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  • 1970-1974
  • 1945-1949  (193)
  • 1880-1889
  • 1949  (126)
  • 1946  (67)
  • Polymer and Materials Science  (193)
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Years
  • 1970-1974
  • 1945-1949  (193)
  • 1880-1889
Year
  • 101
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The polymers of 2-ethyl-, 2-isopropyl-, and 2-n-amyl-1,3-butadiene alone, and their copolymers with styrene and with butadiene have been prepared and characterized. These monomers give the same ratio of 1,2 to 1,4 addition as has been noted for isoprene. Much less mercaptan must be used with these monomers than is required for butadiene to give soluble polymers. All these monomers copolymerize with styrene readily but have higher Wall α values than butadiene. The stress-strain properties and Gehman low-temperature properties of all of the new polymers have been determined by the Government Laboratories, University of Akron, and are included in this report. There appear to be no unusual properties to be noted.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 102
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The variables of casting polystyrene films from methyl ethyl ketone and from benzene are investigated. It is shown that stringent drying is necessary to remove the last traces of solvent. The differences in dry film structure, second-order transition point, and temperature at which the dynamic modulus suddenly decreases are discussed.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 103
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 638-638 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 104
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 629-637 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: An extension of the kinetic analysis of the generalized reaction mechanism for copolymerization given in Part I has been carried out to obtain the functions for molecular weight distribution and number and weight-average molecular weights.
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  • 105
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 665-666 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 106
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 667-668 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 107
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 671-672 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 108
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 669-670 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 109
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 673-688 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The significance of the water content to the physical properties of phenol-formaldehyde resins at various stages of preparation is briefly discussed. Available methods for the determination of water in such resins were found to be either unreliable or too elaborate for process control. It was undertaken to develop a simple, rapid, relative method for the continuous measurement of water content which can be used to follow the follow the process of dehydration and to indicate the end-point which will result in the best dispersion of water in the cured resin. In order to standardize or calibrate such a relative method, it was necessary also to develop an absolute method for the analysis of water in the resol.The composition of a homogeneous mixture of liquids is reflected by its vapor pressure-temperature relationships. During dehydration at 80°C., the vapor pressure of the resol decreases about 350 mm. of mercury. A very sharp increase in the slope of the vapor pressure curve occurs at approximately the proper degree of dehydration. At this stage a slight decrease in water content causes a very large decrease in vapor pressure. The sharp inflection in the curve is attributed to the existence of both “free” and “bound” water in the resin.During the process of vacuum dehydration of the resin, while the “free” water decreases to approximately one-eighth of its original content, the “bound” water remains substantially constant. The binding of water is attributed to the methylol groups of the resol molecules and its release during the cure or hardening of the resin is considered to result from the conversion of these groups to methylene linkages.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 110
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    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 3 (1949), S. 5-12 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: 1Es wird die bisher übliche Bestimmung von Zη bzw. [η] besprochen.2Eigene Untersuchungen führten zu einer linearen Bezichung zwischen Konzentration und Viskositätsgrößen, welche einer modifizierten Form der Gleichung von G. V. Schulz und Blaschke entspricht.3Die eingeführte Konstante k′ schwankt nach den untersuchten Systemen stärker als aus den Messungen von G. V. Schulz und Mitarbeitern hervorgeht. Für Fadenmoleküle ist k′ ungefähr 0,7-0,8 und nimmt bei Polyvinylacetaten mit steigendem Polymerisationsgrad leicht ab. Bei Sphärokolloiden geht k′ bis auf den Wert 0 herunter und kann bei micellaren Systemen sogar negativ werden.4Anhand der Gleichung ist es möglich, Z bzw. [η], welche bisher durch Extrapolation von Konzentrationsreihen und im Gebiet äußerst verdünnter Lösungen bestimmt wurden, durch die Messung der Viskosität von 2 verschiedenen, beliebigen Konzentrationen genau zu bestimmen.
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  • 111
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    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 3 (1949), S. 31-52 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Die Kombination von Oxydationsmitteln mit einfachen Reduktionsmitteln als Polymerisationsaktivatoren, die „Redoxpolymerisation“, hat bei Monovinylverbindungen zu einer wesentlichen Erhöhung der Polymerisationsgeschwindigkeit unter Wegfall der Induktionsperiode geführt. Bei Divinylverbindungen waren die meisten derartigen Systeme nur von geringer Wirksamkeit; durch Einsatz spezieller Redoxsysteme hat sich aber auch beim Butadien eine ca. 60-fache Beschleunigung der Polymerisation unter technisch ohne Schwierigkeiten zu handhabenden Bedingungen erreichen lassen. Auf dieser Grundlage ist eine Polymerisation des Butadiens in Emulsion bei wesentlich tieferen Temperaturen als bisher möglich geworden, die zu einer deutlichen Verbesserung der mechanischen Eigenschaften des Produktes geführt hat. Die Entwicklung der Redoxpolymerisation hat nicht nur der Technik der Polymerisation neue Möglichkeiten an die Hand gegeben, sie hat auch die Anschauungen über den Aktivierungsmechanismus im Sinne einer Radikalkettentheorie gefestigt. Für eine Kenntnis der in Frage kommenden Zwischenstufen bedarf es allerdings in jedem Falle einer genauen kinetischen Analyse, die dann im einzelnen aufzeigt, ob es sich um aktive Radikale aus dem Redoxsystem allein oder um solche aus peroxydischen Verbindungen der Polymerisationskomponenten handelt.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 112
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    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 3 (1949), S. 53-77 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Es wurde die Reglung der Mischpolymerisation von Butadien mit Vinylverbindungen in Emulsion untersucht. Substanzen verschiedenster Konstitution wurden als Regler erkannt und ihr Einfluß auf den Verlauf der Polymerisation an Hand physikalisch-chemischer Meßmethoden geprüft. Es konnte gezeigt werden, wie durch Anwendung dieser Methoden die Herstellung verbesserter Produkte möglich war.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 113
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    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 3 (1949), S. 13-30 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: 1Nicht nur niedermolekulare, auch hochmolekulare Verbindungen mit benachbarten, cis-ständigen Hydroxylgruppen bilden Komplexe mit Borsäure oder Boraten; unter geeigneten Bedingungen entstchen Koordinationsverbindungen aus einem Molekül Borsäure und zwei Diolgruppen. Diese Didiol-Borsäure-Komplexe können als Haftpunkte zwischen Makromolekülen wirken und dadurch zur Ausbildung dreidimensionaler Gelnetze führen. Neben Größe und Form der Makromoleküle ist die Anzahl und Verteilung der cis-Glykolgruppen für die Geliertendenz maßgebend.2Bei Boraxzusatz gelieren die wäßrigen Lösungen vieler Polysaccharide: z. B. Mannane aus Orchis morio und Hefe; Galaktomannane aus Ceratonia siliqua, Gleditschia triacantus, Medicago sativa und Trigonella foenum graecum; Alginate; Monoglyzerinester der Pektinsäure; kompliziert aufgebaute Hemicellulosen, die meist Rhamnose, Mannose oder Galaktose enthalten, wie die Schleimstoffe der Samen von Tamarindus indica und Linum usitatissimum, Gummi arabicum und Kirschgummi. - Von den meisten mit Borax reagierenden Polysacchariden ist bekannt, daß sie 1,2-cis-Diolgruppen besitzen. Es ist anzunehmen, daß noch viele andere biologisch wichtige Polysaccharide (Mucine etc.) in analoger Weise reagieren können.3Die Didiol-Borsäurekomplexe und damit auch die Haftpunkte zwischen den Makromolekülen sind nicht fixiert, sondern befinden sich in einem dynamischen Gleichgewicht; sie dissoziieren ständig und werden - ev. an anderer Stelle, besonders bei Deformation - neu aufgebaut. Die Wanderungsfähigkeit der Vernetßungsstellen erklärt die mechanischen Eigenschaften dieser Systeme: starkes Fadenziehen und Wiederzusammenwachsen eines in kleine Stücke aufgeteilten Gels.4Die Polysaccharid-Borax-Gele werden durch Säurezusatz rasch verflüssigt; sie bilden sich nur bei schwach alkalischer Reaktion. Borsäure bewirkt bei den untersuchten Polysacchariden in wäßriger Lösung keine Gelierung, sie zeigt auch keine Säureverstärkung.5Durch niedermolekulare Polyoxy-Verbindungen (wie Fruktose, Mannit, Glyzerin, Glykol, Glyoxalhydrat, nicht aber durch Rohrzucker), die bekanntlich Borsäurekomplexe bilden, werden die Polysaccharid-Borax-Gele verflüssigt. - Auch Dialyse und Oxydation mit Perjodat (Spaltung der für die Komplexbildung wichtigen Glykolgruppe) führen zur Gelzerstörung.6In nicht-wäßrigem Milieu (Formamid) ist bei den oben aufgezählten Polysacchariden nicht nur mit Borax, sondern auch mit Bor- und Arsensäure und mit Antimonund Wismuthydroxyd die Bildung von Koordinationsverbindungen (Gelierung) zu beobachten.7Tannin, das o-ständige Oxygruppen enthält, geliert nicht nur, wie bekannt, mit Arsensäure, sondern in konzentrierten wäßrigen Lösungen auch mit Borax.8Polyvinylalkohol, der 1,3- und auch 1,2-Diolgruppen enthält, bildet in Gegenwart von Wasser mit Borsäure Monodiol-Komplexe und mit Borax Didiol-Komplexe.
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  • 114
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 3 (1949), S. 132-139 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Es wird eine Anordnung beschrieben, die es gestattet, kleine osmotische Drucke mit einer Genauigkeit von wenigen hundertstel mm Hg zu messen. Falsche Gleichgewichte der Druckeinstellung werden vermieden, wenn die Osmometermembran sehr durchgängig, die Einstellzeit klein und die Kapillarität des Steigrohes an allen Stellen und über die Zeit der Versuchsdauer konstant ist. Die annähernde Erfüllung dieser Bedingungen und die eigentliche Meßtechnik werden beschrieben.
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  • 115
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 3 (1949), S. 140-145 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 116
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 3 (1949), S. 117-131 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Aus der Beobachtung der Quellungs- und Lösungs-Erscheinungen von Holzcellulosefasern verschiedener Herkunft in Schwefelsäure sowie von xanthogenierten Fasern in Natronlauge und acetylierten Fasern in Eisessig ergab sich folgendes:Die Außenschicht der sekundären Zellwand besteht aus Holzpolyosen. Sie kann mit verdünntem Kupferoxydammoniak, einem spezifischen Lösungsmittel für Holzpolyosen, entfernt werden. Die Innenschicht der sekundären Zellwand besteht aus Substanzen, die bei der Hydrolyse und Acetylierung in schwerlösliche Verbindungen von der Art der Zuckerhumine übergehen. Die Mittelschicht der sekundären Zellwand ist aufgebaut aus Fibrillen, Lamellen und der Querspirale. Die in der Faserlängsrichtung verlaufenden Fibrillen sind bei Nadelhölzern auf der Außenseite von Lignin umgeben, das dort wahrscheinlich mit der Cellulose chemisch verbunden ist. Bei seiner Herauslösung hinterbleibt eine Schicht Cellulose von veränderter Reaktionsfähigkeit. Vielleicht sind auch sehr fremdgruppenreiche Cellulosen die Ausgangsprodukte dieses Lignins der Mittelschicht der sekundären Zellwand. Das wichtige Bauelement der Querspirale tritt bei Quellung der Fasern in konz. Schwefelsäure unmittelbar in Erscheinung. Das Auftreten der Querspiral-Spaltflächen, die insbesondere bei saurer Einwirkung erscheinen, kann bedingt sein durch Einlagerung rascher hydrolysierender Verbindungen zwischen die Gänge der Querspirale. Dabei kann es sich nicht um Holzpolyosen handeln, die an diesen Stellen der Fasern nicht vorkommen. Die Querspiralspaltflächen können aber auch hervorgerufen sein durch schneller spaltende Bindungen, die in den parallel angeordneten Holzcellulosemolekülen in einer Ebene liegen.Neben dem morphologischen Bau der einzelnen Faserschichten sind cs vor allem die Unterschiede in ihrer chemischen Zusammensetzung, die das Verhalten der Fasern bei Umsetzungen wie Xanthogenierung und Acetylierung maßgebend beeinflußen.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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  • 117
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 3 (1949), S. 78-110 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: 1Es wurden die Eigenschaften gelöster Buna-Moleküle während des Verlaufs der Polymerisation mit den Methoden der Osmose und Viskosimetrie untersucht. Die auf diese Weise gewonnenen Ergebnisse an nicht-isolierten Polymerisaten fanden eine Ergänzung durch die zusätzlich hervorgerufenen Vernetzungen mit Triisocyanat an isolierten abgebauten Produkten.2Die Vereinigung der osmotisch gemessenen sowie der aus der Viskosität berechneten Durchschnitts-Polymerisationsgrade zum Begriff des „Verzweigungsgrades“ reicht nicht in allen Fällen aus, ein anschauliches Bild des Makromoleküls zu vermitteln. Es muß vielmehr hierzu die Vorstellung einer Verknäuelung zusätzlich zu Hilfe genommen werden. Die Feststellung des Verzweigungsgrades behält dessen ungeachtet ihre Bedeutung als Rechenoperation zur Charakterisierung verschiedener Produkte: Im Verlaufe der Polymerisation sowie der nachfolgenden Aufarbeitung erfolgt stets ein starker Anstieg der Größe des Verzweigungsgrades, der einerseits durch Zusatz von Vinylkomponenten zurückgedrängt werden kann, während andererseits die Anwendung von Reglern den Verzweigungsgrad erniedrigt, jedoch auf Kosten des Molekulargewichtes, das in annähernd gleichem Umfang abfällt.3Die Bestimmung des 1,4-Anteils in Butadien-haltigen Polymerisaten erfolgte durch Untersuchung der Spaltstücke nach der Permanganat-Oxydation einerseits, sowie durch Betrachtung der Reaktionskinetik mit Benzopersäure andererseits und ergab qualitative Übereinstimmung der nach beiden Methoden gewonnenen Ergebnisse: Emulsionspolymerisate des Butadiens weisen einen höheren 1,4-Anteil auf als Na-Polymerisate. Im übrigen ist der 1,4-Anteil von den Polymerisationsbedingungen weitgehend unabhängig.4Fraktionierte Fällungen dienten zur Bestimmung der K-Werte-Verteilung (Molekülgrößenverteilung): Naturkautschuk besitzt gegenüber Buna ein breiteres und mehr symmetrisches Verteilungsband.5Gummitechnische Eigenschaften des Buna, wie z. B. Festigkeit und Dehnung, werden durch die Größe des Verzweigunggrades wesentlich bestimmt. Tieftemperatur-Polymerisate mit hohen Durchschnitts-Molekulargewichten zeigen bemerkenswerterweise ein günstiges Verhalten bei Mastikation und Mischungsherstellung.6Die Forderungen der für Block- und Lösungsmittel-Polymerisation entwickelten Theorie der Reaktionskinetik werden auch von der Emulsionspolymerisation qualitativ erfüllt. Dieses Ergebnis dürfte für die Aufstellung einer Theorie der Reaktionskinetik von Emulsionspolymerisationen Bedeutung gewinnen.
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  • 118
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 3 (1949), S. 164-175 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Durch Aufstellung der Verteilungskurve wurde festgestellt, daß die Zellstoffnitrate aus zwei Komponenten zusammengesetzt sind, während das polymerhomologe Gemisch der Baumwollcellulosenitrate aus einer einheitlichen Cellulose resultiert. Da die Nitrate durch polymeranaloge Umsetzung erhalten wurden, sind die Verteilungsfunktionen auch für die Ausgangscellulosen gültig. Es ergibt sich, daß die für Baumwollcellulose gültige Km -Konstante nicht für Zellstoffe angewandt werden kann.
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  • 119
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 4 (1949), S. 55-77 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Un examen critique des différentes épreuves de stabilité pour nitrocelluloses a montré qu'aucune méthode ne donne entiérement satisfaction. Une recherche sur les causes de l'instabilité des nitrocelluloses a prouvé que les produits absolument exempts de SO4H2 sont toujours stables. Les quantités de SO4H2, qui provoquent l'instabilité, varient d'un produit à l'autre; les causes de ce phénomène n'ont pas pu être trouvées. Les résultats de ce travail ont abouti à une application technique, où les nitrocelluloses sont stabilisées par compression.
    Notes: Frühere Auffassungen der Instabilität von Nitrocellulosen wurden geprüft und gezeigt, daß dieselben nicht stichhaltig sind. Es wird nachgewiesen, daß technisch hergestellte Cellulosenitrate immer stabil sind, wenn sie absolut schwefelsäurefrei sind. Stabilisierungsschwierigkeiten bei der technischen Herstellung können durch inkludierte Schwefelsäure hervorgerufen werden und durch die Anwesenheit von besonders säureempfindlichen Bestandteilen der Makromoleküle.Die Ergebnisse einer Untersuchung der technologisch üblichen Stabilisierungsverfahren. die nach den Methoden der makromolekularen Chemie vorgenommen wurde, führten zur Ausarbeitung einer neuen überlegenen Stabilisierungsmethode, bei der die Cellulosenitrate statt durch Kochen durch Pressen nachstabilisiert werden.
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  • 120
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 4 (1949), S. 91-96 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Überblickt man die mitgeteilten Ergebnisse, so gelangt man zu dem qualitativen Bild. daß die elektrische Leitfähigkeit gequollener Filme aus Actomyosin im Bereich von 10 - 30%igen Dehnungen zunimmt. Im gleichen Dehnungsgebiet konnte auch in füheren Arbeiten eine sprunghafte Abnahme des Filmvolumens, verbunden mit einer spektrographisch festgestellten „Alkalisierung“ des Films beobachtet werden. Der Leitfähigkeitseffekt fügt sich somit erwartungsgemäß sehr gut in die auf Grund theoretischer Überlegungen 5 6 bisher gewonnene Vorstellung, daß sich bei Näherung von Peptidketten durch Dehnung die Fadenmizellen unter Mitwirkung zwischenmolekularer H-Brücken zu größeren Gebilden in der Richtung quer zur Faserachse vereinigen, wobei das Energieleitvermögen des Systems eine charakteristische Zunahme erfährt.
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  • 121
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 4 (1949), S. 97-100 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Alkaline solutions of cupric hydroxide were added to aqueous solutions of numerous polysaccharides. In many cases the formation of insoluble copper-polysaccharidecomplexes could be observed. These precipitates are probably formed only, when the macromolecules carry adjacent hydroxyl groups, which are in the cis-position or are held at a relatively small angle to each other. The quadricovalent cupric ion reacts with two glycol groups of two macromolecules, forming didiol-complexes, which act as cross-links.  -  By reaction between polysaccharides and cuprammonium solutions on the other hand water soluble monodiol-complexes are formed.
    Notes: Es wurden wäßrige Lösungen einer größeren Anzahl von Polysacchariden mit alkalischer Kupferhydroxydlösung versetzt. In vielen Fällen war dabei die Bildung unlöslicher Kupfer-Polysaccharid-Komplexe festzustellen. Eine solche Flockung scheint nur dann aufzutreten, wenn im Makromolekül benachbarte Hydroxylgruppen, die miteinander einen möglichst kleinen Winkel einschließen, vorhanden sind. Das koordinativ vierwertige Cupri-Ion reagiert mit je zwei Glykolgruppen zweier Makromoleküle (Didiol-Komplexe); dies führt zur Ausbildung dreidimensionaler Netze.  -  Schweizers Reagens bildet dagegen mit Polysacchariden lösliche Monodiol-Komplexe.
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  • 122
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 4 (1949), S. 105-112 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: A discussion is given of the formulae obtained by Münster and Schulz for the entropy of dilution of dilute macromolecular solutions. For large spherical solute molecules both authors find results slightly different from that, which can be predicted from the classical theory of gases. According to Schulz, and contrary to the results of other authors, molecular flexibility should have a considerable influence on the entropy of dilution of chain molecules. This discrepancy originates from a slip in his calculations, correction of which leads to an entropy of dilution equal to that found for rigid chain molecules.
    Notes: Die Ergebnisse der Münsterschen und Schulzschen Berechnungen der Verdünnungsentropie verdünnter makromolekularer Lösungen werden diskutiert. Es zeigt sich, daß beide Autoren für kugelförmige Makromoleküle ein etwas anderes Ergebnis erhalten, als nach der klassischen Gastheorie zu erwarten ist. Für fadenförmige Makromoleküle schließt Schulz, im Gegensatz zu den Aussagen anderer Autoren, auf einen großen Einfluß der inneren Beweglichkeit. Es wird gezeigt, daß dies auf einem Versehen beruht.
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  • 123
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 4 (1949), S. 117-123 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: After having corrected an error, a statistical calculation carried out previously shows, that the entropy of dilution of a solution of threadlike molecules depends on the ratio of axis only, and not on their stiff or inward movable condition. Comparing the result of this calculation with the direct determinations of the entropy of dilution by means of osmotic measurement it appears that the same is throughout considerably lower than theoretically expected. From this it can be concluded, that in a great measure the entropy of dilution depends on processes, which take place between the solute and the solvent in the „cover of solvateß.
    Notes: Eine früher durchgeführte statistische Rechnung ergibt, nachdem ein Versehen darin korrigiert ist, daß die Verdünnungsentropie einer Lösung von Fadenmolekülen nur von deren Achsenverhältnis abhängt, dagegen nicht davon, ob sie starr oder innerlich beweglich sind. Vergleicht man das Ergebnis dieser Rechnung mit direkten Bestimmungen der Verdünnungsentropie durch osmotische Messungen, so zeigt sich, daß dieselbe durchweg beträchtlich niedriger ist, als die Theorie erwarten läßt. Hieraus ist zu schließen, daß die Verdünnungsentropie zu einem großen Teil durch Vorgänge bestimmt ist, die sich zwischen dem gelösten Stoff und dem Lösungsmittel in der „Solvathülle“ abspielen.
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  • 124
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 4 (1949), S. 113-116 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Some remarks are made on the relation between the osmotic pressure and the flexibility of threadlike molecules.
    Notes: Es werden einige Bemerkungen über den Zusammenhang zwischen osmotischem Druck und der inneren Beweglichkeit der Fadenmoleküle gemacht.
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  • 125
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 4 (1949), S. 124-133 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: It is proposed to characterise branched and polymer analogue chain molecules by the molar intrinsic viscosity instead of the intrinsic viscosity. Some studies about low moleculare substances show the advantage of this method. Paraffine side chains and ester side chains differ in their influence on viscosity. An empiric equation is given for the relation between structure of branched molecules and molar intrinsic viscosity.
    Notes: Es wird hier vorgeschlagen, die Viskosität von polymeranalogen und verzweigten Molekülen in Lösungen gleicher Molkonzentration zu bestimmen, während Staudinger in einer kürzlich erschienenen2 und in früheren Arbeiten solche Substanzen in Lösungen gleicher Gewichtskonzentration verglich. Der Vorzug der molaren Betrachtung wird durch eine Gegenüberstellung der Viskositätszahlen und der molaren Viskositätszahlen in Tabellen gezeigt. An niedermolekularen Modellsubstanzen wird gefunden, daß Esterseitenketten und Paraffinseitenketten die Viskosität verschiedenartig beeinflussen. Es wird eine empirische Gleichung für den Zusammenhang von Struktur verzweigter. Moleküle und molarer Viskositätszahl angegeben.
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  • 126
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 4 (1949), S. 184-193 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: In sugar beet pectins the sum of the free, the salt-like linked and the esterfied carboxylgroups with methyl alcohol are equal to the total sum of the carboxylgroups of the uronic acid. The carboxylgroups of pectins extracted through water are primarily occupied with methyl alcohol and metals; the small amount of free carboxylgroups come to existence during the extraction through methyl alcohol cleavage. Various degrees of esterfication exist in the protopectins of sugar beets. An ester-like linkage of the carboxylgroups of the uronic acid of the protopectin with cellulose or other cell wall constituents cannot be shown in the sugar beet.
    Notes: Bei Zuckerrübenpektinen ist die Summe der freien, der salzartig gebundenen und der mit Methylalkohol veresterten Carboxylgruppen gleich der Anzahl der insgesamt vorhandenen Uronsäurecarboxyle. Bei wasserextrahierten Pektinen sind die Carboxylgruppen vorwiegend mit Methylalkohol und Metallen besetzt; die wenigen freien Carboxylgruppen entstehen durch Abspaltung von Methylalkohol während der Extraktion. Es kommen in den Zuckerrüben Protopektine verschiedenen Veresterungsgrades vor. Eine esterartige Bindung der Uronsäurecarboxyle des Protopektins an Cellulose oder andere Zellwandbausteine ist in der Zuckerrübe nicht nachweisbar.
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  • 127
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    Journal of Polymer Science 1 (1946), S. 535-539 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: In the rolling of Plastic sheet the viscous work gives rise to heating of the plastic sheet. The maximum temperature reached in the interior of the sheet during shearing is of the interest, both in the theoretical calculation of roll pressure, and from the point of view of possible thermal decomposition effects. A calculation is given for a simple, some-what artificial, model, which leads to an upper value for this maximum temperature if a measurement of the average temperature of the emergent sheet is given. The model taken is that of an infinite sheet, of thickness 2δ, in which heat is continuously liberated at the rate of 4ηφ2 cal. cc. -1 sec. -1, where φ is the relevant value of the rate of compression (assumed constant across the sheet). The curve giving the temperature distribution across the sheet is calculated numerically for two cases; it is relatively flat, as would be expected on physical grounds, since the viscosity, η, decreases as the temperature rises. It is concluded that these thermal effects may be neglected in the calculation of roll pressure in Part 1.
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  • 128
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    Journal of Polymer Science 1 (1946), S. 581-581 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 129
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  • 130
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    Journal of Polymer Science 1 (1946), S. 549-580 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: This and a previous article (p. 127) review the literature from 1910-1945 on polymerization of olefins and diolefins in suspension and emulsion, and present a number of new measurements not published to date. The subject is considered mainly from the point of view of scientific information on the mechanism of polymerization in aqueous suspensions and emulsions, but brief mention is also made of the more important disclosures in the patent literature. The new data presented in this article refer to (1) initial rates of polymerization of styrene, methyl methacrylate, vinyl acelate and acrylonitrile in aqueous suspensions and in soap emulsions as a function of catalyst concentration, temperature, and soap concentration; (2) influence of water-soluble activators, such as sodium bisulfite; (3) influence of initial size of monomer droplets on initial rates of monomer consumption; (4) study, with the aid of the electron microscope, of size of monomer droplets and polymer particles throughout polymerization; and (5) a few experiments on side reactions in the domain of higher conversions. No attempt is made in this paper to review and appraise the very large number of recent patents (from about 1930 on), which protect special procedures on the use of various promoting, regulating, or modifying ingredients. A complete digest of this practice does not exist at present, but reference may be made to the excellent chapter on emulsion polymerization in the book of Talalay and Magat, to the very valuable compilation of patents by Hoseh, and to the enumeration of a selected number of patents in the book of Scheiber.1
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  • 131
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Equations are derived for stress-strain curves for a hypothetical model substance containing a large number of like systems, each assumed to be in equilibrium between two states having different arrangements of the atoms. With this model one can study the dependence of the initial elastic modulus, the limiting strain (for infinite stress), and the over-all shape of the stress-strain curve on characteristics of the rearranging systems - their number, the initial energy difference between the two states, the shift of atomic positions, etc. Introduction of an assumed proportionality between the shift per rearrangement and the square of the relative length of the sample (in the direction of the shift) leads to stress-strain curves similar to those determined experimentally for natural rubber and other rubberlike materials.
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  • 132
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    Journal of Polymer Science 1 (1946), S. 146-146 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 133
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    Journal of Polymer Science 1 (1946), S. 147-147 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 134
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A comparison has been made of the ultraviolet spectrophotometric and chlorine analysis methods for the composition of copolymers of butadiene and p-chlorostyrene. The results of the two methods are in good agreement.
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  • 135
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    Journal of Polymer Science 1 (1946), S. 249-258 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The density-gradient tube is a special glass vessel in which a vertical linear density gradient of almost any desired magnitude can be maintained in a stable condition for prolonged periods by using liquids or solutions of the proper density. This article describes the application of such a device to three typical problems appearing in the field of high polymers: crystallization-rate data, inhomogeneities in composition of copolymers, and rates of polymerization. Possible application to still other problems is indicated.
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  • 136
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The technique of obtaining polystyrene silica replicas from surfaces and cross sections of fibers is described and electron micrographs obtained from replicas of several fibers are shown.
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  • 137
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    Journal of Polymer Science 1 (1946), S. 266-274 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: By embedding submicroscopic silver rodlets in micellar systems with fibrous structures, unexpectedly strongly anisotropic rodlet compounds bodies are formed. The observed dichroism, indigo blue-straw yellow, suggests the possibility that a particular anisotropic modification of silver is being dealt with, instead of cubic silver. On applying Wiener's compound body formulas, it appears, however, that in the short-wave region the observed anisotropic effects (negative rodlet double refraction and dichroism) can be computed from the optical properties of isotropic silver. In the spectral region of the average and long waves, differences are found between the observed anisotropy and the value calculated by means of Wiener's formulas. These differences are, however, not of such a nature that it is necessary to assume an unknown allotropic modification of silver with particular optically anisotropic properties in order to explain them.
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  • 138
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    Journal of Polymer Science 1 (1946), S. 353-363 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Mixtures of butadiene and dimethylbutadiene with varying quantities of styrene and acrylonitrile have been copolymerized under various catalytic conditions at 100°C. The formation of cyclic dimers from dienes and vinyl compounds is, in some cases, much more pronounced than the dimerization of the dienes alone. Since the latter is also a kind of Diels-Alder reaction, a series with increasing dienophilic properties can be established from a comparison of the yields of cyclic dimers. From solubility and swelling experiments it is evident that the polymers prepared from butadiene and the vinyl compounds and those from dimethylbutadiene and acrylonitrile are true copolymers. The mechanical properties of the copolymers from butadiene and increasing amounts of a vinyl compound change gradually from those of a rubber to those of the polyvinyl compound. The copolymers from a mixture containing 30% styrene or acrylonitrile are very similar, respectively, to Buna S and Perbunan. Copolymers of the same composition from dimethylbutadiene and acrylonitrile, on the other hand, form a new class of thermoplastics with a much higher temperature of elasticity.
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  • 139
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    Journal of Polymer Science 1 (1946), S. 364-379 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The copolymerization in emulsion of butadiene with varying amounts of styrene and acrylonitrile and of dimethylbutadiene with the latter vinyl compound has been studied on a laboratory scale. An essential difference between polymeric vinyl compounds and polydienes is the olefinic character of the latter, which leads to typical secondary changes in the polymers originally formed during the completion of the reaction. Such changes are of fundamental importance for the ultimate mechanical properties of polymers and copolymers based on dienes. After a brief discussion of the general theoretical line of thought serving as a base for our experiments, the influence of various factors on the rate of polymerization is pointed out and demonstrated by experiments. The changes in the nitrogen content of copolymers from acrylonitrile and the yields as a function of the reaction time have also been studied. From an investigation of some physical properties, such as solubility and swelling, the existence of true copolymers (of unknown irregularity) has been established. Copolymers from dimethylbutadiene and acrylonitrile represent a new class of olefinic thermoplastics resembling gutta-percha. Abbreviations used are BP (benzoyl peroxide) and DAB (diazoaminobenzene).
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  • 140
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    Journal of Polymer Science 1 (1946), S. 380-388 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The transversal dimension of the statistical coil formed by a long-chain molecule in solution or in bulk rubber is independent of the longitudinal dimension, h1, of the coil as long as h1 is small compared with the length of the stretched molecule. On the other hand, the lateral dimension of a coil whose longitudinal vector, h1, is oriented in the direction of stretch undergoes a forced contraction during the deformation of bulk rubber. The forced contraction of the transversal dimension is therefore supplying an extra contribution to the entropy change. Its amount has been estimated in earlier work and it influences the numerical factor occurring in the formula connecting the strain-stretch relation for rubber with the molecular weight of the net fragments.
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  • 141
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    Journal of Polymer Science 1 (1946), S. 389-392 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A brief outline is given of the present status of research on the problem of the deformation mechanism of cellulose gels. Emphasis is placed on the prevailing idea of a molecular network structure and recognition of the existence of an intimate relationship between the phenomena of deformation and those of swelling. In these respects the problems involved in cellulose research seem to show a marked convergence with those which emerge from recent developments in rubber research. The principle of Kratky's theory of “affined transformation” and the experiments carried out by this author in order to verify his theory are discussed briefly.
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  • 142
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    Journal of Polymer Science 1 (1946), S. 419-428 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Measurements of the viscosity of polyvinyl alcohol solutions may be correlated with the chemical nature of the polymer. In particular it is shown that polyvinyl alcohol contains carbonyl groups in the polymer chain, which are to some extent present as ketols. The presence of these keto groups has been demonstrated by a combination of spectrophotometric and chemical techniques. The carbonyl groups appear to be randomly distributed along the polymer chain and also seem to be independent of chain length. The presence of keto groups along the chain allows an explanation for the behavior of aqueous polyvinyl alcohol solutions with acid or alkali.
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  • 143
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The paper offers a verification by x-ray experiments of Kratky's theory of affined transformation (affine Raumverzerrung), aiming at an explanation of the mechanism of deformation of swollen cellulose gels upon stretching. Isotropic model filaments of various degrees of swelling were stretched to various extents and x-ray photographs were then taken. Following Kratky, the intensity distribution along the sickles of two paratropic planes of the ribbon-shaped crystallites, the lamellar plane, A0 and the A3 plane (perpendicular to the latter) were measured and the average orientation, expressed in terms of the orientation factor, fx, was calculated. The superposition of the (021) interference on that of the A3 sickle, which had been neglected by Kratky, was accounted for. The experimental results are in conformity with certain characteristic features of the theory; (a) the orientation of the A0 planes advances more rapidly than that of the A3 planes; (b) regardless of the initial degree of swelling of the isotropic filament, the average orientation is actually a univocal function of the elongation, va. On the other hand, the rate of orientation appears to be much greater than that required by theory; the average orientation, expressed in terms of the orientation factor, increases almost twice as rapidly. It is shown, moreover, that, apart from low degrees of orientation, Kratky's theory fails to explain the velocity function of the relative rotation of the crystallites, as derived from the experimental data according to a procedure proposed by Kratky. It is concluded that further work is required to elucidate the mechanism of deformation.
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  • 144
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A convenient procedure for the determination of polystyrene in GR-S is given. The method depends upon degradation of the GR-S by tert-butyl hydroperoxide in the presence of a trace of osmium tetroxide. Polystyrene is not attacked and is separated by precipitation with ethanol.
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  • 145
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    Journal of Polymer Science 1 (1946), S. 437-439 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 146
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    Journal of Polymer Science 1 (1946), S. 434-436 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: By suitable alteration of the exponent the fit of viscosity-concentration data by a Philippoff type equation may be substantially improved. For a series of cellulose acetate solutions the exponent of best fit appears to be related to the physical properties and chemical type of the solvent.
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  • 147
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    Journal of Polymer Science 1 (1946), S. 441-444 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A new method for the determination of the activation energy for the setting of silicic acid solutions is described. Experimental results point to the conclusion that setting to a gel occurs at a definite stoichiometric point which is independent of temperature.
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  • 148
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  • 149
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: In using the velocity ultracentrifuge in conjunction with free diffusion measurements for the determination of molecular weights of polymolecular systems, it is desirable to know what average molecular weights are obtainable. These average values are not simple moments of the molecular weight frequency curve, but depend on the methods of experimental observation, and on the hydrodynamic character of the molecules in solution. Most often, however, the average molecular weight falls between the number and weight-average values.
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  • 150
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    Journal of Polymer Science 1 (1946), S. 466-474 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The kinetics of the polymerization of methyl methacrylate in emulsions has been examined. The initial rate of polymerization is independent of the amount of discontinuous monomer phase present and it is concluded that initiation occurs in the aqueous phase. Monomer is observed to disappear from the discontinuous phase more quickly than it polymerizes, and probably forms a monomer-polymer mixture with the polymer produced. An increase in the subsequent rate of polymerization is attributed to the fact that propagation of the growing polymer chains occurs in this monomer-polymer mixture and this entails a decrease in the velocity of termination due to the high viscosity of such mixtures.
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  • 151
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    Journal of Polymer Science 1 (1946), S. 475-483 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The relationships which exist between the solvation and shape of colloid particles, as well as between solvation and viscosity, are discussed. From the most important experiments on these subjects the following conclusions may be drawn. Solvation is dependent on the size and shape of the particles and on the chemical relationship of the dispersion medium to the dispersed portion. True or chemical solvation is generally very small and there is no reason to speak of a thick and tightly bound solvent layer. The solvation of compactly formed particles of spherocolloids is greater, the smaller the particles (all other conditions being equal). Solvation is greater, the more loosely the particles are formed (for dispersion mediums having similar chemical properties and for similar dispersed or dissolved substances). Solvation increases when a corpuscular particle is transformed into a rodlike or threadlike particle; the viscosity also increases; if the threads are further broken down into smaller fragments, then the viscosity decreases, but a further increase in the chemical solvationis supposed to occur. The stability of many lyophilic sols, especially the proteins, depends very little on the solvation; it is mainly dependent on the chemical characteristics of the atomic groups which are found on the surfaces of the particles; the least stability is found for surfaces which contain heteropolar groups - that is, surfaces which have the same number of positive and negative ions.
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  • 152
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    Journal of Polymer Science 1 (1946), S. 127-145 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: This and a following article review the literature from 1910-1945 on polymerization of olefins and diolefins in suspension and emulsion, and present a number of new measurements not published to date. The subject is considered mainly from the point of view of scientific information on the mechanism of polymerization in aqueous suspensions and emulsions, but brief mention is also made of the more important disclosures in the patent literature. The new data presented in this article refer to (1) initial rates of polymerization of styrene, methyl methacrylate, vinyl acetate and acrylonitrile in aqueous suspensions and in soap emulsions as a function of catalyst concentration, temperature, and soap concentration; (2) influence of water-soluble activators, such as sodium bisulfite; (3) influence of initial size of monomer droplets on initial rates of monomer consumption; (4) study, with the aid of the electron microscope, of size of monomer droplets and polymer particles throughout polymerization; and (5) a few experiments on side reactions in the domain of higher conversions. No attempt is made in this paper to review and appraise the very large number of recent patents (from about 1930 on), which protect special procedures on the use of various promoting, regulating, or modifying ingredients. A complete digest of this practice does not exist at present, but reference may be made to the excellent chapter on emulsion polymerization in the book of Talalay and Magat (55), to the very valuable compilation of patents by Hosch in “India Rubber World” (27), and to the enumeration of a selected number of patents in the book of Scheiber (50) on pages 210-213.
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  • 153
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: In this paper it is emphasized that density is a typically macroscopic concept which cannot be transferred to small particles or bodies with small pores. This fact has not been duly accounted for in earlier work on the density of cellulose fibers. The usual interpretation of density determinations in various media is criticized and the point of view that cellulose fibers should be considered as porous bodies is dropped. The pore system occurring in native fibers is coarse enough not to interfere with density determinations in indifferent organic liquids.It is shown experimentally that even substances like water and glycerol penetrate very slowly into dry cellulose and that indifferent organic liquids do not penetrate at all. In the experiments with water vapor a new phenomenon, the heterogeneous course of absorption, is observed, giving rise to sharp microscopically visible boundary lines between the wet and the dry portion of the fiber.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 154
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    Journal of Polymer Science 1 (1946), S. 156-161 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Accurate determinations of the density and refractive power of various types of model filaments prepared from viscose in the bone-dry state were made. The molecular refraction, according to the formula of Gladstone and Dale, was calculated and shown to correspond within three parts per thousand with the refraction calculated from atomic refractions. It is concluded that the liquid used for the density determinations (mixtures of carbon tetrachloride and nitrobenzene) does not penetrate into the fiber substance. The technique of the experiments is described in detail. The immersion liquids used in the optical measurements were standardized mixtures of butyl stearate and tricresyl phosphate; contamination with moisture during the measurements was definitely excluded.
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  • 155
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    Journal of Polymer Science 1 (1946), S. 121-126 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Nitrogen was introduced into cellulose acetate by the incorporation of amino acid groups. Some of the mixed esters were soluble in organic solvents. Cast films were examined for dyeing properties with wool-type dyes. Many of the mixed esters containing above 1% nitrogen dyed well with xylene brilliant blue, a typical wool-type dye, Mixed cellulose acetate esters were synthesized containing glycine, dl-α-alanine, β-alanine, and α-isoaminobutyric, d-glutamic, and p-aminobenzoic acids. The amino groups were protected by acetylation prior to use. The N-acetyl amino acids were treated with cellulose diacetate in dioxane solution containing chloroacetic anhydride and magnesium perchlorate as impellor and catalyst, respectively. Cellulose acetate metanilate was prepared by use of the aminosulfo acid chloride. An attempt was made to prepare 6-aminocellulose by the reaction of aqueous ammonia, and also sodamide in liquid ammonia on 6-iodotosylcellulose acetate. Only traces of nitrogen were introduced by this procedure and the recovered products showed signs of extreme degradation.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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  • 156
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A micromethod is described for density determinations of artificial cellulose fibers by the floating method, in carbon tetrachloride in a dry and air-free atmosphere, permitting an accuracy of one part per thousand. The density is derived from the temperature at which the samples neither sink nor float. This temperature varies, with the kind of fiber, between 45° and 65°C. Measurements of the refractive power were carried out simultaneously. The refractivity calculated according to Gladstone and Dale yields slightly lower figures than those found for model fibers in the preceding communication (Part II). The average difference amounts to seven parts per thousand and is ascribed to a systematic error in the density determinations, due to a slight absorption of carbon tetrachloride by the fibers at elevated temperatures. This explanation is supported by experiments. The density of native ramie, of contracted and reoriented ramie, and of several series of rayon fibers spun with increasing stretch, is given. The conclusion is reached that the density is a measure of the percentage of crystalline substances in the fiber and it is shown that there is a correlation between density and sorptive capacity toward water vapor. The percentage of crystalline matter is estimated to be 55-60% in native ramie and 20-25% in rayon.
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  • 157
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    Journal of Polymer Science 1 (1946), S. 172-174 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: In the following paper the crystallization of submicroscopic cellular strands from multimolecular, cellulose films is illustrated by electron micrographs.
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  • 158
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    Journal of Polymer Science 1 (1946), S. 175-182 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The ultraviolet absorption of polystyrene, with maximum absorption at 262 mμ, is due to the presence of phenyl residues in the polymer. The specific extinction coefficient is constant, i.e., independent of the molecular weight of the polymer. This shows that the extinction of the phenyl residues is additive. On the basis of this fact, it is shown that the styrene content of a butadiene-styrene copolymer (such as GR-S rubber) can be determined by ultraviolet spectrophotometry. The relative precision of the determination is about 1%, the probable relative accuracy is about 3%.
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  • 159
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    Journal of Polymer Science 1 (1946), S. 217-224 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The chief result of irradiation of cellulose acetate-butyrate with ultraviolet light is cleavage of the cellulose chains so that the average molecular weight is lowered. The exposed material dissolves more slowly in common solvents than the unexposed. The acyl content and carbon and hydrogen contents are not altered appreciably. The rate of the reaction is independent of the type of common mineral impurities, the concentration of expected decomposition products, such as acetic and butyric acids, and the molecular weight of the cellulose ester. Ultraviolet light is necessary for appreciable reaction. Wave lengths shorter than 3500 Å. are most effective; longer wave lenghts are much less active.
    Additional Material: 6 Tab.
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  • 160
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The polymerization of dienes under the influence of heat, of diazoaminobenzene, and of benzoyl peroxide, has been studied. Diazoaminobenzene probably acts as a slow, but continuous, source of free radicals giving quantitative yields of methyl rubber of good quality from dimethylbutadiene after a few days to a few weeks at 100-125°C. The effect of diazoaminobenzene on butadiene is the same, but the rate of the uncatalyzed dimerization of butadiene at 100°C. is as fast as that of dimethylbutadiene at 150°C. and, therefore, dimerization interferes much more strongly with the polymerization of butadiene. Only 60% of polybutadiene has been obtained. A few experiments with isoprene showed its position between the two other dienes. The effect of benzoyl peroxide on the polymerization of the dienes appeared to be much smaller than was expected from its known catalytic action on the polymerization of vinyl compounds, e.g., styrene, for in this case its activity is about 100-1000 times greater than that of diazoaminobenzene. It is assumed that a larger number of radicals, produced by the fast decomposition of benzoyl peroxide, causes this difference. Diazoaminobenzene has about the same effect on the polymerization of styrene and acrylonitrile as on that of the dienes. The catalytic effect of benzoyl peroxide on the polymerization of the dienes is, on the contrary, 10,000-100,000 times smaller than on that of the vinyl compounds. This difference can be understood by the assumption that the catalyst is quickly used up by oxidizing the dienes and their polymers. While methyl rubber and the polyisoprene resemble raw natural rubber, polybutadiene, prepared under comparable conditions, is hard, swells moderately, and has a tendency to become brittle as a result of oxidation (aging). Abbreviations used are DAB (= diazoaminobenzene) and BP (= benzoyl peroxide).
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
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  • 161
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    Journal of Polymer Science 1 (1946), S. 183-199 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The molecules of high-molecular substances, for instance, those present in rubber, can be treated statistically in two ways. On the one hand, these molecules are such complicated structures that it is possible to attribute a separate entropy and free energy to each giant molecule. On the other hand, solutions of high-molecular substances represent systems in which the single chain molecule is the elementary particle, and to which statistical considerations and concepts such as entropy and free energy can be applied. Depending upon the parameter considered, the same chain molecule must sometimes be treated as a complicated system and at other times as an elementary particle. The problems originating from the simultaneous existence of two stages in the statistical treatment are examined. It is shown that the entropy of an assembly of many chain molecules is not simply equal to the sum of the entropies of the separate chain molecules. This becomes apparent particularly when determining the distribution function with respect to a particular parameter (e.g., distance between the two end points of a molecule) from a statistical consideration of the single molecule on the one hand, and from a consideration of an assembly of identical molecules on the other hand. The relations between entropy and free energy of the individual particle and the a priori probabilities on which the treatment of an assembly is to be based are explained. It is further shown that the same particle can give rise to a macroscopic phenomenon in two ways and to approximately the same extent: first, as a complicated system, and second, as an element in a large assembly of identical particles. This applies in particular to the elastic retractive force and to the strain birefringence in rubber and related substances.
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  • 162
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    Journal of Polymer Science 1 (1946), S. 229-230 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 163
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    Journal of Polymer Science 1 (1946), S. 230-231 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 164
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Butadiene and styrene have been copolymerized by the use of sodium sand as a catalyst. The copolymers containing 75 parts of butadiene and 25 parts of styrene and made at 30° and 50° are soluble in benzene and have intrinsic viscosities ranging from 2.5 to 7.5. The copolymers has a very nearly constant composition throughout the course of the polymerization. The amount of butadiene which has entered the chain by 1,2 addition is greater than in the case of the emulsion copolymer.
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  • 165
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    Journal of Polymer Science 1 (1946), S. 289-292 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Mixed cellulose acetate-ethers were prepared which contain basic-type nitrogen groups whose films were dyed by xylene brilliant blue. β-Aminoethoxylcellulose acetate was prepared from cellulose diacetate and yarn-type cellulose acetate-propionate using ethyleneimine. β-Cyanoethoxylcellulose acetate was prepared from β-cyanoethoxylcellulose and from cellulose acetate using acrylonitrile with an organic base as catalyst. The solubilities of the mixed ether-esters containing basic type nitrogen groups were less than those of cellulose esters and ethers of comparable degrees of substitution.
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  • 166
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Whatever additional factors may be concerned in the production of good vulcanizates from natural rubber by the action of sulfur, there is no doubt that the action of sulfur on olefinic materials in general at the ordinary vulcanization temperature is a chemical one, the primary course of which is determined largely by the constitution of the olefin, and hence may be profitably studied by experimentation with olefins of different unsaturation patterns. Unaccelerated reaction between sulfur and simple monoolefins leads almost exclusively to cross linking of the separate olefin molecules, mostly in pairs, by groups of sulfur atoms. When, however, two or more olefinic units occur in the same molecule, as in the disoprenic hydrocarbons, intramolecular cross linking, i.e., cyclization, at once becomes possible, and the result of sulfur action consists partly in the cross linking of separate molecules as with the monoolefins, but largely in cyclization of the individual olefinic chains, thereby forming sulfur-containing rings. These changes entail a certain loss of unsaturation, from which deductions can be made as to the mechanism of the reaction.
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  • 167
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Hydrogen sulfide has often been thought to play an important role in the sulfur vulcanization of natural rubber. A study has therefore been made of the reaction of hydrogen sulfide with olefins, including polyisoprenes, with special reference to the capacity of the reagent to react with olefins in the presence of free sulfur. Comparison of the products so obtained with those derived (a) by light-catalyzed reaction of hydrogen sulfide and (b) by reaction of free sulfur with polyisoprenes has greatly assisted the understanding of the course of sulfur reaction in vulcanization processes.
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  • 168
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    Journal of Polymer Science 1 (1946), S. 329-339 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A series of experiments on the elastic behavior of various textile materials was carried out. All results are described with the aid of a mechanical model. For this purpose it is necessary to introduce the possibility of a blockade of a part of the model. The elastic properties are characterized by the values of seven independent fundamental constants of the model. The value of one of these constants associated with the blockade can be determined experimentally in a direct way; it is found to be independent of the moisture content. The most important properties of the model correspond with the molecular image of Hermans.
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  • 169
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Experimental data are presented on the monomer composition of copolymers of butadiene and styrene prepared by emulsion polymerization at 50°C. The composition of the copolymers is shown to be unaffected by variations in the amount of emulsifier, of mercaptan, and of the nature of the water-soluble polymerization catalyst. The composition of the copolymers formed from a charge containing 25% styrene (by wt.) can be represented accurately over the entire conversion range by the approximate theory according to which each monomer disappears by a first order reaction with the growing chain of the polymer, without taking into account the fact that the end of the growing chain to which the monomer adds may be a radical derived from either of the two monomer molecules. If the ratio of monomers in the charge is varied within wide limits, however, it is found that the simple theory is not adequate and it is necessary to consider that the chain may end with different radicals. The analysis of the experimental data shows that a butadiene molecule adds more rapidly than a styrene molecule to a radical derived either from a butadience or a styrene molecule.
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  • 170
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    Notes: Squalene containing six isoprene units is more free of end-group effects and less limited in the range of space-distributional contortions of its carbon chain than mono- and diolefins. Hence it is more comparable with rubber than the latter group where matters of chemical reactivity are concerned. Nevertheless, in its reaction with sulfur, squalene pursues a course very similar to that followed by the diisoprene, dihydromyrcene, in that intramolecular sulfide linkages as well as intermolecular polysulfide linkages are formed. Taking into consideration the amount of sulfur which would suffice for the establishment of some given number of the simplest possible intermolecular linkages (i.e., monosulfide linkages), the efficiency of sulfur as a cross-linking reagent during the vulcanization of squalene is seen to be of a rather low order; this condition might be expected to hold for rubber in the absence of auxiliary mechanisms. So far as can be determined by direct experiment the action of sulfur in forming cross links is not essentially different from that encountered with squalene, since there are indications that both intra- and intermolecular sulfide linkages are formed - the latter being of both dialkenyl and dialkyl sulfide type, and, possibly also of alkenyl alkyl type. Under the influence of small amounts of zinc oxide or of various nitrogen-containing organic accelerators, sulfur reacts with the thiol groups of organic mercaptans forming di- and polysulfides, together with hydrogen sulfide. In the presence of rubber the same reaction occurs without actual liberation of hydrogen sulfide and it thus appears that if any thiol groups are formed as intermediates in vulcanization reactions, they will undergo ready conversion into intermolecular di- and polysulfide linkages. This may well represent an important auxiliary mechanism of cross linking.
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  • 171
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: In the emulsion polymerization of butadiene, styrene, or both, potassium persulfate is often used as the catalyst. A convenient concentration of potassium persulfate in the aqueous layer of the charge is 0.10-0.2%; the method of analysis should therefore be suitable for very small persulfate concentrations. Three methods have been investigated. In the volumetric method the persulfate is allowed to react in an acid medium with an excess of standard ferrous iron, the excess being back-titrated after a given period of time with standard ceric cerium solution. The recommended procedure was found accurate and precise within 0.5%, even at such small concentrations as 5 mg. of potassium persulfate per 100 ml. When latex is analyzed by this method, the polymer is first removed by coagulation with sulfuric acid and the persulfate determined in the filtrate. In order to obtain reliable results the reaction between the persulfate and ferrous iron in the filtrate must be carried out in the absence of oxygen, although this is not necessary in solutions of pure persulfate. The interference by oxygen is attributed to substances of peroxidic character in the fatty acid soaps used as emulsifiers in the emulsion polymerization. The colorimetric method (“Becco” method) is based upon the oxidation of the leuco base of commercial wool green BSMA to a green dye by the persulfate and (colorimetric) measurement of the dye formed. The various factors affecting the accuracy and precision of this method have been investigated and a procedure is given for the analysis of latex. For several reasons, the volumetric and polarographic methods are superior to the colorimetric method. Persulfate in a latex can be determined accurately by polarographic analysis of the latex filtrate after removal of the polymer with sulfuric acid. The polarographic determination can be carried out, in the presence of oxygen, with simple equipment. The method is rapid and precise.
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  • 172
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    Journal of Polymer Science 1 (1946), S. 529-534 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: An elementary theory is given for the rolling of polymeric materials, for the case in which the deformation is largely an irreversible flow of the viscous type. The theory treats the rolling process as the homogeneous deformation of volume elements over the arc of contact and neglects frictional forces that may exist at the roll surface. A numerical example is given of the calculation of roll pressure, which agrees with available data to a factor of two or better. A more complete test will require parallel measurements of viscosity and roll pressure on the same material.
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  • 173
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    Journal of Polymer Science 1 (1946), S. 484-494 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: By treating potato juice with acid it was found that potato globulin is converted to albumin and an insoluble casein-like protein. Potato albumin, salted out with ammonium sulfate and purified by dialysis, is very similar to ovalbumin; it is reconverted into a globulin-like protein by alkali. Solutions of potato albumin in water, as well as in acids and alkali, have a very low viscosity. Alkaline solutions of globulin have a greater viscosity than those of albumin; the viscosity numbers of the difficulty soluble protein are even greater. On the basis of the viscosity data, it was concluded that the albumin particles are corpuscular, the globulin molecules are longitudinal, and that the dissymetry is greatest for the difficulty soluble protein particles. On the basis of the different solubilities of all three proteins (which apparently have approximately the same chemical composition), it was concluded that the albumin molecule was the smallest and the difficulty soluble protein molecule the largest. An aqueous solution of potato albumin is denatured when heated to 50-60°, the viscosity thereby increasing more than 100-fold. The solutions become only slightly turbid, but do not flocculate. This unusual viscosity rise can be explained by the transformation of globular albumin molecules into fibrous, elongated particles. Only a slight viscosity increase is observed when alkaline solutions of albumin are heated. Albumin, in the presence of small amounts of salt, is precipitated at 50-60°; the salts also lower the turbidity point. However, very small concentrations of calcium chloride have a stabilizing effect. Albumin is not coagulated at room temperature by 1-2 N salt solutions. The experiments on the effect of cold on potato albumin showed that albumin, after congealing and thawing out, was more easily precipitated than the control solution. The viscosity of the cold-damaged albumin was somewhat less than that of the control solution. It was ascertained that the deaminated product of potato albumin was very similar to deaminated ovalbumin (solutions of high viscosity; linear colloid).
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  • 174
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    Journal of Polymer Science 1 (1946), S. 540-548 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Polyvinyl alcohol may be reacted with methoxyacetaldehyde, 2-methoxyethoxyacetaldehyde, 2-methoxyethoxyacetaldehyde, 2-n-propoxyethoxyacetaldehyde, tetrahydrofurfuryloxyacetaldehyde, or 3-methoxypropionaldehyde, or with mixtures of these aldehydes, to yield thermoplastic resins which are soluble in cold water below specific temperatures peculiar to each resin, and which are soluble in most organic solvents except aliphatic hydrocarbons.
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  • 175
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    Journal of Polymer Science 1 (1946), S. 455-465 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: An investigation of the copolymerization of many monomer pairs induced by benzoyl peroxide has shown that an order of monomer reactivity with radicals exists. By utilizing the data available, it was possible to make a semiquantitative arrangement of many monomers according to their relative rates of reaction with radicals. A symmetrical selectivity factor is assumed to account for deviations from the order in copolymerization reactions. This selectivity may be attributed to (1) complex formation between monomers or to (2) dipole, steric, or other factors which are independent of concentration. Copolymerization equations have been derived for each case and application of them to styrene-methyl methacrylate mixtures has indicated that selectivity due to (2) is most important in this system. The equation for case (2) has been applied to other copolymer systems.
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  • 176
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A general theory is proposed to account quantitatively for the heat polymerization and gelation of the nonconjugated vegetable oils. This is based on a direct approach to polyfunctionality as developed from quantitative considerations of partial random distribution of the fatty acid components in the triglyceride molecules. The differing polymerization rates of linseed and soybean oils are accounted for on the basis of the assumed influence of certain cis-trans geometric isomers. The theory accounts for the anomalous extensive linear polymerization and nongelation of olive oil. Calculations from the theory agree substantially with experimental results on average molecular weight, iodine value, and the percentage of insoluble, infusible cross-linked polymers.
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  • 177
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    Journal of Polymer Science 1 (1946), S. 44-48 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Results are reported of experiments designed to delineate more clearly the action of retarders and chain transfer agents and to place different labeled end groups at either end of polystyrene molecules.
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  • 178
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    Journal of Polymer Science 1 (1946), S. 22-36 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Reduced chicken feather keratin forms a soluble complex in neutral aqueous sodium alkylbenzenesulfonate (average: dodecylbenzenesulfonate). The chemical composition, specific refractive increment, partial specific volume, electrophoretic mobility, osmotic pressure, diffusion constants, and ultracentrifugal sedimentation of the complex have been studied. The complex is heterogeneous but similar to egg albumin-sodium alkylbenzenesulfonate mixtures previously studied in general properties, including fiber-forming properties, the average molecular weight of the dispersed protein units, and the relative symmetry of the dispersed units in dilute solution.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 179
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 1 (1946), S. 49-57 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 180
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 1 (1946), S. 58-62 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Further experimental evidence is given which indicates that, when a dilute solution of GR-S is mixed with carbon black, certain fractions of the rubber are preferentially adsorbed by the black. After removal of the carbon black and the adsorbed fractions by centrifuging, the “treated” GR-S is obtained by precipitation from the solution. Samples compounded as GR-S gum stock show increasing modulus with increasing amounts of carbon black used for adsorption treatment. However, when the GR-S thus treated is compounded with carbon black, then the effect is reversed. The more black used in the treatment and the higher the modulus of the gum stock, the lower the modulus of loaded stock.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 181
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The dimensional stability of molded thermoplastic articles is a function of the extent to which stresses are frozen into them on molding. The kind and amount of plasticizer included in the material to be molded may be varied to minimize the amount of these stresses. Methods of obtaining fundamental information about polymer-plasticizer systems from simple measurements of viscosity and osmotic pressure are suggested in this paper, and some results for cellulose derivatives are given.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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  • 182
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 1 (1946), S. 75-82 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The Flory-Wall expressions for the fraction of substituents remaining on a vinyl copolymer, when substituents are removed at random from adjacent 1,3 positions, are extended to the case of nonrandom copolymerization. A copolymer composition equation is derived for the case in which the type of monomer preceding the active freeradical chain end affects the propagation reaction. The distribution of lengths of sequences in copolymers is discussed.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 183
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The influence on polymerization and copolymerization of various structural factors, especially polarity at the double bond of the monomer, is discussed. The effect of substituents in donating or withdrawing electrons appears to be an important regulating factor in copolymerization.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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  • 184
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Diethyl silicon dichloride was prepared by a Grignard synthesis and purified highly. The material in various stages of purification was hydrolyzed and then polymerized. The properties of the hydrolyzate and of the final polymer depended markedly upon the degree of purification of the dichloride. The reaction of diethylsilicanediol with phosphorous pentoxide was also studied; the predominating reaction appears to involve entrance of the pentoxide into the polymeric structure, rather than a simple acceleration of the polycondensation reaction by the removal of water.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 185
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The interaction of polymers and liquids can be fairly well characterized by the value of the quantity μ, commonly used in thermodynamics of polymer solutions and usually evaluated from osmotic pressure measurements. The Flory-Rehner theory of swelling relates the amount of swelling of a slightly cross-linked polymer in a liquid to μ and a parameter Mc, the average molecular weight between cross links. Mc, may be determined for a cross-linked polymer from its swelling volume in a solvent in which osmotic pressure measurements with the noncross-linked polymer have given the value of μ. The cross-linked polymer, thus calibrated, can be used to obtain the μ value for other liquids by measuring its swelling volume in them. This procedure has been carried out on polyvinyl chloride which can be cross linked by heating. Calibration in three different liquids gave comparable values of Mc, thus checking the Flory-Rehner theory. The quantity μ was determined at two different temperatures for fifty liquids. The value of μ and its temperature dependence correlate well with the observed properties of the binary systems. Variation of μ with molecular weight in an homologous series is demonstrated.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 186
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The course of the reactions of benzoyl peroxide with cyclohexane and cyclohexene may be accounted for by a mechanism involving free radicals and radical chain reactions. With cyclohexane, the average length of the chain hardly exceeds one step and one mole of hydrocarbon reacts with one mole of peroxide. With cyclohexene, chains of two and three steps also occur and about two and one-half moles of hydrocarbon per mole of peroxide take part in the reaction. It is shown that this is due to the one-sided addition of the primary radicals (originating from the peroxide) to the double bond, yielding a new radical without a double bond which can in turn react in the same way with another unsaturated molecule, thus giving rise to polycyclic compounds (chain formation). This polymerization reaction is, however, soon halted by a competitive side reaction involving substitution of the α- (or β)-methylene group, which leaves the double bond intact. In polymerizable vinyl derivatives in which no reactive α-methylene group is present, the competitive reaction cannot occur and the radical chain reaction continues to form a growing chain of interlinked monomeric molecules with annihilation of the double bonds. The two terminal groups of the macromolecules of the final polymerizate are radicals originating from the peroxide used as a catalyst. If a solvent is used, radicals of the latter may also appear occasionally as terminal groups of the polymer. The mechanism of the catalytic action of diacyl peroxides in the polymerization of vinyl derivatives is thus clarified. The molecule linking reaction induced by free radicals in unsaturated compounds also provides an explanation of the action of benzoyl peroxide as a rubber vulcanizer; the peroxide radicals are found as substituents in the rubber molecule.
    Additional Material: 5 Tab.
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  • 187
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Previous observations make it probable that one or both ends of a longchain molecule produced by catalyzed vinyl polymerization contain fragments of the initiator. If one uses acid peroxides as initiators, these fragments can contain a carbonyl group. It is the purpose of this paper to investigate whether these carbonyl groups which are present only in a very small amount can be detected by infrared absorption. It seems that in the case of polystyrene initiated with benzoyl peroxide, infrared absorption spectra reveal the presence of a small amount of some carbonyl groups in the polymer. Their amount appears to be in agreement with chemical measurements and with the molecular weight of the material.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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  • 188
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 1 (1946), S. 37-43 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Using the copolymer composition equation, the critical constants α and β are determined for the systems styrene-2,5-dichlorostyrene, styrene-methyl acrylate, styrene-diethyl maleate, and styrene-diethyl chloromaleate.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 189
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 1 (1946), S. 225-228 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A rapid procedure is described for estimating the average molecular weights of polyisobutylenes from deformation-rate measurements.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 190
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 191
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 1 (1946), S. 233-236 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: It is shown that the sedimentation and diffusion constants of cellulose at infinite dilution conform with a formula derived on the assumption of randomly coiled structures. The principle is introduced that the sedimentation velocity of closely packed particles moving through a liquid exerts an influence on their motion, according to known hydrodynamic laws.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 192
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 1 (1946), S. 245-246 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A device is described which permits rapid sampling of systems under pressure.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 193
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 1 (1946), S. 237-244 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The chain lengths of polymethyl methacrylates prepared with ferrous ion-hydrogen peroxide as the initiating system are consistent with the scheme advanced for the mechanism of the polymerization. The relation between intrinsic viscosity in benzene and molecular weight for fractionated polymethyl methacrylate has been determined and leads to the equation: n = 2.81 × 103 [η]C6H61.32. This equation agrees very well with the data of Schulz, provided that the correct method of extrapolating the osmotic pressures to zero concentration is used. Using the relationship between [η]C6H6 and [η]CHCl3 obtained experimentally, the relation between n and [η]CHCl3 (at 20°C.) is: n = 1.81 l3 × 103[η]CHCl31.22.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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