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  • 1985-1989  (916)
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  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Surgical and radiologic anatomy 7 (1985), S. 267-269 
    ISSN: 1279-8517
    Schlagwort(e): Kidney ; Abdominal ; wall-Surgery
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé Les auteurs étudient les différentes voies d'abord du haut appareil urinaire de l'enfant: voie lombaire postéro-latérale, voie postérieure, voie lombaire antéro-latérale. Ils insistent sur l'intérêt de la voie antéro-latérale extra-péritonéale qui chez l'enfant permet un excellent abord du rein, en respectant au maximum l'anatomie normale, permettant ainsi un résultat fonctionnel et esthétique parfait.
    Notizen: Summary The authors studied the different surgical approaches to the upper urinary tract in children. These approaches are the posterolateral lumbar, posterior and anterolateral lumbar routes. Special emphasis should be given to the anterolateral extraperitoneal approach. This approach in children gives excellent exposure of the kidney and causes minimum disruption of the normal anatomy, thereby yielding very satisfactory functional and cosmetic results
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 63 (1985), S. 944-947 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Schlagwort(e): Alcohol ; Ethanol ; Acetaldehyde ; Alcohol dehydrogenase ; Kidney ; Renal tubule ; Alkohol ; Äthanol ; Acetaldehyd ; Alkoholdehydrogenase ; Niere ; Nierentubulus
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Die renale Behandlung des Äthanols umfaßt sowohl die glomeruläre Filtration als auch die tubuläre Reabsorption. Wegen seiner hohen Permeabilität nähert sich die Konzentration des Alkohols in der Tubulusflüssigkeit derjenigen der peritubulären Flüssigkeit an, und unter Steady-state-Bedingungen ist die Alkoholkonzentration im Endharn fast genau so hoch wie im Serumwasser. Selbst hohe Alkoholkonzentrationen stören die Nierenzellfunktion nicht nennenswert. Das scheint darauf zu beruhen, daß Nierengewebe praktisch keine Alkoholdehydrogenase enthält. Deswegen sammelt sich Acetaldehyd, das zytotoxische Stoffwechselprodukt des Alkohols, nicht in wirksamer Dosis an. Nach direkter Zufuhr im Rahmen von Mikropunktionsexperimenten übt Alkohol keine nennenswerten Wirkungen aus. Demgegenüber blockiert Acetaldehyd die wesentlichen Parameter der Zellvitalität, gemessen in Form der elektrischen Membranpotentiale und der intrazellulären Ionenaktivitäten.
    Notizen: Summary The renal handling of ethanol comprises glomerular filtration and tubular reabsorption. Due to its high permeability alcohol concentration in the tubular fluid approaches that of peritubular fluid and under steady state conditions alcohol concentration in the final urine is almost the same as in serum water. Even in high concentrations alcohol does not significantly interfere with kidney cell function. This seems to be due to the fact that renal tissue is almost free from alcohol dehydrogenase. Thus, acetaldehyde, the cytotoxic intermediate of alcohol metabolism, is not accumulated in effective dosis. If applied directly in micropuncture experiments alcohol is without distinct effects while acetaldehyde inhibits the main parameters of cellular vitality as measured by electrical membrane potentials and intracellular ion activities.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Urological research 13 (1985), S. 253-258 
    ISSN: 1434-0879
    Schlagwort(e): Intra-renal reflux ; Kidney ; Papilla ; Reflux-nephropathy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary A new model for the study of intra-renal reflux (IRR) is proposed. The renal pelvis of human kidneys, either obtained from cadavers or removed surgically, was injected, at increasing pressures, with dye solutions to investigate intra-renal reflux. To reproduce physiological conditions as closely as possible, arterial perfusion was performed, either continuously or by means of a peristaltic pump, so that a predetermined pressure in the vascular system could be obtained. Comparison was made between results obtained by this technique and the results reported in the literature and previously recorded by the present authors without any perfusion of the vascular system. Our results show significant difsion of the vascular system. Our results show significant differences in the threshold of IRR compared to data from experiments in which vascular perfusion was not simultaneously performed. It can be concluded that, under physiological conditions, intrarenal flux occurs at pressures of 40 cm H2O, and pyelovenous reflux at pressures of 60–70 cm H2O.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 171 (1985), S. 31-39 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Schlagwort(e): Freshwater teleost ; Cypriniformes ; Carp ; Kidney ; Structure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The structure of the kidney of the crucian carp (Carassius auratus; a freshwater teleost, Cypriniformes) was studied by means of reconstruction from serial paraffin and semithin sections. In C. auratus, the Wolffian duct traverses the entire kidney. At various levels collecting ducts of different length and thickness join the Wolffian duct at right angles. Each collecting duct accepts a large number of connecting tubules, which are established by the joining of many nephrons. A regular pattern concerning the distribution of nephrons and the fusion of renal tubules is not apparent. Four segments have been distinguished in renal tubules; 1) proximal tubule, 2) distal tubule, 3) connecting tubule and 4) collecting duct. A neck and an intermediate segment are absent. The proximal tubule is established by proximal tubule cells which bear a brush border and have a conspicuous apical cytoplasmic rim containing few cell organelles, ciliated cells, mucous cells and dark cells. In the first part of the proximal tubule the brush border and the apical cytoplasmic rim of proximal tubule cells are well developed. Ciliated cells are interposed between proximal tubule cells, decreasing in number toward the end of this part. In the second part ciliated cells are absent and dark cells are numerous. In the third part the brush border and the apical cytoplasmic rim of proximal tubule cells are scarcely developed. Ciliated cells reapear and increase in number toward the distal tubule. The distal and connecting tubule are similar in epithelial structure. Connecting tubules are joined distal tubules and thus they belong to two or more nephrons. The main cells of distal and connecting tubules contain abundant mitochondria, but have no brush border. The connecting tubule becomes a collecting duct before joining the Wolffian duct. The main cells of collecting ducts are characterized by division of their cytoplasm into a dark apical half and a light basal half.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 55 (1985), S. 241-246 
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Schlagwort(e): Cadmium ; Kidney ; Metallothionein ; Occupational exposure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary In a 61-year-old woman, who had been exposed for 20 years to cadmium in the production of Ni-Cd batteries, nephrectomy of the contracted kidney was performed. The removed kidney was examined histologically and the cadmium concentration was determined in the cortex (44.97 μg g−1) and in the medulla (7.71 μg g−1). The homogenates of the renal cortex and medulla were subjected to gel filtration on Sephadex G-75. In the cortex, as well as the medulla, cadmium was predominantly found in the low-molecular (metallothionein) fraction, but in the cortex, Cd content in this fraction was six times higher than in the medulla. The determination of SH groups and proteins in high- and low-molecular fractions indicates an induction of the metallothionein formation primarily in the renal cortex.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 328 (1985), S. 354-357 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Schlagwort(e): Autoradiography ; β-Adrenoceptor subtypes ; Kidney ; Rat ; Guinea-pig
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The present autoradiographical study examines the distribution of the two β-adrenoceptor subtypes in sections of rat and guinea-pig kidney. The radioligand [125Iodo]-(-)-cyanopindolol was used for the labelling of β-adrenoceptors and the selective β-adrenoceptor blocking agents ICI 89-406 (β1-antagonist) and ICI 118-551 (β2-antagonist) were utilized to differentiate both subclasses unequivocally. β-Adrenoceptors in rat kidney were found to be almost exclusively β1. They were located mainly on glomeruli and to a lesser extent on the straight part of the distal tubules and on the cortical portion of the collecting ducts. Some β2-adrenoceptors were localized around the corticomedullary junction. Grain localization in the autoradiograms was absent in the inner medulla and papilla. Glomeruli and distal tubules of the guinea-pig kidney also possess only β1-adrenoceptors, but, in contrast to the rat, extremely high concentrations of β2-adrenoceptors were associated with the straight part of the proximal tubules in the cortex and possibly with the cortical portion of the collecting duct. Labelling was not detected on the proximal convoluted tubule in either species.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 331 (1985), S. 253-259 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Schlagwort(e): Kidney ; Maleate ; Glomerular filtration rate ; Micropuncture ; Tubuloglomerular feedback
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Maleate causes an enhanced excretion of amino acids, glucose, phosphate and bicarbonate. In addition to this inhibition of fluid and electrolyte reabsorption malate decreases glomerular filtration rate (GFR). The present investigation was designed to study the mechanisms of this fall in GFR. In group I (Sprague-Dawley rats;N=8) maleate (2 mmol/kg body weight i.v.) increased the hydrostatic pressure in proximal tubule from 12.6±0.5 to 16.3±0.8 mm Hg (mean+SEM) and stop flow pressure in the first accessible loop of the proximal tubule was unchanged (33.6±0.4 vs 33.1±1.3 mm Hg; n.s.). Directly measured hydrostatic pressure in the glomerular capillaries in Munich-Wistar rats (N=7), however, was reduced by maleate from 47.6±1.6 to 42.4±1.9 mm Hg. In group II (N=8) we determined single nephron filtration rate (SNGFR) from distal and proximal collection sites in the same nephron in a paired fashion under control conditions and after maleate administration to assess the activity of the tubuloglomerular feedback. In the control periods SNGFR (16 nephrons) from distal collection sites was 26.3±1.6 nl/min whereas SNGFR from proximal collection sites was 31.8±2.4 nl/min. Following maleate distal SNGFR (17 nephrons) was 15.2±1.7 nl/min and proximal SNGFR was 24.3±2.2 nl/min. The ratio distal/proximal SNGFR was 1.23±0.07 under control conditions and increased to 1.76±0.1 following maleate indicating enhanced activity of tubuloglomerular feedback. Following maleate (group III;N=8) the chloride concentration in the late proximal tubular fluid fell from 135±4 mmol/l to 121±6 mmol/l (13 tubules), however, in the early distal tubule we found an increase in chloride concentration from 43±3 mmol/l to 62±6 mmol/l (12 tubules). Delivery of chloride to the loop of Henle was 2,107±221 pmol/min in the control periods and decreased to 1,475±200 pmol/min during maleate. Since early distal chloride delivery increased from 199±24 pmol/min to 364±47 pmol/min following maleate inhibition of chloride reabsorption in the loop of Henle has to be assumed. We conclude that maleate decreases glomerular filtration rate first by an elevation of hydrostatic pressure in the proximal tubule which is the result of inhibition of fluid and electrolyte reabsorption, and second by activation of the tubuloglomerular feedback.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Schlagwort(e): Na−K-ATPase ; Adrenalectomy ; RBC ; Kidney ; Salt loading
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract To compare the activity of Na−K-ATPase in the red blood cells (RBCs) and in renal tissue in disorders of Na+ metabolism, the following groups of rats were studied: 1) control, intact rats, 2) adrenalectomized (ADX) rats, 3) intact rats treated with DOCA, 4) ADX DOCA-treated rats, 5) intact salt-loaded rats, 6) ADX salt-loaded rats, 7) intact dexamethasone-treated rats (DEXA), and 8) ADX DEXA-treated rats. After adrenalectomy (group 2) serum Na1 decreased and serum K+ increased. Renal Na−K-ATPase in cortex, medulla and papilla of the control group was 44±2.7 μmol Pi/mg prot/h, 128.2±5.9 and 44±3.2 respectively and in group 2 the enzyme activity was 32.5±2.0 (P〈0.005), 81.7±4.5 (P〈0.001) and 23.6±1.9 (P〈0.001) respectively. RBCs Na−K-ATPase of control animals was 2.82±0.19 μmol Pi/mg prot/h, while in group 2 the activity was 1.43±0.24 (P〈0.001). DOCA treatment of ADX rats (group 4) normalized serum electrolytes and Na−K-ATPase activity in the renal cortex and papilla and in the RBCs. In the renal medulla the correction by DOCA was only partial. Salt loading of ADX rats (group 6) normalized serum electrolytes and Na−K-ATPase activity in the renal medulla and RBCs. Salt loading of normal rats increased RBC Na−K-ATPase to 3.72±0.36 (P〈0.02) and medullary Na−K-ATPase to 185.6±9.8 (P〈0.01). DEXA treatment of ADX rats (group 8) corrected only partially the abnormalities in serum electrolytes and Na−K-ATPase activity in the kidney and in the RBCs. These findings show, 1) parallel changes in the activity of Na−K-ATPase in the RBCs and in the kidney after adrenalectomy, 2) parallel changes in the enzyme activity in RBCs and in the kidney medulla after salt loading, and 3) correction towards normal of RBC Na−K-ATPase after ADX by NaCl and DOCA treatment.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 9
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 404 (1985), S. 238-243 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Schlagwort(e): Nucleosides ; Transport ; Kidney ; Brush border
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract The uptake of cytidine, of thymidine and of uridine in brush border vesicles prepared from the cortex of rat kidney has been studied by the technique of rapid filtration. The nucleosides were not metabolized in the vesicles. The time-courses of uptake in the presence of inwardly directed gradients of Na+ and of K+ showed an overshoot, indicating uphill transport. The overshoot was much more pronounced with Na+ than with K+; it was not observed when Na+ was at equilibrium across the membrane. The uptake of the nucleosides was stimulated by an inside negative potential in the presence of Na+. These results provide evidence for a cotransport of pyrimidine nucleosides with Na+. The apparentK m's for the uptake of cytidine, of thymidine and of uridine were 3.76 μmol · l−1, 4.18 μmol · l−1 and 7.21 μmol · l−1 respectively. The uptake of the pyrimidine nucleosides was insensitive to 6-nitrobenzylthioinosine. This insensitivity as well as the high affinity for the nucleosides and the capacity for uphill transport indicate that the nucleoside carrier(s) is renal brush border is (are) different from the carriers found in most other cell types.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Schlagwort(e): Cyclophosphamide toxicity ; Acrolein ; Kidney ; Liver
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract In the present study the formation and the effects of cyclophosphamide-derived acrolein were investigated using isolated cells from rat liver and kidney, with particular regard to the protective action of low molecular weight thiols against cellular toxicity. The results may be summarized as follows: (a) Cyclophosphamide (CTX)-mediated toxicity to isolated cells is dependent on cytochrome P-450 activity; (b) Loss of viability in cells incubated with cyclophosphamide is preceded by a depletion of cellular GSH; (c) Stimulation of cellular GSH synthesis or the presence of low molecular weight thiols in the incubation medium protects against cyclophosphamide-induced toxicity; (d) Acrolein is probably formed extracellularly as well as intracellularly and can be detoxified by thiol compounds, forming a thiochemiacetal or a thioether.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 11
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 56 (1985), S. 252-255 
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Schlagwort(e): Cadmium ; Selenium ; Liver ; Kidney ; Rat ; Metallothionein
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract In acute studies, approximately 70–90% of cytosolic cadmium in liver and kidney has been shown to be bound to metallothionein, a low-molecular weight protein. In this study, we report on the influence of dietary selenium on the distribution of cadmium in rat kidney and liver. Contrary to the findings of most acute studies, our results indicate that only a relatively small proportion of cadmium (approximately 14% in the kidney and 44% in the liver) is bound to metallothionein when cadmium is administered for 7 weeks in the diet and via osmotic minipumps to selenium-deficient rats. Feeding rats the same diet supplemented with 1.0 ppm selenium results in no detectable cadmium-metallothionein peak in the kidney, and only about 10% of the cytosolic cadmium elutes as cadmium bound to metallothionein in the liver. In animals fed the selenium-supplemented diet, the bulk of the cadmium is recovered in the low-molecular weight fraction. Dietary selenium did not significantly affect the distribution of zinc and copper in the kidney or liver.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 12
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Schlagwort(e): Trace elements ; Smoking ; Histopathology ; Kidney
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract In this study the concentrations of cadmium, zinc and copper were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry in 51 post mortem kidney cortex samples. A histopathological examination of the kidney was also performed. These parameters, together with age and smoking habit, were statistically related by means of factor analysis. The results show that the first factor associated smoking habit, cadmium and zinc and the second factor histopathological findings and age.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 13
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    European journal of nuclear medicine 10 (1985), S. 469-469 
    ISSN: 1619-7089
    Schlagwort(e): Kidney ; transplantation ; radionuclide studies
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Uterine hyperemia in a menstruating adolescent girl was visualized on a renal transplant evaluation. This mimicked early excretion into the urinary bladder.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 14
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology and head & neck 242 (1985), S. 257-264 
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Schlagwort(e): Gentamicin distribution ; Inner ear ; Brain ; Immunofluorescence ; Kidney
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary We studied the distribution of gentamicin in the inner ear, brain and kidney of the guinea pig following intraperitoneal administration or perfusion of gentamicin through the perilymphatic space. The resulting histopathologcial changes were examined by immunofluorescence using antigentamicin antiserum. After perfusion of gentamicin through the perilymphatic space, specific fluorescence was found in the cochlea, and was especially prominent in the outer hair cells, basilar membrane and basilar crest. Although no fluorescence was observed in the cochlea following intraperitoneal administration of high doses of gentamicin, type I hair cells in the vestibule were seen to be selectively stained with the antibody. Furthermore, some of the vestibular ganglion cells, Purkinje cells and unidentified nuclei in the brain stem were also stained. In particular, fine granules showing relatively intense fluorescence were recognized in the cytoplasm of the stained cells. In the cortex of kidney, only proximal tubular cells were stained with intense fluorescence. Our results suggest that the aminoglycoside antibiotics have two sites of action: one is the cell membrane of the sensory hair cells and the other is the cytoplasm.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 15
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Medical & biological engineering & computing 23 (1985), S. 525-535 
    ISSN: 1741-0444
    Schlagwort(e): Fluid/electrolyte balance ; Hormonal control ; Kidney ; Mathematical model ; Model validation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract A mathematical model is presented which provides an overall description of the renal/body fluid system, comprising an interconnected set of physiologically based representations of the relevant subsystems of the human organism. The model is used to test a number of hypotheses relating to the dynamics and control of the human renal system, including dynamics of ADH clearance, glomerular tubular balance and the control of the rate of release of ADH. Results are presented establishing the validity of the model in a number of empirical tests.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 16
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 8 (1985), S. 224-229 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Schlagwort(e): Liquid chromatography, HPLC ; Pharmacokinetics ; Quantitation in human serum ; Antihypertensive agents ; Ebrantil ; Urapidil ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The antihypertensive agent urapidil (Ebrantil Byk-Gulden, Konstanz) can be reliably quantitated with three metabolites in human serum using high performance liquid chromatography. Serum is alkalinized and extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic phase is back-extracted with diluted acid. An aliquot is sampled automatically and chromatographed in an optimized combination of mobile and stationary phase. UV-detection at 273 nm allows a quantitation limit of 5 ng/ml for all analytes. Precise handling of exact volumes facilitates external calibration. The coefficient of variation for spiked samples is less than 5% within and less than 7% between studies. Application of the method to experimental and clinical pharmacokinetic studies of urapidil is illustrated.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 17
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 8 (1985), S. 256-258 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Schlagwort(e): Liquid chromatography, HPLC ; Non-aqueous ion exchange ; Abietanoic diterpenoids ; Coleons, royleanones ; Quinone methides, hydroxyquinones ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: A method is described for the HPLC separation of moderately acidic, dehydrated, and multi-oxygenated diterpenoids, compounds which hitherto could not be handled by HPLC. It is based on chemically bonded silica strong cation exchangers in the protonated form, using organic solvents of the full polarity range as eluents. Thus a stable and easy-to-regenerate substitute for buffered silica gel is obtained.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 18
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 8 (1985), S. 320-320 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 19
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 8 (1985), S. 332-336 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Schlagwort(e): Gas chromatography, GC ; Fused silica capillary columns ; Packed columns ; Two-dimensional system ; Multidimensional system ; Deans switching ; Cold trap ; Reinjection ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The construction and evaluation of an interface for two-dimensional gas chromatography is described. The interface consists of commercially available components and is attachable to available gas chromatographs without any major modifications. The interface has been constructed so as to permit “heartcutting” as well as solute band concentration. Trapping is performed in a simple cold trap of fused silica. Flow switching is accomplished by Deans switching. Factors of the over-all chromatographic performance are examined.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 20
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 8 (1985), S. 347-355 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Schlagwort(e): Simulation of chromatograms ; Data processing ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: A digital chromatogram simulator has been used to evaluate the performance of data handling systems. The simulator can synthesize chromatograms with any desired shape from a library of peaks based on real peak shapes. Once generated, the chromatograms can be reproduced exactly any number of times.The algorithms used in data handling systems have a significant effect on the results they produce. An object of this work was to examine how well the true size of a peak was reported when the peak was detected overlapping with other peaks. A series of experiments was therefore performed in which peaks were overlapped by different amounts and in different situations. The reported results from the data systems were compared with the results which would have been reported had the peaks been fully resolved. A significant difference was found between the overlap results and the fully resolved results, which did not have a linear relationship with the parameters tested.The chromatogram simulator was found to be a powerful tool in assessing the performance of the data systems. It offers a valuable means of evaluating the quality of the results produced by these systems.
    Zusätzliches Material: 16 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 21
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 8 (1985), S. 369-369 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 22
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 8 (1985), S. 366-367 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Schlagwort(e): Thin-layer chromatography, HPTLC ; Quantitative analysis ; Metallic complexes ; Diethyldithiocarbomates ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 23
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 8 (1985), S. 385-387 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Schlagwort(e): Gas chromatography, GC ; Fused silica capillary columns ; Column switching ; Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: A dual oven gas chromatograph incorporating a micro, mechanical switching valve has been interfaced to an FTIR spectrometer. With this system, each oven can be operated with independent temperature control. Complete choice of the columns' type and capacity gives flexibility in the separation prior to spectroscopic evaluation. An application which demonstrates some of the advantages of column switching in GC/FTIR is presented. Minor sample components have been successfully analyzed by heart-cutting the appropriate section of the separation from a high to a low capacity column. In this way, the dynamic range of the technique is effectively increased while an efficient chromatographic inlet to the FTIR is maintained.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 24
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 8 (1985), S. 400-403 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Schlagwort(e): Gas chromatography, GC ; Capillary columns, FSOT ; Steroid profiling ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The accuracy and reproducibility of steroid and steroid conjugate determinations using capillary GC are evaluated. It is possible to analyze many unconjugated steroids, steroid sulfates, and some steroid glucuronides simultaneously, simply by using group fractionation based on successive hydrolysis and solvent extraction steps. However, a reliable determination of corticosteroid glucuronides can only be obtained after previous isolation of the glucuronides as a group, with ion exchange chromatography. In complex chromatograms, the combined use of nitrogen specific detection and flame ionization detection facilitates peak identification.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 25
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 8 (1985), S. 415-422 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Schlagwort(e): Gas chromatography ; Fused silica capillaries ; High-temperature phases ; Triglyceride analysis ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The analysis of triglycerides on FSOT columns coated with a phenylmethylsilicone gum opens up new perspectives in fat and oil characterization. On phenylmethylsilicone, besides a “carbon number” or CN separation, the triglycerides are also separated according to the different combinations of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in the triglycerides.
    Zusätzliches Material: 20 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 26
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 8 (1985), S. 436-439 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Schlagwort(e): Gas chromatography, GC ; Capillary columns ; Large-volume injection onto capillary columns ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: A modification of a packed GC injector to a capillary injector is presented using a simple device which is connected to the GC column by an adsorption-free connector. It permits injections of large sample volumes up to 500 μl hexane solutions on normal 0.3 mm i.d. capillary columns. No special requirements for the stationary phase are necessary. Involatile residues remain inside the device which can be exchanged easily. High performance of separation and quantification is achieved.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 27
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 8 (1985), S. 456-458 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Schlagwort(e): Gas chromatography, GC ; Fused silica and glass capillary columns ; Helium ionization detector ; Trace gas analysis ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The capability of the helium ionization detector (HID) to operate in connection with capillary columns for trace gas analyses has been evaluated. Two different capillary columns were considered: a PLOT fused silica column with molecular sleve and a thick film WCOT glass column with PS-255. The determination of trace impurities in gases can be achieved with evident advantages over classical adsorption columns, even using a split injection system. Direct on-column injections also have been investigated with promising results.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 28
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Schlagwort(e): Gas chromatography, GC ; Fused silica capillary columns ; Split-splitless injection ; Drinking water treatment ; Helogenated hydrocarbons ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: In this paper we report a way to evaluate the removal of volatile halogenated hydrocarbons formed after break-point chlorination in the Arno river raw water at the Mantignano Utility, Florence, Italy, following dechlorination by hydrogen peroxide. The removal evaluation is performed by GC-ECD on fused silica capillary columns with split-splitless injection on n-pentane extracts and by other analytical techniques such as UV254 absorption, TOC and TOX. Both laboratory and pilot plant data on Arno river raw water are reported and discussed.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 29
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 8 (1985), S. 267-269 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Schlagwort(e): Gas chromatography, GC ; Capillary columns ; Organic geochemistry ; Thermodesorption/cold trap injection ; Petroleum hydrocarbons in sedimentary rocks ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 30
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 8 (1985) 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 31
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 8 (1985), S. 283-289 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Schlagwort(e): Gas chromatography, GC ; Fused silica capillary columns ; Microbial mutagenicity ; Solvent refined coal ; Creosote oils ; Polyaromatic hydrocarbons ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The chemical composition of a commercially available creosote was compared to a direct coal liquefaction product, i.e., solvent refined coal-II fuel oil blend (SRC-II FOB) using high resolution gas chromatography (HRGC). In addition, hydrogenated products of these materials were studied. Samples were fractionated by chemical class on neutral alumina. Those fractions previously shown to be the most mutagenic and tumorigenic in laboratory bioassays of coal-derived materials were analyzed and compared by HRGC and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Individual components were tentatively identified and quantitated. Although similar chemical components were present in the creosote and SRC-II FOB fractions studied, the creosotes had higher concentrations of heavy molecular weight materials and a lower ratio of alkylated to parent polycyclic aromatic compounds than the coal liquefaction products. The creosote samples also had a significantly higher concentration of components which eluted in the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) chemical class fraction. Amino-substituted PAH were present in both nonhydrogenated coal liquid and creosote materials. The creosote and SRC-II FOB crudes and nitrogen-containing polycyclic aromatic compound (NPAC) chemical class fractions expressed similar microbial mutagenicity. Based on chemical analysis data, the predicted tumorigenic potency of the creosote in laboratory bioassay systems would be equivalent to or greater than the SRC-II FOB.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 32
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 8 (1985), S. 308-308 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 33
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 8 (1985), S. 627-628 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 34
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 8 (1985), S. 591-595 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Schlagwort(e): Gas chromatography, GC ; Capillary columns ; Elution profiles ; Sorption effect ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The elution profiles observed with overloaded capillary columns are well described by a four-parameter theoretical model derived from the basic mass balance equations which relies on an expansion of the partition isotherm to the second term and takes the sorption effect into account. The reliability of the model is demonstrated by the fact that the peak leaning coefficient obtained from a least squares fit of the model to the experimental peak is in good agreement with that obtained from the variation of peak height with retention time at peak maximum. The coefficeint of apparent axial dispersion is independent of sample size and can be used to characterize the plate height at zero concentration of an overloaded capillary column.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 35
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 8 (1985), S. 607-610 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Schlagwort(e): Gas chromatography, GC ; Temperature programmed retention indices ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Direct conversion of isothermal to temperature programmed indices is not possible. In this work it is shown that linear temperature programmed retention indices can only be calculated from isothermal retention data if the temperature dependence of both the distribution coefficients and the column dead time are taken into account.Procedures are described which allow calculation of retention temperatures and from these, accurate programmed retention indices. Within certain limits the initial oven temperature and programming rate can be chosen freely. The prerequisite for this calculation is the availability of reliable isothermal retention data (retention times, retention factors, relative retention times, or retention indices) at two different temperatures for one column.The use of compiled isothermal retention indices at two different temperatures for the calculation of retention temperatures and thus temperature programmed indices is demonstrated. For the column for which programmed retention indices have to be determined, the isothermal retention times of the n-alkanes and the column dead time as a function of temperature have to be known in addition to the compiled data for a given stationary phase.Once the programmed retention indices have been calculated for a given column the concept allows the calculation of temperature programmed indices for columns with different specifications. The characteristics which can be varied are: column length, column inner diameter, phase-ratio, initial oven temperature, and programming rate.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 36
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 8 (1985) 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 37
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 8 (1985), S. 664-672 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Schlagwort(e): Gas chromatography, GC ; Fused silica capillary columns ; CP-MAS NMR ; Deactivation methods ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The effect of deactivating a fused silica surface by silylation with 1,1,3,3-tetraphenyl-1,3-dimethylilazane (TPDMDS), triphenylsilylamine (TPSA), and octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4) and by polydimethylsiloxane degradation (PSD) is studied. Rehydrated, dried, and deactivated Cab-O-Sil M5 samples are used as model materials for 29Si CP-MAS NMR analysis.At about 350 °C, TPDMDS yelds mainly diphenylmethylsiloxysilane, dimethyldisiloxysilane, and triphenylsiloxysilane groups. TPSA yields phenyltrisiloxysilane, diphenyldisiloxysilane, and triphenylsiloxysilane groups. At 400°C, the products formed initially are eventually replaced by methyltrisiloxysilane or phenyltrisiloxysilane groups, while a substantial number of silanol groups still remains. The possible consequences for wettability are discussed.D4 reacts with Cab-O-Sil even at 200°C, but a large number of silanol groups remains. This number decreases gradually at higher temperatures and becomes negligible above 400°C. The formation of methyltrisiloxysilane groups, which starts at 425°C, is predominant at 490°C.
    Zusätzliches Material: 9 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 38
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 8 (1985), S. 691-691 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 39
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 8 (1985), S. 696-697 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Schlagwort(e): Gas chromatography, GC ; Fused silica capillary columns ; Trapping volatiles ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 40
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 8 (1985), S. 704-704 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 41
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 8 (1985), S. 362-363 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Schlagwort(e): Liquid chromatography, HPLC ; Normal and reversed phase ; Pentafluorobenzamidopropyl silica gel ; Donor-acceptor complexes ; Aromatic hydrocarbons ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 42
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 8 (1985) 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 43
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 8 (1985), S. 391-394 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Schlagwort(e): Gas chromatography, GC ; Capillary columns ; Crosslinking ; Enantiomeric separation ; Polymeric chiral phases ; Polysiloxane skeleton ; Polyethylene glycol skeleton ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Crosslinking experiments for immobilization of the well-known chiral stationary phases XE 60-L-valine-(S)- and XE 60-L-valine-(R)-α-phenylethylamide within capillary columns have been successfully carried out. Crosslinking was also obtained with mixtures of the chiral compound acrylyl-L-valine-(S)-α-phenylethylamide and the polyethylene glycol Carbowax 20M. Immobilization of 75% to 90% was achieved by crosslinking the polymeric chiral phases, but sometimes up to 100% of these phases remained within the columns after the usual subsequent solvent treatment. The crosslinking of Carbowax 20M with acrylyl-L-valine-(S)-α-phenylethylamide led to a chiral polymer of a polarity different from that of the common siloxane type chiral phases.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 44
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 8 (1985), S. 407-411 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Schlagwort(e): Electrophoresis ; Electroosmosis ; Borosilicate, fused silica, and teflon capillary columns ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Separation efficiency in capillary zone electrophoresis was examined as a function of capillary length and diameter as well as solute concentration for a borosilicate glass capillary/phosphate buffer system. Electroosmotic flow coefficients in borosilicate, fused silica, and teflon capillaries were measured over the useful operating pH range of 3-8 at constant applied power (0.333 W). Sample introduction by a simple, low-dispersion electromigration method was found to be a reliable procedure for solute quantitation.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 45
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Schlagwort(e): Gas chromatography ; Capillary columns ; Simulated distillation ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The characterization of heavy petroleum fractions is essential for the design and improvement of cracking plants converting heavy feedstock into valuable “white” products. Conventional simulated distillation methods using packed columns are unsuitable for this purposes, being limited to boiling points up to about 600°C. The method presented is able to cover a boiling points interval ranging from about 150°C up to around 800°C. It employs a short, nonpolar, highly thermostable capillary column routinely operated at temperatures around 430°C. The analytical system is based on a high temperature versions of a fully automatic, capillary dedicated gas chromatograph. The experimental data demonstrate that cold on-column injection is the sole sampling system suitable for such heavy compounds. The conversion of the retention times into boiling points, based on the use of low molecular weight polyethylenes, is extremely reliable, as demonstrated by the excellent retention time reproducibilities. The lower part (up to 550-600°C TBP) of the boiling point distribution curves of heavy petroleum fractions obtained on capillary columns fits well with the corresponding distribution curves based on packed column data. For the petroleum fractions fully eluted from the column the quantitative results obtained either using internal standards or by direct processing of the elution curves are in excellent agreement (less than 0.3 weight% differences). The method has been applied to the determination of the true boiling points corresponding to short path vacuum distillation (DISTACT) cut points over 300°C.
    Zusätzliches Material: 18 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 46
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Schlagwort(e): Coupled HPLC-GC ; Retention gap ; Partially concurrent solvent evaporation ; Gasoline ; Group-type separation ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Two-dimensional chromatography of gasoline by on-line coupled HPLC-HRGC, as described in this paper, allows separate GC analysis of paraffins and aromatics. The GC system contains a retention gap of only 10 m length for introducing HPLC fractions of 100 μl volume. This becomes possible through evaporation of part of the solvent during introduction of the HPLC eluent. This “partially concurrent solvent evaporation” technique allows transfer of large volumes of HPLC eluent into relatively short retention gaps, maintaining the full efficiency of the solvent effects in reconcentrating the bands of the early eluted solutes.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 47
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 8 (1985), S. 625-626 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 48
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 8 (1985), S. 632-650 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Zusätzliches Material: 8 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 49
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 8 (1985), S. 659-664 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Schlagwort(e): Liquid chromatography, LC ; Packed micro columns ; Breakthrough gradients ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: A new approach is described for micro-HPLC for generating nearly linear gradients in the 40 to 550 μl volume range. These “linear” gradients have a straight line middle portion with a gentle curved onset of the gradient andd rapid attainment of the final 100% composition. Such “breakthrough-gradients” are produced by the interface between weak and strong eluent when a small (3 × 0.46 cm) packed “gradient-generator” column is switched abruptly from weak to strong eluent. The model system described here, without an analytical column, shows gradients from weak eluent (water) to strong eluent (modele with water plus acetone) using a 12-port high pressure valve to 1) vent the “flush” eluent, and simultaneously 2) begin the gradient and 3) make the sample injection.The volume of the gradient can be changed in two ways. If the breakthrough-generator is packed with very large (300 to 1600 μm nonporous particles, the gradient volume is nearly independent of the flush flow rate. The flush flow is used to quickly move the breakthrough-interface to the head of the micro-HPLC column. However, the gradient volume can be increased by using larger solid particles in the gradient-generator column because of increased eddy diffusion. If the gradient-generator is packed with porous particles (75-150 μm), the gradient volume can be changed over a broad range by simply changing the flush flow rate. This simple control over the gradient volume is due to the increased mass transfer of weak eluent out of the porous particles into the strong eluent at higher flush flows.The breakthrough-interface gradient-generator column approach provides the following advantages for micro-HPLC: - Gradient volumes can be readily varied over the micro-HPLC range 40-550 μl.- Gradient are linear with smooth and rapid onset of intial and final concentrations.- Gradient are produced inexpensively with a single high-pressure precision pump.- Gradient can be automated with a timer and single 12-port valve that provides both column regeneration and sample injection.
    Zusätzliches Material: 9 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 50
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 8 (1985), S. 693-694 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Schlagwort(e): Gas-liquid chromatography, GLC ; Capillary columns ; Static coating ; Monitoring device ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 51
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 8 (1985), S. 19-22 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Schlagwort(e): Thin layer chromatography, HPTLC ; Anticircular mode ; Cosmetic emulsions ; Jojoba wax ester quantitation ; Triglyceride quantitation ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Cosmetic creams were analyzed for their content of jojoba wax and shea fat using anticircular HPTLC, a fast, precise, and reliable method. After optimization of the solvent system (petrol ether/diethyl ether) for the separation of jojoba wax and shea fat, the spots were visualized with phosphomolybdic acid by the “dip-in” technique, subsequently heated, and finally recorded by scanning with a densitometer at 546 nm. Results showed that one particular concentration range gives an optimum correlation between calibration curves and sample evaluations.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 52
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 8 (1985), S. 30-31 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Schlagwort(e): Gas chromatography, GC ; Glass packed columns ; Glass capillary columns ; Interference ; Medicinal plants ; DDT-residues ; PCB-residues ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 53
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 8 (1985) 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 54
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Schlagwort(e): Gas chromatography, GC ; Fused silica capillary columns ; Electron capture detection ; Octachlorobenzo-p-dioxin ; Heptachlorobenzo-p-dioxin ; Polychlorinated dibenzofurans ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: A method is described for the analysis of contaminated building dust samples and surface swab samples for octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (OCDD) and heptachlorodibenzo-p-dioxins (HpCDDs). The samples were analyzed by fused silica capillary GC combined with electron capture detection. Analysis was preceded by a short HPLC cleanup step designed to remove polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and other compounds that might interfere. The method was found to work successfully on surface swab and dust samples known to contain PCBs, OCDD, and HpCDDs. The overall recovery of the analysis procedure for OCDD was found to be approximately 80%. The detection limit for the method was sample dependent, but for one typical set of surface swab samples was 0.2 μg/m2 of OCDD.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 55
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 8 (1985), S. 102-103 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 56
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 8 (1985), S. 112-118 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Schlagwort(e): Gas chromatography, GC ; Fused silica capillary columns ; Packed absorption columns ; Thick liquid phase films ; Natural, refinery, and reactor gas analysis ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: A gas chromatographic system consisting of one multiport valve, two (hot-wire and flame-ionization) detectors and two analytical columns (one thick-film capillary and one packed adsorption column) is used for the analysis of gas samples containing a number of inorganic compounds (hydrogen, argon, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide) and organic compounds. Examples include samples containing hydrocarbons up to n-nonane and benzene and toluene. The system also permits the analysis of more complicated samples containing, for example, alcohols, in addition to hydrocarbons.
    Zusätzliches Material: 8 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 57
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 8 (1985), S. 143-143 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Schlagwort(e): Gas chromatography, GC ; Fused silica capillary columns ; Chromosorb 102 ; C1—C6 Hydrocarbons ; CO2 and H2S ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 58
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 8 (1985), S. 148-149 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Schlagwort(e): Liquid chromatography, HPLC ; Slurry packing ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 59
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 8 (1985), S. 154-155 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Schlagwort(e): High performance ion-exchange chromatography ; Recovery of proteins ; TSKgel DEAE-5PW and SP-5PW ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 60
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 8 (1985), S. 158-162 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 61
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 8 (1985), S. 78-79 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Schlagwort(e): Liquid chromatography, HPLC ; Gel filtration of proteins ; Protein-support interaction ; TSKgel G3000SW ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 62
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 8 (1985), S. 88-89 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Schlagwort(e): Liquid chromatography, HPLC ; High speed HPLC ; Profiling ; Prostaglandins ; 2,3-Dinor-6-keto-prostaglandin F1α ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 63
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 8 (1985), S. 230-242 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Schlagwort(e): High resolution gas chromatography, GC ; Fused silica wall-coated open tubular columns ; Dual column analysis ; Retention indices ; “Delta I-pt” effect ; Shale-derived fuels ; Petroleum-derived fuels ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Overlapping chromatographic peaks of components from different hydrocarbon classes can be disengaged by exploiting their shifts in relative retention behavior with changes in linear rates of programmed temperature. Many co-eluting species in complex chromatograms of shale- and petroleum-derived jet fuels can be resolved without varying stationary phase, column length, or initial column temperature.Retention indices were simultaneously determined on two bonded-phase, fused silica capillary columns of slightly different polarities at three different linear programmed temperature rates. For certain hydrocarbon types, no change in index values was observed with an alteration in programming rate. However, the indices of other hydrocarbon classes shifted uniformly with programmed temperature rates on each of the two stationary phases. When applied, this phenomenon could help resolve coeluting members of different or even the same hydrocarbon type and elucidate their probable structure. The overall precision of the retention indices, i.e., the mean standard deviation at the 95% confidence levels, was less than ±0.13 for either column at any of the three programming rates. Since the above technique is automated, it could also be a useful screening tool to search for specific hydrocarbons in a myriad of unknown components of a complex hydrocarbon mixture.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 64
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 8 (1985), S. 169-169 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 65
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 8 (1985), S. 193-195 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Schlagwort(e): Atmospheric residue ; Capilary columns ; Gas chromatography ; Pyrex ; Simulated distillation (SIMDIS) ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 66
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 8 (1985), S. 200-208 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 67
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 8 (1985), S. 301-302 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Schlagwort(e): Gas chromatography, GC ; Glass capillary columns ; Kovats retention indices ; Monocyclic terpene alcohols ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 68
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 8 (1985), S. 304-305 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Schlagwort(e): Liquid chromatography, HPLC ; Chiral-stationary phase ; 1-Nitrobenzo[a]pyrene ; 3-Nitrobenzo[a]pyrene ; 1-Nitro-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene ; 3-Nitro-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 69
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 8 (1985), S. 469-474 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Schlagwort(e): Liquid chromatography, LC ; Packed capillary columns ; On-Line multidimensional chromatography ; Gas chromatography, GC ; Capillary columns ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The introduction of selected fractions from a liquid chromatograph into a gas chromatograph has been described; however, analyses were performed by off-line experiments requiring collection and reinjection of the separate fractions or by on-line procedures where disadvantageously, only a fraction of the separated peak or a well resolved component in a mixture could be introduced into a gas chromatograph. This disadvantage is overcome by the apparatus and method described in this paper, which utilizes a multidimensional chromatography system employing a high efficiency, packed capillary LC column coupled on-line to a capillary gas chromatograph.The liquid chromatograph (so designed) can act as a highly efficient clean-up or chemical class fractionation step prior to introduction into the gas chromatograph, significantly reducing sample preparation times in many applications. Thus minor components in a complex matrix can be determined without prior sample clean-up, an example of which is the determination of polychlorinated biphenyls in a complex hydrocarbon matrix.
    Zusätzliches Material: 12 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 70
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 8 (1985), S. 480-484 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Schlagwort(e): Gas chromatography, GC ; Supercritical fluid chromatography, SFC ; Packed columns ; Fused silica and glass capillary columns ; Liquid crystal stationary phases ; Polyaromatic hydrocarbons ; Insect sex pheromones ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Novel monomeric and polymeric liquid crystalline compounds were synthesized as stationary phases for gas chromatography (GC) and supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC). Monomeric liquid crystalline compounds were used in packed column gas chromatography for the separation of isomeric aromatic compounds and insect sex pheromones. Liquid crystalline polymers possess long nematic ranges and a uniform coating was easily achieved in glass and fused silica capillaries, which could stand temperatures up to 250°C in GC and pressures of 200 MPa at 160°C in SFC. The columns provide excellent selectivity and resolution for fused ring aromatic compounds such as the isomers anthracene and phenanthrene or triphenylene and chrysene.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 71
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 8 (1985), S. 510-513 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Schlagwort(e): Gas chromatography, GC ; Glass capillary columns ; Curie point pyrolysis ; Polystyrenes ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Pyrolysis-capillary GC has been applied to the analysis of chemically derivatized polystyrenes. The reproducibility of the method and the influence of instrumentation has been discussed.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 72
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 8 (1985), S. 531-534 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Schlagwort(e): Liquid chromatography, LC ; Open tubular columns ; Post column derivatization ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The practical applications of open tubes in liquid chromatography as separation columns and as reactors for post column derivatization are discussed. With present technology, the potential efficiency of open tubular columns cannot be fully exploited. As reactors in post column derivatization, these tubes offer many advantages if knitted or stitched to enhance radial mass transfer. The application of open tubes with diameters between 0.12 mm and 0.6 mm as reactors in the selective and sensitive detection of amino acids is demonstrated.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 73
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 8 (1985), S. 551-557 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Schlagwort(e): Gas chromatography, GC ; Fused silica capillary columns ; Thick films ; Polyphenylmethylsiloxane films ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The efficiency of FSOT columns coated with thick films of polyphenylmethylsiloxane was theoretically and experimentally compared to thin apolar and medium polar coatings and to thick apolar coatings. Experimental hū and TZū plots clearly demonstrate the enormous loss in chromatographic efficiency of thick films of medium polar siloxane stationary phases. The low diffusion coefficient in the liquid phaese is responsible for this behavior. The influence of the temperature and the nature of the solute on the efficiency was also studied.
    Zusätzliches Material: 13 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 74
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 8 (1985), S. 547-550 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Schlagwort(e): Gas chromatography, GC ; Capillary columns ; Amino acid profiles ; Yeasts ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The Saccharomyces strains uvarum, montuliensis, bayanus, capensis and florentinus were grown in liquid media prepared from a 1% aqueous glucose solution to which 0.05% of ammonium sulfate or urea were added as the only nitrogen supply. The amino acids exuded during incubation were isolated by cation exchange and derivatized as the corresponding N,O-heptafluorobutyryl isopropyl esters. Separation was achieved on a highly deactivated glass capillary column coated with OV-101. A characteristic amino acid profile was obtained for each of the species studied, allowing the construction of a chemotaxonomic tree, on the basis of present or absent acids.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 75
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 8 (1985), S. 566-571 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Schlagwort(e): Gas chromatography, GC ; Capillary columns ; Cooled needle split injection ; Temperature programmed (PTV) injection ; On-column injection ; Automation ; Quantitation ; Sampling ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Sampling techniques for practical quantitative capillary GC have to meet certain principal requirements. Both the absolute and the relative peak areas (e.g. column loads) must be reproducible with high precision and at high accuracy; discrimination of certain constituents according to their volatility should not take place on sampling. On the basis of systematic studies, the three most reliable sampling techniques used for GC analyses with the aim of achieving precise and accurate quantitative data proved to be the following: On-column, injection, splitless PTV injection, and an optimized version of split sampling called “cooled needle split” injection. The on-column technique can be optimized by using precolumns with wider internal diameters and without stationary phase coatings to overcome the problems of large liquid sampling volumes and for automation. The PTV technique should only be used in the splitless mode because discrimination cannot be suppressed completely with the split mode. All three of the techniques can be operated automatically, either to avoid “human interference”, i.e. to improve precision or for unattended operation to save man-power.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 76
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 8 (1985), S. 672-677 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Schlagwort(e): Liquid chromatography, LC ; Slurry-packed capillary columns ; Fluorimetric photodiode array detector ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: A high sensitivity, multichannel fluorescence detector with small volume has been developed for capillary column liquid chromatography. Using an intensified linear photodiode array to monitor fluorescence emission, several important mixtures exhibiting native fluorescence have been examined following high efficiency separation on a capillary column. By correlating mass spectral, fluorescence spectral, and retention time data, information of potential utility in the structural elucidation of aromatic molecules contained in complex mixtures can be obtained. Examples include the separation and spectral examination of the polyaromatic compounds in samples of both biological and environmental interest.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 77
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 8 (1985), S. 690-690 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 78
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 8 (1985), S. 705-708 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Schlagwort(e): Capillary columns ; Glass ; Fused silica ; Acid leaching ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: A study was carried out on the effects of acid leaching of capillary column wall materials. Leaching experiments with glass and fused silica were performed under static and dynamic conditions; moreover, the influence of the temperature was investigated. The amount of water released during different temperature programs was measured with a microwave plasma detector. Different leaching conditions and column wall materials cause considerable variations in water production. These results probably explain the disappointing deactivation efficiency obtained for fused silica and dynamically leached soft glass if HMDS is used. Evidence was found for an increase in surface area due to acid leaching.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 79
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 8 (1985), S. 726-733 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Schlagwort(e): Coupled HPLC-capillary GC ; Retention gap ; Concurrent solvent evaporation ; Extraction techniques ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: HPLC fractions involving eluents of low to intermediate polarity can be introduced into capillary GC using the retention gap technique. Partial or complete solvent evaporation during sample introduction reduces the length of, or almost eliminates, the zone in the column inlet (retention gap) flooded by the introduced liquid, allowing introduction of larger HPLC fractions and/or use of shorter retention gaps. The corresponding techniques are reviewed. The retention gap technique is poorly suited for water-containing HPLC eluents (reversed phase HPLC) and fails completely if HPLC eluents contain, e.g., buffer salts. Various techniques for extracting such HPLC eluents are considered, preference being given to extraction into GC stationary phases from where solutes are thermally desorbed into the GC separation column. Limiting factors are diffusion of solutes within the liquid phase to be extracted and retention power of the extraction tubes.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 80
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Schlagwort(e): Gas chromatography ; Capillary columns ; Automatic analysis of volatiles ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: A system for automatic analysis of volatile compounds by purge-and-cold-trapping/capillary gas chromatography is described. It is suitable for analysis of volatile compounds in a wide variety of samples, such as water, food products and environmental samples. Possibilities and limitations of the system are evaluated in relation to several parameters. The efficiency of different types of cryogenic trap (open tubular, coated, packed) is also investigated; it depends on purge-flow rate, temperature of trapping, and total purge volume. Examples of the analysis of volatile compounds in foods and water are given.
    Zusätzliches Material: 11 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 81
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 8 (1985), S. 804-806 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Schlagwort(e): Gas chromatography ; Capillary column ; Stationary-phase focusing ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 82
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 8 (1985), S. 824-828 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Schlagwort(e): Supercritical fluid chromatography, SFC ; Aromatic hydrocarbons ; Multidimensional chromatography ; Normal and reversed phase ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: A two-dimensional chromatographic separation is described which makes use of the unusual properties of supercritical carbon dioxide mobile phase. This solvent has the property of giving a separation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) on amine-bonded columns similar to that given by usual normal-phase solvents, and on octadecylsilane-bonded columns similar to that given by usual reversed-phase solvents.Packed columns were used, arranged so that they could be switched in or out of the solvent flow. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon mixtures isolated from coal tar were fractionated according to number of aromatic carbon atoms on an amine-bonded column, and these fractions were trapped on an octadecysilane-bonded column. They were subsequently eluted according to the polarity of the individual compounds. Separations from fractions containing 16 and 18 aromatic carbon atoms are shown.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 83
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 8 (1985), S. 838-842 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Schlagwort(e): Thin-layer chromatography, HPTLC ; Elution characteristics ; Temperature effect ; Solvent polarity effect ; Polar lipids ; Boric acid ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 84
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 8 (1985), S. 852-853 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Schlagwort(e): Gas chromatography, GC ; Gas sampling ; Gas analysis ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 85
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 8 (1985), S. 860-862 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Schlagwort(e): Liquid chromatography, LC ; Solvent peaks ; Mixed eluents ; UV-visualization ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 86
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 8 (1985), S. 426-431 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Schlagwort(e): Gas chromatography, GC ; Capillary columns, fused silica ; Ultra-narrow bore columns ; Increased residence time ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The resolution of the diastereoisomers of norpristane, pristane, and phytane was studied as a function of the column internal diameter and/or the residence time of the compounds in the column. Increasing the residence time in the column by operating the column at a lower temperature program rate enhances the resolution more than reducing the internal diameter of the column. Practical experience with ultra narrow bore columns is also presented.
    Zusätzliches Material: 10 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 87
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 8 (1985), S. 440-443 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Schlagwort(e): Gas chromatography ; GC/MS ; Capillary column, fused silica ; EI-MS/CI-MS ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: In order to facilitate the gas chromatographic determination of butyric as well as other short chain fatty acids, triglycerides containing these fatty acids were transbutylated and transpentylated to give FABES (fatty acid butyl esters) and FAPES (fatty acid pentyl esters), respectively. This method allows the molecular weight of the compounds to be increased while their polarity is decreased. Short chain esters elute sufficiently separated from the solvent; due to the decreased polarity, elution of long chain fatty acids is only slightly retarded compared to the corresponding methyl esters. Quantitative evaluation over a large series of injections proved the linearity of correction factors in both cases, FABES and FAPES, with a slight deviation for 16:0 and 18:0, respectively. Structural characterization was performed by GC/MS. It was shown that there are characterstic fragmentations for FABES as well as for FAPES. The El-mass spectra give structural information about the alcohol and acid moieties, the ester molecule and the Cl-spectra indicate the molecular weight. The absence of abundant highly characteristic peaks in the spectra of these esters makes the detection of FABES or FAPES in complex mixtures more difficult than the detection of FAMES with their very characteristic ions at m/z 74 and 87.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 88
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 8 (1985), S. 709-714 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Schlagwort(e): Deactivation ; Capillary columns ; Silylation ; HPLC-silica ; Surface group concentration ; Pore alterations ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: High-temperature silylation (HTS) used for the deactivation of capillary columns was studied on the silica commonly used in HPLC to gain a better insight into this process. LiChrosorb Si 100 was silylated with disilazanes at different temperatures and the materials obtained were compared in terms of organic and silanol group surface concentration, IR reflection spectra, HPLC behavior, and pore distribution parameters. Applying diphenyltetramethyldisilazane, the volatile reaction products were monitored during the HTS process. With increasing silylation temperature up to 400°C the silanol surface concentration is reduced to a very small level independent of the organic group concentration which exhibits a broad maximum depending upon substituents and temperature. Up to 350°C triorganosiloxy groups prevail as bonded organic groups. It could be proved that HTS is accompanied by pore alterations of the silica matrix. Arguments proposed by different authors in explaining HTS effects are discussed.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 89
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 8 (1985), S. 734-740 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Schlagwort(e): Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry ; Capillary columns ; Stationary phases ; Silicones ; Thermal degradation ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The applicability of capillary columns for gas chromatography is often limited by stationary phase degradation at elevated temperatures. In order to achieve a better understanding of column thermostability, column bleed products have been analyzed qualitatively by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Three silicone stationary phases were studied: SE-52, SE-54, and OV-1701. Each of these was immobilized in the columns. The proportion of cyclics containing diphenyl in column bleed from SE-52 reflected to a large extent the composition of the polymer, while for SE-54 the proportion of such cyclics was unexpectedly high. The polar moiety of OV-1701, the cyanopropyl(phenyl)siloxy unit, was found to exert a highly destabilizing effect on the polymer, and the thermal degradation products consisted mainly of cyclosiloxanes containing this unit.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 90
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 8 (1985), S. 741-747 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Schlagwort(e): Gas chromatography ; Fused silica capillary columns ; Deactivation ; Cyanopropylhydrosiloxanes ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: A method is described for surface deactivation and modification of fused silica capillary columns with a cyanopropyl-containing reagent. The deactivation procedure involved a dehydrocondensation reaction between a bis(cyanopropyl)methylhydropolysiloxane reagent and surface silanol groups at an optimum temperature of only 250°C. Actual critical surface tension measurements were made using the capillary rise method. Excellent deactivation for acidic and basic compounds at the low ng level, and wettability for nonpolar and polar polysiloxane stationary phases were obtained. A procedure was developed to remove acidic impurities that are present in polar stationary phases.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 91
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 8 (1985), S. 831-837 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Schlagwort(e): Liquid chromatography, HPLC ; Characterization of antacida ; Gastric juice ; Bile acids ; Lysolecithin ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Work-up procedures and HPLC separation systems for determination of taurocholic, glycocholic, chenodeoxycholic, and cholic acids and lysolecithin in artificial and natural gastric juice are described. These compounds are used for testing the binding capacity of antacida to the individual analytes. Work-up is simple, no extraction or filtration being required. The optimized combinations of stationary and mobile phases allow selective and sensitive determination of the respective bile acids in gastric juice. For optimization, the capacity factors of two related bile acids were evaluated for numerous commercial stationary phases. The mechanism of retention is different for free and conjugated bile acids. Special aspects of routine analysis are discussed.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 92
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 8 (1985), S. 849-852 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Schlagwort(e): Gas chromatography, GC ; Fused silica capillary columns ; Electron impact mass spectrometry ; Retention data ; Nitrofluoranthenes ; Nitropyrenes ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 93
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 8 (1985), S. 42-44 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Schlagwort(e): Gas chromatography, GC ; Glass capillary columns ; Immobilization ; 60Co gamma radiation ; Polyethylene glycol-type phases ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 94
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 8 (1985), S. 50-56 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 95
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 8 (1985), S. 77-78 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Schlagwort(e): Gas liquid chromatography, GLC ; Capillary columns ; Polytetrafluoroethylene joint ; Solvent effect inlet ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 96
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 8 (1985), S. 80-81 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Schlagwort(e): Gas chromatography, GC ; Trifluoropropyl silicone capillary columns ; Ketoesters ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 97
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 8 (1985), S. 90-92 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Schlagwort(e): Gas chromatography, GC ; Liquid crystal stationary phases ; Shape parameter ; Monomethylbenz[a]anthracenes ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 98
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 8 (1985), S. 32-33 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Schlagwort(e): Gas chromatography, GC ; Glass and fused silica capillary columns ; Coating time and efficiency ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 99
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 8 (1985), S. 34-36 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Schlagwort(e): Gas chromatography, GC ; Injecting liquid samples ; Septumless sample injection ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 100
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 8 (1985), S. 39-41 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Schlagwort(e): Liquid chromatography, HPLC ; Mass detector ; Carbohydrates ; Heavy petroleum distillates ; Hormonal steroids ; Nonionic surfactants ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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