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  • 1970-1974  (1,697)
  • 1965-1969  (3,084)
  • 1940-1944
  • 1910-1914
  • 1880-1889
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 10 (1972), S. 23-30 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Microradiography ; Autoradiography ; Preparation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La préparation de coupes fines, plano-parallèles d'os non décalcifié, d'épaisseur connue, pour la réalisation de microradiographies et d'autoradiographies quantitatives est décrite. Pour éviter que des fractures de l'os se produisent, le fragment osseux fixé doit être inclus dans un matériel approprié qui ne doit pas se rétracter. Un minimum de force doit être appliqué à l'échantillon pendant la coupe pour éviter des vibrations. La méthode décrite, utilisant une scie circulaire tournant à faible vitesse, est adéquate. Le polissage final des surfaces du specimen est réalisé sur une machine à polir modifiée. On peut préparer un grand nombre de coupes en relativement peu de temps pour des études statistiques.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Herstellung von dünnen, parallelgestellten Schnitten von unentkalktem Knochen bekannter Dicke zur quantitativen Auto- und Mikroradiographie wird beschrieben. Der Knochen hat die Tendenz, unter Druck zu brechen. Um diese Schwierigkeit zu überwinden, ist es sehr wichtig, daß die fixierte Knochenprobe genügend vom Einbettungsmaterial durchdrungen wird und daß das Einschlußmittel sich vom Knochenrand weg kontrahiert. Beim Schneiden darf nur ein minimaler Druck auf die Probe ausgeübt werden, damit der Knochen nicht zertrümmert wird. Die beschriebene Methode, bei welcher eine spezielle Einrichtung zum Auftropfen des Schmiermittels den Gebrauch einer langsam rotierenden Kreissäge ermöglichte, erwies sich als günstig. Das schließliche Polieren der Oberflächen der Proben wurde auf einer modifizierten Schleifmaschine ausgeführt. Mit dieser Methode kann eine große Anzahl von Schnitten in relativ kurzer Zeit hergestellt werden; dies ist sehr wichtig, um eine angemessene Anzahl von Proben für statistische Analysen zu erhalten.
    Notes: Abstract The preparation of thin, parallel-sided sections of undecalcified bone of known thickness for quantitative auto- and micro-radiography is described. To overcome the tendency of the bone to fracture when stressed, it is essential that the fixed sample of bone should be adequately penetrated by the embedding material and that the mounting material should not contract away from the edge of the bone. Minimum stress must be applied to the sample when cutting or the bone may be shattered. The method described, using a gravity feed to a low speed circular saw, has been found to be suitable. Final polishing of the surfaces of the specimen was carried out on a modified lapping machine. Large numbers of sections can be prepared in a relatively short time by the method and this is essential to obtain an adequate number of samples for statistical analysis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 10 (1972), S. 103-112 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Osteoclast ; Bone ; Erosion ; Haversian system ; Dog
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Par marquagein vivo à la tétracycline et analyse histologique de coupes non décalcifiées d'os cortical, la vitesse moyenne d'érosion des fronts ostéoclastiques (cones coupants) de systèmes de Havers a été mesurée. Cette vitesse traduit la fonction d'ostéoclastes isolés dans le cône coupant et est l'inverse de la vitesse d'apposition (l'épaisseur de l'os déposé par une couche unique d'ostéoblastes par unité de temps). Au niveau de cinquante trois zones de remaniements haversiens, dans plusieurs coupes de quatre côtes différentes de trois chiens adultes, la vitesse longitudinale d'érosion (dans la direction de l'axe longitudinal de l'ostéone) est d'environ 39±14 μ/jour, alors que la vitesse d'érosion radiaire, c'est-á-dire l'élargissement centrifuge du sommet du cône coupant vers son plus large diamètre, est d'environ 7.1±3μ/jour. Etant donné que la dynamique du remaniement osseux lamellaire de l'homme et du chien est très semblable, ces résultats peuvent aussi être appliqués á l'homme.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Es wurdenin vivo Tetracylin-Markierung und histologische Analyse von unentkalkten Corticalis-Längsschnitten verwendet, um die durchschnittliche Geschwindigkeit zu messen, mit der die Osteoclastenkegel (cutting cones) der sich entwickelten havers'schen Systeme im Knochen vorrücken. Diese Geschwindigkeit reflektiert die Resorptionstätigkeit eines einzelnen Osteoclasten, im Gegensatz zu Appositionsrate, welche die Intensität der Matrixproduktion durch die Osteoblasten in einer bestimmten Zeitspanne angibt. Bei 53 im Umbau begriffenen Havers'schen Systemen in mehreren Schnitten von vier verschiedenen Rippen dreier erwachsener Hunde war die durchschnittliche Geschwindigkeit des longitudinalen Vorrückens 39±14μ/Tag, während die durchschnittliche Erweiterung des Durchmessers an der Spitze des Resorptionskanales einen Betrat von 7.1±3 μ/Tag ausmachte. Da die Dynamik der Umbauvorgänge im kompakten Lamellenknochen bei Hund und Mensch vergleichbar ist, kann angenommen werden, daß die ermittelten Werte auch für den Menschen zutreffend sind.
    Notes: Abstract Using tetracycline labellingin vivo and histological analysis of undecalcified longitudinal sections of cortical bone, the average speed was measured with which osteoclastic fronts (cutting cones) of the evolving Haversian systems erode bone. This speed reflects the function of the individual osteoclasts within the cutting cone and is opposite to the appositional rate (the thickness of bone deposited by a monolayer of osteoblasts in unit time). In fifty-three Haversian remodeling sites in several sections from four different ribs of three adult dogs, the longitudinal erosion rate (in the direction of long axis of the osteon) averaged 39±14 μ/day, whereas the radial erosion rate, that is the centrifugal enlargement from the tip of the cutting cone to its largest diameter, averaged 7.1±3 μ/day. Since human and canine lamellar bone remodeling dynamics appear closely similar, the estimates in this study may also apply to man.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 10 (1972), S. 142-151 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Collagen ; Collagenase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé De la collagénase osseuse de souris, une collagénase tissulaire spécifique, est isolée du milieu de culture tissulaire d'un tibia de souris de 5 jours. En combinant une précipitation de (NH4)2SO4, une filtration moléculaire sur tamis et la chromatographie par échangeurs d'ions, on obtient une fraction d'un rendement d'environ 11%, qui possède une activité enzymatique spécifique 120 fois plus élevée que l'extrait original total. Le poids moléculaire de la fraction, contenant l'activité enzymatique, est d'environ 41000, en se basant sur des études de filtration par tamis moléculaire calibré. Il existe au moins deux fractions principales distinctes et une fraction plus faible, ayant des activités en collagénase et des points isoélectriques distincts. Il n'est pas démontré que ces fractions constituent des isoenzymes de l'os ou de l'os et du cartilage, ou sont dérivés d'une seule enzyme, peu dégradée par l'extraction et la purification. L'activité de la collagénase est inhibée par l'EDTA, la cystéine, le sérum de cheval; mais elle résiste au fluorure de phénylméthyle-sulfonyle, à l'acide epsilon aminocaproique et à l'inhibiteur de trypsine de graine de soja.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Mäuseknochen-Kollagenase, eine spezifische Gewebe-Kollagenase, wurde aus Gewebekulturmedien von 5 Tage alten Mäusetibiae isoliert. Durch eine Kombination von (NH4)2SO4-Ausfällung, Gelfiltration und Ionenaustausch-Chromatographie wurde mit ungefähr 11% Ausbeute eine Fraktion erhalten, die eine spezifische Enzymaktivität besaß, welche 120mal größer war als diejenige des ursprünglichen unbehandelten Extraktes. Das Molekulargewicht der die Enzymaktivität enthaltenden Fraktion war ungefähr 41000, was durch kalibrierte Gelfiltrations-Untersuchungen bestimmt wurde. Mindestens zwei verschiedene Hauptfraktionen und eine kleinere Fraktion mit Kollagenaseaktivität wurden erhalten, welche verschiedene isoelektrische Punkte hatten. Es ist unklar, ob diese Fraktionen Isoenzyme aus Knochen oder aus Knochen und Knorpel darstellen, oder ob sie von einem einzelnen Enzym stammen, welches durch die verwendeten Extraktions- und Reinigungstechniken minimal degradiert wurde. Die Kollagenaseaktivität wurde durch EDTA, Cystein und Pferdeserum gehemmt, nicht aber durch Phenylmethylsulfonylfluorid, Epsilon-amino-capronsäure oder Soyabohnen-Trypsin-Hemmer.
    Notes: Abstract Mouse bone collagenase, a specific tissue collagenase, was isolated from the tissue culture media of 5 day old mouse tibiae. By a combination of (NH4)2SO4 precipitation, molecular sieve filtration and ion exchange chromatography a fraction was obtained with a yield of approximately 11% which had a specific enzyme activity 120-fold greater than the original crude extract. The molecular weight of the fraction containing the enzyme activity was approximately 41000 as determined by calibrated molecular sieve filtration studies. There were at least two distinct major fractions and one minor fraction possessing collagenase activity which had distinct isoelectric points. It is not clear whether these fractions represent isoenzymes from bone or from bone and cartilage, or are derived from a single enzyme which has been minimally degraded by the extraction and purification techniques used. Collagenase activity was inhibited by EDTA, cysteine and horse serum, but not by phenylmethylsulfonylfluoride, epsilon amino caproic acid or soybean trypsin inhibitor.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Pyrophosphate ; Bone ; Cartilage ; Calcification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les concentrations de pyrophosphate inorganiques (PPi), d'orthophosphate et de calcium ont été déterminées dans le cartilage au repos, en prolifération, hypertrophique et calcifié au niveau d'épiphyses foetales de veaux et aussi dans l'os spongieux, périosté et compact. Dans les échantillons de cartilage, le contenu en PPi augmente progressivement dans l'ordre énoncé ci-dessus, de 8.59 μg P/g en poids sec de cartilage au repos à 236 μg P/g en poids sec dans le cartilage calcifié. Cependant, le rapport PPi sur orthophosphate suit une relation inverse: il est plus élevé dans la zone de repos et diminue considérablement lorsque le tissu se calcifie. Le rôle possible du PPi, en inhibant la précipitation de phosphate de calcium amorphe (ACP) et en ralentissant la transformation d'ACP en hydroxyleapatite (HA) dans les tissus calcifiés, est envisagé par rapport à d'autres facteurs, tels que le collagène, le magnésium, les phospholipides et les protéines-polysaccharides, qui peuvent aussi intervenirin vivo. Pour l'instant, aucun facteur isolé ne peut être considéré comme un régulateur physiologique certain.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Der Gehalt an anorganischem Pyrophosphat (PPi), Orthophosphat und Calcium wurde in ruhendem, proliferierendem, hypertrophischem und verkalktem Knorpel von foetalen Kalbsepiphysen und auch in spongiösem, periostalem und kompaktem Knochen gemessen. Bei den Knorpelproben nahm der Gehalt an PPi progressiv in der oben angegebenen Reihenfolge zu: von 8,59 μg P/g Trockengewicht in ruhendem Knorpel bis zu 236 μg P/g Trockengewicht in verkalktem Knorpel. Das PPi/Orthophosphat-Verhältnis hingegen verlief in umgekehrter Richtung; es war am höchsten in der ruhenden Zone und nahm dramatisch ab, wenn das Gewebe verkalkte. Die mögliche Rolle von PPi bei der Hemmung der Ausfällung von amorphem Calciumphosphat (ACP) und bei der Verlangsamung der Umwandlung von ACP in Hydroxyapatit (HA) in verkalkenden Geweben wird in bezug auf folgende anderen Faktoren, welche den Vorgang in vivo ebenfalls beieinflussen könnten, diskutiert: Collagen, Magnesium, Phospholipide und Proteinpolysaccharide. Bis jetzt war es nicht möglich, einen einzelnen Faktor als sicheren physiologischen Regulator zu identifizieren.
    Notes: Abstract The amounts of inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi), orthophosphate and calcium have been measured in resting, proliferating, hypertrophic and calcified cartilage from foetal calf epiphyses and also in cancellous, periosteal and compact bone. In the cartilage samples, the content of PPi increased progressively in the order named above, from values of 8.59 μg P/g dry weight in resting cartilage to 236 μg P/g dry weight in calcified cartilage. However, the ratio of PPi to orthophosphate followed the reverse relationship and was highest in the resting zone and fell dramatically as the tissue calcified. The possible role of PPi in inhibiting the precipitation of amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) and in the slowing the transformation of ACP to hydroxyapatite (HA) in calcifying tissues is discussed in relation to other factors, such as collagen, magnesium, phospholipids and proteinpolysaccharides, which might also influence the processin vivo. At present, no single factor can be identified as a proven physiological regulator.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 10 (1972), S. 252-253 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Volume ; Mass
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 10 (1972), S. 238-251 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Growth ; Bone ; Rat ; Tetracycline
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La vitesse de croissance normale en longueur de la métaphyse proximale du tibia est déterminée chez le rat Sprague-Dawley entre les âges de 20 et 100 jours, en utilisant la méthode à la tétracycline. Le taux de croissance ne varie que légèrement dans les groupes d'âges différents. Il est plus élevé chez les animaux jeunes et décroit considérablement en fonction de l'augmentation de l'âge. Les rats mâles présentent une croissance plus élevée que les femelles. Cette étude a pour but de mettre au point une méthode permettant de déterminer les facteurs expérimentaux, liés à la croissance en longueur du rat.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die normale Längenwachstums-Geschwindigkeit der proximalen Wachstumsplatte der Tibia wurde bei Sprague-Dawley-Ratten in einem Alter zwischen 20 und 100 Tagen mittels der Tetracyclinmethode gemessen. Die Wachstumsgeschwindigkeit variierte nur wenig innerhalb der einzelnen Altersgruppen. Die Geschwindigkeit war bei jungen Tieren am höchsten und nahm mit zunehmendem Alter beträchtlich ab. Männliche Ratten wuchsen schneller als weibliche. Diese Arbeit dient als Grundlage, um die experimentelle Beeinflussung des Längenwachstums der Ratte abschätzen zu können.
    Notes: Abstract The rate of normal growth in length from the proximal growth plate of the tibia in the Sprague-Dawley rat was measured between 20 and 100 days of age using the tetracycline method. The growth rate varied only slightly within different age groups. The rate was highest in young animals and decreased considerably with increasing age. Male rats grew faster than female. This study is intended to provide a base for an evaluation of experimental influence on the growth in length of the rat.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 10 (1972), S. 289-301 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Metacarpal ; Morphometry ; Density ; Bone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les longueurs, les volumes extérieurs et les poids de 45 seconds métacarpes, déssèchés et nettoyés, sont déterminés. Les largeurs totales et médullaires de la diaphyse sont mesurées sur des radiographies antéro-postérieurs. le volume cortical, le volume externe et le poids de cendres de la diaphyse, d'une longueur de 1 cm, sont aussi déterminés. A partir des mesures morphométriques, les estimations des propriétés géométriques et densitométriques de la diaphyse et de l'os total sont analysées. Quelques estimations des propriétés géométriques ont pu être étudiées en estiamnt que la diaphyse du métacarpe est un cylindre. Les rapports entre les estimations et les propriétés géométriques et densitométriques sont envisagés et l'exactitude d'un modèle cylindrique est évaluée.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Länge, äußerer Umfang und Gewicht von 45 sauberen, trockenen zweiten Metacarpalknochen wurden bestimmt. Die totale Breite und die Markhöhlenbreite des mittleren Schaftes wurden mit posterior-anterioren Röntgenaufnahmen gemessen. Corticaler und äußerer Umfang und Aschgewicht eines 1 cm langen Stückes vom Schaft jedes Knochens wurden ebenfalls gemessen. Mittels morphometrischer Messungen wurden Schätzungen der geometrischen und densitometrischen Eigenschaften der Mittelschaftregion und des ganzen Knochens berechnet. Einige Schätzungen der geometrischen Eigenschaften wurden abgeleitet unter der Annahme, daß der metacarpale Schaft ein Zylinder ist. Die Beziehungen zwischen den Schätzungen und den geometrischen und densitometrischen Eigenschaften selbst wurden untersucht, und die Gültigkeit des Zylindermodelles wurde geprüft.
    Notes: Abstract The lengths, external volumes and weights of 45 clean, dry, second metacarpals were determined. The midshaft total and medullary widths were measured on postero-anterior radiographs. The cortical volume, external volume and ash weight of a 1 cm length of the shaft of each bone were also measured. From the morphometric measurements estimators of the geometric and densitometric properties of the midshaft section and of the whole bone were computed. Some estimators of the geometric properties were derived on the assumption that the metacarpal shaft is a cylinder. The relationships between the estimators and the geometric and densitometric properties themselves were examined and the validity of the cylinder model was explored.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 9 (1972), S. 109-121 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Arthritis ; Phosphonates ; Bone ; Resorption ; Pathology ; Calcification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé De l'adjuvant de Freund, constitué deMycobacterium butyricum tués, en suspension dans de l'huile minérale, provoque une arthrite chez les rats qui rappelle certaines formes d'arthrites chez l'Homme. L'arthrite comporte une inflammation de tissu mou, une formation de pannus et deux ostéopathies distinctes, une résorption ossuse accélérée et une formation anormale d'os périarticulaire. L'étidronate disodique, administré à raison de 4 mg/kg/jour par voie cutanée, à partir de l'injection de l'adjuvant, inhibe nettement la résorption osseuse, la formation de pannus, l'érosion inflammatoire de cartilage et la formation d'os pathologique, en rapport avec l'adjuvant. Après arrêt du traitement à l'étidronate disodique, la formationd'os pathologique devient visible radiographiquement deux semaines après l'arrêt du traitement. Le rôle de l'étidronate disodique sur la régulation de la résorption osseuse et sur la concentration du calcium et du phosphate, dans les tissus environnants, ainsi que les rapports des phénomènes arthritiques avec ce type d'expérience sont envisagés. Les résultats suggèrent la possibilité de l'emploi de l'étidronate disodique dans certaines formes d'arthrites humaines.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Freund's Adjuvans, das aus abgetötetem und in Mineralöl suspendiertem Mycobacterium butyricum besteht, verursacht bei Ratten eine arthritische Reaktion, welche gewissen Arthritisformen beim Menschen ähnlich ist. Die arthritische Reaktion besteht in einer Entzündung der Weichteile, einer Pannusbildung und zwei verschiedenen Osteopathien, ferner in einer beschleunigten Knochenresorption und einer abnormen periartikulären Knochenbildung. Wird gleichzeitig mit der Verabreichung des Adjuvans Dinatriumetidronat in einer Dosis von 4 mg/kg/Tag subcutan gegeben, so werden sowohl die Knochenresorption, als auch die Pannusbildung, die entzündliche Knorpelerosion und die mit der Adjuvansgabe verbundene pathologische Knochenbildung merklich gehemmt. Wurde die Dinatriumetidronat-Behandlung abgebrochen, so wurde die pathologische Knochenbildung innerhalb 2 Wochen nach Behandlungsabbruch röntgenologisch sichtbar. Die Kontrollfunktion des Dinatriumetidronates bei der Knochenresorption und bei der Calcium- und Phosphatkonzentration in den umliegenden Geweben, sowie die Beziehung dieser Substanz zu den arthritischen Prozessen, wie sie bei diesem Rattenversuch vorliegen, werden besprochen. Auf Grund dieser Resultate ist eine potentielle Anwendung des Dinatriumetidronates bei gewissen Formen der menschlichen Arthritis denkbar.
    Notes: Abstract Freund's Adjuvant, consisting of deadMycobacterium butyricum suspended in mineral oil, produces an arthritic response in rats which resembles certain forms of arthritis in man. The arthritic response consists of soft tissue inflammation, pannus formation and two separate osteopathies; accelerated bone resorption and abnormal periarticular bone formation. Disodium etidronate administered at 4 mg/kg/day subcutaneously from the time of adjuvant injection markedly inhibited bone resorption, pannus formation, inflammatory erosion of cartilage, and the pathologic bone formation associated with the adjuvant model. When the disodium etidronate treatments were discontinued, the pathologic bone formation became radiologically visible within two weeks after cessation of treatment. The role of disodium etidronate in controlling bone resorption and surrounding tissue concentration of calcium and phosphate and the relation to arthritic processes in this rat model are discussed. The data suggest a potential use of disodium etidronate in some forms of human arthritis.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 10 (1972), S. 207-215 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Calcium ; Fluoride ; Diet ; Collagen ; Hexosamine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Une fluorose squelettique est induite chez des lapins soumis à des régimes adéquates et faibles en calcium. Les lapins soumis à un régime pauvre en calcium sont plus sensibles à l'intoxication fluorée, ainsi que le démontre les exostoses et la rétention plus élvée de fluor du fémur. La matrice collagène de l'os et la synthèse de l'hexosamine, étudiée par l'incorporation de proline (U)14C dans le collagène et de glucose (1)14C dans l'hexosamine, ne semblent pas affecter par le fluor et par la concentration de calcium dans le régime des lapins.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Skelettfluorose wurde bei Kaninchen hervorgerufen, welche ausreichende und niedrige Calciumdiäten erhielten. Kaninchen mit einem niedrigen Calciumgehalt in der Nahrung entwickelten eine stärkere Fluoridintoxikation, was sich durch Exostosebildung und höhere Fluoridretention in den Femora zeigte. Die Synthese des Knochenmatirx-Collagens und der Hexosamine [untersucht mittels Einbau von Prolin (U)14C in Collagen und Glukose (1)14C in Hexosamin] wurde weder durch Fluorid noch durch den Calciumgehalt der Kaninchen-Nahrung beeinflußt.
    Notes: Abstract Skeletal fluorosis was induced in rabbits fed adequate and low calcium diets. Rabbits on a low calcium diet were found to suffer more from fluoride intoxication as evidenced by exostosis formation and higher retention of fluoride in the femora. Bone matrix collagen and hexosamine synthesis assessed by14C-proline (U) incorporation into collagen and14C-glucose (1) into hexosamine were found to be unaffected by the fluoride as well as by the level of calcium in the diets of rabbits.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Microradiography ; Parturition ; Hypocalcemia ; Hypervitaminosis D ; Adult ; Bone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Une étude microradiographique et histologique de l'os cortical et spongieux a permis de mettre en évidence des remaniements peu profonds chez des vaches, présentant une sévère hypocalcémie et des parésies peu avant la mise à bas. Les surfaces de l'os spongieux et haversien apparaissent inactives et identiques à des coupes de vaches non pleines ou ne fournissant pas de lait. Les surfaces inactives sont lisses et bordées par une zone de radiodensité augmentée. L'absence de réponse ostéoclastique n'est pas due à l'accumulation de tissu ostéoide le long des surfaces d'os haversien et spongieux. La lactation est associée à une augmentation triple de la résorption de l'os spongieux de 7 à 10 jours post-partum chez les vaches témoins. En soumettant les vaches à un régime pauvre en calcium pendant 30 jours, on observe une hypocalcémie significative et une augmentation double de la résorption osseuse. L'adjonction de doses pharmacologiques de vitamine D (30 millions d'unités par jour), du 20ème au 30ème jour de l'administration du régime pauvre en calcium provoque une résorption osseuse additionnelle (environ quintuplée), surtout à la surface de l'os spongieux. L'adjonction de vitamine D empêche le développement de l'hypocalcémie, mais ne produit pas une hypercalcémie décelable. Des concentrations identiques de vitamine D, administrées, pendant 3 à 10 jours, à des vaches, ingérant du calcium et du phosphore à doses normales, provoquent une hypercalcémie et des lacunes de résorption de l'os cortical. La vitamine D semble plus efficace que les régimes pauvres en calcium pour agir sur l'homéostasie du calcium, en modifiant le métabolisme squelettique des vaches adultes.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Durch mikroradiographische und histologische Bestimmungen des kortikalen und trabekulären Knochens konnte ein niedriger Knochenumsatz bei Kühen nachgewiesen werden, die kurz vor dem Kalbern ein Syndrom von schwerer Hypocalcaemie und Parese entwickelten. Die trabekulären und Haversschen Oberflächen schienen inaktiv und sahen Schnitten von nicht säugenden und nicht trächtigen Kühen ähnlich. Die inaktiven Oberflächen waren glatt und von einer Zone erhöhter Röntgendichte umgeben. Der Ausfall der Osteoklastenreaktion beruhte nicht auf einer Anhäufung von Osteoid längs der trabekulären und Haversschen Oberflächen. Während der Laktation nahm die Resorption des trabekulären Knochens vom siebten bis zum zehnten Tag postpartum bei Kontrollkühen um das Dreifache zu. Wurden die Kühe während 30 Tagen mit einer calciumarmen Diät gefüttert, so entstanden eine signifikante Hypocalcaemie und eine zweifache Zunahme der Knochenresorption. Wurde vom 20. bis 30. Tag der calciumarmen Diätperiode Vitamin D in pharmakologischen Dosen (30 Millionen Einheiten pro Tag) zugesetzt, so erhöhte sich die Knochenresorption noch mehr (ungefähr um das Fünffache), vor allem längs der trabekulären Oberflächen. Das zugesetzte Vitamin D verhinderte die Bildung einer Hypocalcaemie, verursachte jedoch keine nachweisbare Hypercalcaemie. Gleiche Vitamin D-Dosen, die während 3 bis 10 Tagen an Kühe mit einer normalen Calcium- und Phosphateinnahme abgegeben wurden, verursachten eine Hypercalcaemie und zahlreiche Resorptionsräume im kortikalen Knochen. Es scheint, daß Vitamin D wirksamer ist als eine calciumarme Diät in der Beeinflussung der Calciumhomöostase durch Veränderung des Skelettmetabolismus bei ausgewachsenen Kühen.
    Notes: Abstract Microradiographic and histologic evaluation of cortical and trabecular bone revealed a low turnover in cows which developed a syndrome of profound hypocalcemia and paresis near parturition. Trabecular and Haversian surfaces appeared inactive and were similar to sections from nonlactating-nonpregnant cows. The inactive surfaces were smooth and bordered by a zone of increased radiodensity. The failure of osteoclastic response was not due to the accumulation of osteoid along trabecular and Haversian surfaces. Lactation was associated with a threefold increase in resorption of trabecular bone at 7 to 10 days postpartum in control cows. Feeding a calcium-deficient diet to cows for 30 days resulted in a significant hypocalcemia and a twofold increase in bone resorption. The addition of pharmacologic doses of vitamin D (30 million units daily) from the 20th to 30th day of feeding the calcium-deficient diet further increased bone resorption (approximately fivefold), primarily along trabecular surfaces. The added vitamin D prevented hypocalcemia but did not produce a detectable hypercalcemia. Similar levels of vitamin D administered for 3 to 10 days to cows with a normal calcium and phosphorus intake resulted in hypercalcemia and numerous resorption spaces in cortical bone. Vitamin D appeared to be more effective than calcium-deficient diets in influencing calcium homeostasis by altering skeletal metabolism in adult cows.
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  • 11
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    Calcified tissue international 9 (1972), S. 283-295 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Remodeling ; Connective tissue ; Tetracycline ; Fibula
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Cette étude a pour but de déterminer si l'activité métabolique de segments homotypiques de péronés de chien peut être comparée au cours d'une période de trente jours. On a analysé la porosité, la formation simultanée, la résorption et l'apposition. Les examens sont effectués sur des coupes sériées l'aide de la microradiographie et la tétracycline. La distribution dans l'espace de ces divers remaniements est étudiée en construisant des modèles tridimensionnels. Les conclusions suivantes ont pu être tirées: 1. les différences moyennes entre les segments de péronés de chien homotypiques sont moins élevées que les différences moyennes entre les zones hétérotypiques. 2. Le choix de zones homotypiques de péronés comme témoins devrait être limité à des recherches au cours desquelles les différences à mettre en évidence sont plus élevées de 4% pour l'apposition, 2% pour la résorption, 0,6% pour la porosité et 2% pour la formation simultanée. 3. Des quatre paramètres mesurés, la porosité est le plus constant, ne présentant pas de différences significatives entre des segments symétriques. 4. Les corrélations effectuées montrent l'intérêt de l'utilisation de coupes sériées. 5. La résorption physiologique ne s'observe pas exclusivement au niveau de l'os âgé. 6. Les zones d'activité métabolique sont surtout localisées dans certains ostéones, situés surtout en périphérie, et de façon identique au niveau de segments symétriques.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Der Zweck dieser Untersuchung war, zu bestimmen, ob in einem Zeitraum von 30 Tagen ein zuverlässiger Vergleich der metabolischen Aktivität zwischen homotypischen Segmenten von Hundefibulae möglich ist. Folgende Aktivitäten wurden untersucht: kumulative Knochenbildung, Porosität, Resorption und Apposition. Die Untersuchungen erfolgten in benachbarten Gewebeabschnitten mittels mikroradiographischer und Tetrazyklintechnik. Die räumliche Anordnung dieser verschiedenen Aktivitäten wurde durch die Erstellung eines dreidimensionalen Modelles untersucht. Die Ergebnisse erlaubten folgende Schlußfolgerungen: 1. die durchschnittlichen Unterschiede zwischen homotypischen Hundefibulasegmenten sind viel kleiner als diejenigen zwischen heterotypischen Segmenten; 2. die Verwendung von homotypischen Fibulasegmenten als zuverlässige Kontrollen sollte auf die Untersuchungen beschränkt werden, bei welchen die Unterschiede mindestens über 4% (Apposition), 2% (Resorption), 0,6% (Porosität) und 2% (kumulative Knochenbildung) liegen; 3. von den vier gemessenen Parametern war die Porosität am konstantesten; es zeigten sich keine signifikanten Unterschiede zwischen Spiegelsegmenten; 4. zeitliche Korrelationen betonen die Wichtigkeit, alle zugänglichen benachbarten Abschnitte in einer einzelnen Fibula zu verwenden; 5. physiologische Resorption erfolgte nicht nur in alten Knochen; 6. die Zentren metabolischer Aktivität wurden hauptsächlich in spezifisch aktiven Osteonen gefunden, welche vor allem in der Peripherie verteilt waren und zwar in einer auffallend zwischen Spiegelsegmenten übereinstimmenden Anordnung.
    Notes: Abstract This investigation was undertaken to determine if the metabolic activity of homotypic segments of dog fibulae could be reliably compared in a thirty day period. Activities analyzed were: cumulative formation, porosity, resorption and apposition. Analyses were performed on contiguous tissue sections using microradiographic and tetracycline techniques. Spatial arrangements of the various activities were analyzed by constructing three dimensional models. The data permitted the following conclusions: 1) The mean differences between dog homotypic fibular segments are much smaller than the mean differences between heterotypic sites. 2) The use of homotypic fibular sites as valid controls should be limited to investigations in which the differences worth detecting are at least greater than 4% (apposition), 2% (resorption), 0.6% (porosity), and 2% (cumulative formation). 3) Of the four parameters measured, porosity was the most constant, showing no significant differences between mirror segments. 4) Lag correlations emphasize the importance of utilizing all available contiguous sections in a given specimen. 5) Physiologic resorption was not exclusive in old bone. 6) The sites of metabolic activity were predominantly found among specific active osteons which were primarily distributed peripherally in a strikingly similar pattern between mirror segments.
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  • 12
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    Calcified tissue international 9 (1972), S. 67-79 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Calcium ; Calcification ; Mitochondria ; Cell
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Quatre vingt quinze pour cent du total du calcium et phosphate d'homogénats cellulaires, isolés mécaniquement de l'os, sédimentent avec des particules sub-cellulaires par centrifugation à 15000×G. Une méthode, destinée à isoler et à purifier partiellement cette fraction, riche en calcium, est mise au point par digestion enzymatique avec de la désoxyribonucléase et ultracentrifugation dans 70% de saccharose. Le fragment obtenu contient 10% de produit minéral, sous forme de complexe calcium-phosphate, et des protéines et lipides. Des quantités importantes de phospholipides et RNA sont notées, ainsi que des quantités faibles d'hexosamine et d'acide sialique. Les essais enzymatiques et la microscopie électronique indiquent que la fraction contient plusieurs types différents de particules cytophoniques, mais leur contenu en calcium n'a pu être déterminé.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Es wurde festgestellt, daß 95% des gesamten Calcium-und Phosphatgehaltes in Zellhomogenaten, welche mechanisch aus Knochen isoliert wurden, mit subzellulären Teilchen in einem Zentrifugenfeld von 15000×G sedimentieren. Zur Isolation und teilweisen Reinigung dieser calciumreichen Fraktion wurde eine Methode entwickelt, die auf enzymatischer Verdauung mit Desoxyribonuclease und Ultrazentrifugation mittels 70% Sucrose basiert. Der entstandene Niederschlag enthielt 10% Mineral, der in Form eines Calciumphosphat-Komplexes vorlag und einen hohen Gehalt an Protein und Lipid aufwies. Es fanden sich ferner signifikante Mengen von Phospholipid und RNS, dagegen nur kleine Mengen von Hexosamin und Sialsäure. Enzymbestimmungen und Elektronenmikroskopie zeigten, daß die gefundene Fraktion mehrere, sich voneinander unterscheidende Typen von Cytoplasmapartikeln enthielt; ihr Calciumgehalt konnte jedoch anhand der verfügbaren Resultate nicht bestimmt werden.
    Notes: Abstract Ninety-five percent of the total calcium and phosphate in homogenates of cells isolated mechanically from bone was found to sediment with subcellular particles in a centrifugal field of 15000×G. A method was devised for the isolation and partial purification of this calcium-rich fraction by enzymatic digestion with deoxyribonuclease and ultracentrifugation through 70% sucrose. The resultant pellet was 10% mineral, present as some form of calcium-phosphate complex, and was rich in protein and lipid. Significant amounts of phospholipid and RNA were present also, but only small amounts of hexosamine and sialic acid. Enzyme assays and electron microscopy indicated that the fraction contained several different types of cytoplasmic particles but those which contained calcium could not be determined from available data.
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  • 13
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    Calcified tissue international 9 (1972), S. 39-53 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Calcium ; Fluoride ; Absorption ; Bone ; Blood ; Skeleton ; Deficiency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'absorption, les concentrations sanguines et osseuses du fluor (F) et du calcium (Ca), à partir de mélanges de monofluorophosphate de sodium (Na2PO3F) et de gluconate de calcium (CaGluc), ont été étudiées chez le rat dans diverses conditions expérimentales. Lorsque Na2PO3F et CaCluc sont ingérés simultanément, dans la proportion pondérale de F/Ca=1/50, on observe un parallelisme de l'absorption et de la concentration squelettique de F et Ca. Ce fait s'explique partiellement par un effet prolongé de l'absorption de F sous l'influence de CaGluc. L'hydrolyse des ions PO3F est faible dans l'estomac, presque totale dans l'intestin, et apparemment totale dans le plasma sanguin. L'ingestion combinée de Na2PO3F-CaCluc donne une élévation comparativement faible, modérée et prolongée de la concentration plasmatique de F, alors qu'aucune action n'est observée pour le Ca plasmatique chez les rats normaux. L'absorption et la concentration squelettique de F et Ca sont augmentées chez des rats déficients en Ca et diminuées chez des rats en hypervitaminose D2.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Absorption, die Konzentration in Blut und die Aufnahme im Skelet von Fluorid (F) und Calcium (Ca), zugeführt als Natriummonofluorphosphat (Na2PO3F) und als Calciumgluconat (CaGluc), wurden bei Ratten unter verschiedenen Bedingungen untersucht. Die hauptsächlichsten Ergebnisse waren folgende: Wurden Na2PO3F und CaGluc in einem Gewichtsverhältnis von F∶Ca=1∶50 gleichzeitig eingenommen, so verliefen die Absorption und die Aufnahme im Skelet von F und Ca parallel. Dies konnte teilweise durch eine verlangsamte F-Absorption unter dem Einfluß von CaGluc erklärt werden. Die Hydrolyse der PO3F-Ionen war im Magen spärlich, im Darm beinahe vollständig und scheinbar vollständig im Blutplasma. Die kombinierte Einnahme von Na2PO3F und CaGluc ergab eine verhältnismäßig langsame, gemäßigte und verzögerte Erhöhung der F-Konzentration im Plasma, während bei normalen Ratten keine Beeinflussung des Plasma-Calciums gefunden wurde. Die F- und Ca-Absorption und deren Aufnahme im Skelet waren bei calciumarmen Ratten erhöht und bei mit Vitamin D2 überdosierten Tieren erniedrigt.
    Notes: Abstract Absorption, blood levels and skeletal uptake of fluorine (F) and calcium (Ca) from combinations of sodium monofluorophosphate (Na2PO3F) and calcium gluconate (CaGluc) were studied in rats under varying conditions. When Na2PO3F and CaGluc were ingested simultaneously in a ratio by weight F/Ca=1/50, absorption and skeletal uptake of F and Ca were parallel. This was partly due to the prolonged absorption of F under the influence of CaGluc. Hydrolysis of PO3F ions was weak in the stomach, nearly complete in the intestine and apparently complete in the blood plasma. Combined Na2PO3F-CaGluc ingestion gave a comparatively slow, moderate but prolonged elevation of the plasma F levels, while no influence on plasma Ca was found in normal rats. F and Ca absorption and skeletal uptake were increased in Ca-deficient rats and decreased in vitamin D2-intoxicated rats.
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  • 14
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    Calcified tissue international 10 (1972), S. 254-255 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Tetracycline ; Somatotrophin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 15
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    Calcified tissue international 10 (1972), S. 256-256 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Particles ; Bone ; Dentine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
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  • 16
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    Calcified tissue international 10 (1972), S. 257-268 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Hydroxyapatite ; Anorganic tissue ; Ethylenediamine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Une méthode efficace et détaillée d'extraction de la matière minérale du tissu osseux à l'aide d'un appareil Soxhlet et d'éthylène diamine anhydre (ED), est décrite. L'éthylène diamine solubilise la portion organique (graisse et protéine) du tissu avec peu ou pas de modifications chimiques ou physiques de la phase minérale. Après traitement à l'éthylène diamine, la pièce est lavée à l'eau froide pour éliminer le solvant. La diffraction aux rayons X, la densité, les analyses chimiques et des études d'échange ont été utilisées pour étudier les modifications de la phase minérale pendant les procédés d'extraction et de lavage.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Eine detaillierte, wirksame Methode wird dargelegt, mit welcher aus Knochengewebe die Mineralsubstanz mit Hilfe eines Soxhlet-Apparates mittels wasserfreiem Äthylendiamin extrahiert werden kann. Das Äthylendiamin löst den organischen Anteil — Fett und Protein — des Gewebes mit geringer oder überhaupt keiner chemischen oder physikalischen Veränderung der Mineral phase. Nach der Behandlung mit Äthylendiamin wird die Probe mit kaltem Wasser gewaschen, um das Lösungsmittel zu entfernen. Röntgen-Diffraktion, Dichte, chemische Analyse und Austausch-Studien wurden verwendet, um Veränderungen in der Mineralsubstanz während der Extraktions- und Waschvorgänge zu überwachen.
    Notes: Abstract A detailed, efficient method of extracting mineral matter from bone tissue using a Soxhlet apparatus and anhydrous ethylenediamine is presented. The ethylenediamine solubilizes the organic portion, fat and protein, of the tissue with minor, if any, chemical or physical alteration of the mineral phase. After ethylenediamine treatment the sample is washed with cold water to eliminate the solvent. X-ray diffraction, density and chemical analyses and exchange studies have been used to monitor changes within the mineral matter during the extraction and washing procedures.
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  • 17
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    Calcified tissue international 10 (1972), S. 280-288 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Collagenase ; Bone ; Serum ; Inhibition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Du sérum de cheval, dépourvu d'inhibiteurs de la trypsine, en le faisant passer sur une colonne de trypsine insolubilisée (de la trypsine liée de façon covalente au Sepharose 4B), n'inhibe plus l'activité de la collagénase de l'os de souris. Des diverses fractions du sérum testées, seules deux d'entre elles (une beta-lipoprotéine, riche en alpha-2-macroglobuline, et une alpha-globuline) inhibitent de façon significative l'activité de la collagénase de l'os de souris. Seule la fraction alpha-2-macroblobuline du sérum de cheval, chromatographiée sur du Biogel P-150, inhibe à la fois l'activité en collagénase d'os de souris et l'activité de la trypsine. La fraction alpha-1-antitrypsine n'inhibe pas l'activité en collagénase d'os de souris, mais inhibe celle de la trypsine. La chromatographie de sérum de cheval sur Sepharose 4B, avec la trypsine qui lui est lié de façon covalente, permet de mettre en évidence une activité d'inhibition envers la trypsine et la collagénase d'os de souris dans la fraction contenant l'alpha-2-macroglobuline. Les résultats semblent indiquer que le constituant du sérum, qui inhibe l'activité de la collagénase d'os de souris, pourrait être identique avec l'inhibiteur de trypsine de la fraction alpha-2-macroglobuline. Les collagénases du sérum et de l'os de souris, chromatographiées sur la colonne de Biogel, ne se combinent pas et la collagénase apparait à son propre volume d'élution, sans perte d'activité enzymatique. Ce fait semble indiquer qu'un complexe d'inhibiteur enzymatique (s'il existe) est facilement dissociable. Des résultats similaires ont été obtenus avec du sérum de souris.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Pferdeserum wurde von Trypsinhemmern befreit, indem es über eine Säule aus unlöslich gemachten Trypsin (d. h. Trypsin kovalent an Sepharose 4B gebunden) gegeben wurde. Dadurch verlor es seine Hemmwirkung auf die Aktivität der Mäuseknochenkollagenase. Von den verschiedenen getesteten Serum-Fraktionen hemmten nur zwei (beta-Lipoprotein, welches reich an alpha-2-Makroglobulin ist, und alpha-Globulin) die Aktivität von Mäuseknochenkollagenase signifikant. Nur die alpha-2-Makroglobulinfraktion von Pferdeserum, welche auf Biogel P-150 chromatographiert wurde, hemmte die Aktivität von Mäuseknochenkollagenase und von Trypsin. Die alpha-1-Antitrypsinfraktion hemmte die Mäuseknochenkollagenase-Aktivität nicht, dagegen die Trypsin-Aktivität. Die Affinitätschromatographie von Pferdeserum auf Sepharose 4B, an welche Trypsin kovalent gebunden worden war, zeigte eine Hemmwirkung gegen Trypsin und gegen Mäuseknochenkollagenase in der alpha-2-Makroglobulin enthaltenden Fraktion. Die Resultate lassen vermuten, daß die Komponente im Serum, welche die Mäuseknochenkollagenase-Aktivität hemmt, identisch mit dem Trypsinhemmer in der alpha-2-Makroglobulinfraktion ist. Serum und Mäuseknochenkollagenase, welche auf der Biogelsäule chromatographiert wurden, verbanden sich nicht, und die Kollagenase erschien in ihrem eigenen Elutionsvolumen und ohne Verlust von Enzymaktivität. Dies läßt vermuten, daß ein Enzymhemmkomplex (falls er existiert) leicht dissoziierbar ist. Ähnliche Resultate wurden mit Mäuseserum erhalten.
    Notes: Abstract Horse serum prepared free of trypsin inhibitors by passing it through a column of insolubilized trypsin (trypsin covalently bound to Sepharose 4B) no longer inhibits mouse bone collagenase activity. Of the various serum fractions tested, only two (beta-lipoprotein, which is a rich source of alpha-2-macroglobulin, and alpha-globulin) significantly inhibited mouse bone collagenase activity. Only the alpha-2-macroglobulin fraction of horse serum chromatographed on Bio-gel P-150 inhibited both mouse bone collagenase activity and trypsin activity. The alpha-1-antitrypsin fraction did not inhibit mouse bone collagenase activity, but did inhibit trypsin activity. Affinity chromatography of horse serum on Sepharose 4B to which trypsin had been covalently bound revealed inhibitory activity towards both trypsin and mouse bone collagenase in the fraction containing alpha-2-macroglobulin. The results suggest that the component in serum which inhibits mouse bone collagenase activity may be identical with the trypsin inhibitor present in the alpha-2-macroglobulin fraction. Serum and mouse bone collagenase chromatographed on the Bio-gel column did not bind together and the collagenase emerged at its own elution volume without loss of enzymatic activity. This suggests that an enzyme inhibitor complex (if it exists) is easily dissociable. Similar results to those above were obtained using mouse serum.
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  • 18
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    Calcified tissue international 9 (1972), S. 28-38 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Parietal ; Enzyme ; Phosphatase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Trois phosphatases alcalines (I, II et III), partiellement purifiées, d'os pariétal humain fœtal, sont également actives dans des conditions identiques. La constante de subtratK s, pour l'hydrolyse d'un substrat donné (β-glyceryl phosphate, DL-α-glycery. phosphate, glucose-1-phosphate, etp-nitrophenyl phosphate) est approximativement la même pour chaque enzyme, étudiée. Les valeurs deK s pour les trois premiers substrats, mentionnés ci-dessus, sont respectivement de 0.08, 0.23 et 0.19 mM pour chaque enzyme. Pourp-nitrophenyl phosphate, les valeurs sont 0.029, 0.033 et 0.046 mM pour I, II, III respectivement. L'effet de plusieurs cations métalliques divalents, de l'EDTA, du fluorure de phenylmethanesulphonyle, dep-chloromercuribenzoate, de N-ethylmaleimide et d'autres réactifs est identique pour chaque enzyme. Mg2+ produisent l'hydrolyse le plus accentuée dup-nitrophenyl phosphate. Le fluorure de phenylmethane sulphonyle inhibe, de façon non compétitive, toutes les enzymes (K i=0.07 mM pour I et II, et 0.05 mM pour III). L'EDTA inhibe chaque enzyme, maisp-chloromercuribenzoate et N-ethylmaleimide n'ont aucun effet. L-cystine M inhibe, de façon non compétitive, les trois phosphatases avecK i près de 0.02 mM pour I, II et III. L'effet, de composés d'ammonium quaternaires est différent pour chaque enzyme: α-Lècithine active le plus et la phosphocholine inhibe le plus. Les différences paraissent liéer aux propriétés physiques, alors que les similitudes paraissent liées aux propriétès catalytiques et aux substrats. Les trois enzymes sont considérées comme des phosphatases différentes.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Drei aus foetalen menschlichen Parietalknochen teilweise gereinigte alkalische Phosphatasen (I, II und III) waren gleicherweise, aktiv unter identischen Bedingungen. Die Substratkonstante,K s, für die Hydrolyse eines gegebenen Substrates (β-glycerylphosphat, DL-α-glycerylphosphat, Glucose-1-Phosphat undp-Nitrophenylphosphat) war annähernd dieselbe für jedes der untersuchten Enzyme. DieK s-Werte für die ersten drei der obgenannten Substrate betrugen jeweils 0,08; 0,23 und 0,19 mM für alle Enzyme. Fürp-nitrophenylphosphat lagen die Werte jeweils bei 0,029; 0,033 und 0,046 mM. Die Wirkung von verschiedenen zweiwertigen Metallkationen (EDTA, Phenylmethansulfonylfluorid,p-Chloromercuribenzoat, N-Aethylmaleinimid und andere Reagenzien) war dieselbe für alle Enzyme. Mg2+-und Ca2+-Ionen bewirkten die größte Hydrolysegeschwindigkeit vonp-Nitrophenylphosphat. Phenylmethansulfonylfluorid hemmte alle Enzyme nicht kompetitiv (K i=0,07 mM für I und II, und 0,05 mM für III). Alle Enzyme wurden durch EDTA gehemmt;p-Chloromercuribenzoat und N-Aethylmaleinimid hatten jedoch keine Wirkung. L-Cystin M hemmte alle drei Phosphatasen nicht kompetitiv mit einemK i von annähernd 0,02 mM für I, II und III. Die Wirkung quaternärer Ammoniumverbindungen war für jedes Enzym verschieden, wobei α-Lecithin die stärkste Aktivierung, Phosphocholin in allen Fällen eine Hemmung hervorrief. Die Unterschiede erschienen als physikalische Eigenschaften, während die Ähnlichkeiten als substratbindende und katalytische Eigenschaften angesehen wurden. Die 3 Enzyme wurden als verschiedene Phosphatasen betrachtet.
    Notes: Abstract Three alkaline phosphatases (I, II, and III), partially purified from human foetal parietal bones, were similarly active in identical conditions. The substrate constant,K s, for the hydrolysis of a given substrate (β-glyceryl phosphate, DL-α-glyceryl phosphate, glucose 1-phosphate. and p-nitrophenyl phosphate) was approximately the same for each of the enzymes studied, The values ofK s for the first three substrates above were 0.08, 0.23, and 0.19 mM, respectively for all enzymes. For p-nitrophenyl phosphate the values were 0.029, 0.033, and 0.046 mM, for I, II, and III, respectively. The effect of several divalent metal cations, EDTA, phenylmethanesulphonyl fluoride,p-chloromercuribenzoate, N-ethylmaleimide, and other reagents was the same for all enzymes. Mg2+ and Ca2+ ions produced the highest rate of hydrolysis ofp-nitrophenyl phosphate. Phenylmethanesulphonyl fluoride inhibited non-competitively all enzymes (K i=0.07 mM for I and II, and 0.05 mM for III). EDTA inhibited all enzymes, butp-chloromercuribenzote and N-ethylmaleimide caused no effect. L-Cystine inhibited noncompetitively all three phosphatases withK i close to 0.02 mM for I, II, and III. The effect of quaternary ammonium compounds differed for each enzyme, α-lecithin producing the strongest activation and phosphocholine inhibition in all cases. The differences were considered as physical properties, whereas the similarities were considered as substrate-binding and catalytic properties. The three enzymes were regarded as different phosphatases.
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  • 19
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    Calcified tissue international 9 (1972), S. 80-94 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Calcium ; Metabolism ; Cells ; Transport
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Le contenu moyen en calcium d'une population mixte de cellules osseuses viables, fraichement séparées de la matrice osseuse calcifiée, est de 194,5±7,3 mmoles/kg de poids sec chez le porc et 176,6±8,7 mmoles/kg chez le rat. Le calcium semble intracellulaire. La majorité (90% ou plus) sédimente avec des particules intracellulaires au cours de la centrifugation et le reste se situe dans le liquide cellulaire. Des études cinétiques à l'aide de45Ca indiquent un passage rapide du calcium, en rapport avec la température, à la fois dans les réserves solubles et les particules de calcium d'homogénats de cellules osseuses. Ils indiquent aussi un échange direct entre la phase liquide et les particules, d'une part, et le milieu extracellulaire, d'autre part. Ces échanges se font à une vitesse différente et, probablement, selon des mécanismes différents, la portion comportant les particules étant la plus rapide. Les résultats indiquent que ces dernières pourraient correspondre aux petites granules denses identifiées récemment en microscopie électronique et l'acquisition, le stockage et la libération de calcium de ces compartiments pourraient être importants pour le métabolisme squelettique du calcium.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Der mittlere Calciumgehalt einer gemischten Population von lebensfähigen, frisch aus der verkalkten Matrix gewonnenen Knochenzellen betrug beim schwein 194,5±7,3 mmol/kg Naßgewicht und bei der Ratte 176,6±8,7 mmol/kg. Das Calcium scheint intracellulär zu liegen, wobei der größte Teil (90% oder mehr) in einem Zentrifugalfeld leicht mit intracellulären Partikeln sedimentiert, während die Zellflüssigkeit im Gleichgewicht bleibt. Kinetische Studien mittels45Ca zeigen einen raschen, temperaturabhängigen Umbau von Calcium sowohl im löslichen als auch im unlöslichen Calcium-Pool von Knochenzellhomogenaten, ferner einen direkten Austausch zwischen jedem Pool und dem extracellulären Medium, wobei jeder mit verschiedenen Geschwindigkeiten und wahrscheinlich durch verschiedene Mechanismen abläuft, wobei der unlösliche Pool der raschere ist. Diese Resultate lassen vermuten, daß der unlösliche Pool den kleinen dichten Granula entsprechen könnte, welche kürzlich durch Elektronnmikroskopie in Knochenzellen identifiziert wurden, und daß die Aufnahme, Lagerung und Abgabe des Calciums aus diesen Speichern für den Skelet-Calcium-Metabolismus wichtig sein könnte.
    Notes: Abstract The mean calcium content of a mixed population of viable bone cells freshly separated from the calcified bone matrix has been found to be 194.5±7.3 mmoles/kg wet weight in pigs and 176.6±8.7mmoles/kg in rats. The calcium appears to be intracellular, the major portion (90% or more) sedimenting readily with intracellular particles in a centrifugal field and the balance being largely in the cell sap. Kinetic studies using45Ca indicate rapid temperature-dependent turnover of the calcium in both soluble and particulate calcium pools of bone cell homogenates and a direct exchange between each pool and the extracellular medium, each occurring at a different rate and possibly by different mechanisms, the particulate pool being the more rapid. These data suggest that the particulate pool may correspond to the small dense granules recently identified in bone cells by electron microscopy and that the uptake, storage and release of calcium from these stores may be important in skeletal calcium metabolism.
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  • 20
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Somatotrophin ; Bone ; Hormone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Chez des chiens adultes, des deux sexes, l'injection d'hormone de croissance induit une augmentation marquée d'os nouvellment formé. L'effet sur la résorption n'a pu être définie quantitativement, mais la résorption au niveaude de l'endoste est augmentée. Il en est de même de la résorption intracorticale, mais la porosité intracorticale n'augmente que légèrement. En plus de la décroissance de la résorption de l'endoste, on observe du même côté une nette augmentation de la formation osseuse. Cette apposition osseuse ajoutée à la formation d'os périosté donne uneaugmentation de la masse squelettique. L'os formé est histologiquement et microradiographiquement normal. Malgré une nette augmentation de la formation osseuse, les valeurs de la phosphatase alcaline restent inchangées.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Exogenes Wachstumshormon rief bei intakten ausgewachsenen Hunden beiden Geschlechts eine starke Zunahme der Knochenbildung hervor. Die resultierende Wirkung auf die Resorption konnte quantitativ nicht festgestellt werden, jedoch war die endostale Resorption vermindert. Die intracorticale Resorption war erhöht, aber die intracorticale Porosität stieg nur wenig an. Neben der Verminderung der endostalen Resorption war reichliche endostale Knochenneubildung festzustellen. Dieser Anstieg der endostalen Knochenneubildung plus die starke Anregung der periostalen Knochenneubildung führten zu einertatsächlichen Zunahme der Skelettmasse. Der gebildete Knochen war histologisch und mikroradiographisch normal. Trotz der starken Zunahme der Knochenneubildung blieben die Werte der alkalischen Phosphatase unverändert.
    Notes: Abstract In intact adult dogs of both sexes exogenous growth hormone induced a marked increase in new bone formation. The net effect on resorption could not be defined quantitatively but endosteal resorption was decreased. Intracortical resorption was increased but intracortical porosity rose only slightly. In addition to the decrease in endosteal resorption, there was abundant endosteal new bone formation. This rise in endosteal new bone formation plus the marked stimulus to periosteal new bone formation led to anet increase in skeletal mass. The bone formed was normal histologically and microradiographically. Despite a marked rise in new bone formation, alkaline phosphatase values remained unchanged.
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  • 21
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    Calcified tissue international 10 (1972), S. 14-22 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Somatotrophin ; Bone ; Hormone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé 1. Des chiens sont traités pendant trois mois avec de l'hormone de croissance dans des conditions définies; l'efficacité de l'absorption du calcium alimentaire est mesurée par administration de47Ca et45Ca. L'ampleur du réservoir de calcium. l'ensemble des échanges, l'apposition du minéral osseux et l'excrétion fécale calcique endogène sont mesurés à l'aide du45Ca I.V. Des examens identiques sont réalisés pour chaque animal après une période de mise en équilibre de cinq mosi, ainsi qu'après une période de trois mois d'administration d'hormone de croissance. 2. L'efficacité de l'absorption du calcium alimentaire augmente, alors que l'excrétion fécale du calcium endogène diminue après administration d'hormone de croissance. Le calcium urinaire décroit légèrement. Bien que des bilans précis n'aient pas été effectués, ces changements indiquent que la balance du calcium, sous l'effet du traitement, devient positive. 3. L'hormone de croissance n'as pas d'effet sur le réservoir de calcium échangeable, mais elle augmente l'incorporation minérale dans l'os de 21–41%. Le retour du calcium osseux est réduit, en rapport avec l'équilibre positif, mais dans des proportions non mesurables. 4. Des mesures parallèles, cinétiques et morphométriques des échanges squelettiques, réalisées sur des coupes adjacentes d'os longs, révèlent une corrélation positive nette entre les résultats obtenus selon les deux méthodes, avec des estimations cinétiques, tendant à être légèrement supérieures aux résultats morphométriques, principalement en cas de remaniements osseux modérés.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung 1. Hunde wurden unter kontrollierten Bedingungen während drei Monaten mit Wachstumshormon behandelt. Die Aufnahmefähigkeit von Calcium aus der Nahrung wurde mittels Verabreichung von47Ca und45Ca gemessen. Die Calciumpool-Größe, der Pool-Umsatz, die Zunahme an knochenmineral und die endogene fäkale Calciumausscheidung wurden mit intravenösem45Ca-Tracer gemessen. Am Ende einer fünfmonatigen Equilibrierungsperiode und am Ende der dreimonatigen Periode der Wachstumshormon-Verabreichung wurden in jedem Tier dieselben Untersuchungen ausgeführt. 2. Die Aufnahmefähigkeit von Calcium aus der Nahrung stieg nach der Wachstumshormonverabreichung an, die endogene fäkale Calciumausscheidung sank. Das Urincalcium verminderte sich leicht. Obwohl keine direkten Bilanzen bestimmt wurden, deuten diese Veränderungen auf eine positive Calciumbilanz-Verschiebung im Zusammenhang mit der Behandlung hin. 3. Das Wachstumshormon hatte keine Wirkung auf die Größe des austauschbaren Calciumpools, erhöhte jedoch die Mineraleinlagerung in den Knochen um 21–41%. Die Calciumresorption aus dem Knochen war erniedrigt, was mit der positiven Bilanzverschiebung vereinbar ist. Die Verminderung läßt sich jedoch nicht messen. 4. Parallele kinetische und morphometrische Messungen des Skeletumsatzes, welche an angrenzenden Röhrenknochenschnitten gemacht wurden, deuteten auf eine bestehende positive Korrelation zwischen Bewertungen, welche aus beiden Methoden abgeleitet wurden. Die kinetischen Bewertungen waren eher etwas höher als die morphometrischen, besonders in Fällen von niedriger Skeletneubildung.
    Notes: Abstract 1. Dogs were treated with growth hormone for three months under controlled conditions, dietary calcium absorption efficiency was measured by administration of47Ca and45Ca, and calcium pool size, pool turnover, bone mineral accretion, and endogenous fecal calcium excretion were measured using the I.V.45Ca tracer. Identical studies were performed in each animal, at the end of a five-month equilibration period, and at the end of the three-month period of growth hormone administration. 2. Dietary calcium absorption efficiency increased and endogenous fecal calcium excretion decreased as a result of growth hormone administration. Urine calcium fell slightly. Although direct balances were not determined, these changes indicate a positive calcium balance shift in association with treatment. 3. Growth hormone had no effect on the size of the miscible calcium pool, but increased mineral incorporation into bone by 21–41%. Return of calcium from bone was reduced, consistent with the positive balance shift, but to an unmeasured extent. 4. Parallel kinetic and morphometric measurement of skeletal turnover performed on adjacent long bone sections indicated a consistent positive correlation between estimates derived by the two methods, with kinetic estimates tending to be slightly higher than the morphometric, particularly at low levels of skeletal remodeling.
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  • 22
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    Calcified tissue international 10 (1972), S. 128-135 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Embryo ; Calcification ; Phosphate ; Pyrophosphate ; Carbonate ; Apatite
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La maturation chimique et physique du sel osseux est étudiée par l'obervation des caractéristiques stoichiométriques et aux infra-rouges d'os embryonnaire d'oiseaux, du début jusqu'à la fin de la croissance adulte après éclosion. La succession des transformations chimiques de l'os en voie de développement montre surtout un rapport inverse entre le phosphate acide et le carbonate, ainsi que la formation de CO3-apatite. Ces résultats semblent indiquer que le CO 3 2− est substitué au HPO 4 2− au cours de la synthèse du CO3-apatite de l'os.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die chemischen und physikalischen Umwandlungen zum stabilen Knochensalz in Hühnerknochen wurden anhand serienmäßiger Beobachtungen seiner stöchiometrischen Zusammensetzung und seiner infraroten Charakteristika untersucht; diese Beobachtungen erstreckten sich über die Zeit der frühen embryonalen Mineralablagerung bis zur vollständigen Reife nach dem Ausbrüten. Die Sequenz der chemischen Umwandlungen im sich entwickelnden Knochen zeigte hauptsächlich ein entgegengesetztes Verhältnis zwischen saurem Phosphat und Carbonat, das mit der Bildung von Carbonatapatit zusammenfällt. Diese Resultate weisen darauf hin, daß HPO 4 2− bei der Synthese von Carbonatapatit im Knochen durch CO 3 2− substituiert wird.
    Notes: Abstract The chemical and physical maturation of the bone salt was studied by serial observations on its stoichiometric and infrared characteristics in avian bone from early embryonic mineral deposition to full maturity after hatching. The sequence of chemical transformations in the developing bone showed most predominantly an inverse relationship between acid phosphate and carbonate, coincident with the formation of CO3-apatite. The data are consistent with the view that CO 3 2− is substituted for HPO 4 2− in the synthesis of CO3-apatite in bone.
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  • 23
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    Calcified tissue international 10 (1972), S. 167-170 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Density ; Gastrectomy ; Alcoholism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La masse minérale osseuse de l'extrémité distale du fémur est évaluée chez 121 hommes dont la moitié est alcoolique. Il apparait que chez l'alcoolique, la masse osseuse est nettement diminuée, mais uniquement chez les gastrectomisés.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Dicke des Knochenminerals im distalen Ende des Femur wurde bei 121 Männern bestimmt, von welchen die Hälfte Alkoholiker waren. Es wurde nachgewiesen, daß bei Alkoholikern die Knochenmenge signifikant vermindert ist, jedoch nur in Verbindung mit vorheriger Gastrektomie.
    Notes: Abstract The bone mineral mass in the distal end of the femur was evaluated in 121 men, half of which were alcoholics. It was demonstrated that in alcoholics the bone mass was significantly decreased but only in combination with previous gastrectomy.
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  • 24
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    Calcified tissue international 9 (1972), S. 272-282 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Resorption ; Lipopolysaccharide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé 1. Des lipopolysaccharides hautement purifiés stimulent la résorption de l'os en culture de tissus, par examen morphologique et par libération de45Ca d'os prémarqués. De plus, on note une augmentation en a) lactate libéré dans le milieu de culture, b) nombre total de cellules des os c) nombre d'ostéoclastes et d) diminution de la matrice osseuse. 2. Les lipopolysaccharides préparés par extraction au phénol ou extraction par ether stimule la résorption osseuse. 3. Les lipopolysaccharides, dont la majorité des lipides est éliminée, perdent leur propriété de stimuler la résorption osseuse. 4. Il n'y a aucun rapport entre la propriété de stimulation de résorption osseuse des lipopolysaccharides et la pyrogénicité ou leur possibilité de neutraliser des anticorps. 5. L'effet d'une dose sub-maximale d'hormone parathyroidienne sur la résorption osseuse s'ajoute à celle des lipopolysaccharides. 6. L'héparine, qui n'a aucune action sur la résorption osseuse, régularise l'action du lipopolysaccharide. 7. La thyrocalcitonine inhibe de la même façon la résorption, stimulée par le lipopolysaccharide et l'hormone parathyroidienne.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung 1. In der Gewebekultur stimulieren hochgereinigte Lipopolysaccharide die Knochenresorption, welche morphologisch oder anhand des freigesetzten45Ca aus vormarkierten Knochen bestimmt wird. Folgende Zunahmen sind mit diesem Effekt verbunden: a) Freisetzung von Laktat ins Kulturmedium; b) die Gesamtzahl der Zellen in den Knochen; c) das Vorkommen von Osteoklasten und d) eine Abnahme der Menge von Knochenmatrix. 2. Lipopolysaccharide, die entweder durch Phenol- oder Ätherextraktion gewonnen wurden, stimulieren die Knochenresorption. 3. Werden den Lipopolysacchariden die meisten Lipide entzogen, so verlieren sie ihre Eigenschaft, die Knochenresorption anzuregen. 4. Die Fähigkeit der Lipopolysaccharide, die Knochenresorption zu stimulieren und die pyrogenen Eigenschaften oder die Möglichkeit, Antikörper zu neutralisieren, gehen nicht parallel. 5. Wird eine submaximale Dosis von Parathormon verwendet, so addiert sich dessen Effekt auf die Knochenresorption zu jenem der Lipopolysaccharide. 6. Heparin, welches an sich keine Wirkung auf die Knochenresorption hat, potenziert den Lipopolysaccharideffekt. 7. Thyrocalcitonin hemmt in ähnlichem Maße die durch Lipopolysaccharide und Parathormonstimulierte Knochenresorption.
    Notes: Abstract 1. Highly purified lipopolysaccharides stimulate the resorption of bone in tissue culture as assayed morphologically and by the release of45Ca from prelabelled bones. Associated with this effect are increases in: a) lactate released into the cultured medium, b) the total number of cells in the bones, c) the occurrence of osteoclasts and, d) a decrease in the amount of bone matrix. 2. Lipopolysaccharides prepared either by phenol extraction or by ether extraction stimulate bone resorption. 3. Lipopolysaccharide with most of the lipid removed loses its ability to stimulate bone resorption. 4. There is no relationship between the ability of lipopolysaccharides to stimulate the resorption of bone and pyrogenicity or their ability to neutralize antibody. 5. When using a submaximal dose of parathyroid hormone, its effect on bone resorption is additive to that of lipopolysaccharides. 6. Heparin which by itself has no effect on bone resorption potentiates the effect of lipopolysaccharide. 7. Thyrocalcitonin inhibits to a similar degree the resorption stimulated by lipopolysaccharide and parathyroid hormone.
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  • 25
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    Calcified tissue international 9 (1972), S. 173-178 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Phosphatase ; Development ; Bone ; Growth ; Rhythm
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Une étude longitudinale, par séries, est effectuée pour déterminer les activités en phosphatases acide et alcaline dans les os longs et la mandibule. Le pH optimum des deux enzymes se situe respectivement à 10.2 et 5.4 pour les phosphatases alcaline et acide. Des portées synchronisées de rats sont sacrifiées, à raison d'une portée par jour, en commençant au premier jour jusqu'au 25ème jour post-partum. Les spécimens sont analysés en ce qui concerne leur concentration en protéine et leur activité en phosphatases. Une activité de types élevée et faible est observée au niveau du tissu osseux, ainsi qu'un type d'activité faible en phosphatase alcaline, au cours des pics d'activité en phosphatase acide, et vice-versa. Les pics observés suggèrent une concordance entre l'activité en phosphatase et les autres changements biochimiques de la croissance osseuse, au niveau de la matrice organique et la formation minérale. Une étude séparée, tenant compte de la possibilité d'une activité enzymatique rythmique, suggère l'existence d'un rythme diurne court chez les animaux jeunes.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Eine serienmäßige Longitudinaluntersuchung wurde unternommen, um die Aktivitäten der alkalischen und sauren Phosphatase in den Röhrenknochen und den Mandibulae von Ratten zu bestimmen. Das pH-Optimum der beiden Enzyme wurde für die alkalische Phosphatase bei 10,2 und für die saure Phosphatase bei 5,4 ermittelt. Synchronisierte und randomisierte Würfe wurden getötet, 1 Wurf pro Tag vom 1.–25. Tag post partum. Die Proben wurden auf ihren Proteingehalt und ihre Phosphatasenaktivität untersucht. Ein Muster niedriger und hoher Aktivität konnte in beiden Knochengeweben beobachtet werden, sowie ein Muster von niedriger Aktivität der alkalischen Phosphatase bei Spitzenwerten der sauren Phosphatase und umgekehrt. Die beobachteten Spitzenwerte lassen einen Zusammenhang vermuten zwischen der Phosphatasenaktivität und den anderen biochemischen Veränderungen, die im wachsenden Knochen auftreten, d. h. Bildung der organischen Matrix und des Minerals. Eine getrennte Untersuchung, welche sich mit der Möglichkeit rhythmischer Merkmale der Enzymaktivität befaßte, läßt vermuten, daß in den ersten Tagen ein schwacher Tagersrhythmus bestehen könnte.
    Notes: Abstract A serial longitudinal study was undertaken to determine the activities of the alkaline and acid phosphatases in the long bones and mandibles. The optimum pH of the two enzymes was recorded at 10.2 and 5.4 for alkaline and acid phosphatase, respectively. Synchronized and randomized litters of rats were killed, 1 litter daily, starting at day 1 to day 25 post partum. Samples were analyzed for protein concentration and activity of the phosphatases. A pattern of low and high activity was observed in both bony tissues, as well as a pattern of low alkaline phosphatase activity during acid phosphatase activity peaks, and vice versa. The observed peaks suggest a correspondence between phosphatase activity and the other biochemical changes occurring in the growing bone, i.e., organic matrix and mineral formation. A separate study, considering the possibility of rhythmic features of the enzyme activity suggests that there may be a small diurnal rhythm at an early age.
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  • 26
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    Calcified tissue international 9 (1972), S. 163-172 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Formation ; Resorption ; Stress ; Parathyroid ; Hypocalcemia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'effet d'une alimentation, riche en calcium, par rapport à un régime sans calcium, est déterminé au niveau de la diaphyse tibiale chez le rat. Le régime sans calcium provoque une augmentation de la région médullaire et l'administration consécutive d'un régime riche en calcium provoque une diminution de cette région. Cependant, la proportion d'endoste perdue en 10 jours de régime sans calcium n'est pas reconstituée après 78 jours de régime riche en calcium. La diminution de zone médullaire est en rapport avec la diminution de résorption de l'endoste et surtout avec une apposition augmentée de l'endoste. La formation osseuse périostée et épiphysaire est inchangée: ce qui indique que le régime, riche en calcium, ne provoque pas une augmentation généralisée de l'ostéogenèse. L'augmentation de la formation d'endoste est limitée aux régions d'endoste les plus résorbées, au cours de la période de manque en calcium. Ce fait indique qu'un facteur local est partiellement responsable de la stimulation de l'apposition osseuse de l'endoste pendant cette période. Un stress mécanique, qui stimule la formation osseuse, est augmenté chez les animaux privés de calcium et revient à la normale après administration de calcium. De plus, le stress mécanique est probablement le plus important dans les régions d'apposition osseuse et pourrait constituer le facteur local, responsable de l'augmentation de l'endoste, pendant l'administration de calcium.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Bei Ratten, die nach einer Calcium-freien eine Calcium-reiche Diät erhielten, wurden die hieraus resultierenden Veränderungen der Tibia-Diaphyse bestimmt. Das Calcium-freie Futter verursachte eine Zunahme des Markraumes und die anschließende Verfütterung einer Calcium-reichen Diät hatte eine Reduktion des Markraumes zur Folge. Die Menge des endostalen Knochens, die während der 10 tägigen Verfütterung der Calcium-freien Diät verloren ging, war jedoch nach 78 Tagen Calcium-reicher Diät nicht voll ersetzt. Die Abnahme des Markraumes wurde durch eine geringere endostale Knochenresorption und besonders durch eine erhöhte endostale Knochenbildung hervorgerufen. Die Knochenbildung am Periost und an den Epiphysen war unverändert, ein Zeichen dafür, daß die Calcium-reiche Diät keine generalisierte Zunahme der Knochenbildung zur Folge hatte. Die Zunahme der endostalen Knochenbildung beschränkte sich auf jene Bereiche entlang dem Endost, wo während der Calcium-Mangelperiode am meisten Knochensubstanz verloren gegangen war. Dies weist darauf hin, daß ein lokaler Faktor mindestens teilweise verantwortlich ist für die Stimulierung von endostaler Knochenbildung während der Calcium-Sättigungsperiode. Die mechanische Belastung, welche die Knochenbildung anregt, war bei Calcium-armen Tieren erhöht und kehrte während der Calcium-Sättigung wieder zur Norm zurück. Zusätzlich war die mechanische Belastung wohl dort am größten, wo die stärkste Knochenbildung stattfand, und diese Belastung könnte somit als der lokale Faktor angesprochen werden, welcher während der Calcium-Sättigungsperiode zur gesteigerten endostalen Knochenbildung beitrug.
    Notes: Abstract The changes in the tibial diaphysis as a result of feeding a high calcium diet to rats previously fed a calcium free diet were determined. The calcium free diet resulted in an increase in the medullary area, and the subsequent feeding of a high calcium diet caused a reduction in medullary area. However, the amount of endosteal bone lost during ten days of feeding a calcium free diet was not completely restored after 78 days of feeding a high calcium diet. The decrease in medullary area was brought about by decreased endosteal bone resorption and particularly by increased endosteal bone formation. Bone formation at the periosteum and at the epiphyses were unchanged, indicating that the high calcium diet did not cause a generalized increase in bone formation. The increase in endosteal bone formation was limited to those sites along endosteum where greatest loss of bone had occurred during the calcium depletion period. This indicates that a local factor is at least partially responsible for the stimulation of endosteal bone formation during calcium repletion. Mechanical stress, which stimulates bone formation, was increased in calcium deficient animals and returned to normal during calcium repletion. In addition, mechanical stress was probably greatest in those sites where the greatest amount of bone repletion occurred and may have been the factor which contributed to the increase in endosteal bone formation during calcium repletion.
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  • 27
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 130 (1972), S. 463-470 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Osteolysis ; PTH ; Bone ; Matrix ; E.M.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Young chicks were treated with 25 U.S.P. units of Parathormone (PTH, Eli Lilly and Co.) each day for three days. Osteocytes in the tibial mid-diaphyses were studied. As early as two hours after the treatment, there was an evident increase in the amount of affected matrix. However, it was only partially broken down (modified). Based on the relative number of osteocytes in the formative, resorptive, and degenerative phase and of dead osteocytes (empty lacunae), the effects of PTH on the osteocyte population have been quantitatively evaluated. At two hours after the treatment, there was a decrease in the number of formative osteocytes and an increase in the number of resorptive osteocytes. The number of formative cells continued to decrease. The resorptive osteocytes were maximal (76±4.5% of the population) at one day after the treatment. Later this number decreased with a somewhat corresponding increase in the degenerative osteocytes. It seems that PTH treatment promotes the maturation of osteocytes and decreases the formative but enhances the resorptive phase of the osteocytes.
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  • 28
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 124 (1972), S. 12-38 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Bone ; Construction principle ; Human femur
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Die Bestimmung der Bruchfestigkeit des menschlichen Femur ergibt, daß diese in verschiedenen Regionen dieses Knochens eine verschiedene Größe hat. Eine Verminderung der Bruchspannung zeigt besonders der spongiöse Leichtbau im Caput-Collum-Bereich sowie der kortikale Hartbau im dorsalen Abschnitt der Diaphyse. 2. Die Verminderung der Bruchspannung beruht auf einer Zunahme der Porosität des Knochens in diesen Bezirken (Abnahme des Raumgewichtes). 3. Die Erhöhung der Porosität ist eine Folge davon, daß der Druckkraft der Körperlast eine Zugkraft von Muskeln entgegenwirkt, d.h. die Beanspruchungsgröße des Knochens (=Deformationswiderstand) in den genannten Regionen vermindert ist. Nach dem Roux'schen Maximum-Minimumgesetz ist in jedem Knochenquerschnitt aber nur so viel anorganische Knochensubstanz vorhanden, wie für die Gewährleistung einer auch bei maximaler Belastung vorhandenen zulässigen Spannung einschließlich eines Sicherheitsfaktors nötig ist. 4. Unter diesem Gesichtspunkt kann der Oberschenkelknochen als Ganzes betrachtet trotz verschiedener Bruchfestigkeit in einzelnen Regionen als ein Körper gleicher Festigkeit definiert werden. 5. Die Havers'schen Kanäle, im mittleren Lebensalter von etwa gleichem Querschnitt, zeigen beim alternden Menschen auffallende Größenunterschiede der Lumina: sowohl starke Einengung als auch beträchtliche Erweiterung. Dieser Befund wird mit teils osteosklerotischen, teils osteoporotischen Prozeßen in Zusammenhang gebracht, die osteoporotische Lumenerweiterung als ein Kompensationsvorgang zur Erhaltung der ossären Blutversorgung aufgefaßt. 6. Außerdem kommt es im Alter zu einer Abnahme der Elastizität und in weiterer Folge der Bruchfestigkeit; ursächlich werden diese Erscheinungen auf eine Änderung im Gefüge und Chemismus des Knochens zurückgeführt: Auftreten der erwähnten osteosklerotischen und osteoporotischen Vorgänge sowie Herabsetzung der interlamellären Federung infolge einer Anreicherung des Kristallitmantels der Kollagenfasern mit Ca, Mg und P. Diese Vorgänge erklären die Zunahme der Frakturhäufigkeit des Femur im Alter. 7. In der Kopfregion des Femur zeigt das Trajectorium rectum mediale (Catel, 1970) — im Gegensatz zu den einfachen Spongiosabälkchen — durch das Auftreten von Osteonen die typischen Strukturmerkmale der Corticalis. Auch die Mineralzusammensetzung (Ca, P) des Trajectoriums entspricht derjenigen der diaphysären Corticalis, während die Konzentration der beiden Elemente im Spongiosabereich bedeutend geringer ist. Diese Feststellungen erklären, warum die Bruchspannung im Bereich des trajectoriellen Bündels etwa 3,6 mal höher ist als im Bereich der einfachen Spongiosastruktur. 8. Auf Grund der titrimetrischen, röntgenographischen (Mikrosonde) und diffraktometrischen Untersuchungen ist das im Knochen des 71 jährigen Mannes vorhandene Mineral als ein Hydroxylapatit von der Formel (Ca, Mg, K)5 [(F, OH)/PO4)3] zu definieren. 9. Die Konzentration des Mg liegt in der Knochenrinde des Neugeborenen etwas höher als im späteren Leben. Die Konzentration von Ca, Mg und P steigt mit zunehmendem Alter geringfügig an. Diese 3 Elemente sind im Knochen nicht ganz gleichmäßig verteilt, die möglichen Ursachen hierfür werden besprochen. 10. Im Blut des gesunden Säuglings, im mineralischen Apatit und in der Mineralsubstanz des Knochens beträgt das Verhältnis Ca∶P übereinstimmend 2∶1. 11. Die epitaxischen und enzymatischen Vorgänge, die bei dem Aufbau des Apatits im Knochen eine Rolle spielen können sowie ihre möglichen Störungen werden besprochen. 12. Die Entstehung der als Linea alba bezeichneten Knochenleiste wird auf die von der Adduktorenmuskulatur ausgeübten Zugkräfte zurückgeführt.
    Notes: Summary 1. An investigation on the compressive strength of the human femur has shown that this varies considerably in different parts of the bone. Low compressive strengths are determined for the spongy bone in the caput-collum region, and for the cortical hard-bone in the dorsal section of the diaphysis. 2. The decreased compressive strength is due to a higher porosity of the bone in these regions. 3. Increased porosity is the result of the balance of body weight by the tensile strength of the muscles, i.e. the resultant loading (=resistance to deformation) of the bone is reduced in these regions. According to Roux's Maximum—minimum Law, there is only sufficient inorganic bone material present in the cross-section of a bone, necessary to withstand the stress due to maximum loading, plus a certain safety factor. 4. From this point of view, the femoral bone as a whole can be defined as a body of certain overall strength, in spite of having variable compressive strength in definite regions. 5. The Havers canals, which have nearly constant cross-section in middle-age, show an obvious size variation, considerable narrowing as well as widening of the lumina, in elderly people. These variations are controlled partly by osteosclerotic and partly by osteoporotic processes. The osteoporotic lumina-widening is interpreted as a compensation process for the control of ossary blood supply. 6. In addition, in old age there is a reduction in elasticity and then in compressive strength: These two factors are due to a change in bone fabric and chemistry: the occurrence of the above osteosclerotic and osteoporotic processes, as well as reduction of interlamellar elasticity by an enrichment in the crystallite-cover to the collagen-fibres of Ca, Mg and P. These processes explain the increase in the frequency of fractures of the femur in old age. 7. In the head-region of the femur, the Trajectorium rectum mediale (Catel, 1970) shows the characteristic structure of the corticalis, the presence of osteones, in contrast to simple spongy rods. Also, the mineral composition (Ca, P) of the trajectorium is very similar to that of the diaphysal corticalis, whereas the concentration of these two elements in the spongy region is considerably less. These results explain why the compressive strength of the trajectory bundles is about 3.6 times higher than in the region of simple spongy structure. 8. On the basis of titrative, X-ray (micro-probe), and diffraction studies, the mineral present in bone of a 71 year old man is definable as hydroxyl-apatite, with a formula: (Ca, Mg, K)5 [(F, OH)/(PO4)3] 9. The concentration of Mg in the surface layer of bone in a newly-born is somewhat higher than in later life. The concentrations of Ca, Mg and P rise slightly with increasing age. These three elements are not evenly distributed throughout bone, and possible explanations are discussed. 10. In the blood of a healthy baby, in the mineral apatite and in the mineral-matter of the bones, the ratio Ca∶P is constant 2∶1. 11. Epitaxial and enzymatic processes which may play a part in the growth of apatite in bone are discussed, as are deviations. 12. Tensile stress from the adductor muscles is held to be responsible for the formation of the bone-blade described as linea alba.
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  • 29
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 124 (1972), S. 12-38 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Bone ; Construction principle ; Human femur
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Die Bestimmung derBruchfestigkeit des menschlichen Femur ergibt, daß diese in verschiedenen Regionen dieses Knochens eine verschiedene Größe hat. Eine Verminderung der Bruchspannung zeigt besonders der spongiöse Leichtbau im Caput-Collum-Bereich sowie der kortikale Hartbau im dorsalen Abschnitt der Diaphyse. 2. DieVerminderung der Bruchspannung beruht auf einer Zunahme der Porosität des Knochens in diesen Bezirken (Abnahme des Raumgewichtes). 3. Die Erhöhung der Porosität ist eine Folge davon, daß der Druckkraft der Körperlast eine Zugkraft von Muskeln entgegenwirkt, d.h. dieBeanspruchungsgröße des Knochens (=Deformationswiderstand) in den genannten Regionenvermindert ist. Nach dem Roux'schen Maximum-Minimumgesetz ist in jedem Knochenquerschnitt aber nur so viel anorganische Knochensubstanz vorhanden, wie für die Gewährleistung einer auch bei maximaler Belastung vorhandenen zulässigen Spannung einschließlich eines Sicherheitsfaktors nötig ist. 4. Unter diesem Gesichtspunkt kann der Oberschenkelknochen als Ganzes betrachtet trotz verschiedener Bruchfestigkeit in einzelnen Regionen als einKörper gleicher Festigkeit definiert werden. 5. Die Havers'schen Kanäle, im mittleren Lebensalter von etwa gleichem Querschnitt, zeigen beim alternden Menschenauffallende Größenunterschiede der Lumina: sowohl starke Einengung als auch beträchtliche Erweiterung. Dieser Befund wird mit teils osteosklerotischen, teils osteoporotischen Prozeßen in Zusammenhang gebracht, die osteoporotische Lumenerweiterung als ein Kompensationsvorgang zur Erhaltung der ossären Blutversorgung aufgefaßt. 6. Außerdem kommt es im Alter zu einerAbnahme der Elastizität und in weiterer Folge derBruchfestigkeit; ursächlich werden diese Erscheinungen auf eine Änderung im Gefüge und Chemismus des Knochens zurückgeführt: Auftreten der erwähnten osteosklerotischen und osteoporotischen Vorgänge sowie Herabsetzung der interlamellären Federung infolge einer Anreicherung des Kristallitmantels der Kollagenfasern mit Ca, Mg und P. Diese Vorgänge erklären die Zunahme der Frakturhäufigkeit des Femur im Alter. 7. In der Kopfregion des Femur zeigt dasTrajectorium rectum mediale (Catel, 1970) — im Gegensatz zu den einfachen Spongiosabälkchen — durch das Auftreten von Osteonen die typischen Strukturmerkmale der Corticalis. Auch die Mineralzusammensetzung (Ca, P) des Trajectoriums entspricht derjenigen der diaphysären Corticalis, während die Konzentration der beiden Elemente im Spongiosabereich bedeutend geringer ist. Diese Feststellungen erklären, warum die Bruchspannung im Bereich des trajectoriellen Bündels etwa 3,6 mal höher ist als im Bereich der einfachen Spongiosastruktur. 8. Auf Grund der titrimetrischen, röntgenographischen (Mikrosonde) und diffraktometrischen Untersuchungen ist das im Knochen des 71 jährigen Mannes vorhandene Mineral als einHydroxylapatit von der Formel (Ca, Mg, K)5 [(F, OH)/PO4)3] zu definieren. 9. Die Konzentration des Mg liegt in der Knochenrinde des Neugeborenen etwas höher als im späteren Leben. Die Konzentration von Ca, Mg und P steigt mit zunehmendem Alter geringfügig an. Diese 3 Elemente sind im Knochen nicht ganz gleichmäßig verteilt, die möglichen Ursachen hierfür werden besprochen. 10. Im Blut des gesunden Säuglings, im mineralischen Apatit und in der Mineralsubstanz des Knochens beträgt dasVerhältnis Ca∶P übereinstimmend 2∶1. 11. Dieepitaxischen undenzymatischen Vorgänge, die bei dem Aufbau des Apatits im Knochen eine Rolle spielen können sowie ihre möglichen Störungen werden besprochen. 12. Die Entstehung der als Linea alba bezeichneten Knochenleiste wird auf die von der Adduktorenmuskulatur ausgeübten Zugkräfte zurückgeführt.
    Notes: Summary 1. An investigation on thecompressive strength of the human femur has shown that this varies considerably in different parts of the bone. Low compressive strengths are determined for the spongy bone in the caput-collum region, and for the cortical hard-bone in the dorsal section of the diaphysis. 2. Thedecreased compressive strength is due to a higher porosity of the bone in these regions. 3. Increased porosity is the result of the balance of body weight by the tensile strength of the muscles, i.e.the resultant loading (=resistance to deformation) of the bone is reduced in these regions. According to Roux's Maximum—minimum Law, there is only sufficient inorganic bone material present in the cross-section of a bone, necessary to withstand the stress due to maximum loading, plus a certain safety factor. 4. From this point of view, the femoral bone as a whole can be defined as a body ofcertain overall strength, in spite of having variable compressive strength in definite regions. 5. The Havers canals, which have nearly constant cross-section in middle-age, show anobvious size variation, considerable narrowing as well as widening of the lumina, in elderly people. These variations are controlled partly by osteosclerotic and partly by osteoporotic processes. The osteoporotic lumina-widening is interpreted as a compensation process for the control of ossary blood supply. 6. In addition, in old age there is areduction in elasticity and then in compressive strength: These two factors are due to a change in bone fabric and chemistry: the occurrence of the above osteosclerotic and osteoporotic processes, as well as reduction of interlamellar elasticity by an enrichment in the crystallite-cover to the collagen-fibres of Ca, Mg and P. These processes explain the increase in the frequency of fractures of the femur in old age. 7. In the head-region of the femur, theTrajectorium rectum mediale (Catel, 1970) shows the characteristic structure of the corticalis, the presence of osteones, in contrast to simple spongy rods. Also, the mineral composition (Ca, P) of the trajectorium is very similar to that of the diaphysal corticalis, whereas the concentration of these two elements in the spongy region is considerably less. These results explain why the compressive strength of the trajectory bundles is about 3.6 times higher than in the region of simple spongy structure. 8. On the basis of titrative, X-ray (micro-probe), and diffraction studies, the mineral present in bone of a 71 year old man is definable as hydroxyl-apatite, with a formula: (Ca, Mg, K)5 [(F, OH)/(PO4)3] 9. The concentration of Mg in the surface layer of bone in a newly-born is somewhat higher than in later life. The concentrations of Ca, Mg and P rise slightly with increasing age. These three elements are not evenly distributed throughout bone, and possible explanations are discussed. 10. In the blood of a healthy baby, in the mineral apatite and in the mineral-matter of the bones, theratio Ca∶P is constant 2∶1. 11. Epitaxial andenzymatic processes which may play a part in the growth of apatite in bone are discussed, as are deviations. 12. Tensile stress from the adductor muscles is held to be responsible for the formation of the bone-blade described as linea alba.
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  • 30
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    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 6 (1972), S. 181-192 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The problem of evaluating the radial electron-electron distribution function P0(r12) from the spin-free 2-particle density matrix P(2)(r1, r2Ir'1, r'2) is considered in detail. The analysis is first applied to 2-electron S-type functions built from l2 configurations. For the special case l = 0, the expression for P0(r12) reduces to the result obtained by Coulson and Neilson.For non-spherically symmetric states of N-electron atoms, the angular integrations are handled by a procedure used by Calais and Löwdin in their evaluation of atomic integrals containing functions of r12. Consideration is also given to the evaluation of necessary radial integrals.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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  • 31
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 6 (1972) 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 32
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 6 (1972), S. 281-287 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A simple semi-theoretical expression for β, the core resonance integral as used in the semi-empirical π-èlectron calculations has been proposed. β's for some standard C = C and C = 0 lengths have been evaluated with the proposed formula and the calculated values are compared with those obtained by other semi-theoretical and empirical methods. Electronic spectra of ethylene, formaldehyde, trans-butadiene and benzene have been calculated by a Pariser-Parr-like semi-empirical method with the values of β thus obtained. The calculated spectra are found to be in good agreement with the observed ones.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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  • 33
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 6 (1972), S. 337-345 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The variation perturbation method in the coupled Hartree-Fock (HF) scheme has been used to calculate the fourth-order energies of He, Li+ and Be2+ ions subjected to a uniform external electric field. The hyper-polarizabilities γh which are related to the fourthorder energies have been calculated neglecting intra-atomic correlation. For He the observed value is γh = 53.6 ± 4.0 a.u. The present estimate in the coupled and uncoupled HF schemes yield 36.2 and 45.3 a.u. respectively. The other calculations using correlated ground state wave function gave values in the range 42-44 a.u. The discrepancies between our result and those of others have been discussed.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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  • 34
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 6 (1972), S. 383-386 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: It is a standard theorem of group representation theory that the dimension of an irreducible representation is a divisor of the order of the group. This paper gives a new, relatively simple proof, intended to make the theorem understandable to readers unfamiliar with algebraic integers.
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  • 35
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Ground and excited singlet state dipole electric π polarizabilities of a set of conjugated molecules are calculated. Second order perturbation theory is used in the Epstein-Nesbet and Möller-Plesset versions. Hückel and SCF-LCAO-MO are used alternatively as a basis. The Möller-Plesset-SCF-LCAO-MO calculation appears well related to experimental values.
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  • 36
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 6 (1972), S. 455-464 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A theory for using non-orthogonal radial orbitals between shells with identical orbital quantum numbers, in the case of complex configurations, is presented. Construction of the antisymmetric wave function of the whole configuration, with the help of antisymmetrical wave functions of individual shells, is described. General methods of calculating matrix elements of one- and two-electron operators are given.
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  • 37
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 6 (1972), S. 509-518 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Diatomic integral formulas involving Slater-transform-Preuss functions are obtained for the Coulomb and hybrid types. One-center Coulomb integrals are also considered. All results have finite sums containing a one-dimensional numerical integration.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 38
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 6 (1972), S. 925-933 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: It is shown how the irreducible representations of a finite group can be calculated from the irreducible characters (the latter can be calculated exactly by using Dixon's method). All elements of the matrix, representing a group element, lie in the rational field of polynomials of ξ = exp (2πi/e), where e is the exponent of the group.
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  • 39
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 6 (1972), S. 975-988 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The quadrupole moment functions (molecular quadrupole moment versus internuclear distance) have been determined by quantum mechanical calculations for H2 (by Kolos and Wolniewicz), N2 (by Wahl and Nesbet), and CO (by Nesbet). These functions are used with numerical vibrational wave functions to compute matrix elements which are useful for calculations of scattering cross sections, energy transfer rates and excitation probabilities, and infrared intensities of forbidden bands.
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  • 40
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 6 (1972), S. 327-336 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The one-electron Hamiltonian method is developed to solve the variational equations of the MC SCF theory.The many-parameter family of the one-electron Hamiltonian is derived and conditions for parameters to provide convergence of the SCF procedure to the energy minimum are obtained. A computation scheme based on the use of the one-electron Hamiltonian is described.
    Additional Material: 10 Tab.
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  • 41
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 6 (1972), S. 367-382 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The separated electron pair (SEP) model (strongly orthogonal geminals) and methods for its systematic extension have been applied to three different localization schemes for C≡O. The optimum SEP wave function is obtained for the particular localization scheme that involves three equivalent bent bonds. The major corrections to the SEP model arise from one-electron transfer terms. Two-electron transfer terms were important only for those pairs that were not well localized. It was found that the separate definitions of the total intrapair and interpair correlation energies did not depend strongly on the choice of localization scheme.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 42
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 6 (1972), S. 401-406 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Ground state single determinant LCAO-MO-SCF wave functions, using a large contracted Gaussian basis set (6s, 2p, 1d/3s, 1p), have been computed for the 9 electron molecular systems of CH3 and NH3+. The minimum energies obtained using Roothaan's open shell SCF procedure for the planar equilibrium geometries were -39.5703 Hartree for CH3 and -55.8945 Hartree for NH3+. Additional properties such as electron populations and multiple moments were calculated from the planar wave functions.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 43
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 6 (1972), S. 449-453 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: It is shown that under certain conditions the time-dependent Hamilton-Jacobi equation (TDHJE) is satisfied in the mean in quantum mechanics provided the classical action is replaced by Dirac's complex quantal action. This may be regarded as the equivalent of Ehrenfest's theorem for the TDHJE. Expectation values of operators are discussed in a similar manner.
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  • 44
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 6 (1972), S. 501-508 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The ground state H—H+ and H—H interactions are used as model interactions for investigating the feasibility of using Gaussian basis sets for representing charge overlap effects in intermolecular forces. The non-expanded charge-induced dipole energy and the non-expanded dipole-dipole dispersion energy, respectively, for these interactions are calculated using two types of Gaussian basis functions to represent the first order wave function, Ψ(1). Very good results for these interaction energies, which include charge overlap effects, are obtained for all interatomic separations by using small Gaussian basis sets to represent the interaction, that is Ψ(1), and/or the isolated atoms (the zeroth order wave function).
    Additional Material: 5 Tab.
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  • 45
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    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The valence electron distributions of the hydrogen-bonded systems C4H4NH … NC5H5 formed from pyrrole and pyridine and C4H4N- … HNC5H+ from pyrrole anion and pyridinium ion have both been investigated using the charge iterative extended Hückel method. The results are presented in the form of contour diagrams showing the charge densities in pertinent sections of the hydrogen-bonded systems, and also in the corresponding parts of the non-interacting constituent molecules. The density differences between interacting and non-interacting systems brought about by hydrogen bonding are also presented. Like earlier investigated hydrogen bond types, an N—H … N bond is characterized by an increase of charge density in the covalent N—H bond, and a decrease at the acceptor atom. The formation of a rather low maximum in the centre of the H … N bond is also observed. The hydrogen bonding interaction causes a transfer of charge to the donor molecule of the same order of magnitude in both systems considered.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 46
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 6 (1972), S. 555-574 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A self-consistent perturbation theory is derived in the framework of Roothaan's MOLCAO procedure for closed shell systems. Contrary to previous investigations which have considered only one particle perturbations, two particle perturbation operators are considered. Expressions for the first-order density matrix and first- and second-order energy corrections are obtained. A diagram formulation of the complete perturbation expansion is presented.The results are applied to the treatment of the intermolecular interaction problem. The interaction energy is represented as a sum of several contributions: Coulomb, exchange, resonance, polarization and exchange repulsion. A semi-empirical version of the theory is suggested which explicitly involves all the physically significant energy terms and may be useful for the investigation of complex systems.
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  • 47
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 6 (1972), S. 609-611 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The equivalence of the perturbation formalism, in the Rayleigh-Schrödinger frame-work, between secular and generalized secular equations is analysed.
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  • 48
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 6 (1972), S. 625-637 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The electronic structure and preferred conformations of F3P·BH3 and F2HP·BH3 are investigated in the framework of the CNDO/2 approximation. In complete agreement with microwave data, the staggered conformations are predicted to be the most stable ones. The barriers to internal rotation are in good agreement with experimental values (F3P·BH3: calc. = 3.03 kcal/mole, exp. = 3.24 ± 0.15 kcal/mole; F2HP·BH3: calc. = 3.63 kcal/mole, exp. = 4.05 ± 0.45 kcal/mole) and a bicentric energy partitioning shows that the variations of the total energy are completely reflected by the only variation of the interaction energy between phosphorus and H atoms bonded to boron. The analysis of the electron densities reveals the importance of the 3s(P) → 2px(B) transfer in the formation of the co-ordination. Finally, the computed dipole moment value and direction agree with corresponding experimental data.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 49
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 6 (1972), S. 663-668 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The diamagnetic susceptibility χ and magnetic shielding σ for H2+ are investigated in the range of internuclear separations R = 1.6 a.u. to R = 2.4 a.u. according to a previously reported technique. From this data values of 〈χ〉 and 〈σ〉, for which nuclear motion due to zero-point vibration and centrifugal stretching is taken into account, are calculated at 300°K. These averages are 〈χ〉 = -0.3902 α2ao3 and 〈σ〉 = 1.096 × 10-5 c.g.s. units which are approximately 3.1% and 1.4% respectively, smaller than the equilibrium values.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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  • 50
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 6 (1972), S. 725-746 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Tables of symmetrized powers of the irreducible representations of point groups are presented together with a derivation of the formula used to obtain them. It is shown how these tables may be applied to various quantum-chemical problems.
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  • 51
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 6 (1972), S. 779-785 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: By a proper approximation of the interaction term in a many-electron Hamiltonian the Hartree-Fock equations are decoupled. Making use of this simplification one obtains a good initial guess for the wave function with minimal computational work. Refining the procedure, the exact HF limit can be achieved. Total energies, ionization potentials and excitation energies for light atoms are calculated.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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  • 52
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 6 (1972) 
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    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 53
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 6 (1972), S. 57-81 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The molecular-electronic structure of the metal phthalocyanines (Fe, Co, Ni and Cu) has been determined by the molecular orbital treatment. Coulomb integrals of the metal atom occurring in the secular determinants have been approximated equivalent to the valence state ionization energy (VSIE) of a metal orbital for a particular charge configuration. The calculated π-electron charge densities have been found to be higher on the nitrogen atoms as compared to the other atoms in the molecule. This is in agreement with the e.s.r. studies of the metal phthalocyanines. To test the correctness of the molecular orbital calculations, the π-π* transitions (14,000 cm-1 - 30000 cm-1), d-d* transitions (20000 cm-1 - 60000 cm-1) and charge transfer transitions (15000 cm -1 - 30000 cm-1) have been calculated in the metal phthalocyanine molecules. The calculated frequencies have been compared with the observed ones and found in fair agreement.
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  • 54
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 6 (1972), S. 101-123 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: An exact cluster expansion of many electron wave functions is derived, beginning with a finite linear combination of Slater determinants rather than the more usual single determinant. This general cluster expansion is found to apply both in the case where all possible Slater determinants from a finite set of spin orbitals are included in the linear combination, and in the case where the number of determinants is restricted.The special properties of that finite linear combination of determinants closest to the exact wave function in the least squares sense are studied. These properties lead to the derivation of a general correlated wave functions method, illustrating again the close relationship between methods of this type and cluster expansion theory. Additional approximations, necessary for practical calculations, are set out.
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  • 55
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 6 (1972), S. 155-166 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A first order perturbation treatment starting with SCF-MO'S in canonical or equivalent quasi-localized form is presented for the hyperfine coupling constants of vinyl and methyl radicals. The spin-polarisation contribution to hyperfine splittings is found to be large, negative for the proton of the radical center in both radicals and positive for the β protons of vinyl.
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  • 56
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 6 (1972), S. 593-596 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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  • 57
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 6 (1972) 
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    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 58
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    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A general formalism is set up to apply the variation-perturbation method to the quantum theory of non-linear optical effects, in particular to the electric and magnetic birefringence (Kerr and Cotton-Mouton effects).The quantities describing these effects are obtained from the wave function Ψ0(0) of the ground state of the unperturbed molecule and the different vectors and tensors which are determined by a variation method.With this method an approximate computation of the Kerr and Cotton-Mouton constants of some simple molecules has been made.
    Additional Material: 5 Tab.
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  • 59
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 6 (1972), S. 93-100 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: It is shown that under certain restrictions the system of determinants ϕi(x1)ϕk(x2) - ϕk(x1)ψi(x2) constructed from two different sets of orbitals ψk and ϕk will be the complete set of functions for antisymmetrical two-electron wave functions if the condition i 〈 k is imposed.
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  • 60
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 6 (1972), S. 143-153 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The Green's functions for the simplest quantum mechanical systems the linear harmonic oscillator, the three-dimensional isotropic oscillator, the Morse oscillator, the Kratcer potential, and the double-minimum potential V(x) = (mw2/2)(/x/-R)2 are presented in closed analytical forms.
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  • 61
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 6 (1972), S. 193-196 
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    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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  • 62
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 6 (1972), S. 201-209 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A one center method, based on the work of Karplus and Kolker, is discussed and used to calculate the induction energy, through O(R-8), for the H(ls) - H+ interaction employing two types of Gaussian basis sets constructed from functions of the form {rje-αr2}. The effective hydrogen atom excitation energies and transition multipole moment matrix elements generated in these calculations are used to calculate the dispersion energy for the H(ls) - H(ls) interaction, through O(R-10), and the R-9 triple dipole energy corresponding to the interaction of three H(ls) atoms. The results indicate that Gaussian functions can form good basis sets for obtaining long range forces for a variety of multipole interaction energies.
    Additional Material: 5 Tab.
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  • 63
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 6 (1972), S. 263-269 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The paramagnetic properties of one-dimensional macromolecules with conjugated C=C bonds are discussed on the basis of low-lying quasi-homeopolar triplet excitations. A good agreement with the experimental results is shown.
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  • 64
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 6 (1972), S. 289-296 
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    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The matrices of the irreducible representations of the 3-dimensional rotation group are shown to be related to Krawtchouk's orthogonal polynomials of a discrete variable x = j - m', whose degrees are given by n = j + m. The relation follows directly from the recurrence formulas satisfied by the matrix elements and permits a concise development of the formal properties of the rotation matrices. In particular, an asymptotic relation for large j is developed that generalizes a formula first discussed for a special case by Wigner.
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  • 65
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 6 (1972) 
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    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 66
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 6 (1972), S. 23-45 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: In order to treat the interaction energy of two molecules a standard Rayleigh-Schrödinger perturbation theory is developed. The Hartree-Fock functions of the separated molecules are used as one particle basis functions, the initial set of states being truncated and non-orthogonal. The non-orthogonality is included into the Hamiltonian by orthogonalization of the basis set. The unperturbed Hamiltonian is chosen so that it possesses the correct symmetry properties with respect to the electron permutations between different molecules. The procedure of this kind automatically results in the appearance of charge transfer states.A graphical technique is elaborated which is a modified version of the Feynman-Goldstone technique and provides a convenient representation of the interaction energy contributions of any order. As an example the first- and the second-order diagrams are considered.A correct expression for the dispersion energy is obtained which differs by a factor from that of the theory using a nonsymmetrical zero approximation.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 67
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    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Group-theoretical methods for determining permitted terms of electrons in polyatomic molecules and complexes in the MO and HL methods are proposed. Essentially, the permutational symmetry of the electron system is utilized. Some concrete examples of the operation of these methods are considered.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 68
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 6 (1972), S. 131-142 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Two different perturbation series (the polarization expansion and a united-atom expansion) of the ground state energy of the delta-function model for one-electron diatoms are studied and the radii of convergence are determined. For both expansions the singularity in the energy which limits the radius of convergence is a branch point with exponent one-half. The physical significance of the branch point is that for particular values of the perturbation parameter, two different energy eigenvalues coalesce. The positions of the branch points are computed as a function of the internuclear separation R. For all values of R, both series converge for all physical values of the perturbation parameters. A lower bound to the radius of convergence of the polarization expansion has been computed previously by Claverie. It is proved in the present paper that the lower bound calculation is in fact an exact determination of the radius of convergence. The results of the model study are applied to real one-electron diatoms to suggest the possible location of a branch point singularity in the energy of the ground state.
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  • 69
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 6 (1972), S. 197-198 
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    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 70
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 6 (1972), S. 271-279 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Previous mathematical proofs of the non-crossing rule concerning the potential energy curves of a diatomic molecule are examined and criticised. A new treatment is presented which is simple and mathematically rigorous.
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  • 71
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 6 (1972), S. 313-325 
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    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The phenomenon of nuclear quadrupole resonance is presented from the grouptheoretical point of view. This approach allows one to discuss the splitting of the nuclear spin states without prior wave-mechanical calculation. Nuclear quadrupole moments are also compared with moecular quadrupole moments and the differences discussed. Finally the selection rules are deduced.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 72
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 6 (1972), S. 353-366 
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    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A new expression is given for the electron repulsion integral over Slater-type orbitals on four different centers. It is based on the asymptotic expansion derived from the bipolar expansion of a previous paper. The expression has the form \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ I\,\mathop \sim \,\sum \limits_{q_1 }^\infty \mathop \sum \limits_{q_2 }^\infty \,F_{q_1 q_2 } (R_{{\rm PQ}})\sigma _{q_1 } (A,\,B)\sigma _{q_2 } (C,\,D) $$\end{document} where qp = {np, lp, mp}. Both F and σ are closed expressions. The quantity F is a combination of incomplete gamma functions, Laguerre polynomials and spherical harmonics. It depends upon the relative coordinates of a point P on the AB axis and a point Q on the CD axis. The functions σnlm(A, B) depend on the charge distribution (χAχB); they have the character of overlap integrals and are of the form \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \sigma _{nlm} (A,\,B)\, = \,\mathop \Sigma \limits_v \,\mathop \Sigma \limits_w \,F_{vw} (\zeta _A R_{AB},\,\zeta _B R_{AB})K_{vw} (R_{AB}) $$\end{document}
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  • 73
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 6 (1972), S. 387-399 
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    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: SCF-LCAO-MO-CI semi-empirical π-electron calculations have been made of the first two singlet transitions and ionization potentials of hydroxy-, methyl- and hydroxy-methyl substituted p-benzoquinone, using a modified Pariser-Parr-Pople method. The various molecules could be divided into two classes on the basis of their first π-electron transition, namely, those in which the 3-position was occupied and others where this position was vacant.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 6 (1972), S. 519-523 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Attention is called to the attractive cusp conditions as useful constraints in fixing the elements of the electron density matrix. An equation for determination of pure state densities satisfying arbitrary constraints is reviewed, and a detailed formalism for using cusp conditions with this equation is displayed. A calculation is done using the nitrogen molecule as an example.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 75
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 6 (1972), S. 211-224 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A variational formulation of the Hartree-Fock-Roothaan (HFR) theory for open shell ions in presence of time dependent perturbations is presented. The theory has been used to calculate the dynamic polarizabilities of the first three ions of the Li sequence. The polarizability values, extrapolated to zero frequency, show good shell by shell agreement with the corresponding static results. The polarizability graphs display resonance behaviour at the transition frequencies of the ions, and a study of these points leads to analytic HF wave functions for their low lying excited states. The calculated transition frequencies are in excellent accord with the experimental values. The calculated oscillator strengths for the 2s → np transitions are in reasonable agreement with the extensive multiconfiguration calculations of Weiss and the available experimental results.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 76
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 6 (1972), S. 225-261 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Hougen has established, for quasi-rigid molecules, the relationship between permutationinversions acting on the molecular Hamiltonians written in Cartesian co-ordinates and permutation-rotations (perrotations) of symmetry acting on nuclear equilibrium configurations. We extend these relations to the case of non-rigid molecules. For this, we introduce kinetic perrotations which act on nuclear equilibrium configurations in the same way as do Altmann's isodynamic operators. We show that isodynamic operators do not always form a group. Moreover, their action cannot be extended to the electrons. They cannot be used for the classification of molecular wave functions. This classification is achieved by using the group of Longuet-Higgins and the group of the corresponding feasible perrotations.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 77
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A separated pair calculation of the electronic structure of the Li2O molecule is described. Rather extensive calculations were made of the potential surface for symmetric configurations of Li2O using a double zeta Slater orbital basis. A linear configuration with LiO bond length of 1.71 Å is found to be most stable. The electron distribution and correlation effects are discussed.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 78
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 6 (1972), S. 347-352 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: An expansion is given for the inverse interelectronic distance in terms of the coordinates of the two electrons. The terms in the expansion contain the coordinates of the first electron with respect to two centers A, B and those of the second electron with respect to two centers C, D.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 79
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 6 (1972) 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 80
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 6 (1972), S. 413-438 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The one-electron integral over Slater-type atomic orbitals centered at A and B and irregular solid spherical harmonics as operator centered at C is evaluated analytically by using elliptical coordinates and translation of the solid spherical harmonics from center C to either focus A or B. A special case is the three-center nuclear attraction integral which is also evaluated by means of the Neumann expansion and expressed without associate Legendre functions of the second kind. The strict observation of the charge distribution concept leads to compact expressions for the integral. It has the further advantage that the charge density distributions which have been developed for the two-center cases and used in calculations for diatomic molecules can be utilized.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 81
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 6 (1972), S. 47-55 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: π-electron SCF-MO theory in its variable electronegativity formalism has been applied to some monosubstituted benzenes. Calculated charge densities and bond orders for the ground and the first excited electronic states are correlated with chemical reactivity and the changes in molecular geometry on electronic excitation. The calculated results for spectra are compared with those obtained using the PPP method and also with the available experimental data.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 82
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 6 (1972), S. 596-597 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 83
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 6 (1972), S. 599-599 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 84
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Wave functions for impurities or local complexes in crystals are usually described within one of the two popular schemes furnished by the MO and the HL methods. The purpose of the present note is to draw attention to a set of tables which allow a translation between these two descriptions.
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  • 85
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 6 (1972), S. 647-650 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The corresponding orbital energy expression of Lefebvre and Prat [1] has been developed and used to obtain some extended Hartree-Fock results for Lithium Hydride.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 86
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 6 (1972), S. 669-680 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A computational method for calculating quadrupole moments from molecular wave functions in a Slater orbital basis set is described. Using both IEHT and CNDO wave functions quadrupole moments for a series of polyatomic molecules are calculated. They are compared with experimental results and the IEHT wave functions are found to give agreement with experiment while CNDO wave functions do not. The importance of bicentric densities (overlap densities) in the calculation of multipole moments is shown. This is followed by a discussion of the usefulness of these wave functions for a quantitative characterization of the electronic structure of large molecules.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 87
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 6 (1972), S. 761-777 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The application of the representation theory of symmetric groups to the solution of quantum chemical problems is discussed. This is done using matrices which do not represent Sn in the normal sense, but which are much simpler to calculate than the Yamanouchi-Kotani representation. A complete discussion of the calculation of these matrices is given.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 88
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 6 (1972), S. 793-795 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 89
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 6 (1972), S. 799-799 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 90
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 6 (1972), S. 849-858 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A quasi-relativistic approach to the MO-LCAO method is formulated taking into account the relativistic effects with an accuracy up to (v/c)2 terms, the relativistic part of the electronic interaction in the Hamiltonian being neglected. In the framework of this approximation a set of SCF equations of the Roothaan form is derived; here only the relativistic analogue to the closed shell systems with one-determinant wave functions is considered. In so doing three types of relativistic corrections arise which are quite similar to those of the Pauli equation for one-electron atoms. The new matrix elements appearing due to these corrections can be reduced to some common integrals, which have to be calculated with relativistic radial atomic functions. The method allows a semi-empirical approach to the problem and does not require the Dirac four-component atomic functions (unknown in the most cases), thus making possible approximate quasi-relativistic electronic structure calculations of heavy-atom compounds.
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  • 91
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 6 (1972), S. 911-917 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The Schrödinger equation for the hydrogen molecular ion is written as a perturbed united atom which is then treated as a generalized eigenvalue equation. The ground state energy is calculated through third order for small internuclear distances.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 92
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 6 (1972), S. 949-966 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Closed form one centre partial wave perturbation results are obtained through second order in the energy for H2+-like molecules with arbitrary nuclear charges. The expansion centre for the method is taken at an arbitrary point along the internuclear axis and the zeroth-order wave function is a screened “1s” function centred at the expansion point. Various fixed one centre calculations of other workers for the lsσ states of H2+ and HeH++ and for the 2pσ state of HeH++ are generated as limiting cases of this more general treatment. The floating one centre perturbation results for the 1sσ states of H2+ and HeH++ are used as models for discussing the usefulness of allowing the expansion centre in the one centre method to be a function of nuclear configuration.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 93
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 6 (1972), S. 617-623 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: An economic algorithm for storing and processing two-electron integrals arising in LCAO-MO calculations is presented. The integrals are sorted prior to the SCF iterative scheme, classified according to equivalences in the orbital indices and finally stored on separate files that contain only integrals of one type. The novel approach of physically separating the integrals according to category is shown to be more efficient than random storage. Actual computing times for the new technique are tabulated for a representative number of molecular systems and compared with times obtained using previously reported methods.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 94
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 6 (1972), S. 651-661 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A variation-perturbation method, analogous to a technique devised by Das and Bersohn for the study of the hydrogen molecule, is developed for calculation of the diamagnetic susceptibility χ and magnetic shielding σ and is applied to a study of the hydrogen molecule ion. Two approximations are investigated-in a first approximation, χ = -0.37814α2ao3 and σ = 1.112 × 10-5 c.g.s. units and in a second approximation, χ = -0.37569α2ao3 and σ = 1.128 × 10-5 c.g.s. units.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 95
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 6 (1972), S. 681-700 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Canonical transformations have been widely used to simplify Hamiltonians and other operators. In molecular and in solid state theory, the so-called Van Vieck expansion is usually employed for this purpose while in theories of particles interacting with fields a combination of canonical transformations in closed form with Van Vleck type expansions has been found effective. For some of the transformations used in applications formulas in closed form are well known. It will be shown here that such formulas can be derived whenever the transformation function is bilinear in the canonical variables, and further that the use of matrix operators makes it possible to simplify these derivations substantially. The Cayley-Hamilton theorem is then used to express the expansions for the matrix operators in closed form. The number of separate operator terms appearing in the formulas thus obtained is the same as the rank of the matrices used. To calculate the coefficients of these operator terms a new type of special functions is introduced. The resulting linear canonical transformations include generalized rotations in both ordinary and phase-space. Explicit results have been obtained for several two- to four-dimensional problems.
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  • 96
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: First-order wave functions and binding energies of the 1sσg and 2pσu states of H2+ are calculated by simple methods for internuclear separations between 0.2 and 10a0. An exact perturbation treatment of the lsσg state with a zeroth-order function of the form N exp (-sRλ/2) exp (sR μ2) yields only fair results. An alternative method starts with zeroth-order functions of the form N exp (-sRλ/2)[exp (-sRμ/2) ± exp (sRμ/2)] for the 1sσg and 2pσu states, respectively. An approximate first-order trial function is set up and the energies are determined variationally. For both states the results are comparable to those obtained by exact perturbation treatments of the same order.
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
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  • 97
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 6 (1972), S. 795-797 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 98
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 6 (1972), S. 843-847 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The procedure proposed by Silverstone and others to modify virtual levels in SCF theory is extended as a technique to be used in any type of generalized secular equations. Some useful results are obtained.
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  • 99
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The electron density and spatial correlation as given by the MO, VB and AMO methods for H2 and H6 are studied by means of diagrams. For comparison, diagrams representing accurate wave functions for H2 are also given. The study of model functions representing localized bonds leads to results concerning the nature of localized electron pairs in agreement with those of Lennard-Jones.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 100
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 6 (1972), S. 439-448 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Trial wave functions, written as the sum of a configuration interaction expansion and an explicitly correlated term which is not antisymmetric, are proposed for use in calculating the electronic properties of atoms and molecules. A variational principle, modified to allow the use for such partially antisymmetric wave functions, is developed. It is shown that the consequences of partial antisymmetry on calculated expectation values can be estimated. The method avoids difficult three-electron integrals which arise in other theories.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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