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  • Bone  (62)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 7 (1971), S. 76-80 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Pickets ; Bone ; Osteocytes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des couronnes périostéocytaires hypominéralisées au niveau de biopsies osseuses pratiquées, chez des patients, atteints de rachitisme résistant à la vitamine D, s'observent plus fréquemment autour d'ostéocytes jeunes que d'ostéocytes âgés. Ce fait indique qu'à un moment donné, cette hyperminéralisation périostéocytaire peut disparaitre et que, par consequence, il existe un intervalle de temps dans la minéralisation de la matrice organique périostéocytaire.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Höfe von schwach mineralisierten Periosteocyten werden in Knochenbiopsien von Patienten mit Vitamin D-resistenter Rachitis häufiger rings um die jungen als um die alten Osteocyten beobachtet. Es scheint somit, daß nach einiger Zeit die unvollständige Mineralisation, die auf Grund der Höfe angenommen werden werden kann, einen “Heilungsprozeß” erfährt und daß deshalb eine verzögerte Mineralisation der perlicunären organischen Matrix erfolgt.
    Notes: Abstract Udermineralized periosteocyte haloes in bone biopsies from patients with vtamin D-resistant rickets occur more frequently around young than around old osteocytes, indicating that in time the incomplete mineralization suggested by the haloes, undergoes a “healing” process and therefore there is a delay in the mineralization of the perilacunar organic matrix.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 134 (1971), S. 13-48 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Bone ; density ; Bone ; stresses ; Equidensities ; Femur ; photoelasticity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Röntgendichte des Knochens wird mit einer neuen fotografischen Mothode gemessen. Dabei wird jeder Dichteumfang als „Äquidensite” abgebildet. In den Summationsbildern ist die Dichteverteilung direkt abzulesen und anhand einer mitabgebildeten Aluminiumtreppe als Vergleichskörper zu quantifizieren. Untersucht werden dreicoxale Femurenden mit Normalmaßen, eine Coxa valga, eine Coxa vara und eine Coxa vara nach medialem Schenkelhalsbruch. Die Meßgenauigkeit wird mit densitometrischen Dichtebestimmungen von Knief (1967 a, b) verglichen. 1. Die fotografisch gemessene Dichteverteilung entspricht der densitometrisch gemessenen. 2. Die Meßgenauigkeit ist etwas geringer als bei der üblichen Densitometrie. 3. Die Dichteverteilung ist, durch Raster oder Farben markeirt, direkt abzulesen. 4. Die elektive Darstellung einer bestimmten Dichtestufe ist direkt möglich. Die Materialverteilung wird mit der Beanspruchungsverteilung im Isochromatenbild von Pauwels (1955) und Knief (1967b) verglichen. Dazu werden Röntgenbilder von Frontalschnitten eines normalen coxalen Femurendes und der Coxa valga untersucht. 1. Die Materialverteilung stimmt bei beiden Untersuchungsobjekten mit der Beansupruchungsverteilung im Modellversuch sehr gut überein. 2. Lediglich im Kopfbereich treten relativ zu geringe Isochromatenordnungen auf. Anschließend wird erneut die Frage diskutiert, ob der Knochen ein Körper gleicher Festigkeit ist. Wegen der guten Übereinstimmung von Materialverteilung und Beanspruchungsverteilung und aufgrund theoretischer Überlegungen über die Änderung der Beanspruchungsverteilung bei älteren Individuen muß angenommen werden, daß die lokale Beanspruchungsgröße und die vorhandene Materialmenge einander entsprechen, daß es sich somit beim menschlichen coxalen Femurende tatsächlich um einen „Körper gleicher Festigkeit” handelt.
    Notes: Summary The density in X-ray pictures of bone is determined by a new photographical method. The film produces directly “equidensities” of each density range. The pictures of the summarized equidensities show directly the density distribution which can be quantified by comparison with an aluminium staircaise, taken on the same film. Three coxal femoral ends of normal size, one coxa valga, one coxa vara, and a coxa vara after medial fracture of the collum femoris are investigated. The exactness of the measurement is compared with X-ray densitometry by Knief (1967a, b). 1) The photographically determined density-distribution is equivalent to the X-ray densitometry. 2) The exactness of the measurement is slightly minor than in densitometry. 3) The distribution of density, marked by cross-hatching or colours, is directly shown. 4) The electiv representation of a desired range of density is directly possible. The distribution of bone minerals is compared with the distribution of local stress in photoelastical experiments of Pauwels (1955) an Knief (1967b). For that purpose the density distribution of a frontal slice of a normal coxal femural end and a coxa valga is examined in X-ray pictures. 1. The distribution of bone minerals correspond to the local stress in photoelastic experiments in both objects nearly perfect. 2. Only in the caput femoris of the plastic models the number of isochromes was relatively too small. The question, whether bone is a “body of uniform strength” is newly discussed. The good correspondance between mineral distribution and local stress in plastic models and theoretical refletions concerning the alteration of strain distribution in older individuals make it highly probable that local stress and local quantity of material are corresponding and that human coxal femoral end is a “body of uniform strength” indeed.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 7 (1971), S. 23-30 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Ageing ; Cancellous ; Cortical ; Bone ; Osteoporosin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La masse de l'os spongieux de 129 cadavres des deux sexes a été déterminée. Dans 77 cas, la masse de l'os cortical est également mesurée. La masse de l'os spongieux d'os de la crête iliaque est établie à l'aide d'une méthode physique, basée sur le principe d'Archimède. La masse de l'os cortical est mesurée au niveau du second métacarpe de la main droite à l'aide d'une méthode graphimétrique aux rayons X. La masse de l'os spongieux et cortical décroit significativement avec l'âge chez la femme, mais non chez l'homme. Une corrélation significative a pu être établie chez la femme entre la masse de l'os cortical et spongieux.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die trabeculäre Knochenmasse von 129 Leichen beiden Geschlechts wurde gemessen. In 77 Fällen wurde auch die corticale Knochenmasse gemessen. Die trabeculäre Knochenmasse von Beckenkammproben wurde mit einer physikalischen Methode bestimmt, welche auf dem Prinzip des Archimedes basiert. Die corticale Knochenmasse wurde am zweiten Metacarpus der rechten Hand mittels einer graphimetrischen Röntgenmethode gemessen. Die trabeculäre und die corticale Knochenmasse nahm bei Frauen, aber nicht bei Männern, mit zunehmendem Alter stark ab. Bei Frauen wurde eine signifikante Korrelation zwischen corticaler und trabeculärer Knochenmasse festgestellt.
    Notes: Abstract Trabecular bone mass was measured in the iliac crest of 129 cadavera of both sexes with a physical method based on the principle of Archimedes. Cortical bone mass was measured at the second metacarpal of the right hand with a graphimetric X-ray method in 77 cases. Trabecular and cortical bone mass decreased significantly with age in women but not in men. A significant correlation between cortical and trabecular bone mass was established in women.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Electron spin resonance ; Resorption ; Irradiation ; Bone ; Graft
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La technique de la résonance aux électrons (ESR) a été utilisée pour étudier la résorption et la substitution progressive de greffons osseux stérilisés par irradiation (à une dose de 3.3 Mrads) chez le lapin et le chien. Le signal stable d'ESR, émis par la perte de substance structurale induite par le rayonnement au niveau du minéral osseux, est utilisé comme marqueur biologique. La concentration de résonance et le nombre total des centres paramagnétiques sont mesurés avant et après greffe. Ue décroissance progressive de la concentration de résonance et du nombre total des centres paramagnétiques est observée après des intervalles de temps variables, faisant suite à l'implantation. En considérant la stabilité inhabituelle et le manque de réactivité chimique des centres paramagnétiques intéressés, il apparait que la décroissance des intensités du signal ESR observé indique une résorption et une substitution progressive. Cette méthode parait intéressante pour des recherches sur les tissues calcifiés.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Zur Erforschung der Resorption und der schleichenden Substitution von radiosterilisierten (Dosis: 3,3 Mrad) Knochentransplantaten bei Kaninchen und Hunden wurde die Technik der elektronischen Drehresonanz (ESR) angewendet. Als biologische Markierung diente das stabile ESR-Signal, welches aufgrund des bestrahlungsbedingten Strukturdefektes im Knochenmineral entsteht. Die Drehkonzentration und die Gesamtzahl der paramagnetischen Zentren wurden vor und nach dem Transplantieren gemessen. In verschiedenen Zeitintervallen konnte nach der Implantierung eine allmähliche Abnahme der Drehkonzentration sowie der Gesamtzahl der paramagnetischen Zentren beobachtet werden. Aus der ungewöhnlichen Stabilität und der fehlenden chemischen Reaktionsfähigkeit der beteiligten paramagnetischen Zentren wird geschlossen, daß die beobachtete abnehmende ESR-Signalintensität ei Zeichen für die zunehmende Resorption und Substitution ist. Es scheint, daß mit der besprochenen Technik eine brauchbare Methode zur Erforschung von mineralisiertem Gewebe zur Verfügung steht.
    Notes: Abstract The electron spin resonance (ESR) technique has been applied to the investigation of the resorption and creeping substitution of radiosterilized (3.3 Mrads dose) bone grafts in rabbits and dogs. The stable ESR signal arising from the radiation-induced structural defect in bone mineral was used as a biological label. the spin concentration and the total number of paramagnetic centres were measured before and after grafting. The gradual decrement of spin concentration as well as that of total number of paramagnetic centres were observed at varioust ime intervals after implantation. On the basis of the unusual stability and lack of chemical reaction of the paramagnetic centres involved, it is concluded that the decrease of the observed ESR signal intensities indicates progressive resorption and substitution. it seems that the proposed method can be useful for research o mineralized tissues.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 7 (1971), S. 67-75 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Resorption ; Ablumin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Certains sérums albumines provoquent une résorption d'os vivatin vitro. Cet effet de l'albumine est en rapport avec la concentration du produit. L'albumine dialysée et l'albumine chauffée à 55° conserve totalement son activité de résorption osseuse: l'albumine dénaturée par la chaleur est inactive. L'action de l'albumine est inhibée par l'élévation du pH. Il n'y a pas de rapport entre l'activité de résorption osseuse et la propriété de combinaison des albumines aux ions calciques ou leur propriété de libérer des ions d'hydrogène. La thyrocalcitonine, le glucago, les glucocorticoides et l'actinomycine D Inhibent la résorption osseuse induite par l'albumine.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Einige Serunmalbumine verursachen die Resorption von lebenden Knochenin vitro. Diese Wirkung des Albumins ist konzentrationsabhängig. Dialysiertes und auf 55° erhitztes Albumin behalten ihre volle knochenresorbierende Aktivität; hitzedenaturiertes Albumin ist inaktiv. Der Albumineffekt wird durch erhöhtes pH gehemmt. es besteht keine Korrelation zwischen der knochenauflösenden Aktivität und der Fähgkeit des Albumins, Ca-lonen zu binden oder H-Ionen abzugeben. Thyrocalcitoni, Glucagon, Glucocorticoide und Antinomycin D wirken als Antagonisten der durch Albumin verursachten Kochenresorption.
    Notes: Abstract Some serum albumins cause resorption of living bonein vitro. This effect of albumin is concentration-dependent. Dialyzed albumin and albumin heated at 55° retain full bone resorbing activity; heat denatured albumin is inactive. The albumin effect is inhibited by elevated pH. No correlation exists between bone resorbing activity and the capacity of albumins to bind calcium ions or to donate hydrogen ions. Thyrocalcitonin, glucagon, glucocorticoids and actinomycin D antagonize albumin-induced bone resorption.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 7 (1971), S. 93-102 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Strontium ; Vitamin D3 ; Calcium ; Absorption ; Bone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des poulets, âgés de 2 semaines, après a voir été soumis pendant 7 jours à un régime pauvre en calcium (0,1%), riche en vitamine D3, à contenu stable en strontium à une concentration équimolaire à 1,2% de calcium, reçoivent à nouveau une alimentation normale. Les graves lésions osseuses, provoquées par le régime au strontium, disparaissent au bout de 3 jours d'alimentation normale. L'inhibition du mécanisme d'absorption intestinal du calcium et l'action inhibitrice initiale du strontium alimentaire sont totalement abolies. Cependant les troubles de la minéralisation ne disparaissent que partiellement.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Nachdem normale, 2-wöchige Kücken während 7 Tagen eine calciumarme (0,1%), Vitamin D3-reiche und 2,62% kaltes Strontium (molaraequivalent mit 1,2% Calcium) enthaltende Nahrung erhielten, wurden sie wieder auf normales Futter gesetzt. Die schwere Knochenläsion, die sich durch die Strontiumfütterung entwickelt hatte, bildete sich zu einem großen Teil schon nach 3 Tagen normaler Nahrung wieder zurück. Die Hemmung der Calciumabsorption im Darm, die anfängliche inhibierende Wirkung des Strontiums aus der Nahrung, wurde vollständig aufgehoben; dagegen besserte sich der Mineralisationsdefekt nur teilweise.
    Notes: Abstract Two week old normal chicks, after having been fed a low-calcium (0.1%), vitamin D3-replete diet containing stable strontium at a level equimolar to 1.2% calcium for 7 days, were transferred back to a normal diet. The severe bone lesion that developed with strontium feeding was, to a large extent, reversed after only 3 days on the normal diet. The inhibition of the intestinal calcium absorptive mechanism, the initial inhibitory action of dietary strontium, was fully reversed whereas the recovery from the defect in mineralization was only partially reversed.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 7 (1971), S. 150-162 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Uranium ; Bone ; Distribution ; Fission ; Chemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Une concentration moyenne de 2.4×10−8 g U/g de cendre a été obtenue à partir de l'os humain normal. La microdistribution de l'uranium dans l'os indique que cet élément est surtout limité à surface de l'endoste et, en particulier, aux surfaces de l'os lamellaire et aux parois des canaux de Havers, ouverts dans l'os corticol. Cette répartition suggère que l'uranium se présente sous une forme chimique impropre à son incorporation dans l'apatite osseux: il ne semble donc pas exister une distribution diffuse significative de l'uranium dans l'os.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Eine mittlere Konzentration von 2,4×10−8 g Uran/g Asche wurde in normalen menschlichen Knochen gefunden. Die Feinverteilung von Uran im Knochen zeigt, daß dieses Element hauptsächlich an der endostalen Oberfläche vorkommt, insbesondere an der Oberfläche des trabeculären Knochens und an den Wänden der offenen Haversschen Kanäle im kortikalen Knochen. Diese Verteilung läßt vermuten, daß Uran in einer chemischen Form vorliegt, welche sich für den Einbau in das Knochenapatit nicht eignet. Daraus folgt, daß keine signifikante diffuse Verteilung des Urans innerhalb des Knochens vorliegt.
    Notes: Abstract A mean concentration of 2.4×10−8 g U/g ash has been obtained for normal human bone The microdistribution of uranium in bone indicates that this element is mainly restricted to endosteal surfaces; in particular the surfaces of trabecular bone and the walls of open Haversian canals in cortical bone. This distribution suggests that uranium is present in a chemical form that is not acceptable for incorporation into bone apatite and consequently there does not appear to be a significant diffuse distribution of uranium throughout bone.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 7 (1971), S. 139-149 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Cartilage ; Estrogen ; Ultrastructure ; Growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Dix rats Holtzman mâles et sevrés sont sacrifiés injection intrapéritonéale d'oestradiol (Progynon, Schering) aqueux, à des doses quotiediennes de 1 μ g. par g de poids. Des témoins, ayant reçu une dose équivalente de liquide de dilution, sont sacrifiés à des intervalles de 1 heure à 6 jours, identiques aux temps de sacrifice des animaux injectés. Les cartilages épiphysaires supérieurs des tibias tibias (ECP) étudiés en microscopie électronique, montrent, dès trois heures après l'ionjection, une augmentation nette de 'activié sécrétoire, caractérisée, au niveau de la zone de sécrétion matricielle, par l'abondance dans les citernes golgiennes d'un matériel piqueté, constitué par des complexes protéino-polysaccharidiques. La désintégration de la membrane limitante de vésicules golgiennes individuelles est plus avancée après vingt quatre heures: après trois jours de traitement, seules quelques vésicules restent intactes et des plages d'un matériel initialement intravacuolaire sont visibles dans le cytoplasme. De longs filaments, rappelant les précurseurs ou les fibrilles primaires du collagène, sont visibles dans cette sécrétion. Après six jours, de grandes plages de cettre subestance remplissent les cellules de la couche pré-hypertrophieque, avec déplacement de l'ergastoplasme en périphérie. Des vacuoles cytoplasques, contenant un matériel semblable à celui qu'on retrouve dans la lacune, et présentant des filament finement moniliformes et disposés en rayons le long de la membrane limitante, sont visibles. Ces observations suggèrent une accélération initiale de l'activité sécrétoire chondrocytaire, suivie par un retard de transfert. La rétention consécutive et la polymérisation intracellulaire de produits précollagéniques accélèrent l'hypertrophie et favorisent ainsi la dégénérescence précoce des chondrocytes. Ces altérations ultrastructurales paraissent être spécifiques aux oestrog`enes.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Zehn männliche Hotlzmann-Ratten, die im Entwöhnungsstadium waren, erhielten täglich wässerige Oestradioldosen (Progynon, Schering) von 1 μ/g Körpergewicht i.p. Dann wurden sie gleichzeitig mit Kontrolltieren, welche die gleiche Menge Verdünnungsmittel erhalten hatten, in Intervallen von 1 Std bis zu 6 Tagen getötet. Platten des oberen tibialen Epiphysenknorples (ECP), welche für die Elektronenmikroskopie präpariert wurden, zeigtem, daß schon 3 Std nach der Injektion ein bemerkenswerte Erhöhung der sekretorischen Tätigkeit entsteht. Dies wurde in der Zone der Matrixausscheidung sichtbar, wo sich in den Golgi-Zisternen eine Anhäufung von punktiertem, aus Proteinpolysaccharid-Komplexen bestehendem Material zeigte. Der Zerfall der Membran, welche die einzelnen Golgi-Bläschen umgibt, nahm nach 24 Std zu; nach 3 Tagen Behandlung blieben nur wenige Gefäße intakt, und Ansammlungen von ursprünglich intravacuolörem Material konnten im Grundplasma beobachtet werden. Lange Fasern, welche auf primäre oder Prae-Kollagefibrillen hindeuteten, konnten in diesem Sekret gesehen werden. Nach 6 Tagen wurden die Zellen in der prähypertrophen Zone mit dieser Substanz richtiggehend überschwemmt, und das rauhe endoplasmatische Reticulum wurde anschließend gegen die Zellperipherie verlagert. Die oft beobachteten cytoplasmatischen Vacuolen enthielten ein Material, das dem in den Lacunen vorkommenden ähnlich ist und zeigten auf der ungebrenden Membran feinperlige, radial angeordnete Fasern. Unsere Beobachtungen deuten auf eine anfängliche Beschleuning der chondrocytischen sekretorischen Tätigkeit, mit nachfolgender Transportverlangsamung, hin. Die dadurch entstehende Retention und intrazelluläre Polymerisation von präkollagenen Produkten beschleunigt die Hypertrophie und begünstigt dadurch die frühe Degeneration von Chondrocyten. Diese ultrastrukturellen Veränderungen scheinen oestrogen-spezifisch zu sein.
    Notes: Abstract Ten male weanling Holtzman rats, injected intraperitoneally with aqueous estradiol (Progynon, Schering), in daily doses of 1 μg. per g body weight, were sacrificed, simultaneously with controls receiving an equivalent amount of diluent, at intervals ranging from one hour to six days. Upper tibial epiphyseal cartilage plates (ECP), procesed for electron microscopy, revealed, as early as three hours after injection, appreciable enhancement of secretory activity, evidenced, in the zone of matrix secretion, by the abundance in Golgi cisternae of stippled material representing proteinpolysaccharide complexes. Disintegration of the lining membrane of individual Golgi vesicles was advanced after twenty-four hours; following three days of treatment, few vesicles remained intact, and pools of initially intravacuolar material were observable in the gound plasm. Long filaments, suggestive of primary or precursor collagen fibrils were apparent in this secretion. After six days, virtual lakes of this substance filled cells in the zone of prehypertophy, with consequent displacement of the rough endoplasmic reticulum against the cell periphery. Cytoplasmic vacuoles, containing mateerial similar to that found in the lacunar moat, and displaying finely beaded, radially arrayed filaments on the lining membrane were frequently encountered. Our observations suggest an initial acclleration of chondrocytic secretory activity, with subsequent retardation of transport. The resultant retention and intracellular polymerization of precollagenous products accelerates hypertrophy, thereby promoting early degeneration of chondrocytes. These ultrastructural alterations are apparently estrogen-specific.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 8 (1971), S. 24-35 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Cartilage ; Epiphysis ; Calcium ; Phosphorus ; Vitamin D
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les électrolytes ont été analysés dans le sérum et dans les tissues en voie de minéralisation, à des stades variables de calcification, chez des poulets et des pores normaux et rachitiques. L'humidité, les cendres et les matières organiques et déssèchées ont été analysées. Il apparait que d'autres électrolytes sériques, en plus du Ca, sont modifiés au cours du rachitisme. Le Mg et le P inorganique sont modifiés de façon variable au cours de l'avitaminose D. Des changements plus importants en contenu minéral des tissus sont observés dans les stades précoces de calcification que ceux que l'on a pu constater dans le sérum à des stades similaires, ce qui suggère un effet direct de l'avitaminose sur le tissu en voie de calcification. Quant au contenu du sérum, le dépôt de Ca est plus élevé dans les tissus d'animaux rachitiques par rapport aux témoins. Ceci n'est pourtant pas le cas du Mg ou du P inorganique, indiquant une affinité préférentielle du Ca pour le tissue rachitique. L'analyse gravimétrique de matières organiques et déssèchées des zones épiphysaires montre que les quantités de cartilage hypertrophique et en voie de dévelopment augmentent dans le cas de rachitisme, alors que le cartilage calcifié diminue, confirmant les observations histologiques antérieures. De manière inattendue, la proportion de cartilage au repos augmente au cours du rachitisme.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Elektrolyte im Serum und in mineralisierenden Geweben wurden zu verschiedenen Zeitpunkten der Verkalkung bei normalen Hühnern und Schweinen und bei solchen mit Vitamin D-Mangel analysiert. Wassergehalt, Asche, trockene und organische Substanz wurden ebenfalls gemessen. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, daß außer Ca auch andere Elektrolyte bei Rachitis verändert wurden. Mg und anorganischer P wurden durch den Vitaminmangel bei den beiden Gattungen verschiedenartig beeinflußt. In den Geweben wurde in den frühen Phasen der Verkalkung eine größere Änderung des Mineral-Spiegels gefunden, als dies zu übereinstimmenden Zeiten im Serum der Fall war, was auf eine direkte Wirkung des Vitaminmangels auf das verkalkende Gewebe schließen läßt. Im Verhältnis zum Serumspiegel wurde Ca in den Geweben der rachitischen Tiere zu einem größeren Grade als normal abgeschieden. Dies war nicht der Fall bei Mg oder anorganischem P, was einen Vorzug für Ca in den rachitischen Geweben anzeigt. Gravimetrische Analysen von organischer und trockener Substanz in epiphysischen Schichten zeigten, daß die Menge des proliferierenden und hypertrophischen Knorpels zunahm und daß verkalkter Knorpel bei Rachitis abnahm, gemäß klassischen histologischen Beobachtungen. achtungen. Ganz unerwartet war bei Rachitis eine verhältnismäßige Zunahme des ruhenden Knorpels festzustellen.
    Notes: Abstract Electrolytes were analyzed in serum, and in mineralizing tissues at varying stages of calcification, in normal and vitamin D-deficient chickens and pigs. Moisture, ash, and organic matter were also measured. Results revealed that in addition to Ca, other serum electrolytes were altered in rickets. Mg and inorganic P were diversely affected by the vitamin deficiency. Larger changes in mineral level were seen in the tissues in the early stages of calcification than were seen at corresponding times in the serum, suggesting a direct effect of the vitamin deficiency on the calcifying tissue itself. Relative to the serum level, Ca was deposited in the tissues of rachitic animals to a greater extent than in normal animals. This was not true for Mg or inorganic P, indicating a preferential affinity for Ca in the rachitic tissue. Gravimetric analyses of organic and dry matter in epiphyseal zones revealed that the amounts of proliferating and hypertrophic cartilage were increased, and calcified cartilage decreased, in rickets, in accord with previous histological observations. Unexpectedly, the proportion of resting cartilage was also increased.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 8 (1971), S. 165-171 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Ceramic ; Tetracycline ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Un implant céramique non poreux est testé au niveau du fémur de rat en ce qui concerne son adhésivité à l'os. Un certain nombre de techniques morphologiques sont utilisées pour examiner le rapport entre l'implant et l'os néoformé. La microscopie électronique par transmission et la microscopie par fluorescence après marquage à la tétracycline ont donné les meilleurs résultats. Un rapport étroit entre l'os minéralisé et la céramique a été noté en microscopie électronique. Par marquage à la tétracycline, il semble que l'implant puisse stimuler la formation osseuse.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Ein unporöses keramisches Implantat in Rattenfemora wurde auf seine Fähigkeit geprüft, sich mit Knochen zu binden. Eine Anzahl morphologischer Techniken wurde verwendet, um die Beziehung zwischen den Oberflächen von Implantat und neuem Knochen zu untersuchen. Transmissions-Elektronenmikroskopie und Fluoreszenzmikroskopie nach Tetracyclinmarkierung waren die erfolgreichsten Techniken. Eine enge Beziehung zwischen mineralisiertem Knochen und dem Keramikimplantat konnte mit der Transmissions-Elektronenmikroskopie nachgewiesen werden. Das Aussehen der Tetracyclinmarkierung im keramischen Implantat deutet darauf hin, daß dieses wahrscheinlich die Fähighkeit hat, Knochenbildung zu erhöhen.
    Notes: Abstract A nonporous ceramic implant in rat femora was evaluated as to its ability to bond to bone. A number of morphologic techniques were utilized to examine the interfacial relationship of the implant to new bone. Transmission electron microscopy and fluorescence microscopy after tetracycline labelling were the most successful techniques. An intimate relationship between mineralized bone and the ceramic was demonstrated by transmission electron microscopy. The appearance of tetracycline labelling at the ceramic interface indicates that the implant may have capacity to enhance bone formation.
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  • 11
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    Calcified tissue international 8 (1971), S. 258-261 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Transplantation ; Bone ; Induction ; Osteogenesis ; Amniotic cells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des cellules épithéliales humaines, obtenues par culture de tissu (de lignée “K”), sont njectées dans les muscles de la cuisse et de la paroi abdominale ou dans le tissu sous-cutané de rats conditionnés par la cortisone. Du cartilage et/ou de l'os se forment dans le tissu musculaire, mais non dans le tissu sous-cutané.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Zellen aus der Kultur von menschlichem Epithelialgewebe („K”-Stamm) wurden Cortisonvorbehandelten Ratten in die Bein- oder Bauchwandmuskulatur oder subcutan injiziert. Die Bildung von Knorpel und/oder Knochen wurde in diesen zwei Muskelgeweben leicht ausgelöst; dies war jedoch an den subcutan behandelten Stellen nicht der Fall.
    Notes: Abstract Human epithelial tissue culture line cells (“K” line) were injected into the leg or abdominal wall muscle, or subcutaneously, in cortisone-conditioned rats. Cartilage and/or bone was induced readily in either of the muscular sites, but not subcutaneously.
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  • 12
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    Calcified tissue international 8 (1971), S. 276-286 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Cartilage ; Differentiation ; Collagen ; β-aminopropionitrile
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'injection d'embryons de poulet, incubés pendant neuf jours, avec du β-aminopropionitrile (BAPN), à des doses supérieures à 0,312 mg par embryon, empêche la formation de cartilage, normalement présent au niveau des os de membrane à partir du llème jour de l'inculation. L'hitsogenese de cette inhibition est décrite. BAPN augmente la propertion de collagène et diminue la synthèse des mucopolysaccharides acides, contenant de l'hesoxamine, au niveau des os de membrane. Le rapport entre les chainons tranversaux du collagène, sa solubilité, la synthèse des mucopolysaccharides acides et la stimulation mécanique (le facteur extrinsèque déclenchant la chondrogenèse dans le système) est discuté sous l'angle de la formation cartilagineuse sur les os de membrane, à partir de cellules souches.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Wird β-Aminopropionitrol (BAPN) in Dosen von über 0,312 mg/Embryo in 9 Tage inkubierte Hühnerembryonen injiziert, so wird die Bildung des normalerweise vom 11. Inkubationstag an auf dem Deckknochen vorliegenden Knorpels verhindert. Die Histogenese dieser Hemmung wird beschrieben. BAPN erhöhte den Anteil des löslichen Kollagens, ohne die Synthese des Totalkollagens zu verändern; es verminderte die Synthese der hexosaminhaltigen sauren Mucopolysaccharide innerhalb der Deckknochen. Die Diskussion betrifft die Beziehung zwischen der Quervernetzung des Kollagens, der Kollagenlöslichkeit, der Synthese von sauren Mucopolysacchariden und der mechanischen Stimulation (wobei der Extrinsicfaktor die Chondrogenese in diesem System auslöst) bei der Knorpelbildung aus den bipotentialen Keimzellen der Deckknochen.
    Notes: Abstract Injection into chick embryos incubated for nine days, of β-aminopropionitrile (BAPN) at doses above 0.312 mg/embryo prevented the formation of the cartilage normally present on the membrane bones from the eleventh day of incubation onwards. The histogenesis of this inhibition is described. BAPN increased the proportion of soluble collagen without altering total collagen synthesis and decreased the synthesis of hexosamine-containing acid mucopolysaccharides within the membrane bones. The relationship between cross-linking of collagen, collagen solubility, synthesis of acid mucopolysaccharides and mechanical stimulation (the extrinsic factor initiating chondrogenesis in this system) in the formation of cartilage from bipotential germinal cells on the membrane bones is discussed.
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  • 13
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    Calcified tissue international 8 (1971), S. 262-264 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Amnion ; Transplantation ; Immunosuppression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé En utilisant du sérum antilymphocytaire de souris, utilisé comme immuno-dépresseur à la place d'hormones stéroides, une induction de tissu osseux est obtenue chez la souris chez laquelle des cellules épithéliales souches K xénogéniques sont greffées. L'induction osseuse dans ce système expérimental n'est donc pas liée aux hormones stéroides.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Mit dem als Immunosuppressor wirkenden Anti-Mäuse-Lymphocyten-Serum, welches anstelle von Steroidhormonen verwendet wurde, konnte bei Mäusen, die ein Transplantat von K-xenogenen, festgesetzten Epithelzellen erhalten hatten, das Einsetzen von Knochenwachstum hervorgerufen werden. Diese Resultate zeigen, daß in diesem Modell das Einsetzen des Knochenwachstums nicht von Steroidhormonen abhängig ist.
    Notes: Abstract Using Anti Mouse Lymphocytic Serum as an immunosuppressor instead of steroid hormones, bone induction was obtained in mice grafted with K xenogenic-established epithelial cell line. The results suggest that bone induction in this experimental system is not dependent upon steroid hormones.
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  • 14
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    Calcified tissue international 7 (1971), S. 1-11 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Microradiography ; Diffraction ; X-rays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des microradiographies par projection sont réalisées à des grossissements initiaux différents, à partir de coupes par usure d'os de 100 microns d'épaisseur, après inclusion dans du méthacrylate de polyméthyle. Les microradiographies sont obtenues en utilisant des rayons X, de diverses longueurs d'onde. A certains grossissements radiographiques, les bords des objets étudiés, normalement transparents aux rayons X, deviennent très radio-opaques. La largeur du bord opaque varie avec la longueur d'onde de la radiation et le grossissement radiographique initial, ce dernier agissant au maximum avec un agrandissement initial de deux fois. Il semble donc que l'effet observé en bordure soit provoqué par un phénomène de diffraction de Fresnel du rayonnement X incident. Les incidences de cet effet sur les microradiographies de tissue osseux sont envisagées.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Es wurden Projektionsmikroradiogramme bei verschiedenen Anfangsvergrößerungen von in Polymethyl-Methacrylat eingebetteten, 100 μ dicken Knochenschliffen ausgeführt. Die Mikroradiogramme wurden durch Verwendung von Röntgenstrahlen verschiedener Wellenlängen erhalten. Es wurde festgestellt, daß bei bestimmten radiographischen Vergrößerungen die Ränder von Gegenständen, welche normalerweise für Röntgenstrahlen durchlässig sind, stark opak wurden. Es wurde ebenfalls festgestellt, daß die Breite dieses opaken Randes je nach Wellenlänge der aufnehmenden Röntgenstrahlen und je nach Höhe der Anfangsvergrößerung der Aufnahme variierte. Der breiteste Rand wurde bei einer zweifachen Anfangsvergrößerung festgestellt. Die Autoren kommen zum Schluß, daß dieser Randeffekt das Ergebnis einer Fresnel-Diffraktion der eindringenden Röntgenstrahlen ist, welche für die Herstellung von Mikroradiogrammen verwendet werden. Die Bedeutung dieser Beobachtungen für die Einschätzung der Knochenaktivität mittels Mikroradiogrammen wird diskutiert.
    Notes: Abstract Projection microradiographs were made at various initial magnifications of 100 μ-ground sections of bone embedded in polymethyl methacrylate. The microradiographs were produced by using X-rays of different wavelengths. It was found that at certain radiographic magnifications the edges of objects, normally transparent to X-rays, became highly radiopaque. It was also found that the width of this opaque edge varied with the wavelength of the imaging radiation and with the amount of initial radiographic magnification, the latter being greatest at an initial enlargement of two. It is concluded that this edge effect is the result of Fresnel diffraction of the penetrating X-rays, used for the production of microradiographs. The relevance of these observations to the assessment of bone activity from microradiographs is discussed.
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  • 15
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    Calcified tissue international 7 (1971), S. 12-22 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Cartilage ; Testosterone ; Ultrastructure ; Growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Bien que la clinique et l'expérimentation semblent démontrer que des doses élevées de testostérone provoquent un arrêt prématuré de la croissance, le mécanisme exact et le lieu précis de son action sur l'appareil de croissance des os longs restent indéterminés. Au cours de cette étude, des rats máles de 200 g sont injectés à l'aide de doses supra-physiologiques de testostérone pour observer les effects sub-microscopiques sur les diverses zones du cartilage épiphysaire. Au niveau de la zone de division cellulaire, on note une augmentation des cellules en division. Les cellules, en voie de maturation, présentent plus de produits de sécrétion, à un stade plus précoce de leur cycle d'évolution, et semblent subir une hypertrophie plus rapide. Dans la zone pré-hypertrophique, la matrice intercellulaire présente des foyers de calcification précoce, ainsi que des fibres collagènes plus longues et plus épaisses que chez les témoins. Il apparait que, chez l'animal entier, des doses même élevées de testostérone provoquent initialement une stimulation de la prolifération chondrocytaire, avant de favoriser les processus de maturation.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Obwohl experimentelle und klinische Erfahrung darauf hinweisen, daß hohe Dosen von Testosteron zu einem frühzeitigen Wachstumsabschluß führen, sind der genaue Mechanismus und der eigentliche Wirkungsort dieses Hormons im Wachstumsapparat der Röhrenknochen unbekannt geblieben. In diesem Experiment wurden 200 g schweren männlichen Ratten supraphysiologische Testosterondosen injiziert, um die submikroskopischen Auswirkungen auf die verschiedenen Zonen des Epiphysenknorpels zu beobachten. In der Zone der Zellmitosen fand sich eine erhöhte Anzahl von sich teilenden Zellen. Die reifenden Zellen häuften im Frühstadium ihres Lebenscyclus größere Mengen von Sekretionsprodukten an und schienen eine abruptere Hypertrophie durchzumachen. In der prähypertrophen Zone enthielt die interterritoriale Matrix Herde von früher und verfrühter Verkalkung, sowie dickere und längere Kollagenfasern als vergleichsweise in Kontrolltieren. Daraus wird geschlossen, daß bei unbehandelten Tieren sogar große Testosterondosen anfänglich eine Stimulation der Chondrocytenproliferation verursachen, bevor sie die Reifungsprozesse veranlassen.
    Notes: Abstract Although experimental and clinical experience indicates that large doses of testosterone lead to premature cessation of growth, the exact mechanism and precise site of action of this hormone on the growth apparatus of long bones remain unknown. In this study, plateaued male rats were injected with supraphysiologic doses of testosterone to observe the submicroscopic effects on the various zones of the epiphyseal cartilage. In the zone of cell division there were increased numbers of dividing cells. The maturing cells accumulated larger amounts of secretory products at earlier stages of their life cycle, and appeared to undergo a more abrupt hypertrophy. In the zone of prehypertrophy, the interterritorial matrix contained foci of early and premature calcification and thicker and longer collagen fibers than at comparable levels in controls. It is concluded that in intact animals, even large doses of testosterone initially cause a stimulation of chondrocyte proliferation, prior to promoting maturation processes.
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  • 16
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    Calcified tissue international 7 (1971), S. 81-92 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Strontium ; Vitamin D3 ; Calcium ; Absorption ; Bone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des poulets normaux, âgés de 2 semaines, présentent une condition voisine d'une rachitisme grave, lorsqu'on les soumet pendant 7 jours à un régime pauvre en calcium (0,1%), riche en vitamine D3, et contenant une quantité stable de strontium, équimolaire à 1,2% de calcium. Alors que l'on pensait que le rachitisme induit par le strontium était lié à une inhibition directe de la calcification, il apparait qu'avant toute modification osseuse apparente, le strontium inhibe la production du CaPB induit par la vitamine D3, ainsi que le mécanisme d'absorption intestinale du calcium. Il semble que cet effet du strontium soit lié à sa participation dans le mécanisme normal de la régulation du calcium au cours de la synthèse de CaBP.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Normale, 2wöchige Kücken gerieten innerhalb von 7 Tagen in einen schweren, rachitisänhlichen Zustand, wenn sie eine calciumarme (0,1%0 und Vitamin D3-reiche Nahrung erhielten, welcher kaltes Strontium in einer Konzentration von 2,62% (molaraequivalent mit 1,2% Calcium) zugesetzt wurde. Während man früher vermutete, daß die “Strontium-Rachitis” nur durch eine direkte Inhibition der Verkalkung entstehe, konnte nun gezeigt werden, daß — bevor eine sichtbare Knochenveränderung eintritt — die Vitamin D3-gesteuerte Bildung von CaBP (calciumbindendes Protein) und gleichzeitig der Mechanismus der Calciumabsorption im Darm durch Strontium gehemmt wird. Die gefundenen Resultate weisen auf die Möglichkeit hin, daß dieser Strontiumeffekt auf dessen Interferenz mit dem normalen Mechanismus der Calciumregulation durch die CaBP-Syntheses zurückgeführt werden kann.
    Notes: Abstract Normal 2-week-old chicks, when fed a low-calcium (0.1%), vitamin D3-replete diet containig stable strontium at a level equimolar to 1.2% calcium, developed a severe rachiticlike condition within 7 days. Whereas formerly it was suspected that “strontium rickets” resulted from direct inhibition of calcification only, it was shown that, preceding any detectable bone change, strontium inhibited vitamin D3-induced CaBP production and, simultaneously, the intestinal calcium absorptive mechanism. The results suggest the possibility that this effect of strontium may be due to its interference with the normal mechanism of calcium regulation of CaBP synthesis.
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  • 17
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    Calcified tissue international 7 (1971), S. 175-190 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Human ; Age ; Glycosaminoglycans
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les glycosaminoglycanes de l'os humain compact du fémur sont identifiés et leur concentration et distribution sont déterminées à partir de cas d'autopsie, d'âges variables, allant du nouveau-né à des sujets de 94 ans. L'absence d'altérations post-mortem des glycosaminoglycanes osseux est déterminée au niveau de l'os fémoral de chien, au bout de 72 heures. Le chondroitine-4-sulfate constitue le glycosaminoglycane majeur de l'os humain: de plus, une fraction mineure semble être constituée par l'acide hyaluronique. Les proportions de glycosaminoglycanes varient inversement en fonction, de l'âge chez des sujets en pleine croissance: mais aucun changement n'est observé plus tardivement. La distribution des glycosaminoglycanes est identique chez les sujets adultes. Seules de faibles différences, concernant cette distribution, sont relevées. Chez les sujets jeunes elles sont, peut-être, liées à des changements de poids moléculaire peu élevés ou au sulfate chondroitine sulfaté, peu élevé et, chez un sujet vieil à une proportion plus grande d'acide hyaluronique.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Glykosaminoglykane aus menschlicher Compacta des Oberschenkels wurden charakterisiert und ihre Konzentrationen und Muster an Autopsien von Menschen verschiedenen Alters (Neugeborene bis 94jährige) festgelegt. Fällungen mit Cetylpyridin und Fraktionierungsmethoden wurden angewendet. Am Hundefemur konnte festgestellt werden, daß sich das Glykosaminoglykanmuster im Knochen bis zu 72 Std post mortem nicht veränderte. Als wichtigstes Glykosaminoglykan des menschlichen Knochens wurde das Chondroitin-4-sulfat identifiziert; dazu wurde ein kleiner Anteil versuchsweise als Hyaluronsäure eingestuft. Die Konzentrationen der Glykosaminoglykane standen in umgekehrtem Verhältnis zum Alter des im Wachstum stehenden Menschen, jedoch wurde nach dessen Abschluß keine Veränderung mehr beobachtet. Das Glykosaminoglykanmuster sieht für alle erwachsenen Menschen ähnlich aus. Nur kleine Abweichungen von diesem Muster konnten bei jungen Menschen festgestellt werden; möglicherweise sind sie auf eine leichte Änderung im Molekulargewicht oder auf eine schwache Sulfatierung des Chondroitinsulfates zurückzuführen. Dies gilt ebenso für einen alten Menschen, dessen Knochen einen höheren Anteil an Hyaluronsäure aufweisen.
    Notes: Abstract Glycosaminoglycans from human femoral compact bone were characterized and their concentrations and patterns were determined in autopsy cases of various ages, newborn to 94 years of age. Cetylpyridinium precipitation and fractionation methods were used. Absence of postmortem changes of bone glycosaminoglycan pattern for as long as 72 hours was checked on dog femoral bone. Chondroitin-4-sulphate was identified as the predominating glycosaminoglycan of human bone; in addition a minor part was tentatively identified as hyaluronic acid. Concentrations, of glycosaminoglycans were inversely related to age in growing subjects, but no change was noted later in life. The glycosaminoglycan pattern had a similar appearance for all of the adult subjects. Only small deviations from this pattern had a similar for young subjects, possibly due to low molecular weight change or low sulphated chondroitin sulphate; and for one old subjects to a higher proportion of hyaluronic acid.
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  • 18
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    Calcified tissue international 8 (1971), S. 83-86 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Strontium ; Calcium ; Vitamin D ; Calcification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des poulets sont nourris avec une alimentation contenant 0,5% de Ca et 0,5% de Sr, plus diverses concentrations de vitamine D3. La moitié des besoins en calcium pour la croisance corporelle chez le poulet est assurée par le Sr, tant que la concentration en Vitamine D3 est maintenue entre 500 et 1000 ICU/kg de nourriture. Les besoins totaux en calcium pour la croissance ne sont pas couverts par le Sr. Bien que Sr soit incorporé dans l'os lorsque l'alimentation renferme de faibles doses de vitamine D3, le contenu total en cendre, ainsi que le contenu en calcium, sont diminués.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Eine Untersuchung an Hühnern, welche Futter mit 0,5% Ca und 0,5% Sr und verschieden hohen Vitamin D3-Zusätzen erhielten, läßt vermuten, daß die Hälfte des für das Körperwachstum des Huhnes benötigent Ca durch Sr ersetzt werden kann, solange das Vitamin D3 in der Höhe von 500–1000 IE/kg Futter gehalten wurde. Die Gesamtmenge des für das Knochenwachstum benötigten Ca konnte jedoch nicht durch Sr ersetzt werden. Obschon Sr bei niederem Vitamin D3-Gehalt der Nahrung im Knochen eingebaut wurde, waren sowohl der totale Aschegehalt als auch der Calciumgehalt vermindert.
    Notes: Abstract An investigation involving chicks fed diets with 0.5% Ca and 0.5% Sr supplemented with various levels of vitamin D3 suggests that one-half of the Ca requirement of body growth in the chick is met by Sr as long as the vitamin D3 level was maintained at 500 to 1000 ICU/kg foodstuff. The entire Ca requirement for bone growth could not, however, be met by Sr. Even though Sr was incorporated into the bone when low levels of vitamin D3 were fed in the diet, the total ash content, as well as Ca content, was reduced.
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  • 19
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Pyrophosphate ; Cyclic 3′5′-AMP ; Parathyroid ; Adenyl cyclase ; Bone ; Resorption
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'injection de pyrophosphate inorganique, à la concentration de 15 μmoles/h, au niveau de rats thyro-parathyréodectomisés, inhibe les effects de l'hormone parathyroidienne injectée, sur le calcium et le phosphate plasmatique et sur l'excrétion rénale du calcium, du phosphate, des peptides contenant l'hydroxyproline et de l'AMP 3′5′ cyclique. Inversement, l'injection de pyrophosphate ne provoque pas de changements significatifs sur les effects d'injection d'AMP 3′5′ cyclique sur le calcium et le phosphate du plasma, ou sur l'excrétion urinaire de calcium, phosphate et peptides contenant de l'hydroxyproline.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Wurde thyroparathyreoidektomierten Ratten anorganisches Pyrophosphat mit einer Geschwindigkeit von 15 μMol/Std infundiert, so blockierte dies die Wirkung der gleichzeitig laufenden Parathormoninfusion auf Plasmacalcium und-phosphat, sowie auf die renale Ausscheidung von Calcium, Phosphat, Hydroxyprolin-haltigen Peptiden und cyclischem 3′,5′-AMP. Hingegen bewirkte die Pyrophosphatinfusion keine signifikante Veränderung der Wirkung einer Infusion von zyklischem 3′,5′-AMP auf Plasmacalcium und-phosphat oder auf die Ausscheidung im Urin von Calcium, Phosphat und Hydroxyprolin-haltigen Peptiden.
    Notes: Abstract The infusion of inorganic pyrophosphate at a rate of 15 μmoles/h into thyroparathyroidectomized rats blocked the effects of parathyroid hormone infusion upon plasma calcium and phosphate, and upon the renal excretion of calcium, phosphate, hydroxyproline-containing peptides, and cyclic 3′5′ AMP. In contrast, pyrophosphate infusion caused no significant change in the effects of cyclic 3′5′ AMP infusion upon plasma calcium and phosphate, or upon the urinary excretion of calcium, phosphate, and hydroxyproline-containing peptides.
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  • 20
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    Calcified tissue international 8 (1971), S. 114-120 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Phosphonates ; Osteoporosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'effet d'un diphosphonate, EHDP est étudié dans deux systèmes éxpérimentaux chez le rat: une ostéoporose par immobilisation locale et une ostéoporose générale induite par la cortisone. EHDP est susceptible de prévenir la perte osseuse localisée, induite par l'immobilisation chirurgicale de la patte arrière gauche, mais est inefficace à empêcher la perte osseuse par voie générale induite par l'administration de cortisone. L'action majeure de l'EHDP est la production de grandes quantités d'ostéoide: il a peu d'effet sur la résorption osseuse. Le manque de résultats constants dans les deux systèmes suggère que les troubles osseux d'étiologie générale ne peuvent être étudiés par atrophie osseuse locale.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Wirkung eines Diphosphonates (EHDP) wurde mit zwei verschiedenen Versuchsanordnungen an Ratten untersucht: lokale Immobilisationsosteoporose und generalisierte, durch Cortison hervorgerufene Osteoporose. EHDP konnte den lokalen Knochenschwund verhindern, der durch die chirurgische Immobilisierung des linken Hinterbeines entstand; es verhinderte jedoch den generalisierten, durch Cortisonverabreichung hervorgerufenen Knochenschwund nicht. Die hervorstechendste Wirkung von EHDP ist die Bildung von großen Osteoidmengen; es scheint auf die Knochenresorption nur einen kleinen Einfluß zu haben. Der Mangel an gültigen Befunden bei beiden Versuchsanordnungen läßt darauf schiließen, daß aus einer lokalen Knochenatrophie nicht auf eine durch generalisierten Knochenschwund charakterisierte Erkrankung extrapoliert werden kann.
    Notes: Abstract The effect of a diphosphonate, EHDP, was studied in two experimental models in the rat: local immobilization osteoporosis and systemic cortisone-induced osteoporosis. EHDP was able to prevent the local bone loss brought about by surgical immobilization of the left hind limb, but was ineffective in preventing the systemic bone loss produced by cortisone administration. The most prevalent action of EHDP is the production of large amounts of osteoid; it seems to have little effect on bone resorption. The lack of consistent findings in both models suggests that systemic bone-losing disorders cannot be extrapolated from local bone atrophy.
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  • 21
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    Calcified tissue international 8 (1971), S. 197-210 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Fluorescence ; Calcium ; Collagen ; Chemistry ; Bone ; Dentine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des composants fluorescents de l'os et la dentine sont séparés des hydrolysats alcalins de leur marice sur des colonnes Sephadex C25 CM d'échange cationique. Les concentrations en fluorescence et le spectre d'excitation (λ max 330 nm) et d'émission (λ max 395 nm) sont les mêmes que ceux observés au niveau des matrices intactes et gélatinisées. Les paramètres de fluorescence ne sont pas altérés par hydrolyse. La filtration sur gel à l'aide de colonnes Sephadex G 10 perment de différencier le matériel isolé en deux composants, ayant la même fluorescence et la même absorption UV. La fluorescence est indépendante de pH de 3.5–9.5. Des études de dialyse et de filtration sur gel de matrices gélatinisées indiquent une association étroite du matériel fluorescent avec les chaines polypeptidiques de collagène.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Fluorescierende Bestandteile aus Knochen und Dentin wurden in Sephadex C25 CM Kationen-Austauschersäulen von alkalischen Hydrolysaten ihrer Matrices getrennt. Die Fluorescenzintensitäten sowie die Erregungs- (λ max 330 nm) und Emissions- (λ max 395 nm) Spektren waren dieselben wie bei intakten und gelatinisierten Matrices. Die Fluorescenzparameter wurden durch die Hydrolyse nicht verändert. Eine Gelfiltration über Sephadex-G10-Säulen trennte das isolierte Material in 2 Komponenten auf, welche gleiche Fluorescenz- und UV-Absorptionseigenschaften zeigten. Im pH-Bereich zwischen 3,5 und 9,5 war die Fluorescenz unabhängig vom pH. Dialysierversuche sowie Gelfiltrationsexperimente mitden gelatinisierten Matrices zeigten eine starkgefügte Bindung des fluorescierenden Materials mit den Polypeptidketten des Kollagens.
    Notes: Abstract Fluorescent components in bone and dentine were separated from alkaline hydrolysates of their matrices on Sephadex C25 CM cationic exchange columns. The fluorescence levels, and the excitation (λ max 330 nm) and emission (λ max 395 nm) spectra, were the same as those observed in the intact and gelatinised matrices. The fluorescence parameters were unaltered by the hydrolysis procedure. Gel filtration on Sephadex G. 10 columns further resolved the isolated material into two components with the same fluorescence and UV absorption properties. The fluorescence was independent of pH over the range 3.5–9.5. Dialysis and gel filtration studies on the gelatinised matrices indicated a firmly-bonded association of the fluorescent material with the collagen polypeptide chains.
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  • 22
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    Calcified tissue international 8 (1971), S. 172-176 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Sodium ; Calcium ; Strontium ; Bone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Une colonne faite de poudre d'os dégraissé peut discriminer le22Na et le85Sr ou le47Ca. Le sodium est absorbé et élué par une telle colonne à une vitesse plus rapide que les deux autres isotopes. Ces observations rendent inutiles d'admettre l'existence d'un processus actif comme explication principale du comportement différentiel du Na et de ces cations multivalents d'osin vivo.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Eine Säule bestehend aus entfettetem Knochenpulver erlaubt die Unterscheidung zwischen22Na und85Sr oder47Ca. Natrium wird von einer solchen Säule schneller aufgenommen und eluiert als die beiden anderen Isotopen. Die Annahme eines aktiven Prozesses als hauptsächliche Erklärung für das differenzierte Verhalten von Na und diesen multivalenten Kationen im Knochenin vivo wird auf Grund dieser Beobachtung überflüssig.
    Notes: Abstract A column constructed of defatted bone powder can discriminate between22Na and58Sr or47Ca. Sodium is taken up, and eluted, from such a column at a more rapid rate than the other two isotopes. These observations make it unnecessary to assume the existence of an active process as a major explanation for the differential behaviour of Na and these multivalent cations in bonein vivo.
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  • 23
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    Calcified tissue international 8 (1971), S. 211-216 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: 45Calcium ; 85Strontium ; Bone ; Tissue Culture ; Isotopes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des calottes craniennes d'embryons de poulet sont cultivées à l'état vivant et après mortification selon divers procédés. L'absorption de45Ca et85Sr est mesurée et il apparait que les calottes vivantes et mortifiées prennent du calcium au détriment du strontium. Cette action au niveau de l'os vivant à 37°, est généralement plus intense que celle observée au niveau de l'os mortifié ou celle de l'os vivant cultivé à 4°. Cependant cette absorption préférenttielle n'avoisine pas les concentrations prévues par la physico-chimie, ce qui laisse penser que l'action anti-strontium est modifiée par la nature des cristaux osseux et leur environnement.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Calvarien von Kückenembryonen wurden lebend oder nach Abtöten mittels verschiedener Techniken gezüchtet. Die Aufnahme von45Ca und85Sr wurde gemessen, und es zeigte sich, daß sowohl die lebenden wie die toten Calvarien Calcium gegenüber Strontium vorzogen. Die Bevorzugung war im allgemeinen im lebenden Knochen bei 37° höher als im toten Knochen oder im lebenden, bei 4° gezüchteten Knochen. Jedoch erreichte diese Bevorzugung nicht den anhand physikochemischer Überlegungen vorausgesagten Grad. Dies läßt vermuten, daß die Calciumbevorzugung gegenüber Strontium durch die Natur der Knochenkristalle und deren Umgebung modifiziert wird.
    Notes: Abstract Embryonic chick calvaria were cultured alive and after killing by various procedures. The uptakes of45Ca and85Sr were measured and it was found that both live and dead calvaria discriminated against strontium in favour of calcium. The discrimination in live bone at 37° was usually higher than that in dead bone or that in live bone cultured at 4°. However, discrimination did not approach the physicochemically predicted level, which suggests that discrimination against strontium is modified by the nature of the bone crystals and their environment.
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  • 24
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    Calcified tissue international 8 (1971), S. 190-196 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Tetracycline ; Somatotrophin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Une nouvelle méthode d'analyse morphométrique au microscope optique de coupes non déminéralisées d'os, qui permet de déterminer l'augmentation de la masse d'os cortical en fonction du temps, est présentée. Cette méthode est basée sur le marquage continu et de longue durée de l'os néoformé par la tétracycline pendant la période expérimentale. En outre, on peut effectuer une comparaison entre la durée de formation d'os nouveau pendant des périodes de contrôle et d'expérience, en administrant une molécule fluorescente différente pendant la période témoin. L'os déposé, pendant cette dernière phase, est ainsi marqué dans une couleur différente. En connaissant les différences de durée de formation entre les deux périodes, on peut préciser le mécanisme d'augmentation de la masse osseuse. Des études expérimentales sur l'influence de l'hormone de croissance sur la masse corticale squelettique de chiens adultes des deux sexes sont présentées comme des exemples de cette méthode.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Es wird eine neue Methode zur Messung der Zunahme der kortikalen Knochenmasse in Funktion der Zeit beschrieben. Dies geschieht durch morphometrische Analyse von Schnitten undemineralisierten Knochens unter dem Mikroskop. Die Methode stützt sich auf die kontinuierliche Langzeitmarkierung von neuem Knochen mit Tetracyclin während der Dauer des Experimentes. Zusätzlich kann die Geschwindigkeit der Knochenzunahme während der Kontrollperiode mit derjenigen während des Experimentes verglichen werden, indem während der Kontrollperiode eine andere fluoreszierende Substanz verabreicht wird. Somit wird aller Knochen, der während der Kontrollperiode abgelagert wird, in einer verschiedenen Farbe markiert. Die Kenntnis der Unterschiede der Bildungsgeschwindigkeiten zwischen der Kontroll- und der Experimentier-Periode ermöglicht zusätzliche Einblicke in den Mechanismus, durch welchen die Zunahme der Knochenmasse herbeigeführt wird. Als Beispiel für die Anwendung dieser Methode werden experimentelle Untersuchungen über den Einfluß des Wachstumshormones auf die kortikale Skelettmasse bei erwachsenen Hunden beiden Geschlechts angegeben.
    Notes: Abstract A new method is presented by which an increase in cortical bone mass over time can be determined from morphometric analysis of sections of undemineralized bone under the optical microscope. The method depends on the long-duration, continuous labeling of new bone by tetracycline during the experimental period. In addition, a comparison of the rates of new bone formation in the control and experimental periods can be made by administering a different fluorescent molecule during the control period. All bone deposited during the control period is thus labeled with a different color. By knowing the differences in rates of formation between control and experimental periods, additional insight is gained into the mechanism by which the increase in bone mass is produced. Experimental studies on the influence of growth hormone on the cortical skeletal mass in adult dogs of both sexes are presented as examples of the use of this method.
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  • 25
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    Calcified tissue international 8 (1971), S. 287-303 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Calcification ; Bone ; Matrix ; Apatite ; Nucleation ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Du collagène d'os compact de mouton est préparé par décalcification dans I'EDTA et à partir de tendons de queux de rats, par extraction dans l'acide acétique et reconstitution dans NaCl. Le dépôt d'apatite dans le collagène osseux de mouton dans une solution de calcification métastable est étudié chimiquement et par microscopie électronique. Le collagène osseux est un bon catalyseur de nucléation pour le dépôt minéral, alors que le collagène de tendons de rat ne l'est pas. Le dépôt minéral du collagène osseux se produit en deux phases cinétiques séparées, une phase rapide de nucléation et une croissance cristalline, donnant naissance à de petits ilots calcifiés et une seconde phase lente de croissance dans des régions ne comportant pas de zones catalytiques. La seconde phase de dépôt minéral paraît être le résultat d'une diffusion inhibée d'ions à travers les fibrilles collagènes alignées, laissant de larges régions de collagène sans minéral, bien que le tampon reste hautement sursaturé. La microscopie électronique permet de penser que les zones de catalyse pourraient avoir un rapport avec la périodicité de 640 Å de collagène, mais l'importance d'un matériel noncollagènique, lié au collagène, n'est pas à exclure. L'activité catalytique faible du collagène reconstitué n'est pas liée à la présence d'inhibiteurs faiblement liés, bien que des inhibiteurs puissent être intimement liés à ce type de collagène, qui pourrait être absent du collagène osseux. La différence d'activité catalytique pourrait intervenir dans la calcification physiologique. Une hypothèse plus générale pour la nucléation de la phase minérale dans les systémes biologiques est nécessaire.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Kollagen wurde aus kompaktem Schafsknochen mittels EDTA-Entkalkung und aus Rattenschwanzsehnen durch Essigsäureextraktion und Rekonstitution mit NaCl gewonnen. Die Apatitablagerung aus einer metastabilen Verkalkungslösung auf Schafsknochenkollagen wurde chemisch und im Elektronenmikroskop untersucht. Es zeigte sich, daß das Knochenkollagen ein guter Nukleationskatalysator für die Mineralablagerung ist, was beim Rattenschwanzkollagen nicht zutraf. Im Knochenkollagen erfolgte die Mineralablagerung in zwei getrennten kinetischen Phasen: einer raschen Phase der Nukleation und des Kristallwachstums, welche kleine verkalkte Inseln entstehen läßt, und einer zweiten langsamen Phase, welcher das Wachstum in Bezierken, die keine katalytischaktiven Stellen einschließen, zuzuschreiben ist. Diese zweite Phase der Mineralablagerung wird als Resultat einer verminderten Ionendiffusion durch die enganeinanderliegenden Kollagenfibrillen angesehen, wodurch weite Kollagenbereiche ohne Mineral bleiben, obwohl der Puffer stark übersättigt ist. Elektronenmikrographien ließen vermuten, daß die katalytischaktiven Stellen in einem gewissen Verhältnis zur 640 Å-Periodizität des Kollagens stehen; es konnte jedoch nicht ausgeschlossen werden, daß nicht-kollagenhaltiges Material, welches an Kollagen gebunden ist, ebenfalls eine Rolle spielt. Die schlechte katalytische Aktivität des rekonstituierten Kollagens konnte nicht auf die Anwesenheit von schwachgebundenen Hemmstoffen zurückgeführt werden, obwohl Inhibitoren stark an dieses Kollagen gebunden sein könnten, die jedoch im Knochenkollagen nicht vorhanden sind. Die Unterschiede in der katalytischen Aktivität können mit der physiologischen Verkalkung in Beziehung stehen. Eine allgemeinere Hypothese für die Nukleation einer Mineralphase in biologischen Systemen wäre erforderlich.
    Notes: Abstract Collagen was prepared from compact sheep bone by decalcification with EDTA and from rat tail tendons by acetic acid extraction and reconstitution with NaCl. The deposition of apatite in sheep bone collagen in a metastable calcification solution was studied chemically and by electron microscopy. The bone collagen was shown to be a good nucleation catalyst for mineral deposition, while rat tail collagen was a poor catalyst. Mineral deposition in bone collagen occured in two separate kinetic phases, a rapid phase of nucleation and crystal growth, giving rise to small calcified islands, and a second slow phase, ascribed to growth in regions not involving the catalytic sites. This second phase of mineral deposition is considered to be the result of impaired ion diffusion through the closely-aligned collagen fibrils, thus leaving large areas of the collagen free of mineral even though the buffer remains highly supersaturated. Electron micrographs suggested that the catalytic sites might be in some relationship to the 640 Å periodicity of collagen, but a role for non-collagenous material bound to the collagen has not been excluded. The poor catalytic activity of reconstituted collagen was not due to the presence of loosely-bound inhibitors, although inhibitors could be strongly bound to this type of collagen and be absent from bone collagen. The differences in catalytic activity may have a bearing on physiological calcification. A more general hypothesis for nucleation of a mineral phase in biological systems is required.
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  • 26
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    Calcified tissue international 7 (1971), S. 264-266 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Hydroxyl ; Apartite ; Bone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
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  • 27
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    Calcified tissue international 7 (1971), S. 259-263 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Hydroxyl ; Apartite ; Bone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
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  • 28
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    Calcified tissue international 8 (1971), S. 73-82 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Calcium ; Phosphorus ; Sodium ; Magnesium ; Electron probe
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'analyse par microsonde électronique, technique récente, a été peu utilisée pour l'étude du tissu osseux. Le rapport molaire Ca/P a été mesuré pour l'os normal et certains os pathologiques. Les résultats sont en accord avec ceux obtenus par les autres méthodes, en particulier la microradiographie. La microsonde électronique permet le dosage du sodium et du magnésium, constituants secondaires de l'os, à l'échelle microscopique. Nos observations mettent en évidence l'hétérogénéité de la distribution de ces éléments: concentration élevée dans l'os jeune (ostéone), moindre dans l'os interhaversien. Ces résultats sont en accord avec l'hypothèse de Neuman de l'absorption des ions sodium et magnésium à la surface du crystal d'apatite.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Mikroanalyse mittels Elektronensonde ist eine neue Technik für die Untersuchung von Knochen; die Bedingungen für eine richtige Interpretation der Resultate werden beschrieben. Das molare Ca/P-Verhältnis wurde in normalen und in drei pathologischen Knochen gemessen. Diese Messungen wurden in verschiedenen Regionen des corticalen Knochens durch-geführt. Die Resultate stimmen mit den durch Mikroradiographie erhaltenen überein. Mikroanalysen mittels der Elektronensonde ermöglichten es, die Verteilung von Na und Mg in den zwischenhaversschen und haversschen Geweben von corticalem Knochen Erwachsener zu untersuchen. Unsere Beobachtungen zeigen die heterogene Verteilung dieser Elemente. In Übereinstimmung mit der Hypothese der Ionen-Absorption an der Oberfläche des Apatitkristalles sind die Konzentrationen in jungen Knochen (Oesteonen) höher.
    Notes: Abstract Electron probe microanalysis is a recent technique for the study of bone and the conditions for the correct interpretation of the results are described. The Ca/P molar ratio was measured in normal and in three pathological bones. These measurements were carried out in different regions of cortical bone. The results are in agreement with the results obtained by microradiography. Microprobe analysis, however, allows the measurement of elements at the microscopic level. Electron probe microanalysis was used to study the distribution of sodium and magnesium in the interhaversian and haversian tissues of adult cortical bone. Observations show the heterogeneity of distribution of these elements. Concentrations are higher in young bone (osteons), in agreement with the hypothesis of ion absorption on the surface of the apatite crystal.
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  • 29
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    Calcified tissue international 8 (1971), S. 36-53 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Phospholipids ; Vitamin D ; Deficiency ; Epiphysis ; Cartilage ; Bone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les effets de divers degrés de rachitisme non compliqué, provoqué par avitaminose D, sur les concentrations, la composition, et l'extractibilité de phospholipides de tissus moux et en voie de calcification ont été étudiés chez le poulet et le porc. Le contenu en phospholipides des tissus en voie de calcification est modifié au cours du rachitisme; cependant, on n'a constaté que peu de changements dans les tissus moux. Les effets quantitatifs sur la concentration en lipides des tissus rachitiques calcifiés varient de zone en zone et semblent indiquer desvariations dans d'autres constituants tissulaires. Cependant les différences qualitatives indiquent un effet direct sur des phospholipides spécifiques. Les phospholipides acides présentent les changements de pourcentage les plus élevés bien que de nombreuses modifications statisstiquement significatives dans les phospholipides neutres ont pu être observés. Les zones stisulaires présentant le plus grand changement de composition phospholipidique au cours du rachitisme, sont constituées par le cartilage hypertrophique et en voie de prolifération et par l'os spongieux, alors que le cartilage calcifié est le moins affecté. Le rachitisme diminue aussi l'extractibilité de certains phospholipides neutres et acides des zones de minéralisation précoce. Ces résultats semblent indiquer la présence, dans le tissu rachitique, de concentrations élevées de phospholipide complexé avec le phosphate de calcium, probablement causé par l'inhibition de la minéralisation normale.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Auswirkung von verschiedenen Graden von Rachitis (verursacht durch Vitamin D-Mangel) auf die Mengen, die Zusammensetzung und auf die Extrahierbarkeit der Phospholipide von verkalkenden und weichen Geweben wurde an Hühnern und Schweinen untersucht. Es wurden verschiedene Wirkungen von Rachitis auf die Phospholipid-Zusammensetzung der verkalkenden Gewebe gefunden, in den weichen Geweben jedoch nur wenige. Der Grad dieser Wirkung auf die Lipid-Konzentration der rachitisch verknöchernden Gewebe änderte sich von Schicht zu Schicht und schien die Änderungen in anderen Gewebebestandteilen wiederzugeben. Die qualitativen Unterschiede zeigten jedoch eine direkte Wirkung auf spezifische Phospholipide an. Saure Phospholipide zeigten den größten prozentualen Unterschied, obgleich zahlreiche statistisch signifikante Unterschiede auch in den neutralen Phospholipiden gefunden wurden. Die Gewebeschichten, welche bei Rachitis die größte Änderung in der Phospholipidzusammensetzung zeigten, waren proliferierender und hypertrophischer Knorpel und spongiöser Knochen, während verkalkter Knorpel die geringste Änderung zeigte. Rachitis verminderte auch die Extrahierbarkeit von gewissen sauren und neutralen Phospholipiden aus den Schichten der frühen Mineralisierung. Diese Ergebnisse weisen auf das Vorhandensein von erhöhten Phospholipidmengen im rachitischen Gewebe hin, welche Calciumphosphat binden; dies wird wahrscheinlich durch die Blockierung der normalen Mineralisierung verursacht.
    Notes: Abstract The effect of various degrees of simple, vitamin D-deficient rickets on the levels, composition and extractability of phospholipids from calcifying and soft tissues was studied in chickens and pigs. A variety of effects of rickets on the phospholipid composition of the calcifying tissues were detected; there was little change in the soft tissues. The quantitative effects on the lipid concentration of rachitic hard tissues were variable from zone to zone and appeared to reflect variations in other tissue constituents. However, the qualitative differences indicated a direct effect on specific phospholipids. Acidic phospholipids displayed the greatest percentage change, although numerous statistically-significant changes were also seen in the neutral phospholipids. Tissue zones displaying the greatest change in phospholipid composition in rickets were proliferating and hypertrophic cartilage, and cancellous bone, with calcified cartilage showing the least effect. Rickets also reduced the extractability of certain acidic and neutral phospholipids from zones of early mineralization. These findings are interpreted as indicating the presence of elevated levels of phospholipid complexed with calcium phosphate in rachitic tissue, presumably due to the blockage of normal mineralization.
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  • 30
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    Calcified tissue international 8 (1971), S. 96-105 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Iliac ; Proteinpolysaccharides ; Cartilage ; Bone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les protéines-polysaccharides (PP) ont été extraits de la crête iliaque cartilagineuse d'enfants à squelettes normaux, âgés de quelques jours à 16 ans, à l'aide de technique par rupture et par dissociation. L'homogénéisation du cartilage dans l'eau ou l'agitation dans du chlorure de guanidinium permet de recueillir un matériel PP semblable à poids moléculaire élevé. Les extraits aqueux contiennent des quantités considérables de collagène qu'on ne trouve qu'à l'état de trace dans les extraits à la guanidine. Des produits dégradés, probablement liés à l'action d'enzymes protéolytiques, sont obtenus après extraction du tissu avec un tampon phosphate 0,067 M de pH 7,4 à 30°; 0,5 M ou 3,0 M MgCl2 à 10°.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Proteinpolysaccharide wurden aus dem Beckenkamm-Knorpel von Kindern im Alter von wenigen Tagen bis 16 Jahren mit normalem Skelett extrahiert, und zwar sowohl durch Homogenisierung als auch durch Extraktionsmethoden. Die Homogensierung des Knorpels in Wasser ergab Proteinpolysaccharide von hohem Molekulargewicht und gleichen Eigenschaften wie nach Rühren mit Guanidinchlorid. Die wässerigen Extrakte enthielten ansehnliche Kollagenmengen, während in den Guanidinextrakten nur Spuren vorlagen. Abbauprodukte, die wahrscheinlich durch Einwirkung von proteolytischen Enzymen entstanden, wurden durch Extraktion dieses Gewebes mit 0,067 M Phosphatpuffer von pH 7,4 bei 30°, ferner mit 0,5 oder 3,0 M MgCl2 bei 10° gewonnen.
    Notes: Abstract Proteinpolysaccharides (PP) have been extracted from the iliac crest cartilage of skeletally normal children varying in age between a few days and sixteen years, with both disruptive and dissociative methods. Homogenization of the cartilage in water or stirring with guanidinium chloride yielded high molecular weight PP material of similar properties. The water extracts contained considerable amounts of collagen which was present only in traces in the guanidine extracts. Degraded products, probably due to the action of proteolytic enzymes, were obtained by extraction of the tissue with 0.067 M phosphate buffer pH 7.4 at 30°; 0.5 M or 3.0 M MgCl2 at 10°.
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  • 31
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    Calcified tissue international 8 (1971), S. 265-275 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Calcium ; Vitamin D ; Zinc ; Bone ; Teeth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Deux groupes de rats sevrés sont soumis à une alimentation contenant un excès de zinc, une faible quantité de calcium avec ou sans vitamine D. Deux tiers des animaux dans les deux groupes sont sacrifiés respectivement après cinq et dix semaines, alors que les animaux restants sont soumis à ce régime pendant cinq semaines, puis, pendant les cinq semaines suivantes, reçoivent les régimes correspondants, avex une concentration normale de zinc. Des études histologiques et microradiographiques sont réalisées sur l'humérus et les incisives. L'effet porotique connu des régimes pauvres en calcium et normaux en vitamine D est notablement augmenté avec un excès de zinc. Après avoir ramené le zinc à la normale, la gravité de l'ostéoporose est réduite à celle recontrée au cours de concentration faible en calcium, avec peu d'effet sur la dentine. L'absence de vitamine D, dans les régimes à contenu élevé en zinc et faible en calcium, provoque des changements porotiques et ostéomalaciques des os, alors que le ratrait consécutif de l'excès de zinc provoque une ostéomalacie typique. La dentine est nettement atteinte et des bandes alternantes de tissus bien mal minéralisés sont observées. En ajustant le zinc ingéré à une concentration normale, de larges couches de dentine non minéralisée sont observées avec une bande étroite de tissu minéralisée. En l'absence de vitamine D, l'excès de zinc semble exercer un effet porotique sur l'os et un effet de minéralisation sur la dentine, alors qu'il augmente l'effet porotique au niveau de l'os lorsque la vitamine est présente.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Zwei Gruppen entwöhnter Ratten wurden mit Calcium-armen Futter mit oder ohne Vitamin D-Zusatz und einem Zinküberschuß ernährt. Zwei Drittel der Tiere in beiden Gruppen wurden nach 5, beziehungsweise nach 10 Wochen getötet, während die übrigen Tiere dieses Futter während 5 Wochen erhielten und anschließend für weitere 5 Wochen die entsprechende Nahrung mit einem normalen Zinkgehalt bekamen. Die Humeri und die Schneidezähne wurden dann histologisch und mikroradiographisch untersucht. Der bekannte porotische Effekt der Calcium-armen, normal Vitamin D-haltigen Nahrung war bei Zinküberschuß deutlich erhöht. Wurde die Zinkaufnahme zur Norm gebracht, so reduzierte sich der Grad der Porose auf denjenigen, der typisch für niedrige Calcium-Einnahmen ist, mit wenig Wirkung auf das Dentin. Fehlte das Vitamin D in der Zink-reichen und Calcium-armen Nahrung, so entstanden in den Knochen sowohl porotische als auch osteomalazische Veränderungen; nach Absetzen des Zinküberschusses jedoch entstanden typische Anzeichen einer Osteomalacie. Das Dentin wurde stark angegriffen, und es wurden abwechslungsweise Banden von normal und schlecht mineralisiertem Gewebe beobachtet. Wenn die Zinkeinnahme zur Norm gebracht wurde, so entstanden breite Säume von unverkalktem Dentin mit einer schmalen Bande von mineralisiertem Gewebe. Bei Fehlen von Vitamin D scheint der Zinküberschuß eine porotische Wirkung auf den Knochen und eine verkalkende Wirkung auf das Dentin zu haben; dieser Überschuß erhöht den Grad der Knochenporose auch in Anwesenheit des Vitamins.
    Notes: Abstract Two groups of weanling rats were maintained on diets containing an excess of zinc, with low calcium intake and with, or without, added vitamin D. Two thirds of the animals in the two groups were killed after five and ten weeks respectively while the remainder received these diets for five weeks and were then maintained for a further five weeks on the corresponding diets with a normal level of zinc. Histological and microradiographical observations of the humeri and incisors were then carried out. The known porotic effect of low calcium-normal vitamin D diets was markedly increased in zine excess. After adjusting the intake of zinc to normal, the degree of porosis was reduced to that typical of low calcium conditions, with little effect on the dentine. Absence of vitamin D from the zinc-low calcium diet resulted in both porotic and osteomalacic changes in the bones, while subsequent removal of the zinc excess resulted in a condition typical of osteomalacia. Dentine was drastically affected and, alternating bands of poorly and adequately-mineralized tissue were observed. Adjusting the zinc intake to normal resulted in wide seams of unmineralized dentine with a narrow band of mineralized tissue. In the absence of vitamin D, zinc excess appears to exert a porotic effect in bone and a mineralizing effect in dentine, while it also increases the degree of porosis found in bone when the vitamin is present.
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  • 32
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Dentine ; Bone ; Nucleation ; Collagen structure ; Collagen mineralization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Von Ultradünnschnitten gefriergetrockneten, neugebildeten Dentins der Rattenschneidezähne und von glutaraldehydfixierten Proben der Compacta eines 10 Monate alten Kindes wurden — über Fokusreihen — Aufnahmen bei 20000∶1 und 40000∶1 angefertigt. Die gut fokussierten Aufnahmen wurden auf 200000∶1 bis 600000∶1 nachvergrößert; die Ausbildung der Ca-Phosphatkeime wurde in den beiden Zonen (“hole zone” und „overlapping zone”) der Kollagen-64 nm-Periode beschrieben. Ferner wurden die Abstände zwischen den punktartigen Keimen in den Ca-Phosphat-Nadeln und -Ketten beider Zonen vermessen und der Wahrscheinlichkeitsbereich für die Anzahl der Keime pro Zone (und damit pro Makroperiode) bestimmt. Die Punktkeimabstände lagen im Bereich von 4,0–8,5 nm und die Seitenabstände zwischen dicht benachbarten Ca-Phosphat-Nadeln im Bereich von 4,6–8,0 nm (vgl. Fig. 6). Bei Einsetzung der möglichen Fehlerbeträge unserer Bestimmungen (Anzahl der Keime pro Zone) können sich in der “overlapping zone”3–5 und in der “hole zone”6–8 Keime bilden. Diese Ergebnisse setzten wir in Beziehung: a) zur Anzahl der Querstreifen pro 64 nm-Periode im Kollagen, b) zu den von uns vermessenen Abständen zwischen diesen Querstreifen und c) zu den durch erste Sequenzanalysen erhaltenen Ergebnissen über die direkte Nachbarschaft von polaren, bindungsfähigen Aminosäuren im Kollagen. Es fand sich eine gute Übereinstimmung zwischen unseren Ergebnissen bzw. Schlußfolgerungen und den bisher vorliegenden Bestimmungen am Kollagen.
    Notes: Summary The best focussed members of a through focus series of electron micrographs of ultra-thin sections of freeze-dried forming rat incisor dentine and glutaraldehyde-fixed 10 months old human femoral cortex were selected for measurements. The original micrographs were prepared at magnifications of x20000 or x40000 and were photographically enlarged to a magnification from x200000 to x600000. The number of dot-like calcium phosphate nuclei per “hole zone” and per “overlapping zone” of the 64 nm collagen macro-period was determined; we found a range of 6–8 nuclei per “hole zone” and 3–5 nuclei per “overlapping zone”. Thus a total of 9–13 nuclei per 64 nm macro-period was found; this is in agreement with the total number of cross bandings per macro-period reported by previous authors. The distances between neighbouring dot-like calcium phosphate nuclei were measured and found to lie in the range of 4.0 to 8.5 nm, which is the range in which most of the distances between the collagen cross-bandings appear. The distances between close, parallel calcium phosphate rows within the collagen fibres were found to lie in the range 4.6–8.0 nm which seems to be a good deal shorter than the distances between the typical microholes of the Hodge-Petruska collagen model. Our results and ideas concerning the “active sites” of nucleation also are in agreement with previous amino acid sequence analyses in respect of the occurrence of neighbouring polar amino acids which would be free to bind ions.
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  • 33
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 353-369 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Kinetic data of the reaction between sulphite ions and dissolved oxygen depend on the purity of sulphite used. Thus it is adequate to determine them for each batch and concentration of sulphite used. Besides the dependence of reaction rate constants on catalyst concentration, it is usually also required to know their dependence on pH and on temperature. Both quantities can change to a great extent especially in absorption apparatus in which high sulphite conversion occurs. They profoundly influence the value of the reaction rate constant. To get a complete picture of the influence of these three quantities without repeating extensive kinetic measurements for every kind and concentration of sulphite used, a method for obtaining information on the influence of all three quoted quantities in the range of values of interest for application is presented.
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  • 34
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 337-352 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The catalytic activity of amyloglucosidase covalently attached to DEAE-cellulose was studied in a packed bed reactor and a continuous feed stirred tank reactor (CSTR) for the reaction maltose → glucose. At low flow rates mass-transfer limitations in the bed reactor lead to lower conversions for this reactor compared to the CSTR. Simple theoretical expressions for these reactors were compared with the experimental results. There are significant differences between the kinetic parameters and pH profile of the immobilized and free enzyme. The immobilized enzyme also showed greater stability at 50°C than did free amyloglucosidase. The temperature dependence of the reaction rate was the same for immobilized and free enzyme.
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  • 35
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 451-452 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 36
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 449-450 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 37
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971) 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 38
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 457-470 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A 30-liter apparatus for growing cells continuously is described. Samples are taken automatically, thus obviating one of the main causes of contamination. In order to eliminate the continuous introduction of a gas stream, the pH was kept constant by means of the injection of NH4OH or NaOH. Under these circumstances, and by means of the two methods of agitation described - rotary and “by Vibromixer” - a quantity of cells of approximately 4 × 1010 is harvested every 48 to 72 hr.
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  • 39
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 503-515 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Two-step microbial transformation of 16α-hydroxycortexolone to its 1-dehydro-11α-hydroxy derivative, without isolating an intermediate, was achieved with an overall yield of 72% of product at a steroid substrate concentration of 3 mg/ml. The process included formation of the cycloborate complex of the substrate, hydroxylation of the borate complex with a suspension of Aspergillus ochraceus mycelium in phosphate buffer, and dehydrogenation of the 11α-hydroxylated intermediate with acetone-dried Arthrobacter simplex cells. The desired product was then obtained by breaking the resultant borate complex through acidification.
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  • 40
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 685-689 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 41
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971) 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 42
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 657-662 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Tetrahymena was continuously cultivated in a series of stirred tank reactors with recycle. By holding part of the reactor train at a higher temperature than the remainder a synchronizing influence was introduced into the cells' environment. The system resulted in division occurring preferentially in a small contiguous group of the reactors, this effect being observed in both the number of cells found in each reactor and also their size distribution.
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  • 43
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 779-793 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A 160-liter stainless steel algal growth tank has been constructed and has been used essentially continuously for over three years. Filamentous and unicellular blue-green algae as well as a photosynthetic bacterium have been cultured using both ordinary and heavy water (99.8 atom % 2H). By using a recycling technique, yields as high as 25 g/liter of 2H2O have been obtained.
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  • 44
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 49-62 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Single cell protein production was studied in a mixed bacterial culture grown in methane using batch and continuous culture techniques. Overall productivity was found to be higher in the continuous culture which gave a maximum productivity value p = 0.15 g/l/h. Methane and oxygen were consumed in the relation 1 : 1.7. Yield coefficients for methane, oxygen, and ammonium chloride were YCH4 = 0.90, YO2 = 0.26, and YNH4Cl = 0.14. The crude protein content of the biomass was 71%.
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  • 45
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 741-760 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Candida lipolytica (strain ATCC 8661) was grown on a simple defined medium with n-dodecane as sole carbon source under batch and continuous fermentation conditions. The composition of cellular material recovered from the fermentations, the oxygen demand of the cells, and the effect of operating conditions on cell growth were evaluated experimentally. These basic data are presented and discussed.
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  • 46
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 815-824 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The response of continuous cultures of yeast was investigated following step disturbances in glucose feed rate and dilution rate.The responses of the culture to the stimuli were oscillatory. The oscillatory responses were explained in terms of cell synchrony which was induced by the step change. An understanding of continuous cultures to stimuli was made possible with an appreciation of the inherently oscillatory events occurring in the single cell cycle between one mitosis and the next. Step changes in glucose feed rate and dilution rate induced a partial synchrony, which enabled the inherently oscillatory behavior of the individual cells to be made observable in the culture as a whole.
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  • 47
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 63-75 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The growth of Saccharomyces carlsbergensis in continuous culture has been studied when dissolved oxygen and glucose concentrations were held constant at a series of steady-state levels. Both oxygen and glucose controlled the degree of aerobic metabolism and of ethanolic fermentation. When the glucose uptake rate was low (between 1.2 and 2.8 mmoles per hour per gram of yeast) the relative distribution of glucose between ethanolic and aerobic fermentation was sensitive to oxygen: when dissolved oxygen was near to saturation, glucose metabolism was 0.98 aerobic; when dissolved oxygen was 0.01 saturated, 0.8 of intake glucose metabolism was by ethanolic fermentation. On the other hand when glucose intake was high (between 7.6 and 18.2 mmoles) metabolism was predominately by ethanolic fermentation even when dissolved oxygen concentration was at saturation. The extent, to which catabolism proceeded by an anaerobic or aerobic pathway, as judged by ethanol production, was controlled more by the uptake of glucose than of oxygen.
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  • 48
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 151-155 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 49
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 147-150 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 50
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 471-492 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: HeLa cells have been cultured at different controlled pH levels in batch suspension culture with open gas phase. Continuous monitoring of the dissolved oxygen tension throughout the culture cycle reveals a characteristic pattern of variation which correlates with various aspects of growth and carbohydrate metabolism. The effect of pH, size, and physiological state of the inoculum on this pattern have been determined, and the results are discussed in terms of a theoretical respiratory rate equation.
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  • 51
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 1-16 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Saccharomyces carlsbergensis were grown in batch culture with and without oxygen control.The concentrations of A-, B- and C-type cytochromes of both yeasts were dependent on the oxygen concentration during growth as well as on the initial glucose concentration of the growth medium. S. cerevisiae cytochromes were maximal after growth in low glucose and low oxygen; S. carlsbergensis cytochromes were maximal after growth in low glucose and high oxygen. Except when glucose was in very low concentration, its catabolism by S. carlsbergensis was directed predominantly towards ethanolic fermentation regardless of the oxygen concentration. Growth rate, total cell mass and yield were maximal, and anabolism was closely balanced with catabolism, when glucose and oxygen of S. carlsbergensis cultures were both high. Under these conditions neither catabolism, respiratory or ethanolic, nor glucose uptake were maximal.
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  • 52
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 77-97 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Extensive screening studies on cellulolytic bacteria and fungi led to the selection of Myrothecium verrucaria as the organism producing the maximum rate of protein biosynthesis from ball-milled newspaper. Studies in aerated stirred-jar fermentors were carried out to determine the conditions for maximum protein synthesis rate and maximum final protein concentration. The optimum aeration rate was 250 to 374 mM of oxygen at 300 to 400 rpm stirring rate. The pH optimum was broad, from 3.9 to 6.5. Urea at 0.03% and yeast autolysate at 0.1% stimulated growth rate and protein production. The maximum rate of protein biosynthesis and the maximum protein yield were 0.3 g/liter/day and 1.42 g/liter, respectively, from medium G3 with 4% ball-milled newspaper. The final product, obtained by evaporation of the total culture, was 33.7 g from one liter of medium which originally contained 40 g of ball-milled newspaper and 11.3 g of other dissolved materials. The protein content of this final product was 3.3 g, calculated from total organic N × 6.25 or 1.42 g calculated from the biuret method. Both the synthesis rate and the final cell yield are below those obtainable by growing Fungi Imperfecti, yeasts or bacteria on soluble materials such as glucose.
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  • 53
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 125-145 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In a previous report it was concluded that steady-state operation of completely mixed reactors for growth of heterogeneous microbial populations, i.e., activated sludge processes, was extremely difficult to attain if maintenance of a constant sludge recycle ratio, c, was required, and equations were devised in which the concentration of cells in the recycle, xR, rather than the recycle ratio, was constant. In this report the equations are developed and computational analysis shows the effect on substrate and cell concentrations in the reactor of operational variables such as inflowing feed concentration, hydraulic recycle ratio, recycle sludge concentration, dilution rate, and the biological “constants” μm, ks, and Y. The stabilizing effect of operating with constant xR on the dilute-out pattern is shown.
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  • 54
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 165-165 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 55
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 393-398 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: To a Sepharose gel the pyridine nucleotide NAD(H) has been bound using dicyclohexyl carbodiimide. In order to improve the steric availability of the nucleotide for added soluble enzymes such as dehydrogenases, a spacer molecule, ε-amino caproic acid, was inserted between the carbohydrate matrix and the nucleotide. The obtained preparation contained 56 μmoles NAD+/g dry polymer. The obtained matrix-bound NAD(H) was accepted as coenzyme by added lactate dehydrogenase. These preparations were still active after storage for several weeks at 4° C and could be used repeatedly without loss of activity. This represents the first necessary step taken in the preparation of compact closed systems consisting of “enzyme-coenzyme-coenzyme-regenerating enzyme” bound to individual polymer beads; such systems eliminate the need for continuous coenzyme addition.
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  • 56
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 569-579 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A model based on diffusion mechanisms accounts for oxygen transfer from flowing nutrient medium into a film of organisms in slime. Profiles of dissolved oxygen concentration are generated at distances downstream from the start of the slime. In these studies, the nutrient medium was assumed rich, thus the rate of oxygen transport limited microbial respiration. Parameter sensitivity tests were performed for flow rate, oxygen concentration in the medium, and mass transfer coefficients.
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 589-589 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 619-628 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A detailed study of anaerobic yeast fermentations requires controlled addition of minor amounts of oxygen to the fermentor. A method for supplying small-scale fermentations with millimolar amounts of oxygen is described. The controlled addition is accomplished by diffusion of oxygen through silicone tubing carrying nitrogen to the fermentor. Sulfite values of the fermentation system are given for different gas velocities and lengths of silicone tubing. Two experiments are outlined in which this technique is applied and the possible energy yield from oxydative phosphorylation is discussed.
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  • 59
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 663-684 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Mass transfer coefficients and interfacial areas were determined for the aeration of aqueous solutions in a turbine agitated vessel. The mass transfer coefficients measured for water without additive and for sodium chloride solutions matched very well to measurements in the literature for air bubbles of the same diameter in free rise. Thus the only effect of agitation was to determine the bubble size which then in turn set the coefficient. Two surface active agents were studied: sodium dodecyl sulfate and Dow Corning Antifoam C. The rate of mass transfer increased with the former additive but decreased with the latter; however, the mass transfer coefficient was the exact same function of bubble diameter in both cases and the different rates are attributed to the quite different effects on interfacial area.
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  • 60
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971) 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 61
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 713-718 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 62
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 721-739 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A respirometer suitable for continuous operation over extended periods of time is described. Oxygen is supplied to the culture by the electrolysis of water. The quantity of oxygen produced by electrolysis within any specified time interval is automatically printed on a tape. This record is combined with a continuous recording of the concentration of dissolved oxygen entering and leaving the reactor to produce a mass balance for oxygen in the system. Details on respirometer construction and operation are presented.
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  • 63
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 795-813 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The steady-state and transient behavior of a chemostat-type continuous culture of Aerobacter aerogenes was investigated with special reference to temperature. Experimentally determined kinetic parameters of the fitted steady-state model were found to be strong functions of temperature. The transient response of the culture to a step change in temperature exhibited a dynamic lag whose magnitude depended on the nature and direction of step change.
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  • 64
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 865-876 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A simple inexpensive apparatus with a working volume of 10 liters of culture is described. Details of construction and procedures for operation of the cyclone column vessel are given. The vessel is self-contained, so that experimental parameters of temperature and aeration are individually controlled; homogeneous mixing and representative sampling of the culture, besides control of foam without need for antifoam, are obtained. The vessel may be used in single or multistage systems for aerobic or anaerobic cultivation of organisms in batch, chemostat, or phased cultures.
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  • 65
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 113-123 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Values of cell yield collected over a period of eight years for heterogeneous populations of sewage origin acclimated to glucose in both batch and continuous culture were subjected to statistical analysis. The cell yield for this sole source of carbon (glucose) ranged from 36 to 88 per cent in batch culture, and 32 to 69 per cent in continuous culture. Because experimental conditions were known and well defined, the variability in cell yield is attributable to the ecological variation inherent in a heterogeneous population. The data presented demonstrate the futility of attempts to define Y for such populations as a precise theoretical constant dependent upon thermodynamic properties of the substrate.
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  • 66
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 157-163 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Equipment has been designed and constructed for the automatic aseptic inoculation and sampling of microbial cultures. It enables fermentations to be started and samples to be taken round-the-clock, according to a predetermined program.The equipment is suitable for microbial processes on both a laboratory and a factory scale.
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  • 67
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 169-184 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Candida utilis was grown in batch culture with and without oxygen control. The concentrations of A-, B-, and C-type cytochromes were found to vary with the initial glucose concentration, with the dissolved oxygen concentration, and with time. A-type was the most sensitive. After glucose was essentially exhausted, the yeast catabolized ethanol, if it had been growing in a relatively low initial glucose concentration, or non-glucose carbohydrate, including some of that previously accumulated within the cell, if it had been growing in a high initial glucose concentration. This difference in metabolic pattern could explain why cytochrome derepression was initiated soon after glucose uptake ceased only if initial glucose had been relatively low. The effects of glucose and dissolved oxygen concentrations on yeast cytochromes and respiratory activity are discussed.
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  • 68
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A decoyinine resistant, KY 13501, isolated after nitrosoguanidine treatment from Brevibacterium ammoniagenes ATCC 6872 converted 5′XMP added in fermentation media to guanine derivatives and accumulated them in the media. The converted substances were identified as guanine, 5′GMP, 5′GDP, and 5′GTP. The conditions for the conversion were examined and the following points were clarified. (1) Very low concentration of manganese ion (Mn2+) showed profound effects on the conversion and the excessive amounts of the ion severely repressed the conversion. (2) Under limitation of Mn2+, 5′XMP was converted most efficiently when added at inoculation time. (3) The inhibition of the conversion by excessive amount of Mn2+ was completely released by addition of a surface activating agent, polyoxyethylene stearylamine. (4) For the conversion, it was essential to maintain pH of the media at 7.5 to 8.0 and supply ammonium ion.
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  • 69
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 241-256 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The effects of inoculum size, dispersed phase volume and substrate concentration on the batch growth of Candida lipolytica are investigated in a model system composed of n-hexadecane dissolved in dewaxed gas oil. Tabular values and parameters are presented for 16 different experiments. All of the batch growth curves exhibited a linear growth region with the length of the region ranging from 1.5 to 9.5 hours. The rate of linear growth varied both with change in dispersed phase volume and initial dispersed phase substrate concentration. A qualitative analysis of the results is presented and possible explanations for the observed linear growth rates are discussed.
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  • 70
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 335-336 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 71
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971) 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
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  • 72
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 271-292 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Oxygen transfer coefficients were evaluated for a 14-liter stirred tank fermentor equipped with an oxygen probe, employing elemental copper adsorbed on a weakly basic anion-exchange resin as a solid phase oxygen acceptor. The use of a solid phase oxygen acceptor allowed evaluation of mass transfer resistances associated with the solid phase, and the effect of an oxygen adsorbing solid phase on the overall oxygen transport system, portions of the oxygen transfer process that are neglected by the conventional sulfite oxidation method commonly employed. It was concluded from the data obtained that a transport pathway involving transfer of oxygen to particles present near the air-water interface was a significant oxygen transport pathway for the system studied. Oxygen probe measurements performed on the bulk liquid did not recognize this pathway, suggesting that data taken on biological systems by use of techniques involving oxygen concentration measurements in the bulk liquid may not give the true oxygen absorbing capacity of a system.
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  • 73
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 323-330 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The authors have investigated a special aspect of the transfer of oxygen: the aeration performance of small-scale suction-impellers in a suspension of activated sludge floes and a performance comparison with clear water. The principle of the impellers is, that in order to disperse air bubbles into the aforementioned liquids, all that we need do is a simple stirring. Due to the impellers the authors could not show a reduction of the oxygen transfer coefficient in the presence of sludge flocs. Former comparative studies of oxygen transfer, using a fixed orifice, did show a reduction in the presence of sludge flocs. Therefore, it seems probable that the effect of activated sludge flocs on the transfer coefficient is linked with the manner in which air is dispersed, i.e., depends on whether an orifice is fixed or moved. The experimental results allow presumption that by developing a high intensity of shear near the location where air bubbles are produced, we are able to minimize the effect of sludge flocs on the process of bubble formation.
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  • 74
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The chemical, physical, and biological properties of a group of phosphorus-containing antibiotics are reviewed. Included in this family of antibiotics are the following compounds or mixtures of compounds: diumycin, macarbomycin, moenomycin, prasinomycin, 803GRP, 11,837RP, and 19,402RP. Among the aspects discussed are: antimicrobial activity in vitro, long duration of activity, toxicity, use in animal nutrition, cross resistance, mode of action, chemical and physical properties, and degradation studies.
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  • 75
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Efficient production of xanthan gum by fermentation with Xanthomonas campestris NRRL B-1459 can be accomplished at concentrations of xanthan in the fermented broth 〉 3%. This level of more than twice that previously attained by us results from continuously controlling the fermentation pH with alkali. Only a slight decrease in fermentation rate and yield occurs. When ammonia is used for pH control, cell production more than doubles and fermentation time is shortened. However, xanthan yield is decreased by the diversion of additional sugar to growth.
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  • 76
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 409-418 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This study reports some findings on the death of mammalian cells occurring from fluid dynamic effects when they are pumped through capillaries. The cell strains used were human HeLa S3 and mouse L929, grown in monolayer culture. Cells were harvested and suspensions were pumped through various lengths and diameters of stainless steel capillary tubing. Viability of the cells was assayed by the dye exclusion test. Cell deaths occurred and could be correlated with either average wall shear or power dissipation within the capillary tube. L929 cells were found to be more sensitive than HeLa S3 cells at all shear rates tested.
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  • 77
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A process method has been developed for estimating rapidly the conversion of 9α-fluoro-16α-hydroxyhydrocortisone to 9α-fluoro-16α-hydroxyprednisolone in fermentation broths. This allows frequent analyses of samples during the fermentation cycle. The absorbance ratio determination of conversion of the steroids is based on the measurement of the absorbance of aqueous steroid borate complexes at 241.5 mμ and 271 mμ.
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  • 78
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971) 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 79
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 629-639 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Constant current voltametry was shown to be a suitable method for evaluation of electrodes containing immobilized oxidative enzymes as catalysts. The half-cell potential for the oxdidation of D-glucose at constant pH was measured at a series of constant dc currents, using glucose oxidase immobilized in a polyacrylamide gel-platinum gauze matrix as catalyst. Over the range studied the potential versus current data were linear and could be extrapolated to give the open-circuit half-cell potential at zero current. The difference between the measured potential and the open-circuit potential at a constant current was indicative of the loss in useful voltage due to concentration gradients within or adjacent to the enzyme electrode assembly. The relationship between the open-circuit potential and the pH of the reaction mixture was linear with a slope of -0.056, in good agreement with the predicted slope of -0.061.
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  • 80
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971) 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 81
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 549-560 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The rates of release of 7 enzymes from bakers' yeast have been measured. The disruption process did not cause loss of activity of these enzymes. The various operating pressures, temperatures, and initial yeast concentrations used did not affect the rates of enzyme release relative to protein release. The release of acid phosphatase and invertase was faster than the overall protein release. Alcohol, glucose-6-phosphate, and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenases were released slightly faster or at the same rate as the overall protein and alkaline phosphatase and fumarase were released more slowly. These observations correlate well with the reported locations of these enzymes in the yeast cell.
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  • 82
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 583-588 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 83
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 599-618 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Oxygen transfer coefficient and oxygen respiration rate measurements in stirred tank reactors or fermentors have been carried out utilizing currently available dissolved oxygen electrodes. Techniques based on previously derived theory1 have been put to experimental tests and found to adequately describe the oxygen transfer phenomena observed in air-water systems and a fermenting broth.
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  • 84
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 911-917 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 85
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A process for the bacterial oxidation of isobutyric acid to L(+) β-hydroxyisobutyric acid has been developed. The strain of Pseudomonas putida (ATCC 21244) used in this fermentation was isolated from local soil. The process was carried out in a 15-liter fermentor over a period of 70 hr and produced L(+) β-hydroxyisobutyric acid in conversions as high as 48%. Hydroxylation of the methyl group of isobutyric acid has special interest because it is difficult to perform chemically. The useful chemical syntheses of β-hydroxyisobutyric acid available at present do not start with isobutyric acid and are not stereospecific.
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  • 86
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 257-270 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The interaction between male-specific RNA phages and bacterial cells as well as the complete life cycle of RNA phages in the host cells are complicated phenomena. In this study, a mathematical model is proposed to describe the kinetics of RNA phage production in batch culture. The model consists of several important considerations: (1) adsorption and desorption of phages on cell pili, (2) injection and transport of viral RNA, (3) viral protein synthesis, (4) phage maturation, and (5) cell lysis.Experimental data of MS2 RNA phage production in E. coli C 300o bacteria culture were used to evaiuate the model parameters. Reasonably good fit was obtained between the model and one set of data. However, simulation study based on the estimated parameter values revealed a discrepancy between experimental observation and model prediction. It seems that variation both in F-piliation and in the competence of cells to be infected by phages through different phasae of growth must be taken into account in order to make the model useful.
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  • 87
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 331-334 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Studies were undertaken on the production of ergot alkaloids in saprophytic culture employing two strains of C. purpurea. In an attempt to improve the yield of the alkaloids and to develop a cheaper medium, the commonly used carbohydrate source, mannitol, was replaced with different types of starches and starchy materials as these are comparatively much cheaper than mannitol. Results indicated that, in stationary cultures, certain starches enhanced the yield greatly, while in shaker cultures starches could replace mannitol for equivalent yields.
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 691-695 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 89
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 697-701 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 90
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 709-711 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 91
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 703-707 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 92
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 893-910 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The effects of dispersion and mass transfer resistance on the degree of conversion in an immobilized-enzyme reactor have been considered theoretically. It is assumed that the immobilized enzymes obey a Michaelis-Menten relationship and backmixing can be characterized by a dispersion model. For two extreme cases (perfect mixing and piston flow), approximate equations are obtained, which can be readily used to evaluate the effect of mass transfer on degree of conversion. Numerical solutions are obtained for other intermediate cases. Design charts are given which set practical limits of enzyme reactor design.
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  • 93
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 17-47 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Microscope electrophoresis was used to measure the electrophoretic mobility of polystyrene latex particles and bacterial, and mammalian tissue cells. The submicroscopic hydrophilic colloids (gelatin, serum albumin, and staphylococcal enterotoxin B) were adsorbed on latex carrier particles to determine their electrophoretic mobility and the effect of concentration, pH, electrolyte addition, and buffer ionic strength. Mobility curves as a function of pH were established for latex particles at 1 ppm concentration indicating an isoelectric point (IEP) at pH 3.6. The IEP for Escherichia coli B cells was measured at pH 2.8, Serratia marcescens at pH 2.6, Bacillus subtilis var. niger at pH 2.9, and L strain mouse fibroblast cells at pH 4.4. Using an adsorption technique, isoelectric points were measured for proteins: gelatin (acid form) at pH 9.4, serum albumin at pH 4.9, and staphylococcal enterotoxin B at pH 6.3.Procefures for examining electrophoretic characteristics of microscopic and submicroscopic biological particles are described in order to standardize procedures and to generate results applicable to an understanding of parameters influencing concentration and purification of colloidal biological particles.
    Additional Material: 19 Ill.
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  • 94
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    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 529-547 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Liquid phase coefficients were measured for the absorption of oxygen from air to the free interface in stirred vessels. Coefficients for absorption into soft water were independent of the instantaneous dissolved oxygen concentration. Coefficients for absorption into soft water containing a surface active agent were strongly dependent on the instantaneous dissolved oxygen level. The degree of nonlinearity of the coefficients was a function of the rate of agitation of the liquid. The coefficients were independent of the amount of surface active agent added above a very low level. Absorption coefficients for bubble aeration in the same vessels were independent of dissolved oxygen concentration even when the surface active agent was present.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 95
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 581-582 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 96
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 591-596 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 97
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 843-864 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A mathematical model for the production of gramicidin S in batch and continuous culture is proposed. It is based on the division of the age of a cell into two phases - an immature and a mature one. A nongrowth associated product, such as an antibiotic, is assumed to be produced when the organism is in the older of these two phases, the mature state. The parameters describing the model were evaluated from batch and single stage transient continuous culture of Bacillus brevis, which produces the antibiotic gramicidin S. The predictive value of the model was studied in steady-state single stage continuous culture and in a transient two stage system. Good agreement between the theoretical curves and the experimental results was found in the transient response of both the first and second stage systems, although at high dilution rates (0.34 hr-1) in the first stage, deviations from the predicted response were observed in the second stage. These may have been due to chemostat instability at dilution rates close to washout, lags in cell growth, and a metabolic lag on going from stage one to stage two.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 98
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 919-922 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 877-892 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An inexpensive scale-up of the cyclone column apparatus (Can. J. Microbiol., 11, 893 (1965)) is described which is suitable for pilot plant studies on the 10 liter scale. Details of its construction and operation are given.Experimental with phased cultures of C. utilis growing in the equipment are reported during which studies of dissolved oxygen and oxygen uptake were made over the cell cycle. Changes in both oxygen parameters occurred during the cycle and were useful as monitors of the growth. Cell of C. utilis were found to be very sensitive to changes in oxygen supply during the early stages of the cell cycle.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 923-929 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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