ; Genetics ; Pathophysiology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The focus of CJD among Jews of Libyan origin has been recognized for two decades, but the reasons underlying it were unknown. Prevailing views suggested transmission from sheep infected with scrapie. However, recent data show that in fact CJD in this ethnic group is a genetically determined disease due to a point mutation on the codon 200 of the prion protein gene. The clinical characteristics of CJD in this group, and particularly the less common periodic activity in the EEG, are reviewed. New findings include peripheral neuropathy of the demyelinating type in two cases, presumably due to involvement of Schwann cells. The pathophysiology of the disease includes, presumably, a focal post-translational modification of the prion protein, (predisposed by the mutation). Later, the disease progresses through cell-to-cell transmission.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00143127
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    Mutants of Nicotiana plumbaginifolia with specific resistance to auxin (1991)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 228 (1991), S. 361-371 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Plant ; Hormone ; Genetics ; Hypocotyl ; Development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have isolated nine independent auxin-resistant mutants of Nicotiana plumbaginifolia by culturing M2 seedlings in the presence of indole-3-acetic acid ethyl ester or 1-naphthaleneacetic acid at concentrations which significantly inhibit hypocotyl elongation of the wild type. The mutations were induced by treating seed with ethyl methanesulphonate and were found in the course of screening 10 000 individual M2 families. Auxin resistance was in all cases the result of a mutation at a single, nuclear locus. The dominance relationships of two of the mutants could be defined as recessive or dominant; all other mutants showed partial dominance. In contrast to previously described mutants of Arabidopsis and N. plumbaginifolia, all of the present mutants were specifically resistant to auxin; the mutants were cross-resistant to several auxins, but showed no increased resistance to cytokinin, abscisic acid, ethylene or 1-amino-cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid. The importance of the choice of the selection criterion for the isolation of specific resistance traits is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00260628
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    Genotype differences in catecholamine concentrations in hypothalamus, intramedial hyperstriatum ventrale, and optic tectum of newly hatched chicks (1991)
    Springer
    Neurochemical research 16 (1991), S. 105-112 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6903
    Keywords: Genetics ; catecholamine ; brain ; imprinting ; development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This study was designed to compare catecholamine concentrations among three brain areas of four pureline populations of visually isolated chicks. The purelines used were a commercial male line, a fertility selected line, an unselected fertility control line, and unselected White Jersey Giants. In general, male chicks had significantly larger brain weights than females. Six catecholamine-related compounds (norepinephrine, epinephrine,l-DOPA, dopamine, DOPAC, and MHPG) were measured via HPLC-ECD. No significant differences in neurochemical concentration were observed for any line or brain area due to sex of the chick. The hypothalamus (HT) contained the greatest concentration of catecholamines in all lines, followed by the intramedial hyperstriatum ventrale (IMHV) and optic tectum (OT). The HT exhibited consistent lateralization in all lines with the right HT containing ca. 30% more catecholamines than the left HT. While no consistent lateralization was observed among the other brain areas, the IMHV exhibited significantly different degrees of lateralization among the populations. Neuronal activity, as measured by MHPG:NE and DOPAC:DA ratio varied by line within each brain area. There were line differences for MHPG:NE in the HT, IMHV, and OT, while line differences for DOPAC:DA were observed in the HT. Since differences among purelines have been demonstrated in this study, care must be given to precisely define the genotype of chicks used in behavioral and neurochemical research.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00965696
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  • 50
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    Electronic Resource
    Inheritance of stalk rot resistance in cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. Botrytis L.) (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 57 (1991), S. 93-96 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Brassica oleracea ; Cauliflower ; Stalk rot ; Screening ; Genetics ; Resistance ; Sclerotinia sclerotiorum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The inheritance of resistance in cauliflower to stalk rot (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary) was investigated in population from six generations of six crosses. Disease incidence was recorded on 4 parents, 6 Fs 1, 6 Fs 2 and 12 back-crosses in a screenhouse under artificially created epiphytotic conditions. Resistance to stalk rot in this set of parents was found to be polygenic and under the control of recessive genes and due primarily to additive gene action. A breeding strategy emphasizing recurrent selection should lead to improvement in resistance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023065
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    Characterization and complementation analysis of sporogenous mutants of Dictyostelium discoideum (1991)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 12 (1991), S. 272-280 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Cell differentiation ; cyclic AMP ; spore viability ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Sporogenous mutants of the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum are defined as mutants which are able to undergo terminal differentiation into spores in monolayer cultures in the presence of millimolar amounts of exogenous cyclic AMP. We describe the morphological development and cellular differentiation of a collection of 12 independently isolated sporogenous mutants of strain V12 M2. All mutants develop more rapidly than do wild-type at an air-water interface, display aberrant morphogenesis, and show overt spore and stalk differentiation as soon as 4 hr after starvation. All mutants differentiate in submerged monolayer culture in the presence of cAMP into variable proportions of spores and stalk cells. A number of the mutants also form both stalk cells and spores in submerged culture in the absence of exogenous cAMP. The spores formed by many of the mutants have a greatly reduced viability. Using parasexual genetics, we have found that two of the 12 mutants analyzed are dominant to wild-type and the remaining ten fall into a minimum of four complementation groups, the overall analysis thus yielding a minimum of four and a maximum of seven complementation groups. Intracellular cAMP levels in vegetative cells are significantly elevated in the two dominant mutants but are similar to wild type in all the other mutants.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020120404
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  • 52
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    Effect of prenatal ethanol exposure on postnatal neural gene expression in the rat (1991)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 12 (1991), S. 293-298 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Neural development ; messenger RNA ; somatostatin ; glial fibrillary acid protein ; proteolipid protein ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: To examine the effects of ethanol exposure on neural development, pregnant rats were fed a liquid diet in which 37.5% of the total caloric content was ethanol-derived. The developmental appearance of the messenger RNAs coding for preprosomatostatin, glial fibrillary acidic protein, and proteolipid protein was examined by Northern blotting of total cellular RNA obtained from forebrain and hindbrain at various times after birth. In general, there was a delay in the developmental pattern of appearance of these mRNAs which was most noticeable at the early postnatal times. These results suggest that the previously reported delay in neural maturation is reflected at the level of the gene expression.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020120406
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  • 53
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    Cellular morphogenesis in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell cycle: Localization of the CDC11 gene product and the timing of events at the budding site (1991)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 12 (1991), S. 281-292 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Actin function ; cell wall ; cytoskeleton ; fusion proteins ; mating ; 10 nm filaments ; yeast ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The Saccharomyces cerevisiae CDC3, CDC10, CDC11, and CDC12 genes encode a family of homologous proteins that are not closely related to other known proteins [Haarer BK, Ketcham SR, Ford SK, Ashcroft DJ, and Pringle JR (submitted)]. Temperature-sensitive mutants defective in any of these four genes display essentially identical pleiotropic phenotypes that include abnormal cell-wall deposition and bud growth, an inability to complete cytokinesis, and a failure to form the ring of 10 nm filaments that normally lies directly subjacent to the plasma membrane in the neck region of budding cells. We showed previously that the CDC3 and CDC12 gene products localize to the region of the mother-bud neck and are probably constituents of the ring of 10 nm filaments. We now report the generation of polyclonal antibodies specific for the CDC11 product (Cdc11p) and the use of these antibodies in immunofluorescence experiments with wild-type and mutant cells. The results suggest that Cdc11p is also a constituent of the filament ring, and thus support the hypothesis that the S. cerevisiae 10 nm filaments represent a novel type of eukaryotic cytoskeletal element. Cdc11p and actin both localize to the budding site well in advance of bud emergence and at approximately the same time, and both proteins also remain localized at the old budding site for some time after cytokinesis. Cdc11p also localizes to regions of cell-wall reorganization in mating cells and in cells responding to purified mating pheromone. Surprisingly, most preparations of affinity purified Cdc11p-specific antibodies also stained the nuclear and cytoplasmic microtubules. Although this staining probably reflects the existence of an epitope shared by Cdc11p and some microtubule-associated protein, the possibility that a fraction of the Cdc11 p is associated with the microtubules could not be eliminated.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020120405
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  • 54
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    RCS1, a gene involved in controlling cell size in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 7 (1991), S. 1-14 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; cell cycle ; budding ; spore germination ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Cloning and sequencing of RCS1, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae gene whose product seems to be involved in timing the budding event of the cell cycle, is described. A haploid strain in which the 3′-terminal region of the chromosomal copy of the gene has been disrupted produces cells that are, on average, twice the size of cells of the parental strain. The critical size for budding in the mutant is similarly increased, and the disruption mutation is dominant in a diploid heterozygous for the RCS1 gene. Spores from this diploid have a reduced ability to germinate, the effect being more pronounced in the spores carrying the disrupted copy of RCS1. However, disrupted cells recover from α-factor treatment equally as well as wild-type cells.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320070102
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  • 55
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    Assembly of alcohol oxidase in the cytosol of a peroxisome-deficient mutant of Hansenula polymorpha - properties of the protein and architecture of the crystals (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 7 (1991), S. 15-24 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Hansenula polymorpha ; alcohol oxidase ; amine oxidase ; choline ; peroxisome-deficient mutant ; enzyme assembly ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We have studied the expression of alcohol oxidase (AO) in a peroxisome-deficient mutant strain of Hansenula polymorpha. High levels of octameric, active AO (up to 3·0 U/mg protein) were detected in cells grown at low dilution rates in a glucose-limited chemostat in the presence of choline as the sole nitrogen source. Monomeric or other intermediate forms of AO were not detected in the mutant strain. This indicated that assembly of the protein into active octameric molecules in the cytosol was as efficient as in wild-type cells where this process is confined to the peroxisomal matrix. At relatively low rates of expression (less than 1 U/mg protein) AO was localized throughout the cytosol and, surprisingly, was also present inside the nucleus. However, at enhanced levels large crystalloids were formed. Generally one crystalloid was observed per cell, whereas smaller ones were occasionally found in developing buds. Also large crystalloids have been observed inside the nucleus. These crystalloids were not surrounded by a membrane. Based on the morphology of the molecules that constituted these crystalloids and the results of (immuno)cytochemical experiments we conclude that the crystalloids are composed of octameric AO molecules, arranged in a regular lattice, identical to the 3-dimensional architecture previously described for the crystalline matrix of peroxisomes in methanol-grown wild type cells of H. polymorpha. Attempts to purify the crystalloids by conventional fractionation methods failed, due to their apparent fragility; however, (immuno)cytochemical experiments revealed that catalase and dihydroxyacetone synthase were also associated with these structures.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320070103
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  • 56
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    Masthead (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 7 (1991) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320070201
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  • 57
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    On the dependence of spontaneous mutation rates on the functional state of genes (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 7 (1991), S. 105-117 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Spontaneous mutagenesis ; repression and derepression of genes ; environmental effects ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Spontaneous mutation of some genes was studied in haploid adenine and leucine auxotrophic yeast Saccharomyces.It was shown that a decrease in the amount of adenine (from 500 to 0 mgl-1) or leucine (from 300 to 0·3 mgl-1) in the medium, simultaneously with the transition from repression to derepression of the biosynthesis of these metabolites, resulted in a 15- to 150-fold increase in the reversion rate of genes ade2 and leu2, respectively, for different strains. At the same time the mutation rate of suppressor genes varied relatively little (up to five-fold), and that of gene lys1 did not change at all. It was also demonstrated (on gene leu2) that the mutation rate is determined by the composition of the nutrient medium at the time of the S-phase of the cell cycle and it does not depend on the cultivation conditions during the presynthetic period.We discuss the hypothesis that derepressed genes mutate with a significantly higher rate than genes in the repressed state.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320070204
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    Hydrogen peroxide as an electron acceptor for mitochondrial respiration in the yeast Hansenula polymorpha (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 7 (1991), S. 137-146 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Cytochrome c peroxidase ; hydrogen peroxide ; energetics ; yeast ; anaerobic respiration ; chemostat ; mitochondria ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Chemostat cultures of a catalase-negative mutant of Hansenula polymorpha CBS 4732 were able to decompose hydrogen peroxide at a high rate. This was apparent from experiments in which yeast was grown under carbon limitation in chemostat culture on mixtures of glucose and H2O2. The enzyme responsible for H2O2 degradation is probably the mitochondrial enzyme cytochrome c peroxidase (CCP), which was present at very high activities. This enzyme was partially purified and shown to be specific for reduced cytochrome c as an electron donor; no reaction was observed with NAD(P)H. Thus, reducing equivalents for H2O2 degradation by CCP must be provided by the respiratory chain.That H2O2 can act as an electron acceptor for reducing equivalents could be confirmed with experiments in which cells were incubated with ethanol and H2O2 in the absence of oxygen. This resulted in oxidation of ethanol to equimolar amounts of acetate.Energetic aspects of mitochondrial H2O2 decomposition via CCP and the physiological function of CCP in yeasts are discussed.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320070207
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    Influence of the codon following the initiation codon on the expression of the lacZ gene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 7 (1991), S. 157-165 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Translation initiation ; codon usage: mRNA structure ; yeast ; lacZ fusion protein ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A set of 32 different codons were introduced in a lacZ experssion vector (pPTK400) immediately 3′ from the AUG initiation codon. Expression of the lacZ gene was determined in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by measuring the amount of β-galactosidase fusion protein using immuno-gel electrophoresis. A 5·3-fold difference in expression was found among the various constructs. It was found that there was no preference for a certain nucleotide in any position of the second codon and there was no distinct correlation between the level of tRNA corresponding to any particular second codon and expression. No correlation could be found between the local secondary structure and expression. When the overall codon usage in yeast and the codon usage in the second position of the mRNA is compared, there is no obvious significant difference in preference. This indicates that in yeast, in contrast to Escherichia coli, the codon choice at the beginning of the mRNA does not deviate from the one further downstream and is determined by the requirements for optimal translation elongation. Important determinatnts of the optimal context for an initiation codon in yeast therfore must be located mainly 5′ from this codon.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320070209
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    Quantitation of readthrough of termination codons in yeast using a novel gene fusion assay (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 7 (1991), S. 173-183 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Translation ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; lacZ fusion ; termination ; nonsense suppression ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A simple quantitative in vivo assay has been developed for measuring the efficiency of translation of one or other of the three termination codons, UAA, UAG and UGA in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The assay employs a 3-phosphoglycerate kinase-β-galactosidase gene fusion, carried on a multicopy plasmid, in which the otherwise retained reading frame is distupted by one or other of the three termination codons. Termination readthrough is thus quantitated by measuring β-galactosidase in transformed strains. Using these plasmids to quantitate the endogenous levels of termination readthrough we show that readthrough of all three codons can be detected in a non-suppressor (sup+) strain of S. cerevisiae. The efficiency of this endogenous readthrough is much higher in a [psi+] strain than in a [psi-] strain with the UGA codon being the leakiest in the nucleotide context used. The utility of the assay plasmids for studying genetic modifiers of nonsense suppressors is also shown by their use to demonstrate that the cytoplasmic genetic determinant [pse+] broadens the decoding properties of a serine-inserting UAA suppressor tRNA (SUQ5) to allow it to translate the other two termination codons in the order of efficiency UAA 〉 UAG 〉 UGA.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320070211
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    The product of the KIN1 locus in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a serine/threonine-specific protein kinase (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 7 (1991), S. 219-228 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Protein kinase ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; yeast ; protein phosphorylation ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The catalytic domain (30 kDa) of all protein kinases can be aligned for maximum homology, thereby revealing both invariant and highly conserved residues. The KIN1 locus from Saccharomyces cerevisiae was isolated by hybridization to a degenerate oligonucleotide encoding the conserved protein kinase domain, DVWSFG. The predicted amino acid sequence revealed significant homology to the catalytic domain of protein kinases. Using antibodies raised against a bacterial LacZ/KIN1 fusion protein, we have identified by immunoprecipitation the yeast KIN1 gene product as a 145 000 dalton protein (p145KIN1). In exponentially growing yeast cells, the KIN1 protein is phosphorylated primarily on serine residues. The gene product of KIN1 was shown to be a serine/threonine-specific protein kinase in immune complexes, as detrmined by the transfer of label from [γ-32P]ATP to either pp145KIN1 or to an exogenously added substrate, α-casein. The optimal metal ion concentration in this assay was 20 mM-MnCl2. Subsequent phosphoamino acid analysis of the radiolabelled product, pp145KIN1, demonstrated that this autophosphorylation was specific for serine/threonine residues. There is no apparent difference between wild-type cells and cells containing a disrupted KIN1 gene. The biochemical characterization of protein kinases in simple eukaryotes such as yeast will aid us in detrmining the role of phosphorylation in cellular growth and physiology.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320070304
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    CDC15, an essential cell cycle gene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, encodes a protein kinased domain (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 7 (1991), S. 265-273 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: cell division cycle ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; CDC 15 ; protein kinase ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The cell division cycle gene CDC 15 is essential for the late nucler division in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The amino acid sequence of the 974 amino acids/110 kDa CDC 15 gene product, as deduced from the nucletide sequence, includes an aminoterminal protein kinase domain which contains a primary sequence mosaic showing patterns specific for protein serine/theonine kinases besides those for protein tyrosine kinases. Many protein kinases non-essential for growth are known. CDC 15 represents an essential protein kinase like CDC 7 and CDC 28. A carboxyterminal deletion of 32 amino acids renders the protein inactive.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320070308
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    III. Yeast sequencing reports. Determination of the sequence of the yeast YCL313 gene localized on chromosome III. Homology with the protein disulfide isomerase (PDI gene product) of other organisms (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 7 (1991), S. 185-193 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Protein dislfide isomerase (PDI) ; chromosome III ; yeast ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We have determined the nucleotide sequence of the YCL313 gene as part of the YIp5 A1G clone localized on the left arm of chromosome III. This YCL313 gene encodes a protein of 522 amino acids (MW 58·3 kDa) which has large homologies with the human, mouse, chicken, bovine and rat PDI gene products. In these organisms the PDI gene encodes the protein disulfide isomerase (EC 5.3.4.1) also called S-S rearrangase, an enzyme that catalyses the rearrangements of S-S bonds in proteins. This enzyme is probably involved in protein folding within the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum.These sequence homologies suggest that YCL313 is the yeast equivalent of the PDI gene. Gene disruption of YCL313 leads to a lethal phenotype indicating that this gene is essential for cell survival.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320070212
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    VII. Yeast sequencing reports. Physical, transcriptional and genetical mapping of a 24 kb DNA fragment located between the PMA1 and ATE1 loci on chromosome VII from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 7 (1991), S. 275-280 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; chromosome VII ; transcripts ; genetic distances ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A physical map of a contiguous DNA fragment of 60 kb, extending from the centromere to TRP5 on the left arm of the chromosome VII of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, strain IL 125-2B, was established. Within a 31 kb region from PMA1 towards TRP5, a total of 12 transcription products ranging from 0·6 to 3·6 kb were identified in cells grown exponentially on rich medium. Near 87% of the DNA investigated was transcribed and on average one transcript, of 2·3 kb average length, was detected every 2·7 kb of DNA. The physical and genetical distances between the markers CEN7, pma1, leu1, pdr1 and trp5 were compared. A recombination frequency of 1 cM corresponds to an average distance of 3·3 kb between alleles in this region of chromosome VII.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320070309
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    VII. Yeast sequencing reports. The YGL022 gene encodes a putative transport protein (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 7 (1991), S. 305-308 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320070313
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    Passage of molecules through yeast cell walls: A brief essay-review (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 7 (1991), S. 313-323 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Yeasts ; cell walls ; porosity ; proteins ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320070402
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    III. Yeast sequencing reports. The complete sequence of the unit YCR59, situated between CRY1 and MAT, reveals two long open reading frames, which cover 91% of the 10·1 kb segment (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 7 (1991), S. 413-424 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Yeast ; Chromosome III ; sequence ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We have entirely sequenced YCR59, which is a 10·1 kb segment of the right arm of chromosome III, and is a part of the clone E5F from the Newlon collection. The segment contains two long open reading frames (ORFs): YCR591 which starts in the adjacent fragment H9G (situated towards CRY1 and the centromere), and continues with 1833 codons in YCR59. The second ORF YCR592 is 1226 codons long and encoded entirely within YCR59. The two ORFs represent 91% of the total length of the segment. Excellent agreement in both location and length is found between the ORFs YCR591 and YCR592 and the transcripts 86 and 87 respectively in the Yoshikawa and Isono (1990) map of chromosome III. The two ORFs correspond to new genes and show no significant similarity with any known genes.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320070411
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    Expression of the α-galactosidase from Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (guar) by Hansenula polymorpha (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 7 (1991), S. 463-473 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Secretion ; methylotrophic yeast ; glycosylation ; methanol oxidase ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The methylotrophic yeast Hansenula polymorpha, a host organism for the production of heterologous proteins, has been applied to produce the α-galactosidase from the plant Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (guar). The yeast/Escherichia coli shuttle expression vector used is based on the origin of replication of the endogenous 2 μm plasmid of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the LEU2 gene of S. cerevisiae for selection in H. polymorpha. In the expression vector, the α-galactosidase is controlled by the methanol-regulated promoter from the methanol oxidase gene, MOX, of H. polymorpha. The signal sequence of SUC2 (invertase) from the yeast S. cerevisiae, was used to ensure secretion of the α-galactosidase enzyme. After transformation and stabilization, the expression vector was stably integrated in the genome. The active α-galactosidase enzyme was efficiently secreted (〉85%) and after methanol induction, the expression level was 42 mg/l. Amino-terminal sequencing of the purified α-galactosidase enzyme synthesized by H. polymorpha showed that the S. cerevisiae invertase signal sequence was correctly processed by H. polymorpha. The secreted α-galactosidase was glycosylated and had a sugar content of 9·5%. The specific activity of the α-galactosidase produced by H. polymorpha was 38 U mg-1 compared to 100 U mg-1 for guar α-galactosidase. Deglycosylation of the H. polymorpha α-galactosidase restored the specific activity completely.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320070505
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    Incorporation of unsaturated fatty acids by Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Conservation of fatty-acyl saturation in phosphatidylinositol (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 7 (1991), S. 489-494 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; yeast ; unsaturated fatty acids ; phosphatidylinositol ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Saccharomyces cerevisiae was grown anaerobically in media supplemented with myritoleic 14:1(9c), palmitoleic 16:1(9c), oleic 18:1(9c), linoleic 18:2(9,12c), γ-linolenic 18:3(9,12,15c) or eicosenoic 20:1(11c) acid. Cells from exponential-phase cultures contained approximately the same proportions of the major phospholipid classes, namely phosphatidycholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylserine, the greatest differences being detected in cells grown in the presence of 14:1(9c) or 20:1(11c) acids. The extent to which phospholipids from cells were enriched with residues of the exogenously supplied acid varied from 52% in cells grown in the presence of 14:1(9c) acid to 13% in cells grown in media supplemented with 20:1(11c) acid. Analysis of the fatty-acyl composition of the four major phospholipid classes revealed that the degree of unsaturation varied considerably in three of the classes, while phosphatidylinositol conserved a high degree of saturation. The possible significance of the latter finding in relation to the physiological role of phosphatidylinositol in the plasma membrane is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320070508
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    Masthead (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 7 (1991) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320070601
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    Genetic transformation of auxotrophic mutants of the filamentous yeast Trichosporon cutaneum using homologous and heterologous marker genes (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 7 (1991), S. 513-524 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Trichosporon cutaneum ; auxotrophic mutants ; UV-mutagenesis ; transformation of spheroplasts ; sib-selection ; integration ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A transformation system for the filamentous yeast Trichosporon cutaneum based on auxotrophic markers is presented and techniques for the induction, isolation and characterization of mutants are described. A number of auxotrophic mutants were isolated and characterized by using biosynthetic precursors and/or inhibitors. A mutant unable to grow in the presence of ornithine could be complemented successfully in spheroplast transformation experiments using the cloned Aspergillus nidulans ornithine transcarbamoylase gene (argB gene) as selection marker with an efficiency of 5-100 transformants per μg of DNA. In these transformants the heterologous argB gene was present in multiple tandem copies and the transforming DNA was found to remain stable after more than 50 generations in non-selective media. The same mutant could be complemented by a T. cutaneum cosmid gene library and a complementing cosmid was subsequently isolated from this library by a sib-selection strategy. This cosmid transformed. T. cutaneum spheroplasts with an efficiency of 50-200 colonies per μg of DNA. Southern blot analyses were consistent with the view that the transforming sequences became stably integrated into the host genome at the homologous site.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320070511
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    The sequence of 8·8 kb of yeast chromosome III cloned in lambda PM3270 contains an unusual long ORF (YCR601) (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 7 (1991), S. 631-641 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Chromosome III ; sequencing ; gene disruption ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We have determined the nucleotide sequence of a segment of chromosome III contained in the right part of the lambda PM3270 clone, for a total of 8824 bp. This sequence contains an unusual long open reading frame, YCR601, of 6501 bp that encodes for a protein of 2167 amino acids that show no homology with other known proteins. YCR601 was disrupted by internal deletion and insertion of LEU2 gene and is a non-essential gene, however it is transcribed during vegetative growth yielding a polyadenylated mRNA of approximately 7 kb.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320070612
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    The open reading frame YCR101 located on chromosome III from Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a putative protein kinase (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 7 (1991), S. 651-655 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Chromosome III ; sequencing ; gene distruption ; kinase ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320070614
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    The ureidoglycollate hydrolase (DAL3) gene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 7 (1991), S. 693-698 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; protein sorting ; post-translational modification ; allantoin pathway ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The DAL3 gene has been sequenced and found to encode a 195 amino acid protein with a molecular weight of 21 727. The four carboxy-terminal amino acids of DAL3 product (Cys-Ile-Ile-Ile) are homologous to those (CAAX) previously shown to be the primary structural signal for post-translational farnesylation of yeast RAS protein and mating factor. This modification is reported to be responsible for membrane localization of proteins containing it. The upstream region of DAL3 contains six copies of a sequence that is homologous to the positively acting DAL UASNTR reported to be required for transcriptional activation of the DAL5 and DAL7 genes. Missing from the DAL3 upstream region were any sequences related to those shown to be required for a DAL7 response to inducer, the UIS element. This correlates with the previous report that DAL3 expression is independent of the allantoin pathway inducer.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320070705
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    The role of pyruvate decarboxylase in the Kluyver effect in the food yeast, Candida utilis (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 7 (1991), S. 479-487 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Pyruvate decarboxylase ; yeast ; Candida utilis ; Kluyver effect ; glycosidase ; β-glucosidase ; anaerobic sugar fermentation ; aerobiosis ; anaerobiosis ; activation ; deactivation ; catabolite repression ; enzyme induction ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The glucose-fermenting yeast, Candida utilis cannot use the β-D-glucoside, cellobiose, anaerobically, although it is able to do so aerobically. β-Glucoside transport and hydrolysis and pyruvate decarboxylase activities of this yeast were measured aerobically and anaerobically. β-Glucoside transport was five-fold faster aerobically than anaerobically, but there was no corresponding difference in β-glucosidase activity. Pyruvate decarboxylase activity varied greatly, being synthesized de novo in response to the presence of D-glucose and anaerobic conditions and about 50% deactivated on the removal of D-glucose or the addition of air. Activation and deactivation were rapidly reversible. Failure to utilize cellobiose anaerobically, in particular, and the Kluyver effect, in general, probably depends on much reduced glycolytic flux, associated under anaerobic conditions, with (i) lower transport rate, (ii) low substrate affinity of the relevant glycosidase and (iii) deactivation of pyruvate decarboxylase. So, in addition to the complex effects of oxygen, anaerobiosis and specific sugars on induction, repression and derepression, there are fine controls on pyruvate decarboxylase activity, leading to fast activation or deactivation of the enzyme.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320070507
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    III. Yeast sequencing reports. The complete sequence of a 11,953 bp fragment from C1G on chromosome III encompasses four new open reading frames (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 7 (1991), S. 533-538 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320070513
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    The ade6 gene of the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe has the same chromatin structure in the chromosome and in plasmids (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 7 (1991), S. 547-558 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: chromatin ; yeast ; Schizosaccharomyces pombe ; ade6 gene ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We have analysed the chromatin structure of the ade6 gene of Schizosaccharomyces pombe and its flanking regions both in the chromosome and in plasmids. The chromatin structure is independent of the chromosomal or extrachromosomal location. The ade6 gene contains eight precisely positioned nucleosomes on the 5′ half, ‘not positioned’ nucleosomes around the 3′ end and a nuclease-sensitive promoter region. Precisely positioned nucleosomes, but no nuclease-sensitive region were also detected on the ura4 gene in the chromosome and on a plasmid. The results show that S. pombe chromosomal and extrachromosomal genes have chromatin structures similar to those of S. cerevisiae and higher eukaryotes.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320070603
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    Cyclic variations in the permeability of the cell wall of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 7 (1991), S. 589-598 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Cell wall porosity ; cell cycle ; centrifugal elutriation ; synchronous growth ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: To study cell-cycle-related variations in wall permeability of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, two approaches were used. First, an asynchronous culture was fractionated by centrifugal elutriation into subpopulations containing cell of increasing size. The subpopulations represented different stages of the cell cycle as judged by light microscopy. Cell wall porosity increased when these subpopulations became enriched with budded cells. Secondly, synchronous cultures were obtained by releasing MATa cells from alpha-factor induced G1-arrest. These cultures grew synchronously for at least two generations. The cell wall porosity incresed sharply in these cultures, shortly before buds became visible and was maximal during the initial stages of bud growth. It decreased in cells which had completed nuclear migration and before abscission of the bud had occurred. The porosity reached its lowest value during abscission and in unbudded cells.We examined the incorporation of mannoproteins into the wall during the cell cycle. SDS-extractable mannoproteins were incorporated continuously. However, the incorporation of glucanase-extractable mannoproteins, which are known to affect cell wall porosity, showed cyclic oscillations and reached its maximum after nuclear migration. This coincided with a rapid decrease in cell wall porosity, indicating that glucanase-extractable mannoproteins might contribute to this decrease.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320070606
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    Cytochrome P450 lanosterol 14α-demethylase (ERG11) and manganese superoxide dismutase (SOD1) are adjacent genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 7 (1991), S. 627-630 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Superoxide dismutase ; cytochrome P450 ; chromosome VIII ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; polymorphisms ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: DNA sequencing and analysis of genomic DNA using the polymerase chain reaction were used to demonstrate that SOD1 and ERG11 are adjacent genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288c and to establish the correct intergenic sequence of this segment on chromosome VIII.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320070611
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    Masthead (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 7 (1991) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320070701
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    The MAT locus revisited within a 9·8 kb fragment of chromosome III containing BUD5 and two new open reading frames (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 7 (1991), S. 881-888 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Chromosome III ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; mating type ; HML ; BUD5 ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: This paper reports the DNA sequence of a segment of 9·8 kb of the chromosome III. The sequenced DNA contains the MATα locus. The new sequence of the MATα locus differs from the previously reported sequence by six modifications in the W segment. We have found the same modifications in the HML locus. The corrected sequence contains, in HML, an open reading frame (ORF) of 190 codons which ends at the border between the W segment and the flanking DNA. In the MAT locus, this ORF extends in the flanking DNA up to 538 codons. This ORF corresponds to a gene independently identified as BUD5 (Chant et al., 1991). This gene presents homologies with the exchange factors SDC25 and CDC25. A large ORF of 1399 codons is found on the opposite side of MATα (toward the telomere). This ORF corresponds to a new gene YCR724. Next to this gene is a small ORF, YCR725, of 127 codons. The localization of this fragment on chromosome III, originally supposed to be distal from the MAT locus based on genetic distance, illustrates variation in recombination frequency along the chromosome and suggests the existence of hot spots of recombination between MAT and the THR4 locus.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320070815
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    The SEC11 gene is situated adjacent to DAL81 on the right arm of chromosome IX in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 7 (1991), S. 757-760 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; chromosome mapping ; nitrogen catabolic genes ; secretion genes ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320070710
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    Repression of a mating type cassette in the fission yeast by four DNA elements (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 7 (1991), S. 745-755 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Fission yeast ; mating type expression ; silencer ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The fission yeast, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, expresses one of two alternative mating types. They are specified by one of two determinants (M or P) present at the mat1 locus. In addition, silent copies of M and P are present on the same chromosome. In the present work we demonstrate that the difference between the active and the silent stage of the P determinant is controlled by four repressive elements that are located at the silent locus. There are two elements to the left and two to the right of the mating type cassette. Both elements to the left and either one of the two elements to the right are required for an effective blockage of transcription. When they are combined, the four elements define a highly efficient silencer functionally similar to the HMRE and HMLE and HMLI silencers in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In addition, the DNA surrounding the silent P locus confers symmetric partitioning in mitosis to Schizosaccharomyces pombe ars plasmids.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320070709
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    Transport of lactic acid in Kluyveromyces marxianus: Evidence for a monocarboxylate uniport (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 7 (1991), S. 775-780 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Kluyveromyces ; lactic acid ; transport ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Lactic acid-grown cells of a strain of Kluyveromyces marxianus transported D-and L-lactic acid by a saturable mechanism that was partially inducible and subject to glucose repression, with the following kinetic parameters at pH 5·4: Vmax = 1·00 (±0·13) mmol h-1 per g dry weight and Ks = 0·42 (±0·08) mM. Lactic acid transport was competitively inhibited by pyruvic, glycolic, acetic and bromoacetic acids. The latter, a non-metabolizable analogue, was transiently accumulated, the extent depending on the extracellular pH. The pH dependence of the Ks values for undissociated lactic acid and for the lactate anion indicated that the latter was the transported species. Lactate uptake was not accompanied by the simulatate uptake of protons, potassium ions or sodium ions excluding symport mechanisms. Initial lactic acid uptake led to transient membrane hyperpolarization as measured with a fluorescent dye excluding also an electroneutral anion antiport mechanism. It was concluded that lactate anions use a monocarboxylate uniport and that the counter anion, possibly bicarbonate, uses a separate channel, the coupling being electrical and loose.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320070803
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    Synthesis of superoxide dismutase, catalase and other enzymes and oxygen and superoxide toxicity during changes in oxygen concentration in cultures of brewing yeast (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 7 (1991), S. 91-103 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Superoxide dismutase ; brewing yeast ; catalase ; oxygen toxicity ; aerobic transition ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The physiological effects on brewing yeast, growing in semi-defined wort medium, of a sudden transition from aerobiosis to anaerobiosis were studied. Two yeast strains were examined, used for ale and lager fermentations respectively. The reverse transition (from anaerobiosis to aerobiosis) was also examined. Transitions were applied by changing the sparging gas during growth or in stationary phase, and the effects on the specific activities of certain key enzymes and on the viability of the cultures were examined.Neither type of transition led to significant changes in growth rate, the rate of ethanol production or the specific activities of alcohol dehydrogenase and pyruvate decarboxylase. The most significant change was in the specific activity of CuZn-superoxide dismutase, which showed a rapid increase in activity on transition from anaerobiosis to aerobiosis, and a decrease in activity on the reverse transition. Catalase activity in the ale yeast generally followed that of CuZn-superoxide dismutase, whereas in the lager yeast it remained unchanged by the transitions. The transition from anaerobiosis to aerobiosis caused increases in citrate synthase and Mn-superoxide dismutase, though only after a significant lag period. Aerobic to anaerobic transitions caused a decrease in Mn-superoxide dismutase activity, while citrate synthase remained unchanged.Anaerobically grown cells showed a rapid loss in viability on exposure to oxygen (5-7% in the first hour), while aerobically grown cells were unaffected. When anaerobically grown cells were exposed to 0·25 mM-potassium superoxide, there was an 8% loss of viability within 10 min, whereas aerobic cells were not affected.It is concluded that the toxic effect of oxygen is due to superoxide (or a species derived from it) and that the CuZn-superoxide dismutase (but not the Mn-isoenzyme) plays a role in protecting the cells. The de novo synthesis of the CuZn-enzyme is not always rapid enough to confer full protection.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320070203
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    Chemostat studies of microsomal enzyme induction in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 7 (1991), S. 147-156 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; microsomes ; cytochrome P450 ; sterol demethylase ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Using cells grown in a chemostat at steady state, the levels of various components of the microsomal electron transport chain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were examined. Cytochrome P450 haemoprotein levels measured in cells grown in medium with a dissolved oxygen concentration of 15% were induced between 10- and 20-fold over levels in cells grown in medium containing 70% dissolved oxygen concentation. An increase in the dilution rate of a culture growing in medium containing 15% dissolved oxygen resulted in an increase in the residual glucose concentration of the medium. This was paralleled by an increase in the microsomal levels of cytochrome P450. The rise could not be attributed either to increases in the concentration of ethanol in the chemostat or to an increase in the proportion of energy generated using fermentative pathways. However, this effect was not observed in cells grown in an oxygen concentration of 70%. Cytochrome b5 haemoprotein levels were also induced approximately three-fold by reducing the dissolved oxygen concentration from 70% to 15%. Changes in the medium glucose concentration from 0·03% to 1·6% (w/v) had no effect on the levels of this enzyme. Conversely, levels of cytochrome P450 NADPH reductase appeared lower in cells grown in 15% as opposed to 70% dissolved oxygen concentration. Northern slot blot analysis of total RNA extracted from chemostat-grown cells, probed with a C-14 sterol demethylase cytochrome P450 gene (cytochrome P450 LIA1), revealed a pattern of message induction which matched that of the cytochrome P450 haemoprotein, indicating that control of the levels of this enzyme was at least partially transcriptional. Qualitative examination of combined cytochrome P450 apoprotein and haemoprotein levels using Western blot analysis revealed a similar pattern of induction to that observed with Northern blotting.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320070208
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    Ribosomal DNA spacer probes for yeast identification: Studies in the genus Metschnikowia (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 7 (1991), S. 167-172 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: rDNA spacer probes ; rapid yeast identification ; Metschnikowia reukaufii ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: To test whether DNA probes derived from ribosomal DNA spacer sequences are suitable for rapid and species-specific yeast identification, a pilot study was undertaken. A 7·7 kb entire ribosomal DNA unit of the type strain of Metschnikowia reukaufii was isolated, cloned and mapped. A 0·65 kb BamHI-HpaI fragment containing nontranscribed spacer sequences was amplified and selected for testing as a 32P hybridization probe with total DNA from the type strains of M. reukaufii, M. pulcherrima, M. lunata, M. bicuspidata, M. australis, M. zobellii, M. krissii, five other strains identified as M. reukaufii and strains of Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Hansenula canadensis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Yarrowia lipolytica. The probe hybridized exclsively with DNA from the type strain and four other strains of M. reukaufii. DNA from one strain labelled M. reukaufii did not hybridize with the probe. Subsequent % G+C comparison and DNA-DNA reassociation with the type strain revealed that the non-hybridizing strain does not belong to the species M. reukaufii.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320070210
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    Biosynthesis and assembly of alcohol oxidase, a peroxisomal matrix protein in methylotrophic yeasts: A review (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 7 (1991), S. 195-209 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320070302
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    Calcium-dependent secretory vesicle-binding and lipid-binding proteins of Saccharomyces cerevisiase (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 7 (1991), S. 229-244 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Lipid-binding proteins ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; secretion ; secretory vesicles ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) cytosol was examined for the presence of calcium-dependent membrane- or lipidbinding proteins that might paly fundamental roles in membrane-associated phenomena in stimulated cells. A complex group of proteins was isolated from late log phase cultures of yeast strain YP3 on the basis of calcium-dependent association with yeast secretory vesicles isolated from the temperature-sensitive sec6-4 secretory mutant. The masses of the major proteins in this group were 32, 35, 47, 51, 55, 60, and 120 kDa. A similar group of proteins was isolated by calcium-dependent association with bovine brain lipids enriched in the predominant acidic phospholipids of the yeast secretory vesicles. The 47 kDa protein was highly purified when commerical yeast cake was used as the source of yeast cytosol. The 32 kDa and 60 kDa proteins were demonstrated to reassociate with lipids at calcium concentrations of 100 μM or higher, while no association was promoted by 2 mM-magnesium. The 47 kDa protein could be removed from lipids by reducing the calcium concentration to between 1 and 32 μM. The sequences of peptides isolated from digests of several of these proteins indicate that they are novel proteins but are insufficient to judge the possible homology of these proteins with mammalian membrane-binding proteins. The sequence data may be adequeate to permit isolation and modification of the corresponding genes in order to assess the possible funtion of this class of proteins in stimulated cells.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320070305
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    Applications of high efficiency lithium acetate transformation of intact yeast cells using single-stranded nucleic acids as carrier (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 7 (1991), S. 253-263 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Cloning genes ; toxic ; E. coli ; non-selective transformation ; co-transformation ; one-step gene disruption ; deletion ; ligation libraries ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The highly efficient yeast lithium acetate transformation protocol of Schiestl and Gietz (1989) was tested for its applicability to some of the most important need of current yeast molecular biology. The method allows efficient cloning of genes by direct transformation of gene libraries into yeast. When a random gene pool ligation reaction was transformed into yeast, the LEU2, HIS3, URA3, TRP1 and ARG4 genes were found among the primary transformations at a frequency of approximately 0·1%. The RAD4 gene, which is toxic to Escherichia coli, was also identified among the primary transformants of a ligation library at a frequency of 0·18%. Non-selective transformation using this transformation proctocol was shown to increase the frequency of gene disruption three-fold. Co-transformation showed that 30-40% of the transformation-competent cells take up more than one DNA molecule which can be used to enrich for integration and delection events 30- to 60-fold. Co-transformation was used in the construction of simultaneous double gene disruptions as well as disrupting both copies of one gene in a diploid which occurred at 2-5% the frequency of the single event.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320070307
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    Two genes encoding putative mitochondrial alcohol dehydrogenases are present in the yeast Kluyveromyces lactis (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 7 (1991), S. 391-400 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Kluyveromyces lactis ; alcohol dehydrogenase ; mitochondrial import ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Four structural genes encoding isozymes of the alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) system in the yeast Kluyveromyces lactis have been identified by hybridization to ADH2 DNA probes from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In this paper we report on the isolation of KlADH4 and the complete sequencing of KlADH3 and KlADH4, two genes which show high homology to KlADH1, the ADH gene previously isolated in K. lactis, and to the ADH genes of S. cerevisiae. When compared with KlADH1, both KlADH3 and KlADH4 encode amino-terminal extensions which show the characteristics of the mitochondrial targeting sequences. These extensions are poorly conserved both at the nucleotide and the amino acid level. Suprisingly, the KlADH4 extension shows a higher identity at the amino acid level to the one encoded by ADH3 of S. cerevisiae than to the KlADH3 presequence. KlADH3 and KlADH4, in contrast to the ADH3 gene of S. cerevisiae, show a strong bias in the choice of codons.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320070409
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    Masthead (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 7 (1991) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320070501
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    Analysis of the expression and secretion of the Candida tsukubaensis α-glucosidase gene in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 7 (1991), S. 445-454 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Heterologous expression ; S. cerevisiae ; α-glucosidase ; secretion ; maltose utilization ; novel promoter ; Candida tsukubaensis ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The α-glucosidase gene of Candida tsukubaensis is contained within a 3·47 kb BamH1-Mlu1 fragment which, when introduced into Saccharomyces cerevisiae AH22 on a yeast-Escherichia coli shuttle vector, allows the transformants to utilize maltose as sole carbon source. Thus, the cloned gene confers a dominant selectable phenotype on transformed strains of S. cerevisiae which are otherwise unable to grow in nutrient media containing maltose, dextrin or other α-1,4-linked α-D-glucopyranosides, specifically hydrolysed by the α-glucosidase. The cloned enzyme expressed in yeast is secreted into the extracellular medium in a glycosylated form which accounts for up to 60% of the secreted protein and has a molecular size of 70-80 kilodalton (kDa). Deglycosylation of the α-glucosidase showed that the enzyme is composed of two distinct polypeptides with subunit molecular weights of 63-65 kDa (peptide 1) and 50-52 kDa (peptide 2). An increase in the level of expression of the α-glucosidase by yeast transformants in selective minimal medium was obtained by using a vector with increased copy number containing the leu2-d gene as selectable marker. The α-glucosidase gene promoter functions more effectively than the Gal1-10 promoter in directing α-glucosidase expression in S. cerevisiae. It also directs the expression of high levels of β-galactosidase activity in yeast when fused to a promoterless E. coli lacZ gene. Expression of the α-glucosidase gene under the control of its own promoter is constitutive, orientation dependent and not subject to catabolite repression.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320070503
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    Yeast mutant affected for viability upon nutrient starvation: Characterization and cloning of the RVS161 gene (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 7 (1991), S. 727-743 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: RVS161 gene ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; stationary phase entry ; viability loss ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: In yeast, nutrient starvation leads to entry into stationary phase. Mutants that do not respond properly to starvation conditons have been isolated in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Among them the rvs161 mutant (RVS for Reduced Viability upon Starvation) is sensitive to carbon, nitrogen and sulphur starvation. When these nutrients are depleted in the medium, mutant cells show cellular viability loss with morphological changes. The mutation rvs161-1 is very pleiotropic, and besides the defects in stationary phase entry, the mutant strain presents other alterations: sensitivity to high salt concentrations, hypersensitivity to amino acid analogs, no growth on lactate or acetate medium. The addition of salts or amino acid analogs leads to the same morphological defects observed in starved cells, suggesting that the gene could be implicated mainly in the control of cellular viability. The gene RVS161 was cloned; it codes for a 30,252 daltons protein. No homology was detected with the proteins contained in the databases. Moreover, Southern analysis revealed the presence of other sequences homologous to the RVS161 gene in the yeast genome.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320070708
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    Purification and some properties of membrane-bound and soluble pyrophosphatases of yeast vacuolesThis paper is dedicated to the memory of the late Prof. N. van Uden. (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 7 (1991), S. 805-812 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Yeast ; vacuoles ; pyrophosphatase ; H+-transport ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The membrane-bound and soluble pyrophosphatase (PPase) activities of Saccharomyces carlsbergenis vacuoles are determined by the functioning of special enzymes and are not due to non-specific PPi hydrolysis by other vacuolar phosphohydrolases. The molecular mass of the membrane-bound PPase is apparently 120 000 and its molecule consists of three subunits with Mr = 41 000. Soluble PPase has a molecular mass of about 82 000 and includes three subunits with Mr = 28 000. Both enzymes are glycoproteins. The vacuolar membrane-bound PPase is a proton pump.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320070805
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    An efficient transformation procedure enabling long-term storage of competent cells of various yeast genera (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 7 (1991), S. 691-692 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320070704
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    Cell wall glucomannoproteins of Saccharomyces cerevisiae mnn9 (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 7 (1991), S. 717-726 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Mannoprotein ; glucan ; mannan ; N-glycosylation ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Mannoproteins were isolated from Saccharomyces cerevisiae mnn9 mutant cell walls by laminarinase digestion and purified by affinity and anion-exchange chromatography. The purified mannoprotein fraction contained three predominant proteins with molecular masses of 300 kDa, 220 kDa and 160 kDa. These compounds were absent in an SDS extrct of cell walls or in a hot-citrate extract of mnn9 cells.The carbohydrate part of the purified mannoproteins consisted of (N-acetyl)glucosamine, mannose and glucose in a molar ratio of 1:53:4. O-Glycosidically linked chains, containing 70% of the mannose, were released by mild β-elimination. N-Glycosidically linked chains, representing 80% of the (N-acetyl)glucosamine and 20% of the mannose, were released by peptide N-glycosidase F (PNGase F) digestion. Complete degradation of protein by alkaline hydrolysis released besides the N- and O-glycosidically linked chains, another type of carbohydrate chain containing the residual (N-acetyl)glucosamine, mannose and most of the glucose in a molar ratio of 1:17:18. Glucose was β-glycosidically linked.The results indicate that β-glucose is linked to PNGase F-resistant N-linked chains present on cell wall mannoproteins. We propose that these chains are responsible for the linkage between mannoproteins and glucan in the cell wall.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320070707
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  • 98
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Structure of the yeast endoplasmic reticulum: Localization of ER proteins using immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 7 (1991), S. 891-911 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Yeast ; Saccharomyces cerevisae ; endoplasmic reticulum ; ultrastructure ; cell cycle ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and other secretory compartments of Saccharomyces cerevisiae have biochemical functions that closely parallel those described in higher eukaryotic cells, yet the morphology of the yeast organelles is quite distinct. In order to associate ER functions with the corresponding cellular structures, we localized several proteins, each of which is expected to be associated with the ER on the basis of enzymatic activity, biological function, or oligosaccharide content. These marker proteins were visualized by immunofluorescence or immunoelectron microscopy, allowing definition of the S. cerevisiae ER structure, both in intact cells and at the ultrastructural level. Each marker protein was most abundant within the membranes that envelop the nucleus and several were also found in extensions of the ER that frequently juxtapose the plasma membrane. Double-labeling experiments were entirely consistent with the idea that the marker proteins reside within the same compartment. This analysis has permitted, for the first time, a detailed characterization of the ER morphology as yeast cells proceed through their growth and division cycles.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320070902
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On the level of plasmid-bearing cells in transformed cultures of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 7 (1991), S. 943-952 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; plasmid stability ; plasmid gene expression ; ARS elements ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: LC1, a YIP5-derived plasmid containing a human DNA fragment with ARS activity in yeast, has been used to study the replication of ARS plasmids in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. ARS plasmids carried in yeast hosts are normally mitotically unstable. In transformed cultures the fraction of cells that contain plasmid, measured by plating on selective media, is lower than would be expected from measured rates of plasmid loss. In the case of S. cerevisiae carrying either the plasmid LC1 or YRP17, the assay yields values of the order of 10-20% or 30-50% respectively. We have found that by doing a double nutritional upshift that involves conditioned medium and casamino acids, a population of cells can be defined that carry plasmid but are unable to grow on media that select for the plasmid marker. Thus the total fraction of cells that can be shown to contain plasmid increases to greater than 70%. To distinguish between the inability of plasmid to replicate in these cells and lack of expression of the selectable gene, cultures grown from single cells were analysed for the presence of plasmid DNA. In a substantial fraction of the population, plasmid DNA could be detected only by polymerase chain reaction and not by standard blotting and hydribization. These results suggest that plasmid is unable to replicate in these cells. Growth kinetics experiments with transformed cultures are consistent with the notion that only a small fraction of the cells contains plasmid capable of replication upon dilution into selective medium. Possible explanations for the phenomena observed are discussed.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320070906
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 7 (1991) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320070101
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