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  • 2005-2009
  • 1995-1999
  • 1970-1974  (19)
  • 1965-1969  (10)
  • 1810-1819
  • 1974  (19)
  • 1966  (10)
  • Cerebellum
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 144 (1974), S. 315-336 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Cerebellum ; Mormyrid fishes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The corpus cerebelli of mormyrid fishes is strongly developed and differentiated into four lobes: C1−C4. Although all of these lobes contain the characteristic cerebellar layers: granular, ganglionic and molecular, they show distinct architectonic differences. A previous study revealed that the ganglionic layer of C1, in addition to Purkinje elements contains conspicuous giant cells. In the present paper the results of a further analysis of C1 are reported. This analysis is based on serially sectioned brains of Gnathonemus petersii, stained according to Nissl, Bodian and Häggquist. Semi-thin sections were stained with p-phenylenediamine. Routine EM techniques were used to visualize synaptic relations. Mossy fibres and granule, Golgi, Purkinje and stellate cells are located characteristically throughout C1. It appeared that the giant cells of a previous study represent the largest elements of a population which has been termed now the eurydendroid cells. The average size of the latter is somewhat larger than that of the Purkinje cells, but both groups of cells show a considerable overlap in the size of their somata. Purkinje cells and eurydendroid cells are present throughout the ganglionic layer and both have a flattened, sagittally oriented, dendritic tree that extends into the molecular layer. Yet, the eurydendroid cells (EC) display the following characteristics which distinguish them from Purkinje cells (PC): (1) In EC the Nissl substance is dispersed diffusely throughout the soma, whereas in PC it tends to be concentrated around the nucleus, (2) The soma/nucleus ratio for EC is distinctly larger than for PC, (3) The dendritic trees of EC extend over a larger stretch of the molecular layer than those of PC, hence the term EC, (4) The dendrites of EC are more widely spaced and oriented less strictly parallel to each other than those of PC, (5) The dendrites of EC are somewhat irregular in outline and not covered with spines, in contrast to those of PC, (6) The axons of EC are oriented radially and join bundles of coarse fibres which leave the cerebellum whereas the axons of PC extend and ramify within the ganglionic layer, (7) The somata of EC, contrary to those of PC, are enveloped by a dense axonal plexus which forms numerous synaptic terminals on them. The numerical ratio of EC: PC was 1:5.5. The circuitry in C1 and the possible functional roles of its constituent neurons are discussed. It is pointed out that in this lobe the axons of PC impinge on EC and that the latter constitute its output system.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 146 (1974), S. 95-111 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Cerebellum ; Thalamus ; Electron microscopy ; Autoradiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary An experimental electron microscopical study has been made on the mode of termination of the cerebellothalamic projections in the cat. Supporting experimental light microscopical studies of silver impregnated sections following a large lesion of the cerebellar nuclei and light microscopical autoradiographic studies of the thalamus following injections of tritiated leucine in parts of the cerebellar nuclei, have been made as well. Following large lesions of the cerebellar nuclei, only the largest occuring type of bouton in the cat's VL and VA (type LR bouton) degenerates. Following such lesions, type LR boutons undergo a filamentous hypertrophy before becoming electrondense. One degenerating LR bouton establishes complex synapses with the dendrites of both thalamocortical relay cells and interneurons. Not all type LR boutons in VL and VA degenerate following lesions of the cerebellar nuclei. Light microscopical autoradiographic studies as well as experimental electron microscopical investigations indicate that cerebellothalamic fibers end in clusters within VL and VA, and that the areas of termination lie more rostrally within these thalamic nuclei than has been inferred from experimental studies of silver impregnated sections following lesions of the cerebellar nuclei. The findings are discussed with respect to relevant morphological and physiological data.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 30 (1974), S. 1-9 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Cell Nests ; External Granular Layer ; Capillaries ; Cerebellum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Serial sagittal sections of the postnatally developing cerebellum of Wistar rats were studied to determine the incidence, origin, and relation to other cerebellar structures of nests of heterotopic cells. These nests were found to consist of small, darkly staining cells of either irregular or elongate shape with large, dark nuclei and bore close resemblance to cells of the external granular layer. They were present in every animal from the day of birth to at least day 15 of life and were confined to the uvula, nodulus, and pyramis of the vermis. In addition, the cell nests were found to be perivascular and continuous with the external granular layer via a narrow tongue of cells surrounding capillaries which penetrated to the medullary layer of the cerebellum from the subarachnoid space. The significance of the nests in relation to other studies, and their involution after day 15 of life is briefly considered.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 30 (1974), S. 25-31 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Hormones ; Organ Culture ; Cerebellum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Fragments of cerebellar cortex from adult rats were maintained as organ cultures for 10 days. Insulin (1.0–1000 μg/ml), triiodothyronine (1.0–1000 ng/ml) and corticosterone (0.1–100 μg/ml) were added to the media of 85 cultures, while 25 with no added hormones served as controls. Survival of neurons and of connective tissue was somewhat improved in the presence of insulin, the optimal level being 100 μg/ml. Triiodothyronine was toxic to all components of the cultures to an extent proportional to the concentration. Corticosterone caused some neuronal damage and suppressed the growth of connective tissue, though these effects were not clearly related to the concentrations in the media. The actions of the hormones on cultured CNS tissue are discussed in relation to their effects on the injured CNSin vivo.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 27 (1974), S. 163-169 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Cerebellum ; Development ; X-Irradiation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The heads of seven day old rats were irradiated with 600 rads. The permanent long-term effects on the cerebellum were examined histologically seven months after irradiation. The effects of radiation were not homogenous, with selective loss or abnormal distribution of granular cells and disorientation of Purkinje cells. The possible reasons for these modifications in cerebellar structure are discussed.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 19 (1974), S. 61-77 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cerebellum ; Fastigial nucleus ; Cutaneous mechanoreceptors ; Excitation ; Inhibition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary This paper gives an account of the responses of cerebellar fastigial cells to various afferent inputs from ipsilateral forelimb or hindlimb. Most of the preparations (17 out of 25) have been decerebrate and unanesthetized. The remainder were under anesthesia — chloralose, pentothal or surital. The afferent inputs have been provided by stimulation of predominantly cutaneous limb nerves or by three types of mechanical stimulation: taps to foot pads; pressure on foot pads; air jets to hairy skin. Recording from single fastigial cells was extracellular by glass microelectrodes, and computer averaging techniques of spike responses were employed as described in previous papers. Identification of fastigial cells was simply from location in the large fastigial nucleus, this location being later confirmed by identification of microelectrode tracks in histological sections. Fastigial cells display a fairly steady background discharge, the mean being 37 Hz for the decerebrate and considerably lower for the anesthetized. Pad taps usually evoked a diphasic (excitatory-inhibitory) response, but in some cases the inhibitory was dominant, in others the excitatory. The threshold was below 0.2 mm, and several fastigial cells were excited or inhibited by taps of only 0.01 mm. Air jet stimulation of hairy skin of the foot evoked similar responses. Durations of excitation were usually about 10 msec but inhibition was longer, usually about 50 msec. Nerve stimulation evoked responses of comparable type, but the latency was at least 4 msec shorter, corresponding to the more direct and shorter pathways from the site of stimulation. With some fastigial cells steady pressure to central foot pads of 2 sec duration evoked only brief phasic responses (excitatory or inhibitory) at ‘on’ and ‘off’. With other cells there were tonic responses — excitation or inhibition or admixtures thereof — for the whole duration of the pressure. Usually 500 g was almost maximally effective, and the threshold was always below 100 g. In an indeterminate type of response (the semitonic) the excitation or inhibition at ‘on’ persisted for up to 500 msec, an effect matching the response of the rapidly adapting receptors of the pads. With repetitive stimulation both the excitatory and inhibitory responses to pad taps were reduced with frequencies above 1 Hz and greatly depressed at 5 to 7 Hz. However a small inhibition was observed to persist during tap frequencies as high as 65 Hz. In a preliminary study both the background and the evoked responses of fastigial cells were found to be very sensitive to barbiturate anesthesia.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 19 (1974), S. 78-99 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cerebellum ; Fastigial nucleus ; Lateral reticular nucleus ; Inferior olive ; Neuronal computation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A detailed study of the latencies of the excitatory responses of fastigial cells disclosed an unexpected anomaly. Except for infrequent small responses the latency was many milliseconds longer than would be expected for excitation by axon collaterals of the fast spino-cerebellar pathways. There were many examples in which inhibition had an earlier onset than excitation; nevertheless the inhibitory latency was not so brief as to preclude its production by Purkyně cell discharge in response to the fast spino-cerebellar pathways. Histograms have been constructed for the latencies of the excitation and inhibition evoked in fastigial cells by four kinds of inputs: nerve volleys from forelimb and hindlimb; pad taps from forelimb and hindlimb. Electrical stimulation of the lateral reticular nucleus on the same side very effectively excited fastigial cells, usually with the latency expected for monosynaptic excitation. It was therefore postulated that with forelimb and hindlimb stimulation the dominant mode of excitation of fastigial cells was by excitatory collaterals from the spino-reticulo-cerebellar pathway. Stimulation of the contralateral inferior olive also was effective in evoking a short latency excitation of fastigial cells. It was therefore assumed that collaterals from the spino-olivo-cerebellar pathway provide an additional excitatory input to fastigial cells. A diagram was constructed in space-time coordinates graphically expressing the timing of the various excitatory and inhibitory pathways by which a hindlimb nerve stimulus acts on fastigial cells. An interesting design feature is thereby disclosed, namely that the dominant excitatory input to the fastigial cells via the slower spino-cerebellar paths is virtually synchronous with the inhibitory input from Purkyně cells discharging in response to the fast spino-cerebellar input. It is pointed out that the temporal pattern gives optimal conditions for the computer-like operation of the fastigial nucleus.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 21 (1974), S. 473-486 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Lateral reticular nucleus ; Reticulocerebellar projection ; Cerebellum ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. The areas of the cerebellar cortex receiving fibres from the mLRN (major portion of the lateral reticular nucleus comprising its parvi- and magnocellular parts) were determined by identifying the low-threshold spots on the cerebellar surface from which 286 mLRN neurones could be antidromically activated. 2. The mLRN fibres terminate bilaterally in the anterior lobe and pyramis, and ipsilaterally in the paramedian lobule. Some fibres terminate also in the rostral part of lobule VI but hardly any in other parts of the cortex. It follows that the mLRN projects almost exclusively to the classical spinal receiving areas. 3. Neurones in the parvi- and magnocellular parts project to similar cortical areas. 4. Two regions in the mLRN were distinguished on the basis of their different projection areas. Region A, a dorsolateral portion of the magnocellular part, projects to the ipsilateral parts intermedia of the anterior lobe and the ipsilateral paramedian lobule. Region B, a ventral portion of the parvi- and magnocellular parts, projects bilaterally to the pars intermedia and vermis of the anterior lobe and sparsely to the pyramis. 5. Neurones throughout the parvi- and magnocellular parts receive monosynaptic excitation from fibres ascending in the ventral part of the ipsilateral lateral funiculus.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 350 (1974), S. 135-144 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Cerebellum ; Proline ; Transmitter ; Iontophoresis ; Autoradiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Iontophoretic experiments with the aid of multibarreled micropipettes demonstrate a reversible depressant effect ofl-proline on the spontaneous discharge of Purkinje cells in the cat cerebellar cortex. The failure of a specific interaction with strychnine and bicuculline leads to the conclusion that proline acts neither on receptors for “glycine-like” nor on receptors for “GABA-like” amino acids. Autoradiographic investigations reveal a differential distribution of radioactivity after injection of3H-leucine and3H-proline into the cerebellar cortex. After leucine injection, high grain density can be observed over Stellate, Basket, Golgi and especially Purkinje cells. In contrast after application of3H-proline, the silver grains are concentrated primarily in the tissue adjacent to the Purkinje cells, mainly in the supraganglionic region and between these faintly labelled cerebellar cells. These results suggest the possibility that proline is involved in inhibitory neurotransmission.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 351 (1974), S. 183-193 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Cerebellum ; Vestibular System ; Visual System ; Climbing Fibers ; Mossy Fibers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Electrical or flash stimulation of the visual pathway evoked in the vestibulocerebellum of barbiturate anesthetized cats, field and unitary potentials characteristic of climbing fiber (CF) activation of Purkinje cells. The latency of the CF field potentials was 11–15 msec in the flocculus and 14–19 msec in the nodulus/ventral uvula. Mossy fiber (MF) related field and unitary responses were not observed following visual stimulation. Conversely, electrical stimulation of the VIIIth nerve evoked in the vestibulocerebellum MF-related field and unitary potentials, exclusively. Despite this dichotomy, the field potentials evoked by visual and vestibular stimulation frequently overlapped within the cerebellar cortex. This overlap was shown at the level of individual Purkinje cells by means of extra- and intracellular recordings which demonstrated vestibulo-visual convergence. These observations indicate that a given sensory modality may reach specific cerebellar areas utilizing only one of the two cerebellar afferent systems. It is concluded that the MF and CF afferent systems, when considered as sensory inputs, can operate as independent information channels.
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 20 (1974), S. 239-254 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cerebellum ; Cerebral cortex ; Mossy fibers ; Climbing fibers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The responses of single Purkyně cells in the pars intermedia of the anterior lobe were studied following stimulation of the sensorimotor cortex in the cat. The cortical inputs display the same kind of mossy fiber and climbing fiber duality as previously described for nerve inputs (Eccles et al., 1971 b). Stimulation of the cerebral cortex elicits short latency excitation (4–8 msec) and inhibition (8–12 msec) via the mossy fiber system and a longer latency climbing fiber excitation (12–19 msec). The response of a Purkyně cell may consist of any combination of these possible components and depends upon the cortical area stimulated. The mossy fiber system is activated by a single shock, is increased by a second volley, and follows relatively high repetition rates. On the other hand, the climbing fiber system has a higher threshold, and only follows repetition rates up to 5–20 Hz. Two or more volleys are needed for efficient transmission.
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Experimental brain research 20 (1974), S. 255-272 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cerebellum ; Cerebral cortex ; Mossy fibers ; Climbing fibers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The patterns of convergence of nerve and cortical inputs representing the forelimb and hindlimb were studied in Purkyně cells of the cat. The most important inputs to Purkyně cells of the pars intermedia come from peripheral nerves and the areas of the sensorimotor cortex concerned with the same limb. In lobule V, the forelimb nerve and cortical inputs are dominant, while in lobules III and IV the hindlimb inputs are dominant. Lobules IVa–Va represent a zone of hindlimb-forelimb overlap, with the nerve and cortical inputs making parallel transitions from the hindlimb dominance of IVa to the forelimb dominance of Va. Furthermore, within the nerve and cortical projections to the pars intermedia, mossy fiber and climbing fiber systems have similar projection patterns. In addition to the hindlimb-forelimb overlap in lobules IVa–Va, nearly half (44%) of the Purkyně cells throughout lobules III, IV, and V of the pars intermedia respond with weak or moderate responses to cortical or nerve inputs from the non-dominant limb, some of which are clearly important physiologically. By pairing stimuli to nerve and cortex, it was shown that these two inputs converge onto single inferior olive neurons for the climbing fiber system, whereas the nerve and cortical inputs have separate mossy fiber-granule cell pathways, finally converging onto the Purkyně cell. For both the mossy fiber and climbing fiber systems, the nerve and cortical inputs appear to be transmitted most efficiently through the cerebellar cortex when the two inputs arrive simultaneously at the cerebellar cortex and inferior olive, respectively.
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 20 (1974), S. 403-420 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cerebellum ; Maturation ; Hypothyroidism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The functional maturation of the cerebellum has been studied in normal rats from 3 days after birth until adulthood and over the same period in animals rendered hypothyroidic through propylthiouracile injections. Evoked field potentials and unitary activities were recorded from the cerebellar nuclei and from the molecular layer and Purkinje cell (P.C.) layer of the cerebellar cortex. The following observations are reported: 1. a few P.C. axons are functional and presumably connected to subcortical neurons as early as 3 days after birth. However the maturation of the bulk of P.C. axons only occurs after the 6th day; 2. climbing fiber responses of the P.C. (C.F.Rs) are also present on day 3, although the dendritic components of the response only appear several days later. C.F.R. maturation is achieved at the end of the first postnatal month and is only slightly disturbed by hypothyroidism; 3. some connections between mossy fibers (M.F.), granule cells and P.C. also seem to exist on days 3 to 4, but the functional maturation of the parallel fibers occurs principally during the 10th to 30th day period. This maturation is delayed to a considerable extent by hypothyroidism: 4. the efficiency of parallel fibers to excite P.C. increases strongly from the 10th to the 20th day; this evolution is also markedly slowed down in hypothyroid rats; 5. some inhibitory action can already be characterized in the cerebellar cortex on day 10, but most inhibitory interneurones and their synapses on P.C. become mature from the 10th to the 15th day. Furthermore, inhibition exerted by these cells on P.C. is more prolonged in the immature rat than in the adult. Hypothyroidism markedly delays the maturation of these inhibitory processes.
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  • 14
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    Springer
    Experimental brain research 20 (1974), S. 385-401 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Neck afferents ; Cerebellum ; Climbing fiber ; Mossy fiber ; Purkinje cell
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. Afferent information from the neck plays an important role in the regulation of posture and the control of head and eye movements. The present series of experiments was designed in order to characterize the cerebellar projections of neck afferents in the cat. Both anesthetized and decerebrate animals were used, and recordings were obtained following electrical stimulation of the second cervical dorsal root (C2). 2. Following electrical stimulation of C2 dorsal root, field potentials were recorded in lobules V and VI. Amplitude was maximum in the lateral third of the ipsilateral lobule V. These field potentials were produced by combined mossy and climbing fiber (MF and CF) volleys arriving at the cerebellar cortex with different latencies: 8 msec for MF and 24 msec for CF (mean values). The threshold for electrical stimulation was lower for MF than for CF activation; CF responses were evoked by high threshold afferents from muscle and joint receptors. 3. A comparison was made between the latencies of cerebellar responses evoked by electrical stimulation of nuchal and other afferents (vestibular nerve, fore-and hindpaw). The latencies of MF responses vary widely, while those of the CF responses show a much smaller variation. 4. Projection of the afferents from the neck was also demonstrated in the pars intermedia at the limit of the caudal folium of lobule V and of lobule VI (lobule simplex). A study of the convergence to this portion of pars intermedia demonstrated that stimulation of extraocular muscle nerves, trigeminal nerve, and fore-and hindpaws, as well as the neck afferents, generates a strong localized CF response with actual convergence onto single Purkinje cells. The recordings suggest that this area of wide convergence on CFs is not restricted to the superficial cortex, but extends through the depth of the fissura prima. Implications of these findings, in relation to the functional organization of lobule VI and the fissura prima, are discussed.
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  • 15
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    Springer
    Experimental brain research 21 (1974), S. 501-513 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Lateral reticular nucleus ; Spinoreticular tract ; Cerebellum ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. The activation of neurones in the mLRN (major portion of lateral reticular nucleus comprising its parvi- and magnocellular parts) by two spinal tracts ascending through the ventral part of the lateral funiculus has been studied by recording from 277 neurones of which 187 could be antidromically activated by stimulation of the cerebellar surface. Forty-eight % of the neurones were activated by the bVFRT and described in a previous paper (Clendenin et al., 1975b) and 12% were activated by a previously unknown tract denoted the ipsilateral forelimb (iF) tract and described in the present paper. 2. The iF-tract is activated by stimulation of nerves in the ipsilateral forelimb only. The response consists of a train of impulses with a high initial frequency and an almost constant latency. Cutaneous afferents and high threshold muscle afferents contribute to the excitation which is mediated by interneurones. 3. The responses to stimulation of peripheral receptors were weak and difficult to classify. 4. The iF-tract activates neurones in the dorsolateral portion of the magnocellular part of the mLRN which projects to the ipsilateral pars intermedia of the anterior lobe and the ipsilateral paramedian lobule. 5. The possible information carried by the iF-tract is discussed.
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  • 16
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    Springer
    Experimental brain research 21 (1974), S. 463-472 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cerebellum ; Hemicerebellectomy ; Saccadic eye movements ; Pursuit eye movements ; Vestibulo-ocular reflex
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Unilateral cerebellar lobectomy was carried out in young and mature macaques. There is no significant abnormality in saccadic eye movement or in the vestibulo-ocular reflex. There is a constant drift of the eyes in the contralateral direction, and the abilities to maintain eccentric gaze and to make smooth pursuit movements are jointly affected. The syndrome is transient in young monkeys, and even bilateral cerebellar lobectomy carried out serially leaves some ability to hold eccentric gaze and pursue smoothly. The findings permit the conclusion that the primate oculomotor organization depends on the active maintainence of straight ahead gaze. Saccades move the eyes in a coordinated way, and are also associated with correlated innervation to hold the gaze in the new position. Since cerebellar interventions which cause centripetal drift also always produce defects in pursuit movements, the abilities to maintain eccentric gaze and to pursue smoothly must have a common origin.
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  • 17
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Lateral reticular nucleus ; Bilateral ventral flexor reflex tract (bVFRT) ; Spino-reticulo-cerebellar path ; Cerebellum ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. Neurones in the lateral reticular nucleus (LRN) activated by the bilateral ventral flexor reflex tract (bVFRT-LRN neurones) were identified by their responses to stimulation of fibres descending in the contralateral ventral quadrant of the spinal cord which activate the bVFRT neurones monosynaptically. 2. Eighty-eight of the 134 bVFRT-LRN neurones encountered could be antidromically activated at a low stimulus strength from small areas of the cerebellar surface assumed to represent cortical termination points. 3. The bVFRT-LRN neurones occurred throughout the parvi- and magnocellular parts of the LRN and terminated bilaterally in the anterior lobe and sparsely in the ipsilateral paramedian lobule and in the pyramis. 4. The responses evoked in the bVFRT-LRN neurones on stimulation of the contralateral ventral quadrant at C5 and L1 made it possible to estimate the approximate spinal level from which the bVFRT fibres originated. On this basis the bVFRT-LRN neurones were divided into cervical, thoracic, and lumbar groups receiving bVFRT afferents from mainly one spinal level and a convergence group receiving bVFRT afferents from several levels. 5. The different bVFRT-LRN groups received excitation from different combinations of nerves in the four limbs. 6. The cervical, thoracic and lumbar groups of the bVFRT-LRN neurones occurred in successively more ventrolateral portions of the LRN. 7. The cervical, thoracic and lumbar groups of the bVFRT-LRN neurones terminated in successively more rostral areas of the anterior lobe. 8. The organization of the bVFRT-LRN path is compared with that of the ventral and rostral spinocerebellar tracts. The possible function of the bVFRT-LRN path is discussed.
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  • 18
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    Cell & tissue research 152 (1974), S. 141-164 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cerebellum ; Neurons ; Neuroglia ; Guinea pig ; Tissue culture ; Microcinematography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Guinea-pig cerebellum has been cultured in three in vitro systems: Maximow slides, Leighton tubes and Rose chambers. The best results were obtained from foetuses at the 34th day of gestation. Myelination appeared at the 21st day in vitro and progressed until after one month in culture. It was observed in 62% of the cultures on Maximow slides or in Leighton tubes. Myelination was quite variable in Rose chambers. The organization of the cultures was quite similar to that previously described in other species. Most types of neurons and glia were identified by phase contrast microscopy and microcinematographic analysis. Various histological stains and impregnations accompanied studies of living cells. Despite the lack of specificity of metal impregnations when applied to tissue cultures, successive study of similar or identical fields by phase contrast and such methods has facilitated cellular identification and demonstrated the limits of each of the techniques used. The difficulty of cell identification in the outgrowth zone is emphasized. Nevertheless, the following cell types have been identified: u neurons: external granule cells, internal granule cells, Purkinje cells, roof nucleus type I and II neurons, glial cells: immature cells, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, histiocytic cells. The guinea-pig cerebellum is characterized in vitro as it is in vivo by a particularly slow development when compared to other mammals.
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  • 19
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    Cell & tissue research 149 (1974), S. 399-411 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cerebellum ; Man ; Lugaro cell ; Cytoarchitectur
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Mit Hilfe einer neu entwickelten Methode zur Darstellung von Neurolipofuscinen wird das Pigmentbild der Kleinhirnrinde des Menschen beschrieben. Purkinjezellen—wie auch die Stern- und Korbzellen der Molekularschicht—sind frei von Pigmentablagerungen oder enthalten nur wenige Lipofuscinkörnchen. Jede Körnerzelle enthält einen kleinen Pigmentfleck. Unter den großen Neuronen der Körnerschicht lassen sich mit Hilfe des Pigmentbildes zwei Zelltypen eindeutig voneinander unterscheiden. Die Mehrzahl von ihnen liegt nahe der Purkinjezellschicht und bildet die Gruppe der Golgizellen, welche nur in geringem Umfang Lipofuscinkörnchen speichern. Von diesen schwach pigmentierten Elementen hebt sich eine geringe Zahl großer Neurone deutlich ab, deren Zelleiber mit stark färbbaren Lipofuscinkörnchen überladen sind. Sie bilden die Gruppe der Lugarozellen. Ihre bipolaren oder triangulären Perikaryen sind über die ganze Purkinjezell- und Körnerschicht verstreut und finden sich häufig auch noch im Marklager der Kleinhirnfolien. Die Lugarozellen sind nicht gleichmäßig über die verschiedenen Folien des Kleinhirns vereilt. In den Wurmabschnitten des Lobus anterior (Lobulus I–V) und den vorderen Folien der Declive (Lobulus VI d, e, f), die in die Fissura prima hineinragen, findet sich nur eine mittlere Anzahl von Lugarozellen, während dieser Zelltyp in den oberflächlichen Folien der Declive (Lobulus VI a, b, c) fehlt. In Tuber und Folium vermis (Lobulus VIII) erscheinen die Lugarozellen wieder und zeigen das gleiche Verteilungsmuster wie in den vorderen Folien der Declive (Lobulus VI, d, e, f). Ihre Anzahl nimmt im Bereich der Pyramis und Uvula (Lobulus VIII–IX) erheblich zu. Hier wird die dichteste Lagerung der Lugarozellen innerhalb des ganzen Kleinhirns erreicht. Nur wenige Lugarozellen finden sich im Bereich des Nodulus (Lobulus X). In den verschiedenen Hemisphaerenabschnitten des Kleinhirns ähnelt das Verteilungsmuster der Lugarozellen dem der entsprechenden Wurmabschnitte.
    Notes: Summary By means of a newly developed method (Braak, 1970a) for the demonstration of neurolipofuscines the distribution of these pigments in the cerebellar cortex of man is described. Purkinje cells as well as the stellate and basket cells of the molecular layer are free of pigment deposits or contain only a few lipofuscin grains. Within each of the granule cells a small pigment granule can be found. With the aid of pigment picture it is possible to distinguish unequivocally between two forms of larger neurons within the granular layer. The majority of these cells lies mainly in the vicinity of Purkinje neurons and represents the Golgi cells, which store only few lipofuscin granules. Some of the large elements within the granular layer differ from this type of pigment distribution in that they contain vast amounts of heavily staining lipofuscin granules, constituting the Lugaro cell group. Their bipolar or triangular cell bodies are scattered throughout the Purkinje cell and granular layer, frequently extending into the medullary rays of the cerebellar folia. Concerning the distribution of the Lugaro cells outstanding differences between the various folia of both the vermal and hemispheral parts of the cerebellum can be found. Within the vermal parts of the anterior lobe (lobulus I–V) and those of the anterior folia of the declive (lobulus VI d, e, f) facing the primary fissure occurs only a medium number of Lugaro cells, whereas these elements are lacking within the superficial declival folia (lobulus VI a, b, c). Within the folium and tuber vermis (lobulus VII) Lugaro cells reappear and show the same distribution pattern as within the anterior declival folia (lobulus VI d, e, f). Their number increases considerably within the pyramis and uvula (lobulus VIII–IX), reaching their densest distribution within the whole cerebellum, whereas only few Lugaro elements are scattered throughout the nodular lobe (lobulus X). Within the various hemispheral parts of the cerebellum the distribution pattern of Lugaro cells resembles that of the corresponding vermal folia.
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  • 20
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    Experimental brain research 2 (1966), S. 18-34 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cerebellum ; Parallel fibres ; Basket cells ; Purkinje cells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. Stimulation through concentric electrodes on the surface of a wide cerebellar folium was employed to set up a parallel fibre volley or beam. Serial recording of the field potential was made over a range of depths along microelectrode tracks arranged in a transverse plane across the folium in order to discover the action on Purkinje cells, both those that were on-beam for the parallel fibre volley and those at various distances off-beam. A juxta-fastigial electrode was carefully placed so that an applied stimulus could excite the axons of Purkinje cells distributed across the folium under investigation, the antidromic propagation of impulses thus obtained being utilized to test the effect of parallel fibre volleys upon Purkinje cells. 2. The observations were in accord with the two actions that a parallel fibre volley would be expected to exert on Purkinje cells: a direct excitatory action by the synapses made by parallel fibres with the spines of the Purkinje cell dendrites; an inhibitory action mediated by the stellate and basket cells that themselves are directly excited by the parallel fibre volley. 3. The excitatory synaptic action would result in the two types of responses that were restricted to the narrow zone and superficial location of the parallel fibre volley: active sinks formed by this excitatory synaptic action on the superficial dendrites of Purkinje cells would account for the observed depth profile of extra-cellular slow potentials, a superficial negative wave reversing to a deeper positive wave formed by passive sources on deeper dendrites; superficial synaptic excitation would also account for the facilitation of the propagation of antidromic impulses into the superficial dendrites. 4. The inhibitory synaptic action would result in the two types of responses that were widely dispersed transversely and in depth, far beyond the traject of the parallel fibre volley: a slow positive potential wave with a maximum at a depth usually of 300–400 μ; an inhibitory action on the antidromic invasion of Purkinje cells. The transverse profiles of these two presumed indices of inhibitory action on Purkinje cells apparently revealed that a basket cell may give inhibitory synapses up to 1000 μ laterally from the location of its soma and dendrites. 5. A description is given of the variants in the transverse profiles of the deeper positive waves and of inhibitory actions of a parallel fibre volley that presumably are mediated by basket cells and also by the superficial stellate cells. These physiological findings are correlated with the histologically determined distribution of synapses from a basket cell onto Purkinje cells.
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  • 21
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    Experimental brain research 1 (1966), S. 1-16 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Inhibitory interneurones ; Cerebellum ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. Extracellular microelectrode recording has been employed to study the responses of three types of interneurones in the cat cerebellar cortex: basket cells, superficial stellate cells and Golgi cells. The large unitary spike potentials of single cells were sharply localized and presumably were generated by impulse discharges from the cell somata. The characteristics of their responses described below sharply distinguished them from Purkinje cells. 2. The parallel fibre volleys generated by surface stimulation of a folium evoked brief repetitive discharges that were graded in respect of frequency and number. Maximum responses had as many as 10 impulses at an initial frequency of 500/sec. 3. At brief test intervals there was facilitation of the response to a second parallel fibre volley; at about 50 msec it passed over to depression for over 500 msec. 4. Stimulation deep in the cerebellum in the region of the fastigial nucleus (juxta-fastigial, J.F.) evoked by synaptic action a single or double discharge, presumably by the mossy fibre-granule cell-parallel fibre path, but climbing fibre stimulation from the inferior olive also usually had a weak excitatory action evoking never more than one impulse. 5. J.F. stimulation also had an inhibitory action on the repetitive discharge evoked by a parallel fibre volley. Possibly this is due to the inhibitory action of impulses in Purkinje cell axon collaterals. 6. There was a slow (7–30/sec) and rather irregular background discharge from all interneurones. The inhibitory actions of parallel fibre and J.F. stimulation silenced this discharge for some hundreds of milliseconds, probably by Golgi cell inhibition of a background mossy fibre input into granule cells. 7. All these various features were displayed by cells at depths from 180 to 500 μ; hence it was concluded that superficial stellate, basket and Golgi cells have similar properties, discrimination being possible only by depth, the respective depth ranges being superficial to 250μ, 250μ to 400μ, and deeper than 400μ.
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  • 22
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    Experimental brain research 1 (1966), S. 17-39 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Parallel fibres ; Purkinje cells ; Cerebellum ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. When electrical stimuli were applied to the surface of a cerebellar folium by a local electrode (LOC), there was a propagated potential wave along the folium with a triphasic (positive-negative-positive) configuration. 2. Investigations by microelectrode recording established that this wave is produced by impulses propagating for at least 3 mm and at about 0.3 m/sec along a narrow superficial band or “beam” of parallel fibres. As expected from this interpretation, there was an absolutely refractory period of less than 1 msec and impulse annihilation by collision. 3. Complications occurred from the potential wave forms resulting from the excitation of mossy fibres by spreading of the applied LOC stimulus. These complications have been eliminated by chronically deafferenting the cerebellum. 4. When recording within the beam of excited parallel fibres there was a slow negative wave of about 20 msec duration, and deep and lateral thereto, there was a slow positive wave of approximately the same time course. 5. These potential fields were expressed in serial profile plots and in potential contour diagrams and shown to be explicable by the excitatory and inhibitory synaptic action on Purkinje cells: excitatory depolarizing synapses of parallel fibre impulses on the dendrites; and hyperpolarizing inhibitory synapses of stellate and basket cells respectively on the dendrites and somata. The active excitatory synapses would be strictly on the parallel fibre beam and the inhibitory concentrated deep and lateral thereto, which is in conformity with the axonal distributions of those basket and stellate cells that would be excited by the parallel fibre beam. 6. Complex problems were involved in interpretation of slow potentials produced by a second LOC stimulus at brief stimulus intervals and up to 50 msec: there was a potentiation of the slow negative wave, and often depression of the positive wave deep and lateral to the excited beam of parallel fibres. 7. Often the LOC stimulus evoked impulse discharge from the Purkinje cells, these discharges being inhibited by a preceding LOC stimulus.
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  • 23
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    Experimental brain research 1 (1966), S. 65-81 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cerebellum ; Cerebellar synaptology ; Climbing fibers ; synapses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary An attempt is made to identify, under the electron microscope, the climbing fibers of the cerebellum (in the cat) and their synaptic contacts with Purkinje cells and other cortical neurons. — Two kinds of axonal profiles, having synaptic contacts with primary and secondary dendrites of Purkinje neurons, can be recognized: One being terminal fibers densely packed with neurofilaments, having mainly contacts “de passage” with the dendrite surface, with small accumulations of synaptic vesicles at the presynaptic side of the contact. The others are rather knob-shaped contacts filled with synaptic vesicles and poor in neurofilaments. In chronically isolated folia, in which only local neurons and their processes have survived, all filamentous profiles have disappeared while vesicular ones are not appreciably reduced in number. It is inferred from this, that the neurofilamentous profiles correspond to climbing fibers, whereas the vesicular ones could be the endings of outer stellate axons, recurrent Purkinje axon collaterals, or ascending basket axon collaterals. — Similar two kinds of axon-terminal profiles are found in synaptic contact with Golgi and basket cell bodies. As in chronically isolated folia only the vesicular profiles survive, it is inferred that the climbing fiber has axo-somatic terminals on Golgi cells and basket cells as well. Previous information of this kind, gained with the light microscope and with degeneration studies, is thus substantiated with the aid of the electron microscope. The vesicular presynaptic profiles on Golgi and basket neurons are in the first case certainly and in the second with high probability endings of recurrent Purkinje axon collaterals. — The few axosomatic synapses found on outer stellate neurons may also be terminals of climbing fibers, but degeneration evidence for this is not conclusive. — The observations are summarized and evaluated from the functional point of view in a diagram, with consideration to recent physiological information on the function of climbing fibers.
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  • 24
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    Experimental brain research 1 (1966), S. 82-101 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cerebellum ; Mossy fibre input ; olgi cell inhibition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. The glomerulus in the cerebellar granular layer is composed of the three elements; the mossy fibre terminal, the granule cell dendrites and the Golgi cell axons. The afferent input to the cerebellar cortex through the glomerulus, the mossy fibre-granule cell relay (M.G.R.), and its inhibitory control by the Golgi cells were studied by recording, a) extracellular field potentials in the granular and molecular layers, b) unitary spikes of granule cells, and c) intracellular postsynaptic potentials in Purkinje cells. 2. Mossy fibres were activated by juxta-fastigial, transfolial, lateral cuneate nucleus and radial nerve stimulation. Stimulation of an adjacent folium (transfolial stimulation) could excite branches of mossy fibres under the stimulating electrode which supply other branches also to the folium under the recording electrode. This technique was utilized to distinguish the response due to mossy fibre activation from those due to the climbing fibre and Purkinje cell axons. 3. These stimulations resulted in, through the M.G.R., a powerful activation of granule cells whose axons (parallel fibres) excited in turn the Purkinje cells and the inhibitory interneurones, including the Golgi cells, in the molecular layer. 4. Field potentials and unitary spikes due to granule cell activity elicited by the stimulation of mossy fibres were markedly depressed for hundreds of milliseconds after the direct stimulation of parallel fibres (LOC stimulation). The postsynaptic potential in Purkinje cells evoked by mossy fibre activation was also depressed by the conditioning LOC stimulation in the same manner. The “spontaneous” background activities recorded from granule cells as unitary spikes and from Purkinje cells as inhibitory synaptic noise were silenced for hundreds of milliseconds after the LOC stimulation. 5. These depressions indicate that the parallel fibre activation evokes an inhibitory action upon M.G.R. On anatomical grounds this inhibition can be mediated only by the Golgi cell, and it is postulated that the inhibitory action is postsynaptic upon the dendrites of granule cells. 6. It is concluded that the Golgi cell inhibition regulates the mossy fibre input to the cerebellar cortex at the M.G.R. by a form of negative feed-back.
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  • 25
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    Experimental brain research 1 (1966), S. 161-183 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cerebellum ; Purkinje cells ; Intracellular recording ; Postsynaptic potentials
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. Intracellular recording from Purkinje cells has been employed in investigating the excitatory and inhibitory synaptic action that is exerted on these cells by the mossy fibre input into the cerebellum. 2. These synaptic actions are evoked not directly by the mossy fibres, but probably always through granule cells and their axons, the parallel fibres. The intracellular records conform with the anatomical evidence that the parallel fibres directly exert a powerful synaptic excitatory action on Purkinje cells, and that the inhibitory pathway occurs via an inhibitory interneurone — a basket cell or a stellate cell. Direct stimulation of parallel fibres gives intracellular potentials closely resembling those produced by deep stimulation of mossy fibres. 3. As would be expected, direct stimulation of parallel fibres produces an EPSP with a latency 1 to 2 msec briefer than the IPSP. The IPSP has a duration usually in excess of 100 msec. The EPSP appears to be briefer, though its superposition on the IPSP greatly reduces its apparent duration. Neutralization of the IPSP by appropriate membrane polarization or by intracellular chloride injection reveals an EPSP duration of up to 50 msec. 4. The IPSP is typically affected by polarizing currents; reduced and even inverted by hyperpolarizing currents, and increased by depolarizing currents. The IPSP is converted to a depolarizing response by excess of intracellular chloride. It must therefore be generated by an increased ionic permeability of the inhibitory subsynaptic membrane, chloride ions being importantly concerned. 5. Often small irregular IPSPs can be observed occurring spontaneously, and they react to polarizing currents and to chloride injections in a manner identical to the evoked IPSPs. It is concluded that they are generated by the spontaneous discharges of basket cells. 6. A brief account is given of various spontaneous rhythmic responses of impaled Purkinje cells, and of the effect of synaptic inhibitory action upon them. 7. There is a general discussion of these findings in relation to the various neural pathways and neural mechanisms that have been postulated in the light of the preceding investigations.
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  • 26
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    Experimental brain research 1 (1966), S. 306-319 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Lateral reticular nucleus ; Reticulocerebellar tract ; Spinoreticular tract ; Cerebellum ; Flexor reflex afferents
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Mass discharges were recorded from the dissected left restiform body in unanaesthetized, decerebrate, and decerebellate cats. The spinal cord was severed in the thoracic or cervical region sparing only the left ventral quadrant. In this preparation the discharges were shown to relate largely or exclusively to activity in the reticulocerebellar tract originating from the lateral reticular nucleus. The ascending spinal tract was identified with the bilateral ventral flexor reflex tract (bVFRT) of Lundberg and Oscarsson (1962). The reticulocerebellar tract was activated from the flexor reflex afferents and nerve volleys from each of the four limbs were equally effective. It is concluded that the lateral reticular nucleus is not responsible for the somatotopically organized projection of cutaneous afferents, as assumed before. The bVFRT is strongly influenced from the cerebellar cortex and the organization of the closed loop formed between the cortex and the spinal cord is discussed.
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  • 27
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    Experimental brain research 1 (1966), S. 320-328 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Lateral reticular nucleus ; Reticulocerebellar tract ; Spinoreticular tract ; Cerebellum ; Flexor reflex afferents
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The experiments were done on unanaesthetized, decerebrate, and decerebellate cats. Recording was made from axons originating in the lateral reticular nucleus on stimulation of various nerves, cutaneous receptors, and certain descending tracts. Excitatory and inhibitory effects were evoked from the flexor reflex afferents of receptive fields which included most of the body surface. It is concluded that the lateral reticular nucleus with respect to its afferent inflow is similar to the non-cerebellar nuclei of the reticular formation. The possibility that the reticulocerebellar tract is important in determining the background excitation of cortical neurones is discussed. The effects evoked by stimulation of descending tracts were consistent with the disclosure that the bilateral ventral flexor reflex tract is the afferent path to the lateral reticular nucleus.
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  • 28
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    Experimental brain research 1 (1966), S. 329-337 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Inferior olive ; Olivocerebellar tract ; Spinoolivary tract ; Cerebellum ; Flexor reflex afferents
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The discharges were recorded from the dissected right restiform body in unanaesthetized, decerebrate, and decerebellate cats. The spinal cord was severed in the thoracic and/or cervical region sparing only the left ventral quadrant. The discharges were shown to relate largely or exclusively to activity in the olivocerebellar tract. The olivocerebellar discharges were elicited by stimulation of the flexor reflex afferents. Large responses were evoked from the right hindlimb nerves and small responses from the left hindlimb nerves. The responses had a latency of about 20 msec. The spinoolivary tract is tentatively identified with the contralateral ventral flexor reflex tract of Lundberg and Oscarsson (1962).
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  • 29
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cerebellum ; Nucleus interpositus anterior ; Red nucleus ; Somatotopy ; Degeneration study
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Small lesions were done in various areas of the nucleus interpositus anterior (NIA) of the cerebellum, and the distribution of terminal degeneration was studied in the red nucleus with the methods of Nauta and Glees. The NIA projects to the contralateral red nucleus. Two principles of organization can be demonstrated in the projection: a caudorostral arrangement in the red nucleus corresponds to a mediolateral organization in the NIA and a mediolateral arrangement in the red nucleus corresponds to a caudorostral organization of the NIA. The latter distribution coincides with the somatotopical areas of the red nucleus defined by Pompeiano and Brodal (1957). Special attention has been paid to the questions of the subdivision of the cerebellar nuclei and of the course of the fibres issuing from the nuclei in the cerebellar hilus. The present findings on the projection of the NIA to the red nucleus have been correlated with recent anatomical and physiological data on the cerebellum and the red nucleus.
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