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  • 1965-1969  (651)
  • 1967  (651)
  • Industrial Chemistry  (331)
  • Chemical Engineering  (312)
  • Chinese hamster  (8)
  • Nuclear reactions
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  • 1965-1969  (651)
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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Spontaneous Diabetes ; Chinese hamster ; Cricetulus griseus ; Clinical diabetes ; Glucose metabolism ; Leucine metabolism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Nous avons étudié cliniquement le diabète héréditaire du hamster chinois, et, en particulier, nous avons pu suivre 79 animaux pendant des périodes prolongées. Le diabète chez ce hamster est variable quant à sa sévérité et quant à son évolution clinique. Par plusieurs aspects il ressemble au diabète humain, mais il s'en différencie par l'énorme volume urinaire, la fréquence du diabète léger même chez les animaux jeunes, une résistance relative à l'insuline, et une capacité extraordinaire de compensation pour les pertes de liquide et de glucose dans l'urine. Ces différences sont si marquées qu'elles suggèrent l'existence de différences fondamentales entre le métabolisme du hamster chinois et celui de l'homme. Bien que certaines différences aient pu être démontrées dans le métabolisme du glucose et de la leucine entre l'animal diabétique et l'animal normal, la signification statistique de ces différences reste à établir.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Eine klinische Untersuchung des hereditären Diabetes im chinesischen Hamster hat ergeben, daß große Schwankungen in bezug auf die Schwere und den Verlauf der Stoffwechselstörung bestehen. Verschiedene Merkmale der Krankheit in diesem Tier ähneln dem menschlichen Diabetes, während andere Aspekte, wie z.B. Urinmenge und Glykosurie, oder die beträchtliche Anzahl der Tiere mit leichtem jugendlichen Diabetes, der hohe Insulinbedarf und die Fähigkeit größere Urinund Glucoseverluste auszugleichen, darauf hinweisen, daß diese Widersprüche artbedingt sein könnten.In vivo undin vitro durchgeführte Stoffwechselstudien mit Glucose und Leuzin scheinen im normalen und diabetischen Tier leicht zu differieren, obgleich dies statistisch nicht zu beweisen war.
    Notes: Summary A clinical study of hereditary diabetes in the Chinese hamster has revealed a great variety in severity and course of the disease. Several aspects of the disease in this animal resemble human diabetes, whereas other parameters, such as gross urine volumes and glycosuria, a considerable number of mild juvenile-onset diabetics, high insulin requirement, and ability to compensate for urine losses of fluids and glucose would indicate that species differences in metabolism may be the cause of these discrepancies. — Metabolismin vivo andin vitro of glucose and leucine appears to be slightly different in the normal and diabetic animal, although statistically this has not been proven.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Spontaneous diabetes ; Chinese hamster ; Cricetulus griseus ; Pancreas in vitro ; Insulin secretion in vitro ; Insulin secretion in diabetes ; Prediabetes ; Preclinical diabetes ; Antibodies to insulin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Nous avons mesuré la sécrétion d'insuline du tissu pancréatiquein vitro en présence de glucose chez 22 hamsters chinois normaux, 6 diabétiques et 8 ayant montré une glucosurie intermittente. Les valeurs obtenues ont été comparées avec l'hyperglycémie et l'insulinémie de ces mêmes animaux avant leur mort. Nous avons observé que la sécrétion insuliniquein vitro était proportionnelle au contenu en insuline du pancréas et au quotient de l'insulinémie divisée par le glucose plasmatique indépendamment de l'état métabolique de l'animal. Pourtant, la sécrétion insuliniquein vitro la plus basse a été observée chez les animaux diabétiques, et la plus élevée chez ceux qui avaient présenté une glucosurie intermittente. La relation possible de ces observations avec les théories actuelles du »pré-diabète« est discutée.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die durch Glucose stimulierte Insulinsekretion wurdein vitro am Pankreasgewebe chinesischer Hamster gemessen und mit den Glucose- und Insulin-Plasmaspiegeln derselben Tierein vivo, sowie mit der Granulierung derer Inselzellen (22 normale, 6 diabetische und 8 zeitweise glykosurischer chinesischer Hamster) verglichen. Es bestand eine direkte Korrelation zwischen Insulinsekretion und Insulingehalt des Pankreas, sowie mit dem Verhältnis Insulin/Glucose im Plasma, ohne Rücksicht auf den Stoffwechsel-Zustand der Tiere. Die niedrigsten Werte wurden allerdings bei den diabetischen Tieren, und die höchstens bei denjenigen mit zeitweiser Glykosurie beobachtet. Die Bedeutung dieser Resultate in bezug auf bestehende Theorien des „Pre Diabetes“ wird diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary Insulin secretion by pancreatic tissuein vitro in response to glucose was related to plasma glucose and plasma insulin levels during life, and to the degree of granulation of the islets of Langerhans in 22 normal, 6 diabetic and 8 intermittently glycosuric Chinese Hamsters. Secretion was directly related to the insulin content of the pancreas and to the ratio of insulin to glucose in plasma, irrespective of the metabolic state of the animal, but was lowest in diabetic animals and highest in those with intermittent glycosuria. The relevance of these findings to current theories concerning “prediabetes” is discussed.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Diabetologia 3 (1967), S. 115-123 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Spontaneous diabetes ; Chinese hamster ; Cricetulus griseus ; Liver in vitro ; Diaphragm in vitro ; Heart in vitro ; Kidney in vitro ; Adipose tissue in vitro ; Glucose metabolism in vitro ; Pyruvate metabolism ; Bicarbonate metabolism ; Microangiopathy ; Prediabetes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Nous avons étudié le foie, le diaphragme, le coeur, le rein et le tissu adipeux de 5 hamsters chinois avec diabète plus ou moins sévère, en incubant ce tissuin vitro avec du glucose uniformément marqué au14C, ou marqué en positions 1-, 2-, ou 6-, avec du pyruvate-2-14C, ou avec du bicarbonate-14C, diversement combinés. Nous avons également examiné au microscope électronique le pancréas et le rein de ces animaux. Nous n'avons pas trouvé d'indication histologique d'hypertrophie des îlots pancréatiques, le contenu en insuline du pancréas étant diminué et l'insuline plasmatique relativement diminuée également. Nous n'avons pas non plus trouvé régulièrement une microangiopathie des capillaires des îlots. Lefoie de hamsters diabétiques de type sévère ou léger incorpore moins les carbones du glucose et du pyruvate dans le CO2, le glycogène et les acides gras. De même, lemuscle des animaux avec un diabète sévère oxyde moins de glucose en CO2. Par contre, letissu adipeux des animaux diabétiques ne se distingue pas de celui d'animaux normaux, peut-être à l'exception d'une diminution d'activité du cycle des pentoses. Letissu rénal des hamsters diabétiques incorpore moins de carbbone-2 du pyruvate dans le CO2, mais son comportement est par ailleurs normal. Une réponse à l'insuline a été observéein vitro tant pour le muscle que pour le tissu adipeux, alors que les concentrations d'insuline employées étaient élevées. Malgré le petit nombre de hamsters étudiés, il est permis de conclure que ces altérations sont comparables à celles déjà observées chez des rats souffrant d'une carence insulinique chronique expérimentale. Bien qu'il ne soit pas possible d'exclure qu'il y ait eu une première phase transitoire et non détectée, caractérisée par une hypersécrétion insulinique, nous pensons plutôt que nos observations dans ce petit groupe d'animaux diabétiques sont apparentées à celles faites préalablement chez des rats avec déficience chronique en insuline induite expérimentalement.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Leber, Zwerchfell, Herz, Niere und Fettgewebe von 5 chinesischen Hamstern mit Diabetes verschiedenen Schweregrades wurdenin vitro inkubiert. Glucose-U, 1-, 2-, oder 6-14C, Pyruvat-2-14C und Bicarbonat-14C wurden in verschiedenen Kombinationen als Substrat verwandt. Pankreas und Niere wurden elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. Eine Hypertrohpie der Pankreasinseln war histologisch nicht nachweisbar. Extrahierbares Insulin war vermindert und Plasma-Insulinwerte verhältnismäßig niedrig. Eine regelmäßige Mikroangiopathie der Inselkapillaren konnte nicht beobachtet werden. Sowohl die leicht- als auch die schwer-diabetischen Hamster zeigten einen verminderten Einbau von Glucose- sowie von Pyruvat-Kohlenstoff in CO2, Glykogen und Fettsäuren durch dieLeber. Eine herabgesetzte Oxydation von Glucose zu CO2 durch denMuskel war zumindest in schwer-diabetischen Tieren nachweisbar. Der Stoffwechsel desFettgewebes war durch den Diabetes nicht beeinflußt; die Aktivität des Pentosezyklus war möglicherweise herabgesetzt. DasNierengewebe des diabetischen Hamsters zeigte einen geringeren Einbau vom C-2 des Pyruvats in CO2, jedoch konnten sonst keine biochemischen Veränderungen festgestellt werden. Muskel- und Fettegewebe sprachen imin vitro Versuch auf relativ hohe Insulinkonzentrationen gut an. Die Resultate, die wir aus den Untersuchungen einer begrenzten Anzahl von Hamstern erhielten, entsprechen somit früheren Beobachtungen bei Ratten mit experimentell bedingtem chronischen Insulinmangel. Es besteht allerdings die Möglickeit, daß uns eine vorübergehende frühere Phase mit Hypersekretion von Insulin unbemerkt entging.
    Notes: Summary Liver, diaphragm, heart, kidney, and adipose tissue of five Chinese hamsters with diabetes of varying severity have been studied by incubationin vitro with glucose-U-, 1-, 2-, or 6-14C, pyruvate-2-14C, and bicarbonate-14C in various combinations. The pancreas and kidney were examined by electron microscopy. There was no histologic evidence of hypertrophy of the pancreatic islets; extractable insulin was reduced, and plasma insulin was relatively reduced. There was no consistent microangiopathy of insular capillaries. Both the mild and severely diabetic hamsters had a reduction in the incorporation of the carbons of glucose and of pyruvate into CO2, glycogen, and fatty acids in theliver, and, at least in severely diabetic animals, of oxidation of glucose to CO2 in muscle. There was no change consequent to diabetes in the metabolism ofadipose tissue, except for a possible decrease in pentose cycle activity. Thekidneys of the diabetic hamsters had less incorporation of carbon-2 of pyruvate into CO2, but otherwise no biochemical changes were evident. Both muscle and adipose tissue were responsivein vitro to insulin when tested with greater physiologic amounts. While the possibility cannot be excluded that a transient earlier phase with hypersecretion of insulin escaped detection, the changes in this limited number of diabetic hamsters parallel those previously found in rats with experimental chronic deficiency of insulin.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Spontaneous diabetes ; Chinese hamster ; Cricetulus griseus ; Ultrastructure ; Pancreas ; Beta cells ; Islets ; Alpha cells ; Nerve endings in pancreas ; Glycogen ; Basement membrane ; Capillaries
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Nous avons examiné au microscope électronique les îlots de Langerhans de 15 hamsters chinois dont 7 étaient diabétiques et 8 étaient non-diabétiques, provenant soit des mêmes nichées, soit sans lien de parenté, mais concordant quant au sexe et à l'âge. Chez les animaux de contrôle, les cellulesβ prédominent et sont riches en granules, formés de vésicules de différentes tailles avec un contenu légèrement granulaire ou homogène. Dans de rares vésicules, on observe un noyau dense ou une barre centrale irrégulière et dense. Les granulations des cellulesα sont uniformément rondes, très denses et limitées par des membranes; elles sont assez clairsemées à l'exception de la périphérie des îlots. Au début du diabète, les cellulesβ sont abondantes mais, soit dégranulées, soit en voie d'infiltration glycogénique. Plus tardivement dans la maladie, les îlots ne contiennent presque que des cellulesα, les cellulesβ ayant graduellement disparu.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Langerhans'schen Inseln von 15 chinesischen Hamstern (7 diabetischen und 8 entweder verwandten oder nicht verwandten Kontrolltieren gleichen Geschlechts und Alters) wurden elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. In den Kontrolltieren überwiegen dieβ-Zellen die reich an Granula sind. Die meisten davon sind Bläschen verschiedener Größe mit einem blassen, körnigen oder homogenen Inhalt. Nur einige weisen einen dichten zentralen Kern auf oder einen unregelmäßigen dichten zentralgelegenen Stab. Dieα-Zellen haben einheitlich runde und dichte, durch eine Membrane begrenzte Granula und sind spärlich verteilt, außer an der Peripherie der Inseln. Im frühen Diabetes mellitus sind dieβ-Zellen in großer Zahl vorhanden aber erscheinen entweder degranuliert oder in verschiedenen Phasen der Glykogenablagerung. In späteren Stadien der Krankheit, als Folge des allmählichen Verschwindens derβ-Zellen, bestehen die Inseln fast nur noch ausα-Zellen.
    Notes: Summary Islets of Langerhans of 15 Chinese hamsters (7 diabetic and 8 either related or unrelated controls of the same sex and age) have been examined by electron microscopy. Beta cells of control animals predominate and have abundant granules most of which are vesicles of varying sizes with a pale granular or homogeneous content. Only a few have a dense central core or irregular dense central bar. Alpha cells have uniformly round, dense, membrane-limited granules and are sparse except at the periphery of the islet. Early in diabetes mellitus beta cells are abundant but either agranular or in various stages of glycogen storage. Late in the disease the islets are reduced to almost all alpha cells, the beta cells having gradually disappeared.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Spontaneous Diabetes ; Chinese hamster ; Cricetulus griseus ; Islet volume ; Beta cell volume ; Pancreas ; Beta cells ; Prediabetes ; Preclinical diabetes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Nous avons étudié 3 groupes de hamsters chinois de la colonie des laboratoires Upjohn, soit (1) des animaux diabétiques ayant présenté des symptômes pendant 18 mois; (2) des animaux non-diabétiques des mêmes nichées; et (3) des animaux non-diabétiques et non-apparentés mais concordant par l'âge et le sexe. Le diabète spontané de ces animaux est caractérisé par une hyperglycémie, une glucosurie, une diminution du volume des îlots de Langerhans, une diminution du volume total des cellulesβ, une dégranulation des cellulesβ et l'infiltration en glycogène des îlots de Langerhans. Des anomalies de même type, mais moins marquées ont été observées chez les frères et soeurs des animaux diabétiques. A notre connaissance, c'est là la première description de la diminution de la masse des cellulesβ et de leur dégranulation avant l'apparition clinique d'un diabète spontané chez l'homme ou l'animal. Il en ressortirait que cette altération des cellulesβ pourrait bien être un mécanisme étiologique primaire de la pathogénèse du diabète spontané du hamster chinois.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Drei Gruppen von chinesischen Hamstern aus der Upjohn-Zucht wurden untersucht. Dazu gehörten: diabetische Tiere, die seit 18 Monaten Symptome aufwiesen, nichtdiabetische Tiere aus gleichem Wurf und nichtverwandte nichtdiabetische Tiere, die in Alter und Geschlecht den anderen entsprachen. Der Spontandiabetes zeichnet sich aus durch Hyperglykämie, Glykosurie, Abnahme des Inselvolumens, Verminderung derβ-Zellmasse, Degranulierung derβ-Zellen und Glykogeninfiltration der Inseln. In den nichtdiabetischen Geschwistertieren wurden ähnliche aber weniger markante Veränderungen festgestellt. Unseres Wissens ist dies der erste Bericht einer Verringerung derβ-Zellmasse mit Degranulierung noch ehe sich ein Spontandiabetes bei Mensch oder Tier manifestiert. Dies deutet darauf daß diese Veränderungen derβ-Zellen einen primären etiologischen Faktor bei der Entstehung des Spontandiabetes beim chinesischen Hamster darstellen könnten.
    Notes: Summary Three groups of Chinese hamsters bred at the Upjohn Laboratory were studied: these included diabetic animals in which symptoms were present for 18 months, non-diabetic siblings and non-related, non-diabetic animals of the corresponding age and sex. The spontaneous diabetes is characterized by hyperglycemia, glycosuria, decreased islet volume, decreased beta cell mass, beta cell degranulation and glycogen infiltration in the islets. In the non-diabetic siblings, similar but less marked changes were noted. To our knowledge this is the first reported observation of decreased beta cell mass and beta cell degranulation occurring prior to clinical onset of spontaneous diabetes in man or animal. It suggests that the observed alteration of beta cells is a primary etiologic mechanism in the production of spontaneous diabetes in the Chinese hamster.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Diabetologia 3 (1967), S. 65-73 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Spontaneous diabetes ; Chinese hamster ; Cricetulus griseus ; Retina anomalies ; Testicular function ; Free fatty acids ; Glycoproteins ; Mucopolysaccharides
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Plusieurs chercheurs ont utilisé les hamsters chinois de notre colonie pour leurs observations expérimentales et nous rapportons ici les résultats de plusieurs études. — Le groupe du Dr. H.R.Hautsler, initiateur de la colonie à Toronto, a étudié les altérations de la rétine chez les animaux présentant un diabète spontané ou un diabète de type métahypophysaire résultant de l'injection d'hormone de croissance et de cortisone. Des anévrismes artériolaires et capillaires sont observés chez quelque 30% des animaux avec diabète métahypophysaire, mais sporadiquement seulement chez les hamsters avec diabète spontané. — Le groupe du Dr. K.Schöffling a étudié les biopsies du tissu testiculaire. Proportionnellement à la gravité du diabète, on trouve chez les hamsters présentant un diabète spontané une inhibition de la spermatogénèse, avec réduction de lépaisseur de l'epithélium germmal et élargissement de la lumière des tubules séminifères. Les cellules de Leydig sont également réduites en nombre. L'apparence histologique ressemble à celle du tissu testiculaire de diabétiques humains. — Le groupe du Dr. J.Campbell a mesuré les taux d'acides gras libres (AGL) du sérum de hamsters chinois non-diabétiques. Ceux-ci dépassant de 4 à 9 fois (3 à 5 mEq/l) les taux observés chez le chien, le rat ou l'homme, des taux semblables ayant pourtant été mesurés chez le hamster doré. Le tissu adipeux épididymaire de hamsters chinois ne diffère pas de celui du rat par son contenu en lipides, mais il libère davantage de AGL dans le milieu d'incubation. Les hamsters chinois non-glucosuriques sont sensibles à l'action diabétogène de la cortisone, mais non pas à celle de l'hormone de croissance de mouton. La cortisone s'est montrée très active quant à son action hyperglycémique, accompagnée d'une élévation des taux d'insuline sérique et des taux d'AGL. — Dans notre propre laboratoire, nous avons mesuré les concentrations en glycoprotéines du plasma et le contenu en mucopolysaccharides de la peau de hamsters non-diabétiques, avec glycosurie intermittente, ou franchement diabétiques. Nous n'avons pas observé, de différences entre ces trois groupes d'animaux quant au profil immuno-électrophorétique, ou la concentration en composantes hydrocarbonées des protéines plasmatiques. La substance basale de la peau de hamster diabétique contient davantage de mucopolysaccharides que celle des animaux non-diabétiques du même âge. C'est ainsi que le contenu en acides uroniques de la peau d'un groupe de hamsters, avec un sucre sanguin à jeun de 60 mg% en moyenne, était de 579 μg par g de tissu sec, alors qu'il était de de 882μg pour un groupe d'animaux avec un sucre sanguin à jeun de 107 mg% en moyenne.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Mehrere Forscher haben mit Tieren aus unserer Kolonie gearbeitet, und dieser Bericht betrifft eine Reihe von verschiedenen Resultaten. — Dr. H.R.Hausler und Mitarbeiter haben die Kolonie in Toronto begonnen und sich hauptsächlich mit Veränderungen in der Retina von spontandiabetischen Tieren befaßt. Sie haben ebenfalls Beobachtungen gemacht bei Tieren mit Diabetes von metahypophysärem Typ, also nach Injektion von Somatotropin und Cortison. Aneurysmata der Arteriolen und Kapillaren wurden in etwa 30% der Tiere mit metahypophysärem Diabetes beobachtet, nur vereinzelt aber bei spontandiabetischen Hamstern. — Dr. K.Schöffling und Mitarbeiter haben die Veränderungen in Hodenbiopsien geprüft. In direktem Zusammenhang mit der Schwere des Diabetes findet man bei spontandiabetischen Hamstern verschieden ausgeprägte Hinweise auf inhibierte Spermatogenese, mit Verminderung der Zellzahl des germinalen Epitheliums und Erweiterung der Lumina der Tubuli seminiferi. Auch die Zahl der Leydig-Zellen ist vermindert, und das histologische Bild ist allgemein demjenigen beim Diabetiker ähnlich. — Dr. J.Campbell und Mitarbeiter haben bei nicht-diabetischen chinesischen Hamstern freie Fettsäuren (FFS) gemessen und haben beobachtet, daß deren Konzentration im Serum 4 bis 9 mal höher liegt (3 bis 5 mVa/l) als beim Hund, bei der Ratte und beim Menschen. Ähnlich erhöhte Werte findet man aber auch beim Goldhamster. Epididymales Fettgewebe von Ratten und chinesischen Hamstern enthielt etwa gleich viel Fett, aber das Fettgewebe chinesischer Hamster mobilisiertein vitro mehr FFS. Bei nichtdiabetischen Hamstern war Cortison diabetogen, nicht aber Somatotropin vom Schaf. Die Verabreichung von Cortison führte zu erhöhten Zuckerwerten, zu erhöhtem Seruminsulin und zu sehr hohen FFS-Konzentrationen. — In unserem eigenen Laboratorium haben wir den Gehalt an Glucoproteinen im Plasma und an Mucopolysacchariden in der Haut bestimmt, und zwar in nicht-diabetischen, in nur zeitweise glucosurischen, und in klinisch deutlich diabetischen Hamstern. Zwischen diesen drei Gruppen von Tieren ließen sich keine Unterschiede bezüglich auf immunoelektrophoretische Verteilung oder auf Zuckergehalt einzelner Komponenten der Plasmabestandteile nachweisen. Die Haut diabetischer Hamster enthielt aber mehr Mucopolysaccharide als diejenige nicht-diabetischer Hamster gleichen Alters. Hamster, deren Nüchternblutzuckerwerte bei 60mg% lagen, wiesen einen Uronsäuregehalt von 579 μg per g Trockengewebe auf, während der entsprechende Wert bei Tieren mit durchschnittlich 107 mg% Blutzuckernüchternwert 822μg war.
    Notes: Summary Several investigators have used Chinese hamsters from our colony for experimental work, and results of various studies are reported. — The group of Dr. H.R.Hausler, who initiated the colony in Toronto, studied retinal changes in spontaneously diabetic animals and also in hamsters with the metahypophyseal type of diabetes, following serial injections of growth hormone and cortisone. Arteriolar and capillary aneurysms were found in about 30% of the animals with metahypophyseal diabetes, but only sporadically in spontaneously diabetic hamsters. — The group of Dr. K.Schöffling studied alterations of testicular tissue in biopsy material. Corresponding to the severity of the disease, spontaneously diabetic hamsters showed various degrees of inhibited spermatogenesis, resulting in a reduction of the thickness of the germinal epithelium and widening of the lumina of the seminiferous tubules. There was also a reduction in the number of Leydig cells. The overall histological picture resembled that of the testes of the diabetic human patient. — The group of Dr. J.Campbell measured concentrations of serum free fatty acids (FFA) in nondiabetic Chinese hamsters and found the levels 4 to 9 times higher (3 to 5mEq/l) than in dogs, rats and man, but similar to FFA levels of Syrian hamsters.Epididymal fat pads of rats and Chinese hamsters showed similar lipid contents, but the latter released more FFA into the incubation medium. Nonglycosuric hamsters were susceptible to the diabetogenic effect of cortisone, but not to ovine growth hormone. Cortisone was most effective in producing a high blood sugar and elevated serum insulin and FFA concentrations. — In our own laboratory, the concentration of glycoproteins in plasma and the mucopolysaccharide content of the skin were determined in nondiabetic, occasionally glycosuric and frankly diabetic hamsters. There was no difference amongst the three groups of animals with regard to either the immunoelectrophoretic pattern or the concentration of individual carbohydrate components of plasma proteins. Skins of diabetic hamsters contained more mucopolysaccharide in their ground substance than skins of nondiabetic animals of comparable age. Hamsters with a mean fasting blood sugar value of 60 mg% showed a uronic acid content of 579μg per g of dry tissue, whereas animals with a mean fasting blood sugar of 107 mg% had 822μg.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Diabetologia 3 (1967), S. 124-129 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Spontaneous diabetes ; Chinese hamster ; Cricetulus griseus ; Inheritance of diabetes ; Genetics of diabetes ; Polygenic system of inheritance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé 1. Nous avons analysé les pedigrees et les estimations de glucosurie (Tes-Tape) de plus de 6000 hamsters chinois de la colonie du Best Institute à Toronto et de celle de la maison Upjohn à Kalamazoo. A Toronto, la distribution des estimations au Tes-Tape était de 23%+, de 6%++, 3%+++, et de 5%++++. L'incidence du diabète a augmenté durant les 11 premières générations de consanguinité, elle a légèrement diminué par la suite L'incidence du diabète est plus grande dans la colonie Upjohn, les nichées étant plus petites et le nombre des morts avant sevrage plus grand. Lorsqu'un ou deux parents sont diabétiques, 40% des rejetons ne survivent pas; 14% seulement, lorsque les deux parents ne sont pas diabétiques. Par rapport à tout autre type d'accouplement, les parents non-diabétiques donnent naissance à un nombre légèrement moindre de diabétiques et nettement moindre d'animaux à faible glucosurie. — 2. Nous concluons de ces données que le diabète du hamster chinois est héréditaire mais qu'aucun système simple de transmission n'est à même de cadrer avec elles. C'est pourquoi nous proposons un système composé d'un minimum de 4 gènes dont la coïncidence de deux en homozygocité récessive mène à un diabète patent. Le nombre des possibilités données par un système récessif quadruple associé à la moindre capacité de survie des diabétiques permet de prévoir que le croisement diabétique x diabétique ne produira des diabétiques qu'une fois sur 6. — 3. Les polygènes agissent sur divers systèmes physiologiques et non pas sur un gène diabétique »caché«. Le syndrome diabétique est le résultat de l'action de ces gènes sur la production d'enzymes, la prolifération des cellules, la perméabilité des membranes et le métabolisme de différents tissus. Aussi nous ne devrions pas nous attendre à ce que tous les hamsters diabétiques se ressemblent et soient caractérisés, par exemple, par une rétinopathie ou une hydronéphrose, mais une plus grande fréquence de manifestations semblables est probable pour chaque lignée.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung 1. Von über 6000 Hamstern der Kolonie des Best Instituts in Toronto und der Upjohn-Kolonie in Kalamazoo wurden die Stammbäume und Tes-Tape-Ergebnisse geprüft. Dabei ergab sich, daß in der Best'schen Kolonie mit Tes-Tape 23%+, 6%++, 3%+++ und 5%++++ reagierten. Während der ersten 11 Generationen Inzucht stieg das Vorkommen von Diabetes an und fiel danach leicht ab. In der Upjohn-Kolonie, wo das Auftreten von Diabetes häufiger war, waren die Würfe kleiner und die Sterbeziffer unter den noch nicht entwöhnten Jungen höher. Wenn einer oder beide Elternteile diabetisch waren, starben 40% der Jungen im Gegenteil zu 14% bei anderen Paaren. Normale Eltern hatten im allgemeinen weniger diabetische Junge, und die Zahl der Tiere, die nur Spuren Glucose im Urin aufwiesen, war wesentlich geringer als bei anderen Paarungstypen. — 2. Daraus wurde geschlossen, daß Diabetes beim chinesischen Hamster zwar erblich ist, daß die Ergebnisse aber nicht in ein einfaches Vererbungsschema einzugliedern sind. Es wird ein polygenetisches System vorgeschlagen, mit mindestens 4 Genen, von denen jeweils die Homozygotie von zwei Diabetes hervorruft. Wegen der Möglichkeiten, die sich aus den 4 rezessiven Genen ergeben, sowie wegen der geringeren Überlebenskraft der zu Diabetes Prädisponierten, erzeugt eine Paarung von 2 Diabetikern nur in einem Fall von sechs ebenfalls einen Diabetes. — 3. Die Polygene wirken auf verschiedene physiologische Systeme und nicht auf ein „ruhendes“ diabetisches Gen. Das diabetische Syndrom ist das Ergebnis der Wirkung dieser Gene auf Enzymproduktion. Zellwachstum, Membrandurchlässigkeit und allgemeinen Stoffwechsel in den verschiedenen Geweben. Daher ist nicht zu erwarten, daß alle diabetische Hamster Retinopathie oder Hydronephrose aufweisen, jedoch ist zu erwarten, daß die gleichen Erscheinungsmerkmale innerhalb eines Zuchtstammes gehäuft auftreten.
    Notes: Summary 1. The pedigrees and Tes-tape scores of over 6000 hamsters in the Best colony in Toronto and the Upjohn Colony in Kalamazoo were examined. It was found that the distribution of Tes-tape scores in the Best colony was 23%+, 6%++, 3%+++, and 5%++++. The incidence of diabetes rose for the first eleven generations of inbreeding then fell off slightly. In the Upjohn colony, which had a higher incidence of diabetes, the litter sizes were smaller and the pre-weaning deaths greater. When one or both of the parents were diabetic 40% of the young died as opposed to 14% for other matings. Non-diabetic parents produced slightly less diabetics and significantly less trace animals than did any other type of mating. — 2. It was concluded that diabetes is inherited but that no simple system of inheritance will fit the data. A polygenic system is postulated with a minimum of four genes any two of which when homozygus recessive will cause diabetes. Because of the variety of the quadruple recessive and the lower viability of diabetics, the mating diabetic x diabetic will breed true one mating in six. — 3. The polygenes act on various physiological systems and not on a “dormant” diabetic gene. The diabetic syndrome is the result of the action of these genes on enzyme production, cell proliferation, membrane permeability, and general metabolism, in various parts of the body. Thus one would not expect all diabetic hamsters to exhibit retinopathy or hydronephrosis, but one would expect predominantly the same manifestations within the same subline.
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  • 8
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    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Diabetologia 3 (1967), S. 266-286 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Spontaneous Diabetes ; Chinese hamster ; Cricetulus griseus ; Kidney ; Renal glomerulopathy ; Capillaries ; Basement membrane ; Ultrastructure ; Mesangium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Nous avons étudié aux microscopes optique et électronique les glomérules rénaux de 11 hamsters chinois non-diabétiques, de 4 hamsters non-diabétiques mais provenant de nichées comportant des animaux diabétiques, et de 6 animaux ayant souffert d'un diabète de durée et de sévérité variables. Le vieillissement en soi est associé à une augmentation du mésangium et à une dilatation des capillaires avec léger épaississement de la membrane basale. Chez les diabétiques sévères de type juvénile, nous avons observé des altérations profondes des cellules mésangiales, avec la formation de vésicules, de corps multivésiculaires, de vacuoles et une apparence lavée du cytoplasme avec désorganisation mitochondriale. Ce n'est qu'aux stades les plus avancés qu'on observe une augmentation de la matrice mésangiale. Aux premiers stades, les membranes basales sont minces, particulièrement pour les capillaires dilatés. A des stades plus avancés, on trouve des régions épaisses et des régions minces de la membrane basale; certainement pas d'épaississement généralisé. Bien que des altérations semblables eussent été observées avec le vieillissement simple, les altérations des cellules mésangiales, la coalescence, la dilatation cystique et la fusion des anses capillaires des glomérules sont caractéristiques d'une glomérulopathie diabétique chez les animaux jeunes. Les altérations sont beaucoup plus marquées à des stades plus avancés de l'état diabétique. La diminution du nombre des anses capillaires est probablement le résultat de la coalescence des capillaires. Les cellules épithéliales sont bien préservées dans tous les glomérules et il n'y a pas de lésions nodulaires. Nous n'avons pas observé de lésions glomérulaires semblables chez les frères et soeurs des animaux diabétiques ne souffrant pas eux-mêmes d'un diabète patent. Il semblerait y avoir une analogie entre la dilatation et la coalescence des capillaires du glomérule en présence d'altérations des cellules mésangiales et la dilatation des capillaires rétiniens associée à la dégénérescence des cellules murales, ou péricytes, chez l'homme.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Wir haben im Licht- und im Elektronen-Mikroskop die renalen Glomeruli von 11 Kontrolltieren, von 4 nicht-diabetischen Tieren aus gleichem Wurf wie diabetische Hamster, und von 6 Tieren mit Spontan-Diabetes verschiedenen Alters, sowie mit unterschiedlicher Dauer und Schwere des Krankheitsbildes, untersucht. Zunehmendes Alter führte zur Zunahme der mesangialen Matrix mit einiger Erweiterung der Kapillaren und Verdickung der Basalmembran. Bei früh einsetzendem schweren Diabetes wurden schwere Veränderungen der Mesangialzellen beobachtet, bestehend aus Vermehrung der vesikulären Bläschen, Entstehung von multi-vesikulären Strukturen, Vacuolen, und einem verwaschenen Aussehen des Zytoplasmas, sowie mitochondrialer Desorganisation. Bei vorgerücktem Krankheitsbild bestand eine deutliche Zunahme der mesangialen Matrix. Anfänglich war die Basalmembran dünn, besonders in den erweiterten Kapillaren. Später, wies die Basalmembran sowohl verdickte wie verdünnte Stellen auf. Obwohl ähnliche Veränderungen auch mit zunehmendem Alter zu sehen waren, ließ die Beobachtung von Veränderungen der mesangialen Zellen, von zystischer Erweiterung und Verschmelzen von Kapillarschlingen beijungen Hamstern sicher auf diabetische Glomerulopathie schließen. Diese Veränderungen waren denn auch verhältnismäßig noch deutlicher und besonders charakteristisch in späteren Stadien der Krankheit. Die Fusion von Kapillaren erklärt vielleicht die Abnahme der Zahl der Kapillarschlingen. Die Ausläufer der Epithelialzellen blieben in allen Glomeruli wohl erhalten und es waren keine noduläre Läsionen zu sehen. In den von uns beobachteten Tieren waren solche Veränderungen der Glomeruli bei nicht-diabetischen Tieren nicht zu sehen. Es wird darauf hingewiesen, daß zwischen der Erweiterung und der Fusion von Kapillarschlingen, im Zusammenhang mit Veränderung der mesangialen Zellen, und der Erweiterung von Kapillaren der Netzhaut, im Zusammenhang mit Degeneration deren Perizyten beim Menschen, eine Analogie besteht.
    Notes: Summary Light and electron microscopic studies were made of the renal glomeruli of 11 control Chinese hamsters, 4 siblings of diabetic hamsters, and 6 with spontaneous diabetes of varying age of onset, duration, and severity. Aging alone was associated with an increase in mesangial matrix and some degree of capillary dilatation and thickening of the basement membrane. In severe diabetes of early-onset, there was a marked change in mesangial cells, consisting of an increase in vesicles, multivesicular bodies, vacuoles, ghost-like appearance of the cytoplasm, and mitochondrial disorganization. Only in the more advanced stages was there an increase in the mesangial matrix. Initially, the basement membrane was thin, particularly in dilated capillaries. Measurements of the basement membrane in the later stages indicated that there were both thick and thin areas; increased thickness alone was not characteristic. Although similar findings developed progressively with age, mesangial cell alterations, coalescence and cystic dilatation and fusion of capillary loops in the glomeruli of young hamsters were characteristic findings of diabetic glomerulopathy. These findings were characteristic and disproportionately marked in any later stage of the disease. Coalescence of capillaries may have explained the decrease in the number of loops. The foot processes of the epithelial cells were well-preserved in all glomeruli and nodular lesions were not seen. There was no evidence in this series that litter-mates of diabetic animals developed such glomerular lesions in the absence of overt diabetes. An analogy was suggested between the dilatation and coalescence of glomerular capillaries associated with mesangial cell changes and the dilatation of retinal capillaries associated with degeneration of the supporting mural cells in man.
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  • 9
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 1196-1202 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Two-phase, gas-liquid concurrent flow in packed beds was investigated with the use of an air-water system and 2-, 4-, and 6-in. diameter columns packed with tabular alumina particles of 0.025 and 0.027 ft. diameters. Total pressure drop, column operating pressure, and liquid saturation were measured as functions of gas flow rate, fluid temperatures, and flow direction at several constant liquid flow rates for each column.Correlation of the frictional pressure loss was achieved in terms of a defined two-phase friction factor and a second correlating parameter which is a function of the liquid and gas Reynolds numbers. A viscosity correction factor was required to extend the friction factor correlation to include liquid viscosities widely divergent from that of water.The liquid saturation data for both upward and downward flow were correlated in terms of the ratio of mass flow rates of the respective phases.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 311-315 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A previous paper introduced the pair-type-probability (PTP) function for use in molecular corresponding states theory. The present paper develops the predictive equations of Scatchard and Hildebrand and the correlation equations of Wohl from particular pair and triplet weighting functions for clusters of two and three molecules in a liquid mixture. The cluster-weighting idea therefore unifies the major prediction and correlation schemes now in engineering use.
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  • 11
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 303-311 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: There are four points of flexibility in present molecular formulations of the corresponding states idea. At these points the procedure followed or the numerical values can be tailored to achieve better agreement between predicted and experimental properties without violation of physical principles. These flexibilities are the exponent values used in the pair-potential function, the averaging procedure used to obtain an effective mixture pair-potential function, the combination rule for unlike-pair parameters, and the selection of a reference substance. The first two flexibilities are used in this paper to show that the conformal-parameter equations can correlate excess free energy and activity coefficient data of highly nonideal liquid mixtures. A pair-type-probability function is introduced in the averaging procedure used to obtain a mixture pair-potential function. Any macroscopic or molecular property may be used in this weighting function to improve mixture-property prediction.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 316-318 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The observation that large bubbles entrained in accelerating viscoelastic fluids may suddenly stop and remain stationary for long periods of time, although imbedded in a region of high fluid velocities, is noted and described. An analysis of this phenomenon, termed the Uebler effect, shows that it may be expected to occur with all particulate matter provided that the continuum field fluid is accelerating sufficiently rapidly to generate high stresses as a result of fluid stretching, and provided these stresses change sufficiently rapidly in the direction of the velocity vector in the flow field.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 319-326 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: For a number of polymerization models, we have developed equations that enable one to follow in time the moments of the polymer size distribution and the conversion. The exact and approximate solutions for the leading moments of the size distribution are presented for polymerization with initiation, propagation, and termination by combination. Approximate solutions for polymerizations with the additions of termination by disproportionation, chain transfer to monomer, and chain transfer to solvent show how these reactions decrease the average polymer size. From a simple model that exhibits autoacceleration a concomitant increase in the average polymer size also occurs.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 395-396 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 15
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 438-442 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In a high-pressure process, feed streams are continually pressurized and product streams are continually depressurized. A flow work exchanger offers an efficient and economical scheme for simultaneously pressurizing a fluid stream and depressurizing a substantially equivalent volume of another fluid stream. Its applicability is however limited to fluids under condensed state. A flow work exchanger uses a displacement vessel to form a closed loop with a processing system. The displacement vessel is alternately filled by a low-pressure feed and a high-pressure product, both pressurized and depressurized, respectively, by substantially nonflow processes. The pressurized feed is pushed into the processing system by the high-pressure product stream and the depressurized product stream is pushed out of the displacement vessel by the low-pressure feed stream. The application of a flow work exchanger is illustrated by means of several high-pressure processes and the direct and indirect advantages obtainable are described.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 443-449 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Local and average holdup and drop size distribution as function of flow rates were measured for kerosene drops and water in a countercurrent, 15-cm. I.D., 160-cm. long, spray column. The range of flow rates was 5 to 40 liters/min. of kerosene and 0 to 50 liters/min. of water. At the same pairs of flow rates of the dispersed and the continuous phases in spray columns, three modes of drop packings can be obtained. These are termed, in order of increasing average holdup and increasing regularity of flow patterns, dispersed, restrained, and dense packings. For dispersed packing, at low flow rates of the two phases, the holdup and the drop size are constant along the column. At high flow rates the drop size increases from bottom to top of the column and the holdup increases from top to bottom of the column. The range of flow rates for the operation of a spray column is extended by the use of a conical entry section (Elgin design) at the bottom of the column, by the formation of an equilibrium region in the conical section.The average holdup increases with increased flow rates of both phases for dispersed and restrained packings, and with decreased flow rates of both phases for dense packing.The best definitions of flooding in a spray column are either the point of maximum average specific area of the drops, which corresponds to the onset of coalescence in the column, or the start of rejection of drops from the column proper.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 449-452 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An analytic solution of the Nernst-Planck equations is derived which applies to a selective resin when film diffusion controls. The selectivity has a marked effect on the rate of exchange for a wide range of diffusivities. The unit-selectivity solution of Schlögl and Helfferich is included as a special case of the more general solution.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 453-456 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Experimental results are presented which indicate that the application of a fixed intensity of ultrasonic waves to a water-tetrachloride solution containing dissolved air provides yields of chlorine varying from zero to maximum simply as a function of the liquid height in the capillary above the transducer. The difference in heights of the liquid between zero and maximum yields is found to be equal to one-quarter the wavelength of the ultrasonic wave in the liquid. A mathematical model to explain this phenomenon is presented.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 457-465 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Removal of methane from a helium stream by adsorption on Columbia SXC activated carbon was studied experimentally and theoretically. A mathematical model for the process was developed and the governing differential equations were solved numerically. The model incorporates heat and mass transfer resistances within and around the adsorption particle. Wall effects and moderate heat loss to the surroundings are also included. The required heat and mass transfer correlations were obtained from the literature. Simple expressions were developed to determine the relative resistances for heat and mass transfer within and around the adsorption particles.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 20
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 465-475 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Frequency response methods were used to compare dynamic models for gas mixing and first-order reaction in a fluidized-bed reactor and for the experimental determination of interphase transfer characteristics. Theoretical predictions of frequency response characteristics were derived for two models based on the two-phase theory of fluidization. Experimental frequency response for a 1-ft. high bed were correlated better by a model based on perfect mixing in the dense phase than by a model based on plug flow in the dense phase. Excellent correlation was also obtained by a simple empirical model.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 540-545 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Methods are presented for the determination of the transient values of the vaporization efficiencies from the knowledge of various combinations of the transient values of operating variables. For the case where the temperature and the composition of the liquid phase for each plate are known, a direct solution for the vaporization efficiencies is presented. Also, a method is presented for the determination of the mixing parameters of a generalized plate model on the basis of known transient values of certain operating variables.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 545-550 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Irreversible, first-order, simultaneous heterogeneous and homogeneous reactions in an isothermal tubular reactor under laminar flow conditions are studied. Accurate values of the eigenvalues, eigenfunctions, and radial concentration profiles are found for the dilute system. Criteria are given as to when the homogeneous reaction may be neglected with respect to the heterogeneous reaction and vice versa. It is found that for a certain range of the rate parameters well-known limiting solutions apply. Outside this range, the new solutions must be used.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 593-599 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Liquid and gas phase compositions for the system helium-methane have been measured at 15° intervals from 95° to 185°K. up to 200 atm. pressure. Data for these seven isotherms were taken in a gas phase recirculation apparatus with chromatographic analysis. In most regions the phase compositions obtained are thought to be within ± 3% of the mole fraction of the minor component. The maximum deviation from the enhancement factor curve at the lowest concentration levels was 16%. These data are in excellent agreement with most of the very recent data but are in poor agreement with the older data for this system.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 607-607 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 614-615 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 626-626 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 626-831 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 627-627 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 826-827 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 30
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 828-829 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 31
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 32
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 829-830 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 33
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 628-636 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A theoretical investigation has been made of the effect of a moving interface upon gas-liquid mass transfer, where the control of the mass transfer is entirely within the gas phase and where the control is distributed between the two phases. An analytical model is proposed for laminar interphase mass transfer in infinite media. Computer solutions have been obtained for gas-liquid mass transfer in confined phases. A cocurrent moving interface increases mass transfer confficients over what they would be for the same flow rate without interfacial motion.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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  • 34
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 644-649 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Accompanied by a bried theoretical consideration, the results of an experimental study of the streaming potential fluctuations in turbulent pipe flows of distilled water are presented. The dependence of the streaming potential fluctuations on turbulent velocity fluctuations and other parameters as indicated by the theory is determined from the experimental data. Information on the characteristics of turbulent velocity fluctuations in the viscous sublayer near a pipe wall have been inferred from the data.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 35
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 637-644 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A horizontal, rectangular channel of high aspect ratio has been built for the study of interphase mass transfer in stratified, laminar gas-liquid flow. Cases were examined where the resistance to mass transfer is confined to the gas phase and where the control is distributed between phases. Measurements of the rate of evaporation of ethanol into oxygen and carbon dioxide confirmed that cocurrent interface motion enhances gas phase-controlled mass transfer coefficients substantially. On the other hand countercurrent motion of the interface decreases the coefficient. Agreement with basic convective diffusion theory was found for the evaporation of ethyl ether into helium and carbon dioxide from dilute solutions in ethanol, cases where the mass transfer control is distributed between the phases. Experiments with aqueous solutions were hampered by the accumulation of surfactants at the interface. A diaphragm cell technique was used to measure diffusivities of 0.87 × 10-5 sq.cm./sec. for ethyl ether at high dilution in ethanol and 0.96 × 10-5 sq.cm./sec. for ethyl ether at high dilution in water at 25°C.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 36
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 689-696 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Experiments on mass transfer for fully developed flow in a pipe show that the eddy diffusivity for mass close to the wall is described by the functionality \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \frac{\varepsilon} {\nu} = g({y^+}) $$\end{document}The best interpretation of presently available data in a pipe and in an annulus is given by the following, more explicit relation \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \frac{\varepsilon} {\nu} = 0.00032y^{+ 4} $$\end{document}The evidence for this latter relation is not as conclusive as one would like. Accurate measurements of concentration profiles close to a wall are needed.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 37
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 697-702 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Single bubbles of carbon dioxide were formed in a fixed position surrounded by a thin conical film of water flowing at average film Reynolds numbers in the range of 40 to 300. Measurements of interphase mass transfer at 32°C. and various bubble pressures agreed with predicted values only for the smallest bubbles. For larger bubbles, mixing perpendicular to the bubble interface was enhanced by waves, believed to be generated by the unstable interface. A comparison of interphase transfer coefficients between this investigation and previous work indicated that the bubbles at the lowest flow rates qualitatively fell in line with other measurements, but that the highest water flow rates gave distinctly higher coefficients.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 38
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 709-717 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A horizontal thermal diffusion column is described in which the inefficiencies caused by the forgotten effect and parasitic remixing are avoided. Experimental results obtained on the separation of water-ethyl alcohol mixtures are presented along with a phenomenological theory for the performance of the column.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 39
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 702-708 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Measurements of laminar dispersion in a capillary have been used to determine the molecular diffusion coefficients of hydrogen and helium dissolved in water over the temperature range of 10° to 55°C. Literature correlations did not predict realistic values of the diffusivities for the hydrogen - water and helium - water binaries. A statistical analysis of the experimental diffusion coefficients indicated that they could be related to the absolute temperature by a semiempirical correlation, which may be considered an extension of the well-known Wilke-Chang correlation. This relation was based on the absolute reaction rate model of liquids.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 40
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The P-V-T-x phase relations of helium - n-butane system were measured in the region of low helium content (up to 10.4 mole % helium). The system exhibits the gas-gas equilibrium originally predicted by Kamerlingh-Onnes and Keesom. The term gas-gas equilibrium is applied because the critical temperatures of the mixtures are higher than the critical temperature of either component. This behavior is quite unlike that observed in most binary systems, in which the critical temperature of the mixtures lie between those of the pure compounds. As a consequence of the shape of the critical locus curve, the system exhibits isothermal retrograde condensation of the second kind.
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  • 41
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 745-750 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The speed range of the low-speed theory for cylinder withdrawal is extended by a correction for gravity and a modified use of the thin meniscus assumption. Experimental evidence indicates that this gravity corrected theory holds over a 3,000-fold range of speed, in terms of capillary number. This gravity corrected theory reduces, as special cases, to several other previously published theories as well as to the low-speed theory.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 42
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 759-763 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In this paper a conjecture of Aris is proved to be correct, that of all catalyst particles of fixed volume for isothermal first-order chemical reactions the spherical particle has the lowest effectiveness factor. The method of proof uses a process of symmetrization. Some conjectures are also made about other chemical reactions. The method of proof is also valid for two-dimensional domain (infinite cylinder).
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  • 43
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 764-768 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Single seed crystals of potassium chloride were grown from aqueous solutions under conditions of constant temperature, supersturation, and impurity concentration. With emission spectrography as the method of analysis, the distribution of various metal ion impurities between the grown potassium chloride crystal and the solution was studied. The distribution coefficients of Pb++, defined as the ratio of the impurity concentration in the crystal to the concentration in solution, were found to be greater than unity at very low concentrations. The lead distribution coefficients varied between 2,700 for solutions containing 10-8 moles of lead/mole of potassium chloride to 28 (for solutions of 10-5 moles of lead/mole of potassium chloride).The results suggest a mechanism of nonequilibrium capture of the impurity. The magnitude of the distribution coefficient is shown to depend on the equilibrium distribution coefficient between the solution and surface of the crystal, the rate of growth of the crystal, and the rate of diffusion of the impurity through the crystal lattice. These results are believed to be of significance in the purification of materials by fractional crystallization. For instance, they indicate that in order to produce crystals of lead-free potassium chloride, the conventional techniques or recrystallization should be modified to include rejection of the first crystals grown.
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  • 44
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 779-783 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Bubble frequencies and departure volumes in nucleate pool boiling have been obtained for a variety of liquids at pressures ranging from 50 to 760 mm. Hg. The bubble dynamic data conclusively show the volumetric vapor flow rate to be a strong function of the Jakob number in qualitative agreement with the heat transfer measurements of Nickelson and Preckshot. The data also indicate the volumetric vapor flow rate per cross section to be independent of the Jakob number, in agreement with existing equations.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 45
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 768-778 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Discrete control algorithms, suitable for programming in a direct digital control computer, are presented. For processes whose dynamics can be adequately modeled as first order with delay, digital compensation algorithms are derived to yield theoretically a response with finite settling time, when the system is step forced in either set point or load. The utility of the proposed designs is experimentally verified by application to a higher order physical process whose dynamics are not fully described by the model. The results demonstrate that sampling frequencies may be reduced considerably below presently accepted values while still maintaining transient response characteristics of the system comparable with those obtainable from conventional continuous control.
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  • 46
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 915-925 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The chlorination of propane was studied in a tubular flow reactor, with outside illumination, at atmospheric pressure. At chlorine concentrations of less than 1.5 mole % (and inert nitrogen above 94%) a second-order (in chlorine) rate expression was indicated. At higher chlorine or propane concentrations propane affects the rate. Two rate equations, based upon different termination steps for the chain carriers, were found to fit the data. For the low concentration region the apparent activation energy for the overall reaction was 3.4 kcal./g.-mole. Most of the measurements were carried out with polychromatic light, but data taken with a narrow band of radiation, over the range 2,200 to 5,400Ā, showed an increase in rate with decreasing wave length. As a first step toward reactor design, differential reactor data were used to predict the conversion for laminar flow, integral reactor conditions. A reactor model which included the effects of residence time distribution and radial variation in light intensity gave good agreement with experimental data. A plug-flow model was less satisfactory.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 47
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 931-935 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The general form of the equations describing a steady, two-dimensional flow of an incompressible liquid is reduced to a form containing only two parameters. The histories of stress and of deformation of a material element are written explicitly. A second-order, slow-flow approximation and a Maxwell type of constitutive equation are used to infer properties of the rheological behavior of viscoelastic liquids in such flows.
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  • 48
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 936-947 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A new calculation method presented here for interpreting batch or tubular-flow reactor data (and also CSTR data) on three-component, three-reaction reversible systems is based upon the general analyses of Jost and of Wei and Prater. With advance knowledge of the pertinent equilibria, even a very few experimental points can be matched easily and rapidly to the given figures and equations. The simplification involved when one reaction disappears, with the divariant system thus becoming monovariant, is also described. Representative concentration-time curves are given for design purposes.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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  • 49
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 926-931 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In most control applications in the chemical process industries it is not realistic to attempt to define a unique mathematical statement of the control objective, for many criteria will satisfy the physical requirement of the rapid elimination of errors in the product stream as the result of an upset. The strong dependence of the structure of an optimal control system on the choice of objective then makes optimal control theory irrelevant in such situations, since the control engineer has no assurance that a complicated controller is a necessity of the process, rather than a consequence of an unfortunate choice of objective. In this paper an inverse problem is considered, in which an easily implementable feedback control system is first chosen and then is shown to be optimal for a physically meaningful objective in a large class of systems.
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  • 50
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 948-954 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The results of an analytical and experimental study of compressible, axially symmetric, turbulent free jets exhausting into quiescent air are presented. A finite-difference technique was used to obtain a general solution which has eliminated the need for the simplifying assumptions required in previous investigations. The jet Mach number and jet temperature ratio have been found to be the only two initial jet properties which are necessary to characterize the dimensionless velocity and temperature variations in this type of jet. Modifications of dynamic eddy transfer coefficients given in the literature are used in the solution An experimental program was carried out to obtain data on free jet velocity and temperature variation at high initial jet temperatures and high subsonic Mach numbers where there has been a lack of experimental data. The numerical solutions of the time-averaged conservation equations have been shown to agree well with the experimental data of the present study and of previous investigations.
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  • 51
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 1018-1019 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 52
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 1020-1024 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 53
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 1025-1028 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 54
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 1030-1031 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 55
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 1072-1077 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Volumes translated in wakes of single drops of organic liquids rising through aqueous media have been measured. Organic drops studied comprised methyl isobutyl ketone, toluene, and toluene-carbon tetrachloride mixtures. Aqueous media comprised water and water-sugar solution. Distance of drop rise varied from 10 to 20 in. Drop size was varied such that Reynolds numbers of 40 to 800 were obtained. Volumes translated were nearly independent of distance for nonoscillating drops and decreased rapidly with distance for oscillating drops. Transition from nonoscillating to oscillating drops occurred at Reynolds number of 200. Measurements of drop velocities were also made.
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  • 56
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 1141-1154 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Under some conditions, continuous crystallization exhibits cyclic changes of the particle size even with constant input conditions. A linearized stability analysis has been performed to determine under what conditions this behavior can be expected. Numerical solutions of the actual nonlinear system equations were carried out to follow the cyclic behavior and to compute the cycle time and the amplitude of the fluctuations. The effect of seeding on the stability limits and product distribution was also evaluated.
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  • 57
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 1160-1166 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An experimental investigation of heat transfer rates in which were used three spray towers varying from 4 to 6 in. in diameter and 7 to 10 ft. in height, and distributor elements with hole sizes varying from 1/8 to 1/64 in. in diameter was carried out. The immiscible liquid system consisted of water and kerosene (normal boiling point range 395° to 490°F.). Volumetric heat transfer coefficients ranged from 100 to 3,600 B.t.u./(hr.)(cu. ft.)(°F.) and the overall film heat transfer coefficients ranged from 4 to 23 B.t.u./(hr.)(sq. ft.)(°F.). Height equivalent to a theoretical stage varied from 1 to 8 ft. Scale-up correlations relating these rate data to operating variables were developed.
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  • 58
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 1155-1159 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The pressure drop of water was measured when water flowed through a bed of stainless steel ball bearings packed in an ordered rhombohedral geometry. Experiments were carried out with eleven different packed beds, encompassing the entire range of the square-base array, in the same 10.85 by 10.85 by 30-in. rectangular test column in a forced circulation loop at modified Reynolds numbers up to 17,000. The test variables included water velocity, bed voidage, spacing between adjacent balls, ball diameter, and bed height. Curves of friction factor vs. Reynolds number are presented. An increase in the relative horizontal spacing between balls was found to have a more important effect than an increase in voidage in decreasing the pressure drop. A general correlation relating the mutual effects of bed voidage and ball spacing on pressure drop that would bring all the data points together, especially in the transition flow region, could not be found. As a result, the system appears to consist of two distinct parts separated at the minimum packing density. A correlation was found only for the first, but from a practical point of view more important, region. Data may be corrected for bed voidage, but only for small variations in ball spacing, by the ratios of (1 - ε)/ε3 at the two voidages. No entrance and exit effects could be measured beyond the first seven ball layers.
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  • 59
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 1171-1174 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A relationship for the diffusion coefficient of a dilute species in a mixture of two solvents is developed. The result, based on the linear additivity of the frictional activation energy which is valid for completely miscible, nonassociated systems, predicts the diffusion coefficient of the solute in terms of the limiting values of the diffusion coefficient of the solute in each of the solvents, the limiting values of the solvent pair diffusion coefficient, and two thermodynamic factors. The equation is confirmed for some recent experimental data.
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 1175-1180 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The effects of viscous dissipation on fully developed laminar forced convection with heat sources in various regular polygonal ducts under the thermal boundary conditions of uniform wall heat transfer per unit duct length and circumferentially uniform wall temperature are approached by the method of point matching. The method uses the exact solutions to the governing partial differential equations and satisfies the boundary conditions exactly only at selected points. This method complements the method of complex variables for various noncircular geometrical configurations where the velocity and temperature fields are not deducible directly from the boundary equations. The relationship between the average velocity and the average of (grad u)2 over the cross section is pointed out. Other useful relationships between heat transfer quantities based on analogy or the observation of the results from literature and present investigation are also pointed out. The numerical results presented can be used to evaluate the effects of viscous dissipation on mean temperature, overall heat transfer rate at the boundary, heat transfer coefficient and Nusselt number. Graphical results for the representative cases are also presented for the heat transfer rate and the Nusselt number.
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 3-3 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 62
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967) 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 63
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 2-2 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 64
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 10-16 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A method of analysis is presented for determining closed-form solutions for two-component stratified laminar flow in horizontal ducts of arbitrary cross section. It is demonstrated that the method is remarkably easy to apply and produces results of high accuracy. As an application, solutions are obtained for stratified flow in a circular tube. The results are compared with various limiting cases and excellent agreement is found to exist. Among the limiting cases, an exact solution was derived by Green's functions for the problem in which the interface between the flow components is situated at the horizontal diametral plane.
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  • 65
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 17-20 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An optical technique for the quantitative determination of point velocities in rapidly developing laminar flows of transparent liquids is useful as an experimental tool in problems of complex geometries and fluids. The accuracy of the technique has been confirmed by comparison of experimental data with the numerical solution of the equation of motion for the entrance region problem. A distributor capable of generating a flat velocity profile has been developed for this purpose.
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  • 66
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 5-10 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A new empirical model has been proposed to described crystallization systems where the growth rate increases with increasing crystal size in violation of McCabe's ΔL law. Experimental data for Glauber's salt have been presented to illustrate the fit of the new model to an actual system. Equations for steady state crystal size distributions with the use of the proposed model have been derived. Wider use of population density plots for analysis of crystallization systems along with the coefficient of variation to describe a distribution numerically is recommended.
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  • 67
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 28-36 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Severe discrepancies exist between theoretical considerations and the carbon dioxide-monoethanolamine absorption data available in the literature. By desorbing the inert tracer propylene simultaneously with the absorption of carbon dioxide into monoethanolamine in a short wetted-wall column, it is shown that the physical mass transfer coefficient is increased substantially by the carbon dioxide-monoethanolamine chemical absorption process. This is presumably due to interfacial turbulence driven by surface tension gradients. The use of the actual physical mass transfer coefficient prevailing during carbon dioxide absorption into monoethanolamine results in a considerable improvement in the agreement between the penetration theory solution and the experimental data on the rate of absorption of carbon dioxide into monoethanolamine.
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  • 68
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 45-51 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Circulating hydrogen-oxygen mixtures were reacted at atmospheric pressure in a single long porous catalyst cylinder which contained a thermocouple-micromanometer probe. Rate and temperature rise data were obtained at 20°, 30°, 50°, and 60°C. in the concentration range 0 to 5% oxygen in hydrogen.The data were used in connection with the transport equations to obtain effectiveness factors, rate constant, activation energy, and reaction order for oxygen concentration.The necessity of considering thermal effects is exhibited clearly by this system. The maximum temperature rise observed inside the catalyst (33°C.) is associated with a 60% increase in utilization factor over the isothermal value.
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  • 69
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 21-28 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A radioptracer technique was utilized to measure axial dispersion in both phases in spray towers operated at and near flooding. A new method that exhibits certain advantages over methods employed in the past is presented for reducing such data. It is demonstrated that axial dispersion in flooded and near-flooded spray towers is sufficiently severe to control completely their performance as heat exchangers.
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  • 70
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 37-41 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Inclination of a flat-plate thermal diffusion column from the vertical axis substantially increases the separation efficiency by reducing the remixing effect. Theoretical considerations show that when the column is at the best inclination, maximum separation, maximum production, or minimum column length may be obtained. A generalized graphical solution of the conditions for best performance is presented. Experimental results for the system benzene-n-heptane are in excellent agreement with the theory.
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  • 71
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 52-60 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A unified theory of one-dimensional, adiabatic, separated, two-phase flow is presented. To describe the flow adequately, four mixture specific volumes are defined. They are based on area, momentum, kinetic energy, and velocity averages. Increasing relative velocity between the phases initially lowers all mixture specific volumes except the velocity average. The momentum average specific volume minimizes when the slip ratio equals (Vg/Vf)1/2, while the kinetic energy average specific volume reaches its minimum value at a slip ratio of (Vg/Vf)1/3. Area average specific value does not minimize with slip ratio.Because a higher slip ratio would decrease the entropy of a closed system, (Vg/Vf)1/3 is the maximum slip ratio attainable in two-phase critical flow. Based on the maximum slip ratio and isentropic flow, a new critical flow model was developed and compared with the steam-water critical flow data of four recent investigations. While the predicted flow rates followed well the pressure behavior of the experimental data, they were too low at high qualities and too high at low qualities. The average percentage difference between experimental and predicted critical flow rates was -8.5% (three hundred and seventy-six data points).Differences in the approach to critical flow between a gas and a vapor-liquid stream appear to be caused by the latter's increased frictional and gravitational pressure drops and relative velocity effects.
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  • 72
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 41-44 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A new freezing process for the desalination of seawater is being developed which utilizes a unique way of upgrading heat energy where there is no gas phase involved. This method takes advantage of the abnormal melting point curve of water. Water melts at a lower temperature under a higher applied pressure (that is, (dp/dT) melting 〈 0), while an ordinary substance melts at a higher temperature under a higher applied pressure (that is, (dP/dT) melting 〉 0). Due to this differnce a substance which melts at a temperature lower than the freezing point of an aqueous solution may melt at a temperature higher than the melting point of water at a sufficiently high pressure.Thus, a suitably selected working medium can be used to form a cyclic auxiliary system which can be incorporated with the main system to: remove the heat of crystallization of water in the partial freezing of an aqueous solution by melting the working medium at a low pressure, and to supply the heat for melting the ice by solidifying the working medium at a sufficiently high pressure.
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  • 73
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 70-77 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In the first part of this paper a theory for isothermal homogeneous two-phase, liquid-gas flow in horizontal pipes is established by introducing the concept of Mach number and by considering the medium to be a pseudo gas. The theory takes account of wall friction, compressibility and flow choking. A set of working formulas is obtained. In the second part, results of experiments on homogeneous bubbly flows of water-air mixtures in a 1-in. Pipe are reported. Criteria for the occurrence of bubbly flow are established and the occurrence of flow choking confirmed. It is shown that the mathematical model is adequate insofar as it explains, phenomenologically, real flow conditions.
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  • 74
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 77-85 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Finite-difference methods were used to compute hydrodynamic instability due to natural convection in an enclosed horizontal rectangular region heated from below. Critical Rayleigh numbers were determined for a series of Prandtl numbers and length-to-height ratios. For Prandtl numbers greater than unity excellent agreement was obtained between these calculations and the values predicted by Kurzweg on the basis of a linearized theory. However, for Prandtl numbers less than unity the critical Rayleigh numbers exhibited a dependence on NPr, which was not predicted by the linearized theory. For Rayleigh numbers greater than the critical, complete temperature and velocity fields were determined.The calculations assumed that the fluid motion is two dimensional. Experiments have indicated that the flow may be two or three dimensional depending on minor perturbations in the boundary conditions.Although a number of metastable two-dimensional circulations are possible for symmetrical initial conditions, the calculation always converged to a single, unique solution for any asymmetric initial condition.
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  • 75
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 60-69 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper presents vapor-liquid equilibrium data for the system hydrogen - benzene - cyclohexane - n-hexane over the pressure range of 500 to 2,000 lb./sq.in.abs. and the temperature range of 200° to 300°F. Experimental equipment was constructed that was capable of operating at pressures of 3,000 lb./sq.in.abs. and at temperatures of 400°F. A static equilibrium cell, which had a sample port for both the liquid and vapor phases, was employed. Separation of the hydrogen from the hydrocarbons by means of a liquid nitrogen cold trap was utilized before performing the hydrocarbon analyses on a mass spectrometer. Three hydrocarbon mixtures were charged to the equilibrium cell, and for each charge, isotherms of 200°, 250°, and 300°F. were run for equilibrium pressures of 500, 1,000, 1,500 and 2,000 lb./sq.in.abs. These thirty-six quaternary equilibrium runs resulted in a total of one hundred and forty-four equilibrium data points. In addition, four binary equilibrium runs were determined both for the hydrogen-benzene and hydrogen-cyclohexane systems. A modified version of the Chao-Seader correlation was used to predict the data. This correlation was able to predict all the quaternary equilibrium ratios with an average deviation of 4.86%.
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 97-101 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An analytical solution based on a previously proposed entrance model is developed for the case of flow at low Reynolds numbers. Agreement between this solution and the published numerical solution at this Reynolds number limit supports the authenticity of the numerical solutions presented previously.
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  • 77
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 91-96 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In the measurement of the absorption of carbon dioxide gas by a series of oil drops moving down a vertical wire the variables studied are drop frequency, oil viscosity, wire size, and column length. A model is proposed which assumes that the gas is absorbed by almost stagnant liquid film between and covering the drops, that the film is subsequently mixed with a drop as it moves past, and that the dissolved gas is carried from the column in circulating loops of liquid within the drops. The model leads to an equation which correlates the data and gives a good approximation to the slope of the line.
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  • 78
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 108-113 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: It is shown that the first variation method can be used to provide an excellent starting condition for the second variation control of nonlinear systems. Numerical examples illustrate the basic features of the methods.
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  • 79
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 86-91 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The decomposition of nickel tetracarbonyl at pressures between 20 and 200 torrs was studied at temperatures from 100° to 225°C. In the cross-flow system, the rate in the absence of appreciable dilution was primarily limited by kinetic resistances at temperatures up to about 175°C. over an effective Reynolds number range of 5 to 100. Gas phase diffusional resistances were controlling at higher temperatures. Corrections for natural convection were employed in both the kinetic and diffusional regions of control.
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  • 80
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 101-108 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A straightforward and simple algorithm is presented for obtaining the optimal control of nonlinear systems. This algorithm has many of the advantages of dynamic programming but not the disadvantage of excessive computer storage. A number of numerical examples are presented to show the versatility of the method.
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  • 81
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 118-121 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The typical solubility boundaries of binary simple hydrocarbon-water systems are outlined for temperatures and pressures ranging into the neighborhood of the critical point for pure water. These systems are characterized by two unique states, a critical vaporization end point and a critical solution end point. The former defines the limit of mutual solubility of two liquid phases, and the latter defines a point of complete solubility at a minimum pressure. Experimental P-T-x data for cyclohexane-water and n-hexane-water mixtures are presented.
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  • 82
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 114-118 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An iterative technique is proposed that solves the two-point boundary value problem formed from the variational equations for the optimal control of nonlinear systems. The computational algorithm utilizes invariant imbedding to provide a set of the unknown boundary conditions and quasilinearization to calculate the optimal control policy. A numerical example indicates that the method exhibits considerable promise.
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  • 83
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 122-125 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The flow of molten polymer through porous media has been investigated at constant temperatures and flow rates. Temperatures of 375°, 400°, and 425°F., flow rates from 12 to 60 g./min. and particle sizes from 0.054 in. to 6 mm. in diameter were studied. A modified Darcy's law was developed using the Metzner-Reed modification of the Mooney-Rabinowitsch relation. This form was then used to develop a modified friction factor plot which correlated the data with an average error of 5.02%. Calculated superficial velocities from the Darcy's law equation checked experimental values generally to within 10%. A technique for estimating shear rates when curved rheological flow curves occurred was also developed.
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 125-131 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A mathematical model of dynamic distillation was verified experimentally for transients resulting from a sequence of upsets in operating conditions, that is, for upsets occurring in the unsteady state before the effects of previous upsets died out.The equations for feed-forward control of the top product composition by reflux ratio control action were derived and a computer program was written in FORTRAN for solution on a digital computer. This control model was employed in the feed-forward control of an experimental distillation column when subjected to an upset in feed composition.Experimental data were obtained from a twelve-plate, 10-in. diameter distillation column with a methanol-tertiary butyl alcohol system. The numerical technique employed is a completely general divided difference method which can be utilized in the solution of any system of first-order differential equations.
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 132-140 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Steady state heat and mass transfer between a submerged evaporative interface in a porous medium and an external gas stream were analyzed theoretically. Local and average evaporation rates for laminar and turbulent flow over a flat plate as well as for fully developed laminar or turbulent flow near the thermal entry region of a duct were obtained as a function of the position of the evaporative interface. Calculated local evaporation rates are significantly lower than values computed by Luikov, who did not take into account the variation of evaporative surface temperature with recession, indicated both by the present analysis and by observations related to the drying of thick porous materials. Application to the analysis of the drying process is discussed.
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 140-147 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The variable-property, laminar, boundary-layer equations, which describe simultaneous momentum, heat, and binary mass transfer with thermodynamic coupling,Thermodynamic coupling refers to the Soret (or thermaldiffusion)effect, which is the flow of mass caused hy a temperaturegradient, and the Dufour (or diffusion thermo) effect, which is theflow of heat caused by a concentration gradient. are analyzed for air flows over a flat plate with the injection of foreign gases through the solid surface. A simplified general treatment of thermodynamic coupling is developed and applied to yield approximate but accurate expressions for evaluating heat transfer rates and adiabatic wall temperatures for injection of hydrogen, helium, and carbon dioxide. This method explains why the driving force based on (Tω - Tω) can be used to correlate heat transfer results for situations where diffusion thermo is important. Furthermore, and perhaps most significant, the method provides a simple error estimate for the correlation obtained by using the adiabatic wall temperature.It is shown that the injection of lightweight gases can significantly reduce viscous dissipation in flows over slender bodies and that diffusion thermo and dissipation effects can be otion in flows over slender bodies and that diffusion thermo and dissipation effects can be of the same order of magnitude even for reasonably high-velocity flows. These effects are discussed in terms of convenient quantities, called σ functions.
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 148-155 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A method was devised to yield chemical reaction kinetic parameters from nonisothermal, nonisobaric flow experiments. The system studied was the pyrolysis of propane at high temperatures (800° to 1,000°C.). At these temperatures the rates of the various reactions are so high that a batch or even an isothermal flow experiment is impossible. To keep the conversions low so that the initial stages of decomposition could be studied, the feed gas was diluted with varying amounts of nitrogen. Residence times in the reactor were in the millisecond range. The reactor exit gas was analyzed by mass spectrometry. The method developed in this work is not limited to simple kinetic studies, but can be useful in complicated series and parallel reactions which often require nonisothermal conditions.
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 155-159 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An isobaric calorimeter has been built for measuring the integral heat of vaporization at high pressures and low temperatures simultaneously with vapor-liquid equilibria data. The methane-ethylene system was studied at 20 and 40 atm., with data obtained on three mixtures and the two pure components. The experimental results are compared with three different calculation methods.
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  • 89
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 160-164 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: With the use of the heat balance integral method, a formula for the depth of solidification in a stratified medium is derived that applies to Newton's cooling at the surface, where the temperature of the cooling medium is variable. The presence of a surface layer with zero latent heat is given a special consideration. Comparison of the proposed formula with the direct field measurements and the calculations carried out by others shows a satisfactory coincidence. For the simplified boundary conditions, the formular reduces to a known analytical solution.
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 165-169 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A numerical method and graphs of generalized solutions are presented for a moving interface problem of freezing a saturated liquid inside a cylindrical or a spherical container with a constant heat transfer coefficient, as well as melting a saturated solid. The frozen solid phase has a constant heat capacity.
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 169-173 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A generalized differentiation method for analyzing rheological data of time-independent fluids is presented. The method is demonstrated to be valid and useful in analyzing rheological data and comparing such data obtained on the same time-independent fluid in rheometers of the capillary, annular, coaxial cylinder rotational, and falling cylinder types.
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 176-179 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 174-175 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Data on liquid phase-controlled gas absorption in the loading regime are presented. Carbon dioxide was desorbed from water by using a 6-in. Diameter tower and 1/2- and 3/4-in. Ceramic rings. Below the loading point, HL increases approximately as the 0.25 power of the liquid rate and is independent of gas rate. In the loading regime, however, it was found that at high gas rates HL increases less rapidly and may even decrease with increase in liquid rate. At intermediate gas rates, the effect of liquid rate on HL is intermediate. These effects are explained on the basis of the interaction of the gas and liquid flow rates and the effect of this interaction on KL and a. The results suggest that in some cases tower capacity may be increased without increasing HL.
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 179-181 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 186-188 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 96
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 182-186 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
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  • 97
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 191-192 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 98
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 189-191 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 192-194 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 194-199 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
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