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  • 2020-2023
  • 1985-1989
  • 1965-1969  (269)
  • 1968  (269)
  • Chemical Engineering  (257)
  • Kidney  (12)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Beziehung zwischen chronisch-toxischer Knochenschädigung und Fremdmetallbindung an Serum-Proteine (1968)
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 23 (1968), S. 245-249 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Bone ; Strontium poisoning ; Parathormone ; Kidney ; Knochen ; Strontiumvergiftung ; Parathormon ; Niere
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Restitution des strontiumgeschädigten Skelets wachsender Sprague Dawley Ratten ist von einem Anstieg der dialysablen Strontium- und Calciumfraktion des Serums begleitet. Die Ergebnisse legen eine Beeinflussung der renalen Manipulation von Kationen bei Knochenschädigungen durch Fremdmetalle nahe.
    Notes: Summary Restitution of skeletal damage caused by strontium in growing Sprague Dawley rats is accompanied by an increase in the dialysable serum fractions of strontium and calcium. The results suggest that the renal manipulation of cations is influenced in bone lesions caused by foreign metals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00577404
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Die Harnstoff- und Elektrolytkonzentrationen im Nierenmarkgewebe nach zweitägiger Infusion hypertoner Harnstoff- und NaCl-Lösungen (1968)
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 301 (1968), S. 270-279 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Kidney ; Concentration ; Infusion ; Urea ; Electrolytes ; Niere ; Konzentrierung ; Infusion ; Harnstoff ; Elektrolyte
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Um die gegenseitige Beeinflussung von Harnstoff und NaCl bei der Bildung eines konzentrierten Harns zu untersuchen, werden Ratten 2 Tage lang NaCl-Lösungen mit wechselndem Harnstoffgehalt infundiert. Sodann werden der Harn sowie das Gewebe der Nierenrinde, des äußeren Marks und des inneren Marks auf ihren Gehalt an Kalium, Natrium und Harnstoff analysiert. Es wird gefunden, daß die Konzentrierfähigkeit der Rattenniere unter diesen Versuchsbedingungen für NaCl bei gleichzeitiger Zufuhr von Harnstoff geringer wird. In der Niere steigen NaCl und Harnstoffkonzentrationen unter allen Infusionsbedingungen von der Nierenrinde zur Nierenpapille hin an. Bei Infusion reiner NaCl-Lösungen entsprechen die NaCl- und Harnstoffkonzentrationen im Harn denen in der Papille. Bei Infusion von harnstoffhaltigen NaCl-Lösungen sind im Harn die NaCl-Konzentrationen höher und die Harnstoffkonzentrationen niedriger als im Papillengewebe. Diese Ergebnisse schließen aus, daß die hohen Harnstoffkonzentrationen im Nierenmarkgewebe durch einfache Diffusion des Harnstoffes aus den Sammelrohren in das Nierenmarkgewebe zustande kommen. Es wird die Möglichkeit diskutiert, daß die Harnstoffkonzentrierung unter den hier wiedergegebenen Versuchsbedingungen durch Gegenstromdiffusion in dem Vasa recta-System verursacht wird. Der Konzentriereffekt hierfür könnte durch einen Wasserfluß aufgrund osmotischer Kräfte von dem Blutgefäßsystem in die Henleschen Schleifen zustande kommen, wenn der Harn in den Henleschen Schleifen durch Aufnahme von NaCl, das aus den Sammelrohren stammt, hyperton wird.
    Notes: Summary To investigate the mutual interdependence of urea and sodium in producing concentrated urine, solutions of different concentrations of sodium and urea were infused into the stomach of rats. After two days' infusion, the urine and tissues from the different zones of the kidneys were analysed for sodium, potassium and urea content. It was found that the efficiency of the rat kidney in producing urine with high sodium content was diminished if urea was infused together with the sodium chloride. Under all conditions sodium and urea concentrations increased from the cortex to the papilla of the kidneys. When pure sodium chloride solutions were infused, sodium and urea concentrations in the urine were nearly equal to the corresponding concentrations in the papilla. Infusion of solutions containing NaCl and urea caused production of urine with a higher sodium concentration and lower urea concentration than in the papilla. These results show that the high concentration of urea in the medulla of the kidney does not arise by passives diffusion of urea from the collecting ducts into the medullary tissue. The possibility that the concentration of urea in the inner medulla is produced by counter current diffusion of urea in the vasa recta is discussed. The concentration effect necessary for this counter current multiplication could be created by an osmotic flow of water from the vasa recta into loops of Henle, if the urine in the loops becomes hypertonic by taking up sodium chloride from the collecting ducts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00363774
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Wirkung von Aldosteron auf die Natrium-und Wasserresorption im proximalen Tubulus bei chronischer Kochsalzbelastung (1968)
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 300 (1968), S. 148-160 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Kidney ; Aldosterone ; Tubular Sodium Reabsorption ; Proximal Tubule ; Sodium Chloride Loading ; Niere ; Aldosteron ; tubuläre Natriumresorption ; proximaler Tubulus ; Natriumchloridbelastung
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Ratten erhielten 4 Wochen lang isotone Kochsalzlösung als Trinkflüssigkeit. Glomerulumfiltrat und Passagezeit von Lissamin-Grün im proximalen Tubulus blieben unverändert. Die spezifische Resorptionskapazität des Tubulusepithels — gemessen mit der „gespaltenen-Tropfen-Methode“ — nahm signifikant ab. Daraus ergab sich eine Verminderung der fraktionellen Natrium-und Wasserresorption im proximalen Tubulus von 51 auf 38% der gefilterten Menge. Die Na+-Ausscheidung stieg von 0,06 (Kontrollen) auf 1,25% der gefilterten Menge. Diese Veränderungen waren rückgängig zu machen durch Injektion von d-Aldosteron. Durch Bestimmung des TF/P-Inulin-Quotienten am Ende des proximalen Konvolutes wurden die Ergebnisse bestätigt. Es wird angenommen, daß die Resorptionshemmung im proximalen Tubulus bei chronischer Kochsalzbelastung durch verminderte Sekretion von Mineralocorticoiden bedingt und letzten Endes Ursache der vermehrten Na+-Ausscheidung ist. Ein Teil der proximalen Resorptionshemmung wird anscheinend in weiter distal gelegenen Nephron-Abschnitten kompensiert.
    Notes: Summary Rats were kept on isotonic saline as drinking fluid for a period of 4 weeks. Glomerular filtration rate and proximal transit time of Lissamine green remained unchanged. The intrinsic reabsorptive capacity of the proximal tubular epithelium—measured by the “shrinking-droplet-method”—decreased significantly. As a result, fractional proximal reabsorption of sodium and water decreased from 51 to 38 per cent of the filtered load. Sodium excretion rose from 0.06 (controls) to 1,25 per cent of the filtered load. These changes were reversible by injection of d-aldosterone. The results were confirmed by measuring the TF/P ratio of inulin at the end of the proximal convolution. The results indicate that in rats chronically loaded with salt, the inhibition of fractional proximal reabsorption is due to a decreased secretion of mineralocorticoids, and is the cause of the higher sodium excretion. Apparently, the decreased proximal reabsorption is partly compensated in more distal parts of the nephron.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00362546
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Die Konzentrierfähigkeit der Säugetierniere für Elektrolyte und Harnstoff bei Variation der Plasmaharnstoffkonzentration durch ämodialyse (1968)
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 301 (1968), S. 259-269 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Kidney ; Concentration ; Dialysis ; Urea ; Electrolytes ; Niere ; Konzentrierung ; Dialyse ; Harnstoff ; Elektrolyte
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Um den Einfluß des Plasmaharnstoffspiegels auf die Konzentrierfähigkeit der Niere zu untersuchen, wird der Blutkreislauf von Ratten an eine Dialysiervorrichtung angeschlossen und der Harnstoffspiegel des Blutes für 3 Std durch Dialyse gegen eine harnstoffreie Spüllösung gesenkt. Gleichzeitig wird der Harnfluß der Tiere durch eine Regelanordnung konstant gehalten. Die Regelung wird dadurch erreicht, daß dem Blutkreislauf bei zu hohem Harnfluß automatisch Flüssigkeit entzogen und bei zu niedrigem Harnfluß Flüssigkeit zugeführt wird. Es wird gefunden, daß die Harnstoffkonzentrationen im Harn linear mit dem Plasmaharnstoffspiegel abfallen bzw. ansteigen. Die Summe der Elektrolytkonzentrationen fällt dagegen mit dem Plasmaharnstoffspiegel nur wenig ab. Falls ein völliger Harnstoffentzug möglich wäre, würde auch dann noch eine Konzentrierung der Elektrolyte auf mehr als doppelt isoton möglich sein. Die Ergebnisse der Untersuchung lassen sich am einfachsten mit der Annahme interpretieren, daß in der Niere der Ratte zwei unterschiedlich arbeitende Konzentrierungsmechanismen wirksam sind, von denen der eine im wesentlichen Elektrolyte, der andere im wesentlichen Harnstoff konzentriert. Der Konzentrierungsmechanismus für Elektrolyte könnte im äußeren Mark, der für Harnstoff im inneren Mark lokalisiert sein.
    Notes: Summary To investigate the influence of plasma urea levels on the concentrating power of the kidney, the blood circulation of rats was connected to a dialyser; with dialysis against a urea-free cleaning solution, the urea level of the blood was lowered for three hours. During this, the urine flow of the animals was kept constant by a regulating arrangement. This control was achieved by removing fluid from the blood circulation in the case of too high urine flow and by putting in fluid in the case of too low urine flow. It was found that the concentration of urea in the urine had a direct linear relationship with the plasma urea level. The total electrolyte concentration fell only slightly compared to the plasma urea level falls. If the urea could have been completely removed, high concentrating of the electrolyte, to more than double isotonic, would still have been possible. The simplest way to interpret the results of this research is by the hypothesis that two different concentrating mechanisms are at work in the rat kidney, the one essentially concentrating electrolytes, and the other principally urea. The concentrating mechanism for electrolytes could be localised in the outer medulla, and for urea in the inner medulla.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00363773
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mikropunktionsuntersuchung am distalen Tubulus beim Goldblatt-Hochdruck der Ratte (1968)
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 304 (1968), S. 336-350 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Kidney ; Experimental Hypertension ; Distal Tubular Sodium Reabsorption ; Distal Osmolality ; Tubular Potassium Secretion ; Niere ; experimenteller Hochdruck ; distale Natrium resorption ; distale Osmolalität ; tubuläre Kaliumsekretion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Vier Wochen nach Klammerung einer Nierenarterie wurde die Funktion des distalen Tubulus untersucht. In der ungeklammerten, unter dem hohen Blutdruck stehenden Niere blieb die Tubulusflüssigkeit bis 90% distaler Tubuluslänge hypoton. Dies wird auf eine erhöhten Flüssigkeitseinstrom aus der Henleschen Schleife zurückgeführt; eine verminderte Wasserpermeabilität des distalen Tubulus konnte nicht nachgewiesen werden. In der geklammerten Niere war mit Ausnahme des frühdistalen Abschnittes die Natriumkonzentration on jeder Stelle des distalen Konvolutes signifikant höher als in der ungeklammerten Niere und in Kontrollnieren. Auch fehlte im distalen Tubulus der geklammerten Niere eine Nettokaliumsekretion. die distale Gleichgewichtskonzentration für Natrium war auf der geklammerten Seite erhöht, auf der ungeklammerten Seite normal. Der isotone Natriumausstrom (Methode des gespaltenen Tropfens) war in der geklammerten Niere vermindert, in der ungeklammerten Niere erhöht. Die frühdistale Harnstoffkonzentration war in der ungeklammerten Niere gegenüber der geklammerten Niere und Nieren von Kontrollratten erniedrigt. Spätdistal war TF/P-Harnstoff in beiden Nieren gleich. Beide Nieren hatten ein normales Glomerulumfiltrat und normale tubuläre Passagezeiten mit Ausnahme einer verkürzten Schleifenzeit in der ungeklammerten Niere. Die Befunde werden dahingehend interpretiert, daß der aktive Natriumtransport im distalen Tubulus der beiden Nieren voneinander verschieden ist, möglicherweise infolge des unterschiedlichen Reningehaltes der beiden Nieren.
    Notes: Summary Four weeks after constricting one renal artery distal tubular function was studied using the micropuncture technique. In the untouched kidney tubular fluid remained hypotonic up to 90% distal tubular length. We believe this to be the result of the high inflow of tubular fluid from Henle's loop. A reduced permeability for water could not be demonstrated. Except for the early part of the distal tubule there was a marked increase in sodium concentration in the clamped kidney as compared to values obtained in the untouched one and in kindneys of control animals. In addition no potassium secretion could be observed in the clamped kidney. The distal steadystate concentration for sodium was increased in the clamped kidney and normal in the untouched one. Reabsorptive half-time, measured by the split droplet technique, was prolonged in the clamped kidney and shortened in the untouched one. Early distal urea concentration was lower in the untouched kidney than in the clamped one and in control kidneys, while at the end of the distal tubule urea concentrations did not differ significantly. Both kidneys had normal glomerular filtration rates and proximal tubular transit times, whereas a shortened transit time through Henle's loop of the untouched kidney was found. The results indicate that active sodium transport in the distal tubule of the clamped kidney differs from that of the untouched one, possibly due to the different renin concentration in both kidneys.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00587709
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Licht-und elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen am proximalen Tubuluskonvolut der Rattenniere nach intraluminaler Ölinjektion (1968)
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 302 (1968), S. 149-165 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Tubules ; Kidney ; Intraluminal Oil Injection ; Ultrastructure of Kidney ; Proximales Tubuluskonvolut ; Rattenniere ; intraluminale Ölinjektion ; Ultrastruktur der Niere
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Light- and electronmicroscopic evaluation of proximal convolutions of the rat kidney were made following injection with either mineral oil or castor oil. The following observations were made: 1. Injection of mineral oil does not result in a complete blockade of the tubular lumen and leads to morphological lesions of epithelial cells. 2. Injection of the more viscous castor oil, in contrast, leads to a dilatation of the tubular lumen and a compression of the brush border of proximal tubular cells. Thus a better blockade of longitudinal flow is achieved. A toxic effect of castor oil on the tubular epithelium could not be detected. Mechanical lesions, similar to those observed after mineral oil injection, were less frequent. They consisted in a penetration of oil into the cells, perhaps as consequence of the tubular dilatation. 3. In oil-injected proximal tubular segments the following cytologic phenomena were observed: a) a cessation of the normal pinocytosis, which is induced in the presence of tubular fluid, b) simultaneously the “large resorption vacuoles” disappear, indicating that they originate from confluence of pinocytotic vesicles, c) in dilated tubules protein resorption vacuoles are found to have ruptured towards the tubular lumen suggesting a high hydrostatic pressure within the vacuoles.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00586867
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tubuläre Wasser- und Substanzbewegungen infolge artifizieller transcellulärer osmotischer Gradienten bei Rana ridibunda (1968)
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 303 (1968), S. 249-261 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Kidney ; Fluxes ; Osmotic Gradients ; Niere ; Flüssigkeits-Substanzbewegungen ; osmotische Gradienten
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Durch artifizielle osmotische Druckdifferenzen von 150 mOsmol/l zwischen Lumen- und Blutseite der Tubulusepithelien von Rana ridibunda wird Flüssigkeit im Richtungssinne der Reabsorption oder — in geringerem Maße — der Sekretion längs des osmotischen Gradienten bewegt. Na+ wird in jedem Fall „trocken” reabsorbiert. Bei mit Furosemid blockiertem aktiven Na+-Transport läuft isoton Flüssigkeit längs des osmotischen Gradienten aus dem Tubuluslumen in das blutseitige Medium. Bei umgekehrt gerichtetem Gradienten wird das Filtrat so verändert, als ob es durch Einstrom reinen Wassers verdünnt würde. Die Tubulusepithelien verhalten sich so, als besäßen sie — im Zustand des blockierten aktiven Na+-Transportes — ein „Rückschlagventil” für Na+. Wenn der osmotische Gradient so gerichtet ist, daß Wasser oder Flüssigkeit aus dem Lumen in das blutseitige Medium läuft, dann kommt es bei umgekehrt gerichtetem Na+-Konzentrationsgradienten nicht zum Einstrom von Na+ in das Tubuluslumen. Die Na+-Harnkonzentration sinkt beträchtlich unter die des Perfusates, was als Ausdruck einer Na+-Reabsorption gegen den Konzentrationsgradienten gedeutet wird. Bei Blockierung des Na+-Transportes durch Furosemid kommt es wiederum zum Einstrom reinen Wassers in die Tubuluslumina. Die Versuche mit durch Furosemid blockiertem Na+-Transportmechanismus sind beweisend, daß die Tubuli für Na+ im Richtungssinne der Sekretion impermeabel sind. Die „Verdünnung” des Tubulusinhaltes durch einen osmotischen Gradienten, der Wasser in die Tubuli hineinlaufen läßt, kommt also nicht durch ein Überwiegen der Reabsorption über die „Sekretion” zustande. Wird statt des leicht penetrierenden Na-Chlorids das schwer penetrierende Natriumcyclohexansulfamat angeboten, dann wird absolut gegenüber den Versuchen mit Na-Chlorid weniger Na+ transportiert. Im übrigen zeigen die Nieren jedoch das gleiche Verhalten wie bei Angebot von Na-Chlorid.
    Notes: Summary Osmotic gradients of 150 mosmol/l between intratubular fluid and blood in the kidney of Rana ridibunda induce a fluid movement down the osmotic gradient which is stronger into the tubule than out of it. In either case Na+ is reabsorbed “dry”. If the active Na+-transport is blocked by Furosemid an osmotically downhill movement of isotonic fluid out of the tubule obtains. Reversal of the osmotic gradient induces a reversal of flow but the inward moving fluid is diluted. The tubular cells seem to inhibit the backwash of Na+. If the osmotic gradient induces an outflow of fluid out of the tubule no influx of Na+ occurs even in the presence of a concentration gradient for Na+ in the opposite direction. The Na+-concentration in the urine falls considerably below that of the perfusion fluid. This finding indicates Na+-reabsorption against a concentration gradient. Upon blocking of the Na+-transport by Furosemid water enters the tubules. The results of the experiments in which the Na+-transport was blocked by Furosemid prove that the tubules are impermeable for Na+ in the direction of secretion. The “dilution” of the tubular fluid as a result of an osmotic gradient which induces an influx of water isnot due to a reabsorption outbalancing “secretion”. If instead of the easily penetrating NaCl the slowly penetrating Na+-cyclohexanesulphamate is used, less Na+ is transported. However, in every other respect the results obtained are similar to those described above.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01890904
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Natrium- und Wasserresorption in den verschiedenen Abschnitten des Nephrons beim experimentellen renalen Hochdruck der Ratte (1968)
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 304 (1968), S. 322-335 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Kidney ; Experimental Hypertension ; Tubular Sodium Reabsorption ; Tubular Water Reabsorption ; Henle's Loop ; Niere ; experimenteller Hochdruck ; tubuläre Natriumresorption ; tubuläre Wasserresorption ; Henlesche Schleife
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 4 Wochen nach Klammerung einer Nierenarterie war der Perfusionsdruck der geklammerten Niere normal, während der arterielle Mitteldruck auf 188 mm Hg angestiegen war. Die Ausscheidung von Natrium und Wasser im Harn der geklammerten Niere war normal, im Harn der ungeklammerten Niere erheblich höher als normal. Glomerulumfiltrat (pro g Niere), intratubulärer Druck, Tubulusweite, Passagezeit von Lissamingrün und die fraktionelle Resorption von Natrium und Wasser waren im proximalen Tubulus sowohl in der geklammerten wie in der ungeklammerten Niere normal. In der ungeklammerten Niere war die Passagezeit durch die Henlesche Schleife stark verkürzt und die Resorption von Natrium und Wasser in der Schleife erheblich vermindert. Diese Veränderungen — obwohl zum Teil kompensiert durch vermehrte Resorption im distalen Tubulus und im Sammelrohr — sind verantwortlich für die höhere Wasser- und Natriumausscheidung der ungeklammerten Niere. Die Ursache ist wahrscheinlich eine stärkere Durchblutung des Nierenmarkes. Im Nephron der geklammerten Niere war die fraktionelle Natrium- und Wasserresorption nicht signifikant von normalen Werten verschieden mit der Ausnahme einer niedrigeren Natriumresorption im distalen Tubulus und einer höheren Natriumresorption im Sammelrohr. Der Natrium-Transport im distalen Tubulus ist anscheinend gestört; TF/P−Na+ betrug im Mittel 0,6 bis zum Ende des distalen Tubulus. Die Ergebnisse können die unterschiedliche Harnausscheidung erklären, die beim Hypertoniker mit einseitiger Nierenarterienstenose beobachtet wird (Howard-Test).
    Notes: Summary Four weeks after clamping one renal artery, the perfusion pressure of the clamped kidney was normal whereas the mean arterial pressure had increased to 188 mm Hg. Urinary excretion of sodium and water of the clamped kidney had not changed while that of the untouched kidney increased considerably. Glomerular filtration rate (per g kidney), intratubular pressure, tubular diameter, transit time of Lissamine green and fractional sodium and water reabsorption of the proximal tubule were normal in both the clamped and the untouched kidney. In the untouched kidney, the transit time through Henle's loop was shortened and the sodium and water reabsorption in it was significantly reduced. These changes, although partly compensated by higher reabsorption in the distal tubule and collecting duct, are responsible for the increased sodium and water excretion of the untouched kidney. They are probably due to an increased medullary blood flow. In the clamped kidney, fractional sodium and water reabsorption of the whole nephron did not differ significantly from normal values. However, sodium reabsorption was lower in the distal tubule and higher in the collecting duct. Sodium transport in the distal tubule seemed to be impaired; throughout its length sodium TF/P ratio averaged 0.6. These results may explain the different urinary excretion found in human hypertension following unilateral renal artery stenosis (Howard-Test).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00587708
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Passage of plasma through the kidney studied by external counting and autoradiography (1968)
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 305 (1968), S. 96-104 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Blood Circulation Time ; Kidney ; Plasma ; Radioautography ; Radioisotope Dilution Technique ; Regional Blood Flow ; Mittlere Kreislaufzeit ; Niere ; Plasma ; Autoradiographie ; Isotopenverdünnungstechnik ; Regionale Nierendurchblutung
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary At different times after injection into the renal artery of131I-albumin, the distribution of the tracer in kidneys of the rabbit and the dog was illustrated by a series of autoradiograms. In order to determine the mean circulation time for albumin in the kidney, the radioactivity over the kidney was simultaneously registered by external monitoring. A short mean circulation time was measured for albumin (plasma) passing cortex, and a longer one for that fraction of the albumin that passed through medulla, papillae, and capsule. The investigation rendered probable that the mean circulation time for blood through the kidney determined by the external technique applies to blood passing cortex. The circulation times for blood through medulla, papillae, and capsule are not included in the calculation of the mean circulation time.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00586398
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Zum extrahepatischen Stoffwechsel von Aldosteron (1968)
    Springer
    Clinical and experimental medicine 146 (1968), S. 336-345 
    Details
    ISSN: 1591-9528
    Keywords: Aldosterone ; Kidney ; Man ; Aldosteron ; Niere ; Mensch
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Auf Grund eines Vergleiches der Verhältnisse von 1,2-3HTetrahydroaldosteronglucuronid zu 1,2-3H-18-Aldosteronglucuronid im Plasma von drei Normalpersonen und zwei nephrektomierten Patienten nach einer Injektion von 1,2-3H-Aldosteron haben wir folgende Schlüsse in Betracht gezogen: 1. Das im Blutplasma vorhandene 1,2-3H-18-Aldosteronglucuronid wird nur glomerular filtriert. 2. Die renale Clearance von 18-Aldosteronglucuronid, die etwa das Fünffache der Inulinclearance beträgt [13, 15], mu\ zu vier Fünfteln auf Bildung von 18-Aldosteronglucuronid durch die proximalen [15] Tubuluszellen zurückgeführt werden. 3. Das Ausma\ der renalen Bildung von 18-Aldosteronglucuronid liegt in einer Grö\enordnung von 80% der Gesamtmenge 18-Aldosteronglucuronid im 24 StdUrin.
    Notes: Summary After an intravenous injection of 1,2-3H-aldosterone the ratios of 1,23H-tetrahydroaldosterone glucuronide to 1,2-3H-aldosterone glucuronide in the blood plasma of three normal and two nephrectomized persons were compared. In the three normal persons the ratios were of the same magnitude as in the two nephrectomized persons. On the basis of glomerular filtration of tetrahydroaldosterone glucuronide, as previously demonstrated by renal clearance studies in man [13, 15] and stop flow experiments in dogs [6], we made the following deductions: 1. 18aldosterone glucuronide in blood plasma is only filtered in the glomerulum. 2. The renal clearance of 18-aldosterone glucuronide, as investigated during aldosterone infusion in man [13, 15], therefore must be explained by glomerular filtration of only one fifth and by formation of four fifth of 18-aldosterone glucuronide by proximal [15] tubular cells. 3. This means that about 80% of 18-aldosterone glucuronide excreted in urine is formed by the kidneys.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02045932
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Zum extrahepatischen Stoffwechsel von Aldosteron (1968)
    Springer
    Clinical and experimental medicine 145 (1968), S. 270-277 
    Details
    ISSN: 1591-9528
    Keywords: Aldosterone ; Kidney ; Stop flow dog ; Aldosteron ; Niere ; Stop flow-Hund
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Mit Stop flow-Versuchen an Hunden konnten wir nach Infusion von 1,2-3H-18-Aldosteronglucuronid im Gegensatz zur Infusion von freiem 1,2-3H-Aldosteron keine proximale Sekretion von 1,2-3H-18-Aldosteronglucuronid nachweisen. Daraus kann geschlossen werden, daß in Hundenieren die proximalen Tubuluszellen wohl 18-Aldosteronglucuronid aus Aldosteron bilden und an das Tubuluslumen abgeben, während im Nierenarterienblut vorhandenes 18-Aldosteronglucuronid nur glomerulär filtriert und ausgeschieden wird.
    Notes: Summary In stop flow experiments during infusion of 1,2-3H-18-aldosterone glucuronide there was no proximal tubular secretion of this metabolite in contrary to experiments during infusion of 1,2-3H-aldosterone. The discrepancy must be explained by formation of 1,2-3H-aldosterone glucuronide out of3H-aldosterone in proximal tubular cells, while the 1,2-3H-18-aldosterone glucuronide in the plasma of the renal artery blood is only filtered in the glomerulum.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02044618
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    The influence of microstructural characteristics on the failure properties of a polybutadiene system (1968)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 89-100 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The stress-strain characteristic of polymeric binders and solid propellants are dependent on the crosslink density, molecular weight between crosslinks, molecular weight distribution in the binder formulation, volume fraction of filler, and the interaction between the binder and filler particles. This investigation is directed toward elucidation of solid propellant microscopic response and failure mechanisms through characterization of the constitutive effects of crosslink density, molecular weight distribution and curing agent ratio in the binder formulation, and filler fraction. This was accomplished on the ERLA/PBAA propellant system through investigation of three binder formulations with the same curing agent ratio but different crosslink densities; five binder formulations with different curing agent ratios; and four formulations with up to 69.9% by volume of filler.Uniaxial stress-strain characteristics were determined on each formulation at displacement rates of 0.2 to 20.0 in/min at isothermal test conditions ranging from 75 to -90°F. The failure characteristics of a viscoelastic material represent a curve in the three-dimensional space of stress, strain, and time. The ultimate property data on each formulation are presented as projections of this failure curve on the stress-strain, stress-time, and strain-time planes, respectively. Relationships are developed for the dependence of the stress-time, strain-time, and stress-strain failure envelopes on the volume fraction of bound rubber, crosslink density, molecular weight distribution and curing agent ration in the binder component, and the volume fraction of filler.
    Additional Material: 29 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760080204
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Plasticizing ethylene copolymers (1968)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 58-63 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760080110
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Deformation of free holes of arbitrary shape in a viscoelastic plate (1968)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 82-88 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Two independent methods for predicting the deformation of free openings of arbitrary shape in a viscoelastic plate are illustrated.The first method is experimental and is based on the interference of two systems of lines representing the initial and final positions of the material. To demonstrate the moire method, the creep compliance function for polymethylmethacrylate is determined as preliminary information. This function is used as input data in the ensuing theoretical analysis to insure realistic viscoelastic behavior.The second method involves techniques to approximate viscoelastic displacements from known elasticity solutions and known material properties.The methods are applied to two examples: (1) The square hole - to determine the motion of an opening of complicated shape; and (2) an ellipse loaded at 45° - to indicate qualitative agreement with an existing prediction of the motion of cracks in a viscous plate.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760080203
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  • 15
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    Electronic Resource
    A simple, versatile and inexpensive rheometer for polymer melts (1968)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 116-125 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A simple, versatile biconical rehemoter has been developed. This device provides shear creep and creep recovery data for polymer melts over a temperature range of 200-500°F. and a range of applied shear stresses from 2 × 103 to 9 × 105 dynes/cm2.Extensive reheological data have been obtained for two samples each of polyisobutylene and high-density polyethylene. These illustrate the value of the device in obtaining data useful for predicting and understanding the processing properties of polymer melts.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760080207
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  • 16
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    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1968)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760080301
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  • 17
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    Dependence of mechanical properties on molecular motion in polymersTopic of 1968 International Award in Plastics and Science Engineering lecture, New York City, May 8, 1968. (1968)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 161-185 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Considerable progress has been made in the past 20 years in the synthesis, characterization and fabrication of plastics. Previous SPE Award winners, such as Mark, Natta, and Marvel dealt largely with synthesis; Flory with characterization; Alfrey and Du Bois with fabrication. One of the still unsolved problems lies in the realm of relating mechanical properties, such as impact strenght and creep to molecular structure.The design enginner who wishes to use a plastic part is concerned primarily with how some property such as impact strenght varies with temperature, speed of test, test method, etc. The polymer scientist must know why. Through knowing why, he may be able to design better plastics.This paper attempts to survey some of the world-wide progress made in this area in the past 10 years. The ultimate goal is to understand these mechanical properties in terms of internal molecular motions which occur in solid polymers. Internal motion can be detected by electrical, electromagnetic and dynamic mechanical measurements. When these three methods are applied on a given polymer over a range of temperatures, insights can be gained as to the variation of impact strength and other properties with temperature and frequency for that same polymer. These three fundamental methods, which require very small samples (less than 50 grams), can provide insight into the practical behavior of plastic materials over the wide range of temperatures and frequencies encountered in the real world.
    Additional Material: 23 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760080302
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  • 18
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    Prediction of melt viscosity flow curves at various temperatures for some olefin polymers and copolymers (1968)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 235-240 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A knowledge of the variation of melt viscosity of thermoplastic polymers with both shear rate and temperature is of considerable importance to plastics engineers as well as to polymer rheologists. The actual measurement of melt viscosity at a large number of temperatures and shear rates is frequently a tedious and time-consuming task. A technique has been developed, based upon the applicability of shear rate-temperature superposition, for predicting the flow curves of a number of olefin polymers and copolymers at various temperatures from experimental data obtained at one temperature for the material in question. The experimental validity for superimposing log shear stress - log shear rate curves at different temperatures along the log shear rate axis has been established for both high and low density polyethylenes, polypropylene, polybutene-1, and poly (ethylene vinyl acetate) copolymers. The temperature dependence of the resultant shift factors has been determined for each system, and the method of utilizing this information to predict viscosities as a function of temperature and shear rate is discussed.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760080309
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  • 19
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    Editorial (1968)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 245-245 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760080402
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  • 20
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    Structure-mechanical property relationships in ethylene methacrylic acid copolymers and their salts (1968)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 267-271 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A dynamic mechanical study has been made of an ethylenemethacrylic acid copolymer containing 4.1 mole per cent of methacrylic acid units and its sodium, lithium and calcium salts. On the basis of the results and related physical chemical studies it is proposed that the structures of the ionized copolymers consist of three distinct phases - a crystalline polyethylene phase, an amorphous polyethylene phase, and an ionic phase consisting of ionic domains. It is further proposed that the unionized acid copolymer consists of two phases - a crystalline polyethylene phase and an amorphous phase consisting of polyethylene crosslined with hydrogen bonded, carboxylic acid dimers.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760080406
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  • 21
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    Effects of high hydrostatic pressure on the mechanical behavior of a crystalline polymer-polyoxymethylene (1968)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 290-301 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The true stress-true strain behavior of polyoxymethylene, n(-CH2O), as an example of a bulk semi-crystalline polymer, has been investigated for constant hydrostatic environmental pressures from 1 atmosphere to 8 kilobars with the principal objectives of elucidating the factors controlling flow and fracture. Experiments were conducted in uniaxial tension at room temperature and constant strain rate. The tensile observations were supplemented by measurements of bulk compressibility and stress relaxation behavior at pressure.In contrast with metals and inorganic compounds, the modulus, yield stress and fracture stress of POM increase strongly with pressure by a factor of approximately three at 8 kilobars. The modulus increase is shown from the stress relaxation measurements to be associated with a pressure-induced increase in the β-transition temperature which points to the potential usefulness of the concept of pressure-temperature super-position of mechanical behavior. The characteristics of the pressure dependence of the yield stress demonstrate that yield criteria based on continum mechanics considerations, including the Mohr or Coulomb-Navier criterion, are not valid for general deformation (non-plane strain) conditions in this polymer. The concept of a critical volume change determining the initiation of yielding is suggested to be applicable to semi-crystalline polymers. Comparison with analogous changes in yield stress with temperature points to an increasing contribution to the control of yielding by the initially disordered regions with increasing pressure or decreasing temperature. The fracture behavior observed at pressure eliminates the concepts of a critical stress as a fracture criterion for POM and of a simple reduction in normal stress at points of stress concentration as the principal effect of the applied pressure on fracture.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760080409
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  • 22
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    Adhesion of carboxyl-containing polyolefins (1968)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 41-49 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760080108
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  • 23
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    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1968)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760080101
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  • 24
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    Electronic Resource
    Abstracts of articles in this issue (1968)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 3-4 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760080102
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  • 25
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    The determination of acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene terpolymer in polyvinyl chloride compounds using infrared or near-infrared spectrophotometry (1968)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 19-23 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760080105
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  • 26
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    Designing against fracture in brittle plastics (1968)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 130-141 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The fracture toughness of a variety of sharply notched tension, bending and rotating disc specimens of PMMA is examined using linear fracture mechanics. It is observed that rapid fracture with a brittle glassy appearance usually follows a period of slow crack growth, denoted by fan shaped markings of local ductility, though still brittle overall. In this near brittle regime the fracture toughness is sensitive to strain rate so that high values of effective surface energy are easily induced by rapid testing or notch bluntness. At impact rates the toughness increases again. For design purposes, in the absence of environmental effects, the onset of slow cracking and rapid (glassy) fracture, can be associated with fracture toughness K1c of about 800 Ibf/in3/2 (90 kg/cm3/2) and 1600 Ibf/in3/2 (180 kg/cm3/2) respectively. Detailed studies have not been made on other materials but a guide to the levels of notch toughness and notch brittle temperatures are given for several plastics.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760080209
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  • 27
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    A study of the tensile modulus of short fiber reinforced plastics (1968)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 186-194 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: An experimental study of the tensile modulus of unidirectional short fiber reinforced plastics is reported. The data show poor agreement with the theories for the longitudinal case but better agreement in the other cases. A semi-empirical theory is proposed to explain the longitudinal modulus data.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760080303
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  • 28
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    Static testing of polyethylene (1968)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 24-31 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760080106
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  • 29
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    Thermal-oxidative behavior of ethylene alkyl acrylate copolymers (1968)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 50-57 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 20 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760080109
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  • 30
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    Spiral and helical fractures (1968)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 227-234 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Spiral and helical fractures can be formed around high-modulus filaments and yarns which are embedded in brittle, amorphous, crosslinked resins. The phenomena are of particular interest because the stress field imposes a highly regular geometry upon the propagating fractures, and because the formation of the large surface area of the spiral fractures provides an efficient mechanism for dissipating strain energy. Development of the approach of the production of discrete geometrical voids with large surface area at predicatable sites may well provide resistance to impact in inherently brittle materials.
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760080308
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    Laboratory evaluation of the processing characteristics of rigid PVC compounds (1968)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 310-318 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A small scale screw extruder designed for laboratory extrusion studies has been developed and its performance characteristics with powder-blended rigid PVC Compounds have been investigated.The use of the extruder in determining the susceptibility of rigid PVC compounds to various die-induced viscoelastic phenomena (fracture, sharkskin, and swell) is described.An investigation of the phenomenon of “nerve” in rigid PVC extrusions has been carried out. It is concluded that nerve is associated with instabilities in the fluxing process occurring in the transition section of the extruder screw design, the operating variables of the process, and the processing characteristics of the compound.
    Additional Material: 19 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760080411
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  • 32
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    The significance of a particle-flow process in PVC melts (1968)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 5-10 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760080103
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  • 33
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    Meaningful testing in the development of new fibers (1968)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 32-40 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760080107
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    Thermogravimetric analysis of vinyl chloride - propylene copolymers and other PVC resins (1968)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 64-73 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 22 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760080111
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    Meet the new editor.… (1968)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 81-81 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760080202
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  • 36
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    Comparative swelling behavior of various thermoplastic polymers (1968)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 110-115 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The elasticity of polymer melts is of major concern in the processing of plastics. It is usually reflected by dimensional changes. Since the swelling of polymer extrudates depends on the capillary dimensions and the volumetric flow rate, the blow-up must be examined over a range of conditions. Of course, the swelling is also dependent on polymer structure. Consequently, variations in materials and operating conditions necessiate changes in tooling. This paper describes the swelling behavior of several different polymer types and illustrates that viscosity measurements can not be used to predict elasticity.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760080206
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  • 37
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Correlation of physical and polymer chain properties (1968)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 142-150 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: An idealized polymer model is used to examine the magnitude of the catastrophic tensile breaking energy and stress in terms of primary and secondary bonding forces. Computed strengths for primary and secondary bonding are respectively 8000 and 500 times larger than observed values of a common thermoplastic. From other considerations, the glass transition temperature for both elastomeric and thermoplastic polymers is found to show a linear dependence on the cohesive energy per unit length of polymer chain.In special polymer model, the influence of polymer chains on unidirectional elongation is shown to be a function of chain size. Elongation data reported on a series of modified polycarbonates exhibit a correlation with chain size as described by the model. Published data on the polycarbonate series are used to evaluate the correlation between observed deformation breaking energies and cohesive energies calculated from glass transition temperatures.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760080210
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  • 38
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A study of the tensile strength of short fiber reinforced plastics (1968)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 195-201 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: An experimental study of the tensile strength of unidirectional short fiber reinforced plastics is reported. The data indicate agreement with existing theories as modified to suit plastics. The theory is extrapolated to provide a means for computing the strength of a random composite.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760080304
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  • 39
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Deformation and aging of quenched polypropylene (1968)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 210-215 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The physical properties, i. e., yield stress and stress-strain curve of the quenched (“smectic”) form of polypropylene have been shown to be time dependent at room temperature. The yield stress increases linearly with the logarithm of film age. No changes in the x-ray diffraction pattern, infra-red spectrum, electron diffraction pattern or morphology have been observed corresponding to this change in physical properties. A molecular mechanism is proposed which will explain this again process. Spherulites of the quenched form have been found to deform affinely when drawn. In contrast to this, slow cooled films show complete destruction of internal spherulite (lamellar) order, indicating a complex mechanism of deformation.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760080306
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  • 40
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Properties of block versus random copolymers (1968)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 216-226 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Physical and mechanical properties of block copolymers are compared and correlated with the corresponding random copolymers. The important properties of melting point, transition temperatures, tensile strength, modulus, and elastic properties depend upon the structural arrangement of the molecular units comprising the polymer strecture. All available data suggest overwhelmingly that properties of block copolymers are superior to those of random copolymers. A block copolymer can have properties characteristic of each of the homopolymers from which it is derived as well as a set of properties due to the polymer strcture as a whole. Block copolymers have an advantage over random copolymers in that a crystalline polymer can be modified without significant reduction of its melting point, modulus, tensile strength, and elastic properties, and by suitable selection of a second component it affords a means of “building in” a particular property.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760080307
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  • 41
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stress-strain behavior of the craze (1968)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 281-289 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The constitution and properties of crazes in glassy polymers and their relation to crack propagation are reviewed. New evidence is discussed which shows the craze to be much softer than the parent polymer but capable of sustaining large stresses and strains up to the point of failure. Craze failure is much more dependent on polymer molecular weight than is craze formation, and this difference is reflected in changes in both fracture surface morphology and crack toughness with molecular weight. Finally craze mechanical properties are thought to be integrally related to the mechanical behavior of high impact plastics.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760080408
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  • 42
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Suspension polymerization kinetics of vinyl chloride (1968)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 11-18 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760080104
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  • 43
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1968)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760080201
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  • 44
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    Electronic Resource
    A system of deformation data for rational engineering design with plastics (1968)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 101-109 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The paper discusses the deformational behaviour of thermoplastics, particularly in relation to their utilization through rational engineering design procedures. It describes the comprehensive systems of data that are replacing the old single datum quantities published hitherto and comments briefly on the corrdination of materials testing through the activities of B.S.I. Committee PLC/36.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760080205
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  • 45
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dynamic mechanical properties of polymer melts: The effect of molecular weight distribution on the temperature dependence of viscoelastic properties (1968)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 126-129 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: An experimental investigation of the dynamic mechanical response of molten polymers was performed using the Maxwell Orthogonal Reheometer. One purpose of the study was to evaluate the effect of molecular weight distribution on the temperature dependence of viscoelastic properties. Data were obtained over a range of temperatures for both monodisperse and polydisperse materials which indicate that viscoelasticity is highly temperature dependent only for monodisperse polymers. On a molecular basis the reduction in temperature sensitivity for polydisperse materials logically can be attributed to the influence of the low molecular weight species present in a distribution on the relaxation spectrum. Since the relaxation spectrum largely determines all viscoelastic functions, the observations made from th dynamic data shown in this paper can be generalized to all viscoelastic experiments.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760080208
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  • 46
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Application of time-temperature superposition principle to long term engineering properties of plastic materials (1968)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 151-160 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Time-temperature equivalence was used to predict the long term engineering behavior of highly crystalline ethylene-butene copolymers. The long term behavior (greater than 1000 hrs.) was accurately predicted from tests of short duration (30 hrs.). This time-temperature principle was applied to stress-relaxation and creep at stresses, strains and temperatures normally encountered in engineering practices. It was also used to solve a design problem involving the creep deformation of metal plastic laminates. Long term tests were performed to confirm the predicted results. This technique was not applicable to rubber modified polystyrene because of an unexpected transition at 88°F.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760080211
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  • 47
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Morphology of quenched polypropylene (1968)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 202-209 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The morphology of the quenched form of polypropylene was investigated. Thin films of the quenched form consist of small ball-like structures which we suggest are defective hexagonal crystals. In thicker films they aggregate to form spherulites with no observable fine structure. Quenching of thin films of molten polypropylene to a temperature below 0°C results in the formation of numerous, isolated monoclinic spherulites with a better defined morphology than the smectic spherulites obtained by quenching above 0°C. This result suggests that the films (quenched below 0°C) were quenched to the glass and subsequently crystallized to the monoclinic form upon heating to room temperature.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760080305
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  • 48
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1968)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760080401
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  • 49
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of orientation on dynamic mechanical properties of ABS (1968)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 246-251 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Mechanical properties of a composite of glassy and rubbery polymers, ABS, were studied. Orientation induces two effects: (1) the intensity of the loss dispersion attributed to the rubbery component initially increases, then is reduced, and (2) a new loss peak at a temperature approximately 40°C below the original loss peak for the rubbery component appears. Assuming that this new peak is due to the dilated rubber particles embedded in the glassy matrix under strain, it is judged from the theory of Newman and Strella that a built-in strain of 6% would be sufficient to cause this shift in Tg. Above the Tg of the rubbery component, the strain energy required to break increases with temperature. The reinforcement through incorporation of rubber particles is accomplished by enhancing the ability of the glassy matrix to draw on a local, microscopic scale. Such a local cold drawing may well be identified with crazing of glassy polymers.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760080403
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  • 50
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Time-dependence of crystal orientation in crystalline polymers (1968)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 259-266 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The results of two methods for studying molecular processes accompanying the deformation of polyethylene are described. The examination of spherulite deformation by observing light scattering patters along with measurement of the birefringence, stress and strain during the rapid extension of polyethylene shows that this initial structural deformation is essentially instantaneous. Dynamic x-ray diffraction shows that this is followed by a slower relaxation involving change in the orientation of the crystals by two processes, the lower temperature one involving slipping of lamellae past each other and the higher temperature one involving viscoelastic flow of the crystals.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760080405
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  • 51
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Viscous dissipation in capillary flow of rigid PVC and PVC degradation (1968)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 272-280 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The steady state, non-isothermal behavior of rigid polyvinyl chloride melt, flowing in capillaries of circular cross-section, was investigated by solving, with the aid of a digital computer, the momentum and energy balance equations. It was assumed that the polymer melt can be described by the “Power Law” constitutive equation. The shear rate, temperature and pressure dependent properties of the fluid were obtained experimentally. The effects of the thermal degradation of PVC on its viscosity, were also introduced in the equations of momentum and energy.The velocity, temperature and pressure profiles, obtained for both adiabatic flow and flow through a tube of constant wall temperature, indicate that considerable heating of the melt, due to viscous dissipation, can be achieved at moderate flow rates. Thermal degradation occurs in the capillary under certain conditions of temperature history and residence time of the fluid. The results of this work are in fair agreement with experimental results in this area.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760080407
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  • 52
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Particle size measurement of the dispersed phase in rubber modified polystyrene (1968)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 241-244 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A widely accepted method for determining the particle size of the dispersed phase in impact polystyrene is by the microscopic examination of microtomed sections or dilute solutions of the polymer. Although this technique is relatively quick, it has obvious shortcomings to its statistical relaibility. In an effort to obtain more meaningful data, a Coulter Counter was employed to measure the average particle size and particle size distribution of the dispersed phase in a number of impact polystyrene samples. The materials examined contained rubber particles ranging from one to twenty microns in diameter. It was found that the weight average distribution of these particles was most nearly described by a log-normal probability function. The relative accuracy and reproducibility of the measurements made with the Coulter Counter suggest that it is a valuable tool for obtaining quantitative particle size information on the rubber modified polystyrene system.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760080310
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  • 53
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The dynamic behavior and stress relaxation of polymer melts (1968)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 252-258 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Polymer melts exhibit a decrease in apparent viscosity as a function of decreasing time scale of shearing. In order to obtain an understanding of the mechanisms giving rise to this non-Newtonian behavior studies have been made of the dynamic linear viscoelastic response, the limit of linear viscoelastic behavior and the stress relaxation in polymer melts after steady state shearing. The results of these experiments are analyzed with respect to shear induced changes in the relaxation spectrum and the effect of these changes on the apparent viscosity.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760080404
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  • 54
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of solvent treatments on the mechanical properties of nylon 6 (1968)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 302-309 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effects of absorbed solvents and chemical agents on the stress-strain and dynamic mechanical properties of nylon 6 film have been examined. The agents investigated were: water, benzyl alcohol, phenol and iodine. These materials produce changes in the crystalline structure as well as plasticization when they are absorbed. Repeated introduction and removal of phenol indicated that the change of structure takes place completely during the first absorption; after that, the effects of absorption are reversible. The pure plasticizer effect can therefore be observed by comparison of a sample containing plasticizer and a sample from which the plasticizer has been subsequently removed. The general effect of absorbed plasticizer (except for iodine) seems to depend primarily on the amount of plasticizer absorbed, and very little on its exact chemical nature. However, different agents can produce different crystalline forms. A method of analyzing the stress-strain curve is hypothesized based on the concept of a two-phase solid state structure consisting of a crystalline lattice imbedded in an amorphous matrix.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760080410
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  • 55
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An analytic solution for the dynamics of a packed adiabatic chemical reactor (1968)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 14 (1968), S. 77-84 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Locally linearized equations for dynamic disturbances from a steady state have been solved analytically for an adiabatic chemical reactor with chemically inert packing and a homogeneous chemical reaction. The solutions, in the form of transfer functions, include the effects of heat capacity of the packing and heat transfer between the packing and the fluid, as well as the coupling effects of chemical reaction and the associated heat generation.Several limiting cases of the transfer functions are discussed and the transfer functions are simplified by an approximation of the temperature dependence of the reaction rate. Frequency responses and step responses of the reactor are calculated from the transfer functions.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690140116
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  • 56
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    Electronic Resource
    Studies of intramembrane transport: A phenomenological approach (1968)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 14 (1968), S. 110-117 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The intramembrane transport properties of carbohydrates were investigated in cellophane. The experiments performed were the measurement of net volume transfer under a concentration and pressure gradient and the solute transfer due to a concentration difference together with the physical properties of the membrane. The matrix of phenomenological coefficients characteristic to the transport was established after the phase boundary contributions were extricated from the experimental transport data. These thermodynamic coefficients were then interpreted through the Spiegler-Kedem-Katchalsky frictional model.The analysis of the frictional coefficients clearly indicated the importance of solute-polymer interactions. The magnitude of solute-solvent frictional coefficients in the membrane were compared with the corresponding interactions in free solutions. Their differences were explained in terms of the interaction of the solute with the macromolecular network and were quantitatively expressed by introducing two reduced frictional coefficients. The tortuosity factor was shown to be related to these interactions and not a simple geometric property of the membrane. The temperature dependence of the frictional coefficients was established.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690140120
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  • 57
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    Electronic Resource
    Drop formation at low velocities in liquid-liquid systems: Part I. Prediction of drop volume (1968)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 14 (1968), S. 9-15 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A correlation is presented for predicting the drop volume for injection at low velocities of one Newtonian liquid into a second stationary immiscible Newtonian liquid in the absence of surface active agents. The analysis, which is based on a two-stage process of drop formation, predicts drop volumes within an average error of 11% for fifteen liquid-liquid systems covering a wider range of variables than any previous study. Although the equation was tested primarily with mutually saturated liquids, if correctly predicted drop size for two systems where mass transfer was occurring.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690140105
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  • 58
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Creeping flow of power-law fluid over newtonian fluid sphere (1968)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 14 (1968), S. 145-151 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A technique which is a combination of Galerkin's method and variational principle was developed and used for the approximate solution of creeping flow of power-law fluid over a Newtonian fluid sphere. The stream functions (both internal and external) and drag coefficient are expressed in terms of three parameters: the flow behavior index of the power law fluid, the external Reynolds number, and a viscosity ratio parameter \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$${\rm X} = \frac{{\mu ia^{n - 1} }}{{KV_{\alpha ^{n - 1} } }}$$\end{document}. Comparisons with existing experimental data are also given.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690140125
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  • 59
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Turbulent flow in concentric annuli (1968)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 14 (1968), S. 164-168 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An eddy diffusivity model was developed and used to predict velocity distributions for turbulent flow of air in annuli. Comparison of distributions calculated by the model with experimental data shows that good agreement between calculated and measured values can be attained for core-to-shell ratios from 0.001 to 0.990. The significant advantage of using a diffusivity model to predict velocity distributions lies in the inherent ability to consider systems with nonlinear stress distributions.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690140128
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  • 60
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    Erratum (1968)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 14 (1968), S. 207-207 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690140133
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  • 61
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    Mathematical modeling and numerical integration of multicomponent batch distillation equations (1968)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 14 (1968), S. 190-199 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A mathematical model for multicomponent batch distillation was derived, and a FORTRAN IV program was written for solution on a digital computer. The program has been used in the simulation of several commercial batch distillation columns.A calculation procedure for the numerical solution of batch distillation equations starting from total reflux steady state conditions was developed, and the step-by-step procedure is presented here. Also included is a discussion of the stability and relative computational effectiveness of various numerical integration techniques when applied to transient distillation calculations. The discussion applies equally well to both batch distillation and unsteady state continuous distillation.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690140132
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    A mathematical model of a packed-bed heat-exchanger reactor for Dehydrogenation of Methylcyclohexane: Comparison of predictions with experimental results (1968)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 14 (1968), S. 69-76 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The selective, highly endothermic reaction of methylcyclohexane to toluene and hydrogen was studied experimentally over a commercial Pt/Al2O3 catalyst, in an electrically heated tube serving as a packed-bed reactor heat exchanger. The constant-flux reactor, with measurement of temperatures within the bed at points intermediate along its length, proved well suited as an integral reactor for providing information on the reaction rate. A simple analytical model of the reactor was developed, and some of the data were used with the model to derive a rate expression.The model gives a good representation of radial variation of temperature in the packed bed. In the region of high Reynolds numbers investigated, radial transport of enthalpy is described in the model by a film resistance at the tube wall defined by heat transfer coefficient, and a diffusive transport through the packing, dominated by eddy diffusion.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690140115
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  • 63
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    Mass transfer and wake phenomena (1968)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 14 (1968), S. 260-265 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The external velocity field associated with the fall of a single drop through a quiescent liquid phase is discussed. The field responsible for the transfer of vorticity from the point of generation to the disperse phase is assumed to be almost identical with the field that transfers mass from the drop interface. The stream surfaces associated with this field are made visible by means of dye trails. Since the field is not amenable to mathematical formulation, and since many reports appear in the literature concerning correlations between measurable flow parameters and the physical properties of the system, the field configurations relative to mass transfer mechanisms are considered qualitatively. The delineation of the flow patterns behind the drop gives some indication of the manner in which the external flow contributes to the transfer coefficients.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690140211
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    On certain unsteady torsional flows of simple fluids (1968)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 14 (1968), S. 275-279 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper presents an investigation of the equations of motion to find the conditions under which these equations admit exact viscometric solutions for certain unsteady torsional flows of incompressible simple fluids. In general, for the cone and plane and the parallel disk geometries, curvilineal solutions do not exist for arbitrary members of the class of simple fluids; however, if the inertia terms can be neglected in the equations of motion, curvilineal solutions can be found for the complete class of simple fluids.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690140213
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  • 65
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    Stability of reaction on a spherical particle (1968)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 14 (1968), S. 301-310 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper presents a theoretical study of the stability of chemical reaction on the external surface of a single spherical particle in stagnant surroundings. The analysis, which invokes methods of linear stability theory, yields necessary and sufficient conditions for stability of a steady state solution to small disturbances for the cases of very small and very large solid thermal conductivity. It is shown that heat losses from the solid surface may lead to transient behavior which is characteristically different from that for adiabatic surfaces, and that the unsteady state is strongly affected by the thermal capacity of the solid material. A numerical example is employed to illustrate the possible significance of unstable situations.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690140217
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  • 66
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    Comparison of kinetic and diffusional models for solid-gas reactions (1968)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 14 (1968), S. 311-317 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A comparison of the kinetic and diffusional models for solid-gas reactions occurring in a spherical particle is presented. The similarities and differences of the unreacted-core shrinking model and the homogeneous model are examined in light of the rate-controlling factors. In view of the similarity of the two models, it is shown that erroneous conclusions in regard to the mechanism and the activation energies may be drawn from an analysis of the experimental data. A more versatile model is presented in order to augment the two models so that wider varieties of solid-gas reaction systems may be treated. The concept of effectiveness factors in solid-gas reactions is introduced, and the influence of diffusion is ascertained.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690140218
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  • 67
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    On a transformation of the equation describing steady diffusion through a stagnant gas (1968)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 14 (1968), S. 350-351 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690140224
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  • 68
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    The synthesis of system designs: I. Elementary decomposition theory (1968)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 14 (1968), S. 343-349 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A system synthesis principle is proposed from which processes can be composed to perform an assigned task. Synthesis is performed by the sequential decomposition of the design problem into subproblems which eventually reach the level of available technology.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690140223
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  • 69
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    Correlation of mass transfer data: Comments on an article by Son and Hanratty (1968)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 14 (1968), S. 354-355 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690140228
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  • 70
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    Chemical Process Industries, Third Edition, R. Norris Shreve, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York (1967). $18.50. (1968)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 14 (1968), S. 210-364 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690140202
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  • 71
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    Stability of batch catalytic fluidized beds (1968)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 14 (1968), S. 211-221 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This work is a study of the stability of a batch fluidized bed with a simple model. It is shown that multiple steady states can occur with all catalyst particles at the same temperature, some of these states being unstable. If the initial temperature of all the particles is not the same, a special kind of steady state, in which particles of different temperatures can coexist in the bed, might be obtained. The number of these pathological steady states is not finite, and the conversion obtained may be very different from that obtained by a uniform steady state.The analysis has demonstrated that the initial temperature of the catalyst particles may be a predominate factor in determining the kind of steady state obtained. For the case of uniform catalyst particles, a simple stability analysis has been developed. Several numerical solutions of the transient equations were performed to investigate the possible responses of the system to disturbances of various steady states.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690140204
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    Advances in heat transfer, volume 4, J. P. Hartnett and T. F. Irvine, Jr., Ed., Academic press, New York (1967) 458 pages $19.00 (1968)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 14 (1968), S. 371-371 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690140303
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  • 73
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    The mechanism of heat transfer in a spray column heat exchanger (1968)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 14 (1968), S. 398-405 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Temperature profiles of dispersed kerosene and water were measured in a spray column heat exchanger, 15 cm. in diameter and 160 cm. long. Dispersed packing of drops and narrow temperature ranges were used. The flow rates used were 0 to 50 liters/min. of water and 5 to 40 liters/min. of kerosene. The physical picture that emerges from the temperature profiles is that heat is transferred from fully mixed drops to fully mixed wakes while the wakes are formed, by shedding and renewal of elements of wakes in most of the column and by complete mixing of all streams at the water inlet at the top of the column. Mathematical equations were developed from the physical model. The volume of the wakes and the rate of shedding of wake elements were estimated from the temperature profiles and were used to calculate the temperature profiles for this and for other studies. The agreement of the calculated profiles with the experimental data is very good.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690140312
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  • 74
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    Turbulent heat transfer in drag reducing fluids (1968)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 14 (1968), S. 406-410 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An analysis is presented which extends the analogy between energy and momentum transport for turbulent pipe flow of purely viscous fluids to include drag reducing, non-Newtonian fluids. The correlation by Meyer is used to predict friction factor and sublayer thickness for the drag reducing fluids. The use of the friction factor correlation with the heat transfer analogy makes it possible to predict heat transfer rates from simple measurements of pressure drop and flow rate for the drag reducing fluids. Some recent experimental data for two effective drag reducing fluids and for water are compared with the predicted heat transfer rates, and the mean deviation in Nusselt number is found to be +8.5% for all of the data. The heat transfer analysis predicts a reduction in Nusselt number accompanying a reduction in friction factor for a given Reynolds number and for Prandtl numbers greater than 1.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690140313
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  • 75
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    Prediction of drag reduction with a viscoelastic model (1968)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 14 (1968), S. 434-439 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690140318
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  • 76
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    Similarity type of solutions of the turbulent boundary layer equations for momentum and energy part I: An analysis of some existing solutions (1968)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 14 (1968), S. 440-447 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The law of the wall, the law of the wake, and the velocity defect law have been proposed as similarity types of solutions of the turbulent boundary layer momentum equation. Spalding proposed an approximation of the same type as the solution of the energy equation. This study shows these laws to be derivable from a small-perturbation type of solution of the general boundary layer equations for turbulent flow. The limiting conditions where each can be expected to be valid are clearly demonstrated. In particular, the law of the wall is shown to be the zeroth-order solution of the momentum equations when the solution is expressed in the form of a small-perturbation expansion. The first-order perturbation is shown to generate a relationship similar to Coles' law of the wake. Likewise, Spalding's approximation is shown to be the zeroth-order small-perturbation type of solution of the energy equation.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690140319
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  • 77
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    Electronic Resource
    Activity corrections to diffusivities in polymeric materials (1968)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 14 (1968), S. 357-357 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690140230
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  • 78
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    A simple method for derivation of concentration transfer functions for flow systems with first order chemical reaction (1968)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 14 (1968), S. 363-363 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690140233
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  • 79
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    The variational method in engineering, R. S. Schechter, McGraw-Hill, Inc., New York (1967), 287 pages, $13.50 (1968)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 14 (1968), S. 371-521 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690140304
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  • 80
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    Evaporation of liquid droplets containing surface impurities (1968)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 14 (1968), S. 502-504 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690140330
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  • 81
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    Parametric pumping separates gas phase mixtures (1968)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 14 (1968), S. 509-509 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690140333
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  • 82
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    A method of finding simultaneously the values of the heat transfer coefficient, the dispersion coefficient, and the thermal conductivity of the packing in a packed bed of spheres: Part 1, mathematical analysiss (1968)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 14 (1968), S. 526-526 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690140339
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  • 83
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    Mass transfer across mobile interfaces (1968)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 14 (1968), S. 531-540 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The dependence of extraction efficiency on flow distributions and droplet boundary-layer behavior was investigated in a specially designed sieve-tray extractor. Flow patterns and drop trajectories were obtained from residence-time distributions and photographic observation. Extraction efficiency and continuous phase residence times were determined by a pulse technique.For most runs, flow behavior could be adequately described by the assumptions of perfect mixing in the continuous phase and plug flow of the drop phase. However, drop velocities were higher than predicted by single drop correlations, and the flow pattern was sensitive to minor changes in operating conditions. Observed extraction efficiencies were in good agreement with predictions based on observed flow patterns and the two film, surface stretch, mass transfer model of Angelo and Lightfoot. Approximately 90% of the stage mass transfer effectiveness appears to be due to the drop rise period, and essentially all the remainder to drop formation for the stage geometry selected.The greatest obstacle to reliable prediction of extractor performance is uncertainty as to the effect of operating conditions on flow distribution.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690140403
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  • 84
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    Use of molecular shape factors in vapor-liquid equilibrium calculations with the corresponding states principle (1968)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 14 (1968), S. 568-576 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Calculation of fugacities of components in a gaseous or liquid solution directly from the corresponding states principle requires an improvement in the pseudo-critical constants for the mixture. The derivation of the pseudo-criticals must take into account deviations from the simple two parameter corresponding states principle which require additional parameters incorporated into the definition of the pseudo-criticals. In this work parameters called molecular shape factors are introduced into the pseudo-criticals. A generalized correlation for these shape factors is presented.Use of the shape factors greatly improves the calculation of vapor-liquid equilibrium ratios for nonpolar hydrocarbon mixtures with large differences in molecular size and shape. Excellent results are obtained both in the low pressure and in the retrograde region when the pseudo-reduced properties of the vapor and liquid lie within the range of accurately known properties of a reference fluid and the reduced temperatures for each component is greater than approximately 0.6.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690140407
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  • 85
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    Catalytic dehydrogenation of cyclohexane: A transport controlled model (1968)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 14 (1968), S. 473-479 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Experimental data and a mathematical model for the dehydrogenation of cyclohexane on a platinum-on-alumina catalyst in the presence of excess hydrogen are presented. Differential rate data were obtained by using a fixed bed flow reactor over a temperature range of 400° to 500°C., and a pressure range of 21.3 to 41.8 atm. at modified Reynold's numbers of 20 to 65. Cyclohexane concentration was varied from 16 to 25 mole %. In the development of the basic model, complete transport control of the overall reaction rate with equilibrium at the fluid external surface interface is assumed. The average deviation between experimentally determined and basic model calculated rates was 5.65%.Modification of the model by replacing the equilibrium assumption by a crude surface rate expression resulted in a reduction in average deviation to 4.3% and the maximum deviation was reduced from 22 to 12%.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690140324
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  • 86
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    Quasilinearization, difference approximation, and nonlinear boundary value problems (1968)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 14 (1968), S. 490-496 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A finite difference method combined with the quasilinearization technique is used to solve the nonlinear two-point boundary value problems. This method does not have the stability problem connected with the marching integration techniques. A scheme which can be used to reduce the rapid access memory requirements of digital computers is also proposed. The steady state equations resulting from mass and energy balances in a tubular reactor with axial diffusion are solved by this method. With very poor initial approximations, only three to seven iterations are needed to obtain the correct answer.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690140327
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  • 87
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    Local and average interphase heat transfer coefficients in a randomly packed bed of spheres (1968)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 14 (1968), S. 483-490 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Local and average heat transfer coefficients have been measured for a sphere in a randomly packed bed. A steady state technique was employed in which internally heated spheres were placed in a bed 35 in. deep and 12 in. sq. Air passed through the bed in downflow, the range of Reynolds numbers being from 120 to 1,700 based on the sphere diameter and the superficial velocity.Average heat transfer coefficients have been measured at twenty-five positions permitting the assessment of the effect of position. An entrance region limited to the first two particle layers in the bed has been verified.Distributions of the local heat transfer coefficient on the surface of a single sphere in the top layer and in the nineteenth layer of the bed have also been measured. These distributions indicate that a laminar boundary layer exists over portions of the sphere surface.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690140326
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  • 88
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    Computational procedures for recent analyses of counterflow heat exchangers (1968)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 14 (1968), S. 505-507 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690140331
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  • 89
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    Axial dispersion coefficient measurement in two-phase flow (1968)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 14 (1968), S. 657-658 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690140422
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  • 90
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Direct evaluation of withdrawal equations (1968)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 14 (1968), S. 660-661 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690140424
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  • 91
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Impact tube measurements in dilute polymer solutions (1968)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 14 (1968), S. 663-664 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690140426
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  • 92
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Applicability of dispersion results to packed columns (1968)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 14 (1968), S. 668-668 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690140429
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  • 93
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Penetration theory applied to unsteady gas absorption with irreversible first - order reaction (1968)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 14 (1968), S. 678-681 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690140434
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  • 94
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The application of theoretical diffusion models in the presence of a catalytic reaction (1968)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 14 (1968), S. 696-702 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The fundamental problem in this work was to determine if methods of predicting mass transport rates in porous catalysts, developed from theory in the absence of chemical reaction, are valid in the presence of reaction. By using the ortho-para shift of hydrogen over a ferric oxide gel catalyst as the reacting system, the effective diffusivity within the catalyst was determined from kinetic data on five different particle sizes of the catalyst. This effective diffusivity was then compared with that predicted by three different procedures recently published. These procedures predicted diffusivities approximately 40% below the experimentally obtained diffusivity. Although the differences between the experimental and predicted effective diffusivities can be regarded as within the limitations of the accuracy of the predictions, the observed differences may also be caused by some form of surface transport.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690140504
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  • 95
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Continuous-phase mass-transfer coefficients for liquid extraction in agitated vessels (1968)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 14 (1968), S. 790-798 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Area-free continuous-phase mass-transfer coefficients for continuous flow of ethyl acetate (dispersed) and water (continuous) were measured in a 9.5 in. diameter baffled vessel, agitated with 3 and 5 in. diameter flat-blade turbines, and with the 3 in. turbine in the absence of baffles. Specific interfacial area was determined by a light-transmission technique which permitted a vertical traverse of the vessel.The specific area is greatest, and mean drop diameter smallest, near the impeller. The mean area is lower than that predicted from existing correlations for batch operation in the absence of mass transfer. Continuous-phase mass-transfer coefficients increase with increased impeller Reynolds number and dispersed-phase holdup, and are about 2.5 times larger in the unbaffled vessel at the same impeller power. The coefficients are generally larger than those predicted by existing correlations based on suspended solids, and it is suggested that this and the effect of holdup is the result of drop coalescence and redispersion, which causes a renewal of the continuous phase surrounding each drop. Rough estimates of the minimum coalescence frequency in the baffled vessel and application of the renewal concept to the data appear to confirm this view. Lack of information on circulation rates prevents immediate test of the data from the unbaffled vessel.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690140519
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  • 96
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of triple-bond position on thermodynamic properties of mixtures: Phase equilibria for the system acetone-3-hexyne (1968)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 14 (1968), S. 812-812 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690140524
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  • 97
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Operational methods for a convective diffusion equation (1968)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 14 (1968), S. 817-819 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690140528
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  • 98
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On the narrowing of particle-size distributions in staged vessels with classified product removal (1968)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 14 (1968), S. 827-830 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690140532
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hydroisomerization of normal pentane over a zeolite catalyst (1968)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 14 (1968), S. 852-856 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The most active zeolite hydroisomerization catalyst found during the course of a series of screening experiments was palladium impregnated hydrogen mordenite. The high activity of hydrogen mordenite catalyst was also reported by research workers of the Shell Oil Company. (11) Typical conditions used in this study were 550°F., 450 lb./sq.in. gauge, 8 g. of n-pentane fed /h./g. of catalyst, and a hydrogen/pentane molar ratio of 3.4.Process variable studies have shown that neither gas toparticle mass transfer, intraparticle (macro-pore) diffusion, nor the chemical reactions at the palladium sites are rate limiting. The data can be correlated by a mathematical model based on the assumptions that a first-order, reversible isomerization reaction on the mordenite acidic sites is rate-controlling, and the apparent rate constant is an Arrhenius function of thetemperature of the system.The pressure dependency of the reaction rate constant is consistent with a dual-site mechanism and Langmuir adsorption isotherms.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690140607
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Longitudinal dispersion of liquid flowing through fixed and fluidized beds (1968)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 14 (1968), S. 857-866 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Longitudinal liquid mixing in fluidized and fixed beds was studied using sinusoidal and pulse response techniques. The tracer used was light emissive fluorescein dye. A systematical study of liquid phase dispersion by varying particle size, fluid velocity, fraction voids, and particle density was conducted. A generalized correlation applicable to both fixed bed and fluidized bed was obtained. The application of the correlation in predicting the effect of the dispersion on reactor performance was discussed.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690140608
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