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  • 1970-1974  (449)
  • 1890-1899
  • 1970  (449)
  • Cell & Developmental Biology  (413)
  • Rat  (36)
  • 101
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 107 (1970), S. 447-453 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adrenal cortex ; Rat ; Trypsin-dissociation ; ACTH stimulation ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Electron micrographs of trypsin-dissociated rat adrenal showed predominantly intact rounded cells without internal damage. The population contained cells from the glomerular, intermediary and fascicular zones with cells from the zona fasciculata predominant. The presence or absence of cells from the reticular zone could not be determined. Cells from the medullary zone were absent. The addition of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) to the cellular suspension for 2 hours produced corticosterone. However, these stimulated cells did not display any significant ultrastructural change.
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  • 102
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 109 (1970), S. 384-397 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Heart muscle cells ; Electron microscopy ; Quantitative ; Asphyxia ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Normale und hypoxische Herzmuskelzellen aus der Wand des linken Ventrikels der Ratte wurden quantitativ-morphologisch anhand von elektronenmikroskopischen Längsschnitten nach Perfusionsfixierung untersucht. In normalen Zellen waren alle Myofibrillen relaxiert, die mittlere Sarcomerlänge betrug 2,2 μm. Die Schnittfläche wurde zu 55% von Myofibrillen, zu 27% von Mitochondrien und zu 18% von Grundplasma und Reticulum eingenommen. Die zwischen den Myofibrillen liegenden Mitochondrien waren längsoval und im Mittel 2,3mal so lang wie breit. Es bestand kein Unterschied zwischen subendokardial und subepikardial gelegenen Zellen. 10 min nach Erstickung der Tiere waren in den sonst unauffälligen Muskelzellen die Glycogengranula vermindert. Nach 20 min führte die Hypoxie zu einer Zunahme der relativen Schnittfläche der Mitochondrien um etwa 16% und zu einer beginnenden Kontraktur der Myofibrillen (Sarcomerlänge 2,0 μm). 20 min Hypoxie in Hypothermie (25–30°C intrathorakal) veränderte die normale Zellstruktur dagegen kaum. Wenn die Herzen während der 20 min dauernden Hypoxie in Normothermie mit einer procainhaltigen sauerstoff- und glucosefreien Blutersatzlösung durchspült wurden, waren die Myofibrillen relaxiert, die Schwellung der Mitochondrien dagegen wurde nicht reduziert. 30 min nach Erstickung wurde die Kontraktur stärker (Sarcomerlänge 1,7 μm). Nach 60 min bildeten sich Superkontraktionsknoten, einzelne Myofibrillen waren in Höhe der I-Bänder unterbrochen. Die Cristae der Mitochondrien wichen auseinander, die Schnittfläche der Mitochondrien hatte um 27% zugenommen. Während in Normotherapie eine Asphyxie des Tieres bereits nach 10 min die Herzmuskelzellen funktionell schwer schädigt, ist die Schädigung morphologisch erst nach 20 min eindeutig. Das bedeutet, daß für die elektronenmikroskopische Präparation eine Hypoxie von unter 10 min bedeutungslos ist. Hinsichtlich der morphologischen Manifestationszeit für die Unterbrechung der Sauerstoffversorgung stimmen unsere Befunde an Herzmuskelzellen gut mit vergleichbaren Angaben an Leberzellen überein.
    Notes: Summary In heart muscle cells of the left ventricle of rats the distribution of cell organelles and their reaction to hypoxia were investigated by electron microscopy. In normal hearts fixed by perfusion with aldehydes, the mean sarcomere length was 2.2 μm. 27% of the longitudinal sectional area was occupied by mitochondria, 55% by myofibrils and 18% by sarcoplasmic reticulum and ground plasm. The mitochondria situated in rows between the fibrils were oval and measured 2.3 times more in length than in width. There was no difference between cells from subendocardial and subepicardial regions. 10 min hypoxia (complete occlusion of the trachea) did not affect the appearance of muscle cells but diminished the number of glycogen granules. After 20 minutes the area occupied by mitochondria was increased by 16%, the mitochondria between the myofibrils were more spherical and only 1.5 times longer than wide. The sarcomeres shortened to 2.0 μm. With hypothermia (25–30°C) hypoxia of 20 minutes duration did not affect the cell structure. Perfusion of the heart by a saline solution, which contained procaine but neither oxygen nor glucose, for 20 minutes prevented shortening of the sarcomeres but not swelling of the mitochondria. 30 minutes after occlusion of the trachea the myofibrils shortened to a sarcomere length of 1.7 μm. After 60 minutes irregularly and excessively contracted myofibrils appeared and some sarcomeres were interrupted at the level of the I-bands. In some of the swollen mitochondria the cristae were widely separated. The increase of the area occupied by mitochondria was 27%. Asphyxia affects heart muscle cells severely with respect to function within 10 min, but morphologically it takes 20 min before a definite effect can be noticed. As to the time after which lack of oxygen is manifested morphologically, our results are consistent with findings in liver cells.
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  • 103
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 110 (1970), S. 97-107 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Muscle Spindles ; Different types of sensory endings ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In einer Muskelspindel der Ratte, die an einer Serie alternierender Semidünn- und Ultradünnquerschnitte untersucht wurde, wurden zwei benachbart an „nuclear chain“-Fasern gelegene Nervenendformationen unterschiedlicher Bauweise festgestellt. Die beiden Endformationen sind mit ein und derselben Nervenfaser der Gruppe II verbunden und daher als Bestandteile einer sekundären sensorischen Endigung zu betrachten. Die Nervenendformation an einer der beiden „nuclear chain“-Fasern hat anulo-spirale Form. Die Nervenendformation an der anderen „nuclear chain“-Faser weist am Querschnittsbild eine Anzahl von Axonen auf, die zwischen Plasmalemm und Basalmembran der intrafusalen Muskelfaser eng aneinanderliegen. Nicht alle Axonquerschnitte stehen in direktem Kontakt mit der intrafusalen Faser. Das terminale Axon scheint sieh nach Eintritt unter die Basalmembran der intrafusalen Faser mehrfach in relativ dünne Äste unregelmäßigen Verlaufs zu teilen. Diese Form der Endigung könnte ein Korrelat der sog. „flower spray“-Endigung im Sinne Ruffinis (1898) darstellen. Die beiden morphologisch unterschiedlichen Endformationen innerhalb der sekundären Endigung gleichen einander und den Endformationen der primären Endigung bezüglich folgender Ultrastrukturmerkmale: 1. Es besteht synaptischer Kontakt zwischen Axon und intrafusaler Muskelfaser (synaptischer Spalt durchschnittlich 200 Å) ohne Zwischenlagerung von Basalmembranmaterial; 2. die terminalen Axonabschnitte liegen direkt unter der Basalmembran der intrafusalen Muskelfaser und sind nicht von Schwannschen Zellen bedeckt; 3. Mangel an synaptischen Bläschen; 4. desmosomenartige Verhaftungen zwischen Zellmembranen von Axon und intrafusaler Faser; 5. dyadenartige Anlagerungen des sarkoplasmatischen Retikulums an die Zellmembran der intrafusalen Faser im Bereich des synaptischen Spaltes. Nach unseren derzeitigen Vorstellungen sprechen diese Ultrastrukturmerkmale für eine rezeptorische Natur der beschriebenen Nervenendigungen.
    Notes: Summary In a rat muscle spindle transversally cut into a series of alternating semithin and ultrathin sections, two different forms of nerve terminations were found on two neighbouring nuclear chain fibres. The two nerve terminations were connected to the same group II nerve fibre and are consequently constituents of one particular secondary sensory ending. The nerve termination on one of the two nuclear chain fibres is of the anulo-spiral type. The nerve termination on the second nuclear chain fibre shows a number of axons lying closely together between plasma membrane and basement membrane of the intrafusal muscle fibre. Not all of these axons are in direct contact with the intrafusal fibre. The terminating nerve fibre seems to be divided into several branches of rather small diameters and irregular courses. It is suggested that this kind of termination could be a correlate of the so-called “flower spray” type of sensory endings in muscle spindles. The two morphologically different nerve terminations in the secondary ending have the following ultrastructural characteristics in common with those of the primary ending: 1) Synaptic contact between axon and intrafusal muscle fibre (synaptic gap about 200 Å) without interposition of basement membrane material; 2) terminal axons located beneath the basement membrane layer of intrafusal muscle fibres without covering by Schwann cells; 3) lack of synaptic vesicles; 4) desmosome-like structures between plasma membranes of axon and intrafusal muscle fibre, and 5) dyads of the sarcoplasmic reticulum adjacent to the synaptic cleft. According to present knowledge these features indicate that all of these endings are sensory ones.
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  • 104
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neurohypophysis ; Rat ; Vasopressin release ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Le lobe postérieur de l'hypophyse a été examiné sur coupes ultrafines chez 45 rats (24 normaux, 17 déshydratés respectivement 1, 2 et 4 jours, et 4 anesthésiés à l'éther), après fixation au glutaraldéhyde ou selon la méthode de Karnovsky, post-fixation osmiée et double contraste à l'acétate d'uranyle et au citrate de plomb. Des fibres neurosécrétoires sombres et claires sont reconnaissables, mais les données manquent encore pour interpréter cette différence. Des densifications juxta-membranaires sont observées dans les terminaisons neurosécrétoires là où se trouvent des amas de microvésicules. Des fibres neurosécrétoires traversent parfois des pituicytes; il est aussi souvent observé des fibres, chargées de granules, libres dans un espace péricapillaire. Les espaces péricapillaires, ramifiés en tous sens loin des vaisseaux, développent une large surface de contact avec les extrémités nerveuses et les prolongements de pituicytes. Dans des conditions techniques bien contrôlées, la déshydratation n'entraîne pas de modifications appréciables des granules de neurosécrétat après 24 h. Ensuite les granules sont diminués en nombre, de façon très considérable le 4e jour; mais les granules restants ont un contenu dense normal; jamais il n'a été observé d'aspects de ≪granules vides ≫. Après anesthésie prolongée à l'éther, il n'y a aucune modification visible ni du nombre, ni de la densité des granules. Ces observations sont discutées quant au mécanisme de l'excrétion de vasopressine; elles sont en faveur de l'existence de deux pools hormonaux, l'un libre et rapidement disponible, l'autre plus fortement lié et certainement contenu dans les granules jouant le rôle de réserve. Toutefois un mécanisme d'exocytose granulaire ne peut être formellement exclu.
    Notes: Summary Hypophysial neural lobes of 45 rats (24 controls, 17 dehydrated resp. 1, 2 and 4 days, and 4 ether anesthetized) were fixed either with glutaraldehyde or according to Karnovsky and post-fixed in osmium tetroxyde; ultrathin sections were stained by uranyl acetate and lead citrate. Dark and clear neurosecretory fibres were observed, but sufficient data are still lacking for a valuable interpretation of these aspects. Juxta-membraneous densifications are visible in limited areas of neurosecretory terminals where clusters of microvesicles are present. Neurosecretory fibres happen to be completely encircled by pituioyte cytoplasm; fibres loaded with elementary granules are frequently encountered running free in a pericapillary space. Pericapillary spaces stretch out branching far away from vessels, resulting in a widespread contact with nerve terminals and pituicyte processes. In accurately controlled technical conditions, dehydratation does not result in any noticeable change of neurosecretory granules after 24 h. A decrease of the number of granules follows and is extremely conspicuous after 4 days; though, remaining granules keep a normal dense content, and aspects of “empty granules” have never been observed. After prolonged ether anesthesia, no visible change either in number or electron density of granules was observed. These findings are discussed in consideration of the mechanism of vasopressin release; they support the hypothesis of two hormonal pools, one of which would be free and rapidly available for release, the other being more tightly bound and certainly located in granules representing a storage site. Though granular exocytosis cannot be absolutely excluded.
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  • 105
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 108 (1970), S. 487-500 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pituitary gland ; Residual lumen ; Epithelial cells ; Fine structure ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Histology, enzyme histochemistry, and electron microscopy of the epithelium covering the rat pituitary residual lumen was studied. The anterior and posterior epithelium have similar histological and histochemical appearance, although the posterior epithelium shows stronger enzyme reactions for an esterase and many dehydrogenases. Electron microscopic studies reveal that both epithelia form a continuous lining. Anterior epithelium is in immediate contact with the interstitial spaces of the anterior lobe, while the posterior epithelium is separated from the intermediate lobe by a continuous basement lamina. The cytological features of both epithelia are also remarkably similar with scanty rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum, inconspicuous Golgi apparatus, round or oval mitochondria, and moderate number of lysosomal bodies. The apical surface of these cells is covered by microvilli and in some, especially posterior epithelial cells, by numerous cilia. Anterior epithelial cells and the apical portions of the posterior epithelial cells contain a number of large vacuoles with material possibly related to the colloid within the residual lumen. Electron microscopic findings suggest that both epithelia are possibly active in transfer and/or disposal of the colloid material rather than being secretory themselves. Enzyme histochemical findings support the hypothesis of an active role of these cells in metabolic processes related to phagocytosis. Based on these observations the colloid seems to be the product of the anterior lobe function.
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  • 106
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 110 (1970), S. 559-568 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cerebral cortex ; Rat ; Synapses ; Postnatal ; Quantitation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Quantitation of synapses at different postnatal ages has been undertaken in the cerebral cortex of the rat. In this study axial ratios of presynaptic bags, proportion of cortex occupied by presynaptic bags and numbers of synapses per unit volume of cortex have been estimated. Observations on synaptic vesicle packing densities have also been made. Synaptic bags become increasingly spherical up to 7 days of age and become more elongated thereafter. The proportion of cortex occupied by presynaptic bags increases rapidly up to 7 days of age and then at a decelerated rate up to maturity. The number of synapses per unit volume increases slowly over the first four days after which there is a rapid increase to 14 days, followed by a decelerated rate. The average presynaptic bag shows marked changes in volume with increasing age which indicate the probability of two stages of synaptic development. This two stage development is further reflected in the estimates on vesicle packing densities. The implications of the results are discussed in relationship to changes in functional activity of the cortex during postnatal development.
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  • 107
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    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 110 (1970), S. 569-587 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Subtotal Pancreatectomy ; Rat ; Islet Regeneration ; Excretory Duct System
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Männliche Ratten wurden bei einem Gewicht von 80–100 g subtotal pankreatektomiert (5% Rest) und zu verschiedenen Zeitpunkten nach der Operation abgetötet. Bei diesen wie bei unbehandelten Kontrolltieren wurde die Neubildung von Inselgewebe aus dem exkretorischen Gangsystem elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. — Es konnte gezeigt werden, daß die Inselneubildung von Gangzellen ausgeht, welche ein auffallend helles Zytoplasma besitzen und samt ihren Kernen größer und abgerundeter sind als ihre Nachbarzellen. Diese Zellen wandern vom Lumen ab, wobei die entstehende Lücke zum Lumen zu jeweils durch eine seitliche Ausdehnung des Zytoplasmas benachbarter Gangzellen geschlossen wird. Die abgewanderten hellen Zellen, die mit den lichtmikroskopisch beschriebenen „trüben Zellen“ identisch sein dürften, haben die Fähigkeit, sich zu Alpha-oder Beta-Zellen zu differenzieren. Dabei werden sie größer und das Zytoplasma dunkler. Sie behalten aber gleichzeitig einige Besonderheiten, die auf ihre Herkunft hinweisen. Die Regeneration des Inselgewebes, die vorwiegend von den zentroacinären Zellen ausgeht, setzt bald nach der Operation stark ein, schwächt sich dann aber kontinuierlich ab. In den immer ineffektiver werdenden Regenerationsvorgang werden zunehmend größere Gangabschnitte einbezogen. Die weitgehende Erschöpfung der Regenerationsfähigkeit fällt mit dem Auftreten eines manifesten Diabetes zwischen dem 40. und 60. Tag p.op. zusammen.
    Notes: Summary Male rats were subtotally pancreatectomized at a weight of 80–100 g according to the method of Foglia (5% of the total pancreas remaining). The animals were killed at different intervals after. In these rats, as well as in healthy controls, the new formation of islets out of the excretory duct system was studied by electron microscopy. Obviously the new formation of islets takes origin from certain cells of the ductular system which show a light cytoplasm and are larger and rounder than their neighbouring cells. The latter goes for their nuclei, too, even to a larger degree. These light cells migrate away from the ductular lumen and the gaps resulting from this are closed by long and thin processes of the cytoplasm of their neighbouring duct cells coming in contact with each other. The cells having migrated away seem to have an ability to differentiate into alphaor beta-cells. Most probably they are identical with the “trübe Zellen” described by light-microscopists. The higher the degree of differentiation in these cells is, the darker becomes their cytoplasm. But they still keep for some time morphological aspects indicating their origin from ductular cells. An intense regeneration of islet tissue starts soon after the operation from the centroacinar cells but it decreases continuously after. As the process of islet regeneration becomes more and more ineffective, an increasing number of larger excretory ducts are involved in it. The exhaustion of the ability for regeneration is correlated exactly in time with the onset of a manifest diabetes between the 40 th and 60 th day after operation.
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  • 108
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 111 (1970), S. 364-378 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Rat ; Oocyte maturation ; in vitro studies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary After cultivation in a modified Trowell-system (organ ciilture) oocytes of 12- to 40-day-old rats were studied under the light and electron microscope. The cultivation period was 72 hrs. Egg cells from primary and early secondary follicles which are characterized by the lack of a zona pellucida and by one or at most two very large Golgi's complexes located near the nucleus do not show any alterations. The other egg cells are characterized by membrane packages which can otherwise only be observed in mature egg cells right before or after the ovulation. Meiotic processes or the formation of polar bodies are only seldom to be seen. These egg cells are surrounded by a thick zona pellucida. From these findings the following conclusions can be drawn: 1. In organ cultures meiotic processes are prevented by the inhibitory influence of follicle cells (Foote and Thibault, 1969). 2. A cytoplasmic maturation proceeds independently. 3. In-vivo an inhibitory factor influences the cytoplasmic maturation. This inhibition is not observed in the organ culture. Thus we can be sure that it develops outside the ovary. 4. The synthesis of the zona pellucida continues in-vitro.
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  • 109
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 110 (1970), S. 540-558 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cerebral cortex ; Synapses ; Rat ; Postnatal differentiation ; Morphology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of layers I and II of the motor cerebral cortex of rat brain has been studied at birth, 4, 7 and 14 days postnatal and in the adult. Compared with the adult, neonatal rat motor cortex exhibited a large extracellular space which decreases with increasing age. At all stages studied the neurons were seen to contain the organelles usually found in adult neurons. Growth cones were present in decreasing numbers up to 14 days old. Synapses were detectable at birth and there was an obvious increase in their number throughout the postnatal development. At the earliest stages studied there was a lack of specialization characteristic of the adult. Many synapses were either avesicular or relatively so and lacked the high degree of modification of adult pre- and postsynaptic membranes. By 7 days after birth many synapses existed which in all morphological respects resembled those of the adult, and by 14 days, the majority were of the adult type. These findings, particularly with reference to the postnatal development of synapses, have been discussed in relation to the known electrophysiological findings.
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  • 110
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: C cells ; Thyroid ; Rat ; Ultimobranchial origin ; Differentiation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Nos observations confirment l'origine ultimobranchiale des cellules C de la thyroïde du rat. L'évolution des corps ultimobranchiaux (C.U.B.) a été étudiée à partir du 16ème jour de gestation, stade où ils fusionnent avec l'ébauche thyroïdienne. Dès le 17ème jour, les premières cellules C se différencient dans le C.U.B. inclus dans la thyroïde. Au 18ème jour, elles sont plus nombreuses et commencent à se disperser dans les cordons thyroïdiens. La migration des cellules C est particulièrement importante au 19ème jour. A partir du 20ème jour, les signes d'activité sécrétoire s'intensifient très nettement. A la fin de la vie foetale, les cellules C sont comparables aux cellules C adultes. La differenciation des cellules parathyroïdiennes précède nettement celle des cellules C.
    Notes: Summary Our observations confirm the ultimobranchial origin of the C cells of the rat thyroid. We studied the development of the ultimobranchial body from the 16th day of pregnancy, when there is fusion with the thyroidian anlage, onwards. As early as the 17th day, the first C cells differentiate in the ultimobranchial body which is included into the thyroid. On the 18th day, they are more numerous and start to scatter throughout the thyroidian cords. The migration of the C cells is especially obvious on the 19th day. From the 20th day onwards, there is marked increase in secretory activity. At the end of the foetal life, the C cells resemble those of the adult. The differentiation of the parathyroid cells significantly precedes that of the C cells.
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  • 111
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    Cell & tissue research 104 (1970), S. 541-556 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Median eminence ; Rat ; Monoamine fluorescence ; Output of pars distalis hormones
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of monoamines in the median eminence of foetal, neonatal and adult rats has been studied with the Falck-Hillarp fluorescence histochemical technique in preparations in which the hypothalamus and pituitary gland were in continuity. In adult rats monoamine fluorescence is present throughout the median eminence, including the anatomical stem. In foetal rats a few sagittally-directed varicose fluorescent fibres are seen in the median eminence. In neonatal rats palisade layer fluorescence in appreciable amounts is first seen on the fourth day in the region of the anatomical stem. By the eighth day it has spread throughout the palisade layer of the entire median eminence, and by the end of the third week it has attained adult intensity. The appearance of monoamines in the median eminence, the development of a functional hypophysial portal system, and a changing pattern of development of function in both the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal and hypothalamo-pituitary-thyroid axes thus all appear to be contemporaneous events. It is suggested that the monoamines of the median eminence represent part of a neural system influencing the output of pars distalis hormones, in particular of ACTH and TSH secretion.
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  • 112
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    Cell & tissue research 104 (1970), S. 572-581 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hypothalamus ; Rat ; Cellular Localization of 3H-Oestradiol ; Autoradiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The hypothalamus of male and female rats, given 0.3 μg/100 g body weight of 6.7-3H-oestradiol-17β and killed 1 hour after the injection, was examined by autoradiography in order to 1) localize the areas and the cells involved in the uptake of the hormone, and 2) study the intracellular localization of the labelled material. Only nerve cells contained radioactive material while glial and ependymal cells were not significantly labelled. In the anterior hypothalamus, labelled nerve cells were concentrated in areas corresponding to nucleus preopticus medialis and nucleus preopticus, pars suprachiasmatica. The nucleus supraopticus was unlabelled. In the medial basal hypothalamus, neurons corresponding to the nucleus arcuatus and the lateral part of the nucleus ventromedialis showed marked labelling. No significant labelling was observed in the nucleus paraventricularis, pars magnocellularis. Although the individual nerve cells varied in their extent of labelling, the major proportion of the silver grains were consistently concentrated over the nuclei. Castration was not found to influence the results. The findings were essentially the same in male and female rats and appear to suggest that oestradiol exerts a direct effect on nerve cells in certain hypothalamic areas.
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  • 113
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    Cell & tissue research 104 (1970), S. 582-596 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Anterior hypophysis ; Hypothalamus ; Rat ; Uptake of 3H-Oestradiol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The anterior hypophysis and hypothalamus of male and female rats given 3H-oestradiol were examined with regard to 1) the kinetics of the uptake of the radioactive material, 2) the chemical nature of the labelled material, and 3) the influence of non-labelled oestradiol-17β, oestradiol-17α and testosterone on the uptake of 3H-oestradiol. The anterior hypophysis was found to concentrate and retain oestradiol in basically the same manner in male and female rats. The pattern of the uptake was similar to that of the uterus and vagina, with a concentration peak 2 hours after the injection. Non-target tissues such as cerebral cortex, liver and blood attained their maximum uptake already 15 minutes after the injection. Thereafter the concentration gradually decreased. The ratio between the concentration of labelled material in the anterior hypophysis and brain cortex gradually increased until a peak was reached at 8 hours in both sexes. In the female, the concentration of labelled material in the anterior hypophysis was then 106.3 times greater than in the brain cortex, while in the male the ratio was 63.2. In the hypothalamus the uptake followed a pattern similar to that of the brain cortex. However, in the former the concentration of labelled material was consistently greater than in the latter. At maximum uptake, registered 4 hours after the injection, the concentration was about two times greater in the hypothalamus than in the cerebral cortex. The neurohypophysis contained, on an average, 1/6 of the amount of radioactive material registered in the anterior lobe one hour after the injection, but it was about two times greater than in the brain cortex. Isolation and identification of the radioactive material in the anterior hypophysis and hypothalamus showed that in both sexes nearly all of it was chemically unchanged oestradiol. Graded doses of non-labelled oestradiol-17β were found to decrease the uptake of 3H-oestradiol in the anterior hypophysis and hypothalamus almost linearly, while the concentration of labelled material in the brain was unaltered. Oestradiol-17α and testosterone were without significant effect on both the pituitary and hypothalamic accumulation of 3H-oestradiol. Therefore, a limited number of binding sites, with a high degree of specificity for oestradiol, appear to exist in both tissues. The results were essentially the same in male and female rats.
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  • 114
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    Cell & tissue research 105 (1970), S. 1-32 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Median eminence ; Rat ; Deafferentation ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary This report concerns a light and electron microscopic investigation of the median eminence and dorsal infundibular stem of the rat following surgical isolation (deafferentation). Using a modification of the Halász technique, the basal hypothalamus, including the arcuate nucleus and median eminence were surgically isolated from surrounding structures. Special attention was directed to the contact (external) zone of the median eminence and rostral infundibulum where tuberohypophyseal axons as well as ependymal cell processes abut upon the abluminal basement membrane of the portal perivascular space. The results of this study to date suggest that 9, 20, and 40 days following surgical isolation, there is a distinct increase in the population of tuberohypophyseal dense core vesicles. It is suggested that deafferentation abolishes inhibitory and excitatory input that serves to modify the cellular dynamics of tuberohypophyseal neurosecretory elements. Comments are also made on the presence of cistern-like structures in the lateral median eminence; the presence of vesicle-like inclusions in terminal ependymal processes is discussed in relationship to the role that ependyma may play in linking the third ventricle with the adenohypophysis.
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  • 115
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    Cell & tissue research 104 (1970), S. 597-614 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hypophysis ; Rat ; Localization of 3H-Oestradiol ; Autoradiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pituitaries of male and female rats given 0.3 μg of 6.7-3H-oestradiol-17β per 100 g body weight were examined by autoradiography in order to 1) identify the cells responsible for the uptake of the hormone, 2) determine the intracellular distribution of the hormone and quantify the proportions localized within the cytoplasm and nucleus by silver grain counting, and 3) see if sex differences existed in the cellular and intracellular distribution of the hormone. The animals were killed at intervals varying from 1 minute to 8 hours following intravenous or intramuscular injection. A large proportion of pituitary cells having the morphologic characteristics of acidophils, basophils and chromophobes contained radioactive material. Castration cells and acidophils of gonadectomized and lactating rats showed marked labelling. In male and female rats killed 10 minutes after intravenous injection, 84.4 and 83.6 per cent of the cells were labelled. One hour after intramuscular injection, 86.6 and 76.1 per cent of the cells were labelled in males and females, respectively. Thus, a small proportion of the cells remained unlabelled. Labelled cells showed silver grains both in the cytoplasm and over the cell nuclei, but the major proportion of the radioactive material was invariably associated with the cell nuclei in all cell types and at all time intervals. About 65 per cent of the radioactive material was associated with the cell nuclei in animals killed five minutes or one hour after intravenous or intramuscular injection of the hormone. The silver grains appeared to be randomly distributed in both the cytoplasm and over the cell nuclei. In the intermediate lobe and the neurohypophysis, only sparse labelling with random distribution was observed. At the border between the intermediate lobe and the neurohypophysis, labelling of single cells or clusters of cells similar to those in the adenohypophysis was found. The results, which were essentially the same in male and female rats, appear to indicate a direct effect of oestradiol at the pituitary level.
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  • 116
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    Journal of Cellular Physiology 75 (1970) 
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 117
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    Journal of Cellular Physiology 75 (1970), S. 21-31 
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Direct measurements of the methylation of newly-synthesized DNA were made in cultures of a clonal mouse adrenal cortex cell line, Y129OS3, by (1) following the incorporation of radioactivity from methionine-(methyl)-C14 into a segment of DNA which had been density-labeled with bromouracil and (2) labeling DNA cytosine with C14-deoxycytidine and then following the appearance of radioactivity in DNA 5-methylcytosine. The results establish that during exponential growth the DNA of this cell line is methylated entirely within a few minutes of its synthesis. Using the second technique described above accurate, sensitive measurements of DNA methylation levels can be made by comparing radioactivity in 5-methylcytosine to radioactivity in cytosine plus 5-methylcytosine. In this cell line 5-methylcytosine accounts for 4.3 ± 0.2% of the DNA cytosine. Some apparent contradictions between these results and those of other workers are discussed.
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  • 118
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The contraction and relaxation of Vorticella difficilis, V. campanula and Carchesium sp. were studied by high speed cinematography. In Vorticella it was shown that coiling of the stalk usually started near the zooid and spread downwards; the point of initiation bore no relation to the position of the stimulating electrodes. Contraction took about 5 msec to complete, and the fully contracted animals were 29 ± 3.9% of their original lengths. The zooids were 66 ± 5.0% and the stalks 14 ± 6.0% of their original lengths (V. difficilis). The shortening of the stalk was mostly in the form of coiling. Measurement of the myoneme length demonstrated that its real shortening was less than 10%. Thus the contraction is virtually isometric, producing a helical deformation of the stalk. As the stalk contracts it takes the form of a steeply pitched helix. This change in shape should produce rotational forces on the zooid (torque). Physical models of similar proportions produced about 1.5 revolutions of torque for similar changes in pitch. However during contraction no turning of the zooid was detected, though rotation did occur after the completion of contraction.In Carchesium the contraction is not so isometric, the myoneme apparently shortening by 20%. While the coiled shape of the contracted Vorticella stalk can be explained by its acentric structures, the stalk of Carchesium is much more symmetrical in cross-section, demonstrating that a high acentricity is not necessary for helical coiling. In all three species there seems to be some separation of the control of zooid and stalk contraction.
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  • 119
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The effects of sublethal radiation and the mitotic inhibitor, vinblastine sulphate, on the number of cells in mouse bone marrow capable upon transplantation of forming macroscopic colonies on the surface of the spleens of irradiated recipient mice (CFU) and on the number of cells capable of forming colonies in soft agar after cell culture (ACFU) were studied as a function of time after injury. The results show that ACFU are radiosensitive and vinblastine-sensitive cells, comparable in sensitivity to erythropoietin-sensitive cells. The temporal pattern of recovery following radiation of ACFU, different from that for CFU, is compatible with the concept that these are two distinct but closely related stem cell populations. The relevance of these findings to models of hematopoiesis and to studies on the precursors of macrophages and monocytes in inflammatory exudates is discussed.
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  • 120
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The pH dependence of previously reported effects of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA) on cation binding by rat liver microsomes was studied by an equilibration and washing procedure. Equilibration of microsomes in media containing 95 mM NaCl and 4 mM MgCl2 with pH varied from 4 to 8 resulted in an increase in bound cations from zero below pH 4 to 0.90 mmoles Mg and 0.34 mmoles Na/g N at pH 8; the ratio of bound Na/bound Mg increased from 0.15 at pH 5 to 0.38 at pH 8. Addition of 5 mM EDTA to the equilibration media produced striking changes in cation binding such that bound Na/bound Mg increased from 0.30 at pH 5 to 3.90 at pH 7 and decreased to 3.55 at pH 8. In the presence of added 10 mM ATP, bound Na/bound Mg increased from 0.10 at pH 5 to a maximum of 0.80 at pH 7. The observed changes could generally be correlated with known mass law relationships, although the system containing added ATP was complicated considerably by the hydrolysis of ATP. Results demonstrate that environmental pH is an important factor in determining the effect of ATP and EDTA on the cation binding pattern of cellular membranes. Because hydrogen ion is a product of ATP hydrolysis as well as of other metabolic reactions, the described interactions may be of particular significance in the molecular mechanisms of ATP effects on cation binding and transport in living cells.
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  • 121
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    Journal of Cellular Physiology 76 (1970), S. 55-63 
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: When cycloheximide (0.2 μg per ml) was added to synchronized cultures of Tetrahymena pyriformis GL-C, the initial rate of incorporation of 14C-leucine was reduced to about 20% of the rate observed in control cells. After one hour, the rate increased fairly abruptly to about 60% of the control rate. The cells in cycloheximide underwent synchronous division about three hours after addition of cycloheximide. A second addition of cycloheximide had little effect on either the rate of incorporation or on the time of cell division in the drug. The medium in which cells had recovered brought about full inhibition of 14C-leucine incorporation in fresh cells, indicating that recovery was not accompanied by appreciable degradation of the cycloheximide. It was therefore concluded that during recovery the cells were either adapting to the cycloheximide or excluding it. The recovery process shows some specificity, since cells which had recovered from cycloheximide, and had become insensitive to a second dose of this drug, still retained full sensitivity to another drug, colchicine. Conversely, cells recovering in colchicine became insensitive to fresh colchicine but remained sensitive to cycloheximide.
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  • 122
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    Journal of Cellular Physiology 76 (1970), S. 37-53 
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Yolk proteins, derived from the blood, are incorporated into the oocytes of insects and certain vertebrates by pinocytosis, but reach the oocyte surface only after penetrating the surrounding follicular epithelium via intercellular channels. In an investigation of the events occurring in these intrafollicular spaces, the dense extracellular material present between the follicle cells and in the oocyte's brush border was extracted from vitellogenic cecropia moth follicles by soaking in physiological saline. Quantitative immunochemical determination of several eluted blood proteins revealed that these components had been more concentrated in the extracellular spaces than in the blood. The average concentration factors were 2.5 for the predominant yolk protein, vitellogenin, and 4.5 for the carotenoid protein.Since injected foreign proteins were also accumulated in the spaces, the concentrating mechanism seemed to act on all available proteins. However, in vitro inhibition of yolk formation with dinitrophenol resulted in a selective increase in the amount of extracellular vitellogenin in follicles which had been previously exposed to a medium low in this protein, suggesting accumulation of a factor with a specific affinity for it. Furthermore under certain conditions vitellogenin was more readily released from the concentrate than was the carotenoid protein. These results indicate that, despite apparent lack of discrimination in the binding of blood proteins in the spaces, extracellular interactions may contribute to the selectivity known to occur during vitellogenesis.
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  • 123
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    Journal of Cellular Physiology 75 (1970) 
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 124
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Electronic size distributions of erythroid cells from fetal C57BL-6J mice during the eleventh through twentieth days of gestation indicate that the erythropoietic cell populations are constantly changing. The mean volume of the liver derived non-nucleated erythroid population decreases from four times the mean adult erythrocyte volume on the thirteenth gestation day to twice the adult erythrocyte volume at birth. The mean volume of the nucleated erythroid cell is about ten times the mean adult erythrocyte volume. The gestation age of an embryo can be determined from blood cell size distributions. The mode of the non-nucleated population and the percentage of each population indicates the gestation age.Size distribution of cells in density gradient fractions apparently indicate two size populations of non-nucleated cells between the thirteenth and fifteenth days. The density of the non-nucleated cells increases during gestation. It is suggested that the decrease in size and increase in density of non-nucleated cells is due to the release of successively smaller reticulocytes from the liver.
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  • 125
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The K+-dependent phosphatase activity from red cell membranes from different mammalian species shows a close relationship with both the rate of active potassium influx and (Na+ + K+)-dependent ATPase activity. This finding supports the view that membrane phosphatase activity is related to the cation transport system.
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  • 126
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    Journal of Cellular Physiology 75 (1970), S. 315-327 
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: At cytostatic concentrations, phenethyl alcohol has immediate and reversible effects on multiple metabolic processes of Novikoff rat hepatoma cells growing in suspension culture. These include an inhibition of the transport of various low molecular weight substances into the cell, an inhibition of DNA and protein synthesis and the processing of ribosomal RNA, and a degradation of ribosomal RNA. All effects might be explained as resulting from an interaction of the chemical with cellular membranes. Phenethyl alcohol does not have an immediate effect on RNA synthesis per se. The immediate failure of phenethyl alcohol-treated cells to incorporate uridine from the medium into RNA is due to an inhibition of the uridine transport reaction.
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  • 127
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The relationship between DNA synthesis and protein accumulation in cell nucleus and cytoplasm has been investigated by the use of a combination of ultramicrointerferometric and ultramicrospectrophotometric methods.5-Fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine (FUdR) inhibited DNA synthesis, resulting in inhibition of cell proliferation in G-1 and early S-phase. However, synthesis and accumulation of protein continued in the presence of FUdR, as indicated by a 54% increase in the average dry mass value per individual cell during 18-hour exposure to FUdR; due primarily to protein accumulation in the cytoplasm, the average cytoplasmic dry mass increased by as much as 85%, while the dry mass of the nucleus increased by only 21%.The dry mass values of individual nuclei were well-correlated to the nuclear DNA content throughout the period of exposure to FUdR. In contrast to the continued accumulation of protein in the cytoplasm during inhibition of DNA synthesis, protein accumulation in the nucleus was inhibited. When cells were released from inhibition of DNA synthesis by the addition of 2'-deoxythymidine, the nuclear DNA content and nuclear dry mass increased in near-synchrony, there being some evidence that DNA synthesis was initiated somewhat prior to initiation of increase in nuclear dry mass.Thus, it appears that DNA synthesis (or an increase in nuclear DNA content) is intimately related to the regulation of protein accumulation in the nucleus.
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  • 128
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    Journal of Cellular Physiology 76 (1970), S. 397-403 
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Based both on a review of the literature dealing with penicillinase induction as well as published data from this laboratory, the thesis is presented that penicillinase serves an important metabolic function in producing cells, far more significant than the ability to hydrolyze certain penicillins. An attempt is made to implicate the enzyme in the sporulation process in sporeforming cells and in cell wall metabolism in non-spore-forming organisms.
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  • 129
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Rabbit muscle aldolase in situ appears to undergo several modification reactions. One of these, specific deamidation of an asparagine residue near the COOH-terminus, appears to account for the presence of two types of subunits in the enzyme isolated from the muscle of adult rabbits. Evidence for a second modification is the presence of approximately one equivalent of organic phosphorus in the crystalline enzyme preparations. The presence of this phosphate group may be related to the incomplete release of COOH-terminal tyrosine residues from the enzyme protein with carboxypeptidase. Two reactions with substrate, both leading to the incorporation of organic phosphorus, have been demonstrated in vitro. A reaction with glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate or erythrose 4-phosphate leads to loss of catalytic activity and change in the susceptibility of COOH-terminus to carboxypeptidase. The other reaction, with fructose 1,6-diphosphate at low concentration, does not affect the activity of the enzyme, nor its susceptibility towards the action of carboxypeptidase. Either or both of these may be related to the changes which appear to occur during the life of the enzyme in vivo.
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  • 130
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The stability of glandular epithelial cells has been investigated utilizing the techniques of cell culture. Embryonic chick thyroid was chosen as a representative cell type and methods were developed for the successful clonal culture of thyroid follicular cells.Thyroid cells were found to be morphologically and functionally stable while undergoing rapid division in both dense (monolayer) and dilute (clonal) cell culture. Differentiated features were retained for a minimum of 32 days of primary clonal culture (approximately 17 generations under clonal conditions). During the culture period, the cells retained their epithelial morphology, retained their cytoplasmic rough endoplasmic reticulum, and continued to produce chromatographically detectable thyroid hormones. Hormone production in culture was a specific thyroid characteristic since control cultures of embryonic heart and liver did not contain the hormones.
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  • 131
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    Journal of Cellular Physiology 75 (1970), S. 83-87 
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A kinetic model of adenine and glucose incorporation into log phase yeast cells has been developed, and experimental tests of certain predictions of the model validate it. The cellular pool of purine nucleotides is 6 × 10-3 μmoles per 107 cells, the turnover time of this pool is 21.8 minutes, and the rate of incorporation into nucleic acids is 4.86 × 10-2 μmoles per hour per 107 cells. Corresponding figures for glucose are given. The model should be useful in other kinetic studies and the method of applying it is explained.
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  • 132
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The pH versus proteinase activity curve (casein or hemoglobin plus urea substrate) for homogenates of unfertilized Lytechinus eggs reveals two regions of maximum activity: one between pH 3.5 and 4.3, and another of far greater magnitude from pH 8.0 to 11.0. The two classes of proteinases can be separated on a sucrose density gradient. Both the acid and alkaline proteinases in homogenates prepared in isotonic monovalent salt solutions are remarkably stable at pH 7.4 and 0°C. Using synthetic peptide substrates, an enzyme with the specific esterase activity of chymotrypsin was demonstrated; this enzyme accounts for the major part of the proteinase activity at alkaline pH. In addition, an enzyme with specific esterase activity of trypsin was shown to be present, but of low activity. The proteinase activity at acid pH is largely due to an enzyme resembling cathepsin D. The data also suggest the presence of cathepsin B and cathepsin IV (or catheptic carboxypeptidase).When eggs are homogenized in isotonic NaCl plus KCl at pH 7.4, 0.02 M tris buffer at 0°C, all of the alkaline proteinase, and 85-90% of the acid proteinase activity is sedimented at 10,000 g. The presence of any proteinase activity in the supernatant phase represents an artifact of the preparative procedures used. The granules which possess the proteinase activity are contained entirely in the yolk fractions; and the acid proteinase is contained in a population of granules which sediment more readily than those which contain the alkaline proteinase. The acid proteinase resembles the lysosomal acid hydrolases in that it is readily released from the particulates; in contrast, the alkaline proteinase is bound relatively firmly.In contradistinction to reports in the literature, no changes in proteinase activity nor intracellular distribution could be detected following fertilization.
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  • 133
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Fetal spleen stem cells have growth characteristics similar to those of normal adult spleen stem cells. On the contrary there is an early fetal liver stem cell population which possesses a lag time longer than that of adult stem cells. The duration of the lag time is controlled by a built-in biological timer which seems to regulate some proliferative functions of the primitive liver stem cell.
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  • 134
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    Journal of Cellular Physiology 76 (1970), S. 389-395 
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The α chains of collagen are synthesized like other proteins by the sequential addition of amino acids beginning at the amino-terminal end and continuing for over 1000 amino acids. In addition to amino acid assembly, hydroxylation of certain prolyl and lysyl residues is required to complete the molecule. Approximately 4.8 minutes is necessary for the entire process. After extrusion from the cell, specific lysyl residues are oxidatively deaminated to the aldehyde allysine. An analogous conversion probably occurs with hydroxylysine. Cross-linking results from the condensation of an aldehyde on one chain with an aldehyde or an ∊-amino group on another chain.
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  • 135
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The contraction of Stentor and Blepharisma, in response to mechanical and electrical stimulation and of Spirostomum in response to mechanical stimulation is described. All three species respond to electrical stimulation by contraction of the cytoplasm, beginning at the anodal end regardless of orientation of the animal. The differences in contractile ability and shapes during contraction are discussed in relation to body form and microanatomy. Stentor and Spirostomum also respond to mechanical stimulation. Dropping a weight on the slide causes contraction of the whole body of Spirostomum, but not of Stentor. Stimulation of the oral region of Stentor by means of a vibrating needle causes a contraction of the entire body, but this sensitivity is limited to the oral region. Blepharisma does not respond to mechanical stimulation. Spirostomum and Stentor undergo rapid spontaneous contractions, but Blepharisma does not contract spontaneously.
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  • 136
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The method for simultaneous measurement of the first two sequential enzymes of galactose metabolism of red cells has been extended to include the third step of the chain, epimerization of uridine diphosphogalactose to uridine diphosphoglucose. The method is rapid and precise and is applicable to a variety of genetic-biochemical problems.
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  • 137
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    Journal of Cellular Physiology 75 (1970), S. 65-72 
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Nutritional factors were evaluated for effects on growth of mouse fibroblast cells in suspension in a chemically defined medium. Quantitative requirements for each of the essential amino acids, choline, inorganic phosphate, iron, and zinc were established. An improved chemically defined medium was formulated on the basis of the findings yielding populations of L cells in excess of 5 × 106 per ml without nutrient replenishment. When spent medium was replaced periodically, yields approaching 30 × 106 cells per ml were attained. The efficiency of utilization of most amino acids in the new medium appears to be 2- to 3-fold better than results reported by others.
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  • 138
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The levels of free-, peptide-, and protein-amino acids were measured during the synchronous growth and division cycle of a thermophilic strain of Chlorella pyrenoidosa. Most of the protein amino acids exhibited little periodism (as % of total cellular-N); however, the free- and peptide-amino acids showed a variety of dramatic changes in level during the cell cycle.Fractionation of the acid-soluble peptides by Sephadex gel-filtration showed that an average of only 2.8% of the peptide amino acids were associated with peptides of high molecular weight (〉 5000), while approximately 75% of the peptide amino acids were components of low molecular weight peptides (〈 700). The low molecular weight peptides were predominately made up of relatively few amino acids (i.e., alanine, glutamate, lysine, glycine and arginine accounted for approximately 92% of the low molecular weight peptide amino acids).Several experiments revealed that nucleotide-peptides do not contribute significantly to the pool of acid-soluble peptides during the cell cycle of this organism.
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  • 139
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Mammalian cells treated four hours with the L-arginine analogue, L-canavanine (Cana), develop alterations in nuclear architecture characterized by the formation of irregular aggregates of nucleoplasmic contents, frequently attached to the nuclear membrane. On the basis of previous studies showing that Cana is incorporated into nuclear proteins and inhibits DNA synthesis over similar periods of exposure, it is postulated that the formation of canavanyl protein-DNA aggregates interfere with DNA replication.
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  • 140
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    Journal of Cellular Physiology 75 (1970), S. 163-165 
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Livers from 17- to 20-day CBA mouse embryos were maintained for three weeks in organ culture. During this period, hematopoiesis continued; morphologically recognizable cells were identified until day 24 and hematopoietic cells with colony forming ability were present until day 23. The method appears to hold promise for studies of hematopoietic differentiation in vitro.
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  • 141
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The technique of buoyant density separation in gradients of Bovine Serum Albumin has been used to separate hemopoietic cell populations in mouse bone marrow that form in vivo spleen colonies and in vitro colonies of granulocytes and macrophages in an agar culture system. The density distribution profiles showed a number of reproducible density subpopulations of both in vivo and in vitro colony forming cells (C.F.C.'s). The mean density of in vitro C.F.C.'s exceeded that of the in vivo but overlap of the density profiles of the two populations was evident. Density-related differences in seeding efficiency of in vivo C.F.C.'s were observed.Freund's adjuvant treatment increased marrow and spleen in vitro C.F.C. populations. Marrow density profiles obtained three and seven days after adjuvant showed a progressive increase in in vitro C.F.C.'s in a restricted density region with no associated elevation of in vivo activity.The antimitotic agent, vinblastine, revealed differences in mitotic activity between the two cell populations, reducing the in vitro C.F.C. population to .07% and the in vivo to 5% of normal in 24 hours. Density separation of vinblastine-treated marrow produced density regions devoid of in vitro activity but containing in vivo in vivo C.F.C.'s which, upon transfer to irradiated recipients, regenerated both in vivo and in vitro density distribution profiles.
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  • 142
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Spleen colonies produced by sublethally irradiated mouse bone marrow cells were compared to those produced by unirradiated marrow cells in lethally irradiated mice. Sublethally irradiated marrow cells gave rise to many fewer spleen colonies. At seven days of colony age, the ratio of erythroid colonies to granuloid colonies was lower (〈 1) than for colonies formed by unirradiated marrow (2 to 3 or more). Delay of harvest of colonies to day 10 or 12 resulted in 6 to 11 fold increase in the ratio of erythroid to granuloid colonies due largely to the belated appearance of erythroid colonies.
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  • 143
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    Journal of Cellular Physiology 75 (1970), S. 275-279 
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: KB cells grown in suspension culture were synchronized by using a double thymidine block. At various times throughout the life cycle aliquots of cells were pulsed with 14C-L-leucine, 14C-D-glucosamine and 14C-choline for one hour periods. Surface membranes, cell particulates and soluble proteins were isolated and their 14C specific activities were determined. It was found that there was a marked increase in the rate of incorporation into surface membrane just after division. The pattern of incorporation was the same for all three isotopic precursors. The rate of incorporation of isotopic precursors into soluble proteins was constant throughout the cycle. Some increase in rate of incorporation of isotope into the particulate fraction was observed during division.
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  • 144
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    Journal of Cellular Physiology 75 (1970), S. 329-339 
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The synthesis of a protein unique to the nervous system, the “S100-protein,” has been studied in a clonal line of rat glial cells. It has been shown that these cells do not begin to accumulate “S100-protein” until the cultures enter a phase of density-dependent inhibition of cell proliferation. Further experiments indicate that the regulation of “S100-protein” accumulation resides at least in part in an interaction involving the cell surface.
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  • 145
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Synchronous cultures of HeLa cells were obtained by selective detachment of cells in mitosis and fluctuations in enzyme activity were followed during the subsequent cell cycle. The enzymes measured were alkaline and acid phosphatases and a nuclease active on denatured DNA at alkaline pH (alkaline DNase). Each of these enzymes showed a different pattern of activity in the cell cycle, but a temporal relationship to the DNA synthetic phase was apparent in each case. Treatment of the cultures at the beginning of the cell cycle with 15 mM thymidine did not alter the subsequent pattern of fluctuations in activity of alkaline phosphatase or of acid phosphatase, although DNA synthesis was fully inhibited by this treatment. This indicates that the pattern of activity of some enzymes is not linked to DNA replication. On the other hand, the pattern of fluctuations in the activity of alkaline DNase was abolished by thymidine treatment, and elevation of the activity of this enzyme was observed. These results suggest complex and variable relationships between phases of the cell cycle and enzyme activity, and show that inhibition of DNA synthesis is not a suitable procedure for induction of culture synchrony if enzyme activities are to be studied.
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  • 146
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Growth and the expression of cartilage-like differentiation by adult rabbit chondrocytes is stimulated greatly by the Sephadex G-25 macromolecular fraction of chicken embryo extract (CEEM). A small amount of fetal bovine serum or the macromolecular fraction of fetal bovine serum (FBSM) is also needed for growth. Medium F12 supplemented with CEEM plus FBSM supports moderate clonal growth of the rabbit chondrocytes with excellent expression of differentiated properties. The effects of CEEM on growth and the expression of differentiation have been quantitated by measurement of radioactive sulfate incorporation and total protein synthesis.
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  • 147
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Normal and primed spleen cells stimulated in vitro with sheep RBC showed a different behaviour in the 19 S PFC response. The immunologic capacity of primed cells, unlike that of unprimed cells, was impaired if the antigen addition to culture had been delayed for more than six hours. The requirement of primed cells for immediate reexposure to antigen varied with the time of preimmunization and was maximum when spleen cells had acquired in the donor the ability to display the highest response in vitro upon optimal restimulation. This phenomenon of antigen requirement of primed cells in vitro is at variance with the known immunologic behaviour of primed cells grown in vivo, and can be attributed to cellular changes unmasked by in vitro cultivation.
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  • 148
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    Journal of Cellular Physiology 76 (1970), S. 7-15 
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The activity of histidase was studied in (1) epidermal tissue scraped from human infant foreskin, (2) fibroblast-like cells in monolayer serial culture from human foreskin, and (3) epithelial-like (epidermal) outgrowth from foreskin primary explants. Foreskin epidermal tissue without in vitro culture and epidermal outgrowth in primary culture from explants of foreskin showed equivalent mean levels of histidase activity, 5.22 × 10-3 and 5.01 × 10-3 μMoles urocanic acid produced per milligram protein per minute. Under the same assay conditions, there was no measurable histidase activity in cultured fibroblast-like cells from foreskin at various times after subculture. The Km for enzyme from human foreskin epidermal tissue ranged between 2 and 5 × 10-3 M histidine. Ability to demonstrate the presence or absence of this tissue-specific enzyme function in cultured cells suggests a useful means for studying differentiation, as well as a more precise way to identify epidermal origin of cultured cell types than morphological characteristics alone would permit.
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  • 149
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    Journal of Cellular Physiology 76 (1970), S. 85-88 
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Chinese hamster cells (line CHO) were cloned in suspension with a carboxymethylcellulose-containing medium, and the colonies were counted with an electronic particle counter after enzymatically degrading the carboxymethylcellulose with cellulase. Survival of x-irradiated cells was determined by both the standard plating technique and the suspension technique, and comparable results were obtained.
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  • 150
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    Journal of Cellular Physiology 76 (1970) 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 151
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The technique of buoyant density separation in gradients of Bovine Serum Albumin has been used to separate in vivo and in vitro colony forming cells (C.F.C.'s) in hemopoietic tissue of mouse fetal liver. Differences in the density distribution profiles showed that the in vivo and in vitro C.F.C.'s were different cell populations but the existence of an “out-of-phase” density association suggested that the two cell types were closely related.Complex density heterogeneity of both cell populations was observed at later stages of liver development and was similar to that seen in adult marrow. A homogeneous population of in vivo and in vitro C.F.C.'s occupied a very light density position in 10.5 day fetal liver. The subsequent development of density heterogeneity was associated with progressive acquisition of higher density subpopulations. Transfer experiments showed the capacity of the lightest density cells from the earliest stage of liver hemopoiesis, to generate higher density colony forming cells in the environment of the adult marrow. Density determined differences in seeding efficiency of in vivo C.F.C.'s were observed but no evidence was obtained for differences in either in vivo or in vitro colony morphology in different density subpopulations.
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  • 152
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    Journal of Cellular Physiology 75 (1970), S. 231-240 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Data from isotopic uptake experiments were used to measure calcium fluxes and compartment sizes in ascites tumor cells. The data were analyzed with two kinetic models, A and B. In 80% of the experiments model A, which is based on one exchangeable calcium compartment, was rejected in favor of Model B, which predicts two exchangeable compartments. A statistical evaluation of the model's performance, when fit to the experimental data was used to select between the two models.The results show that calcium was distributed between three cellular compartments in the ratio, non-exchangeable (88%): rapidly exchanging (7%): slowly exchanging (5%). The undirectional fluxes suggested that calcium transport could be described as a series system with the temporal sequence: environment ⇄ rapidly exchanging ⇄ slowly exchanging.
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  • 153
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A study, designed to define the optimal conditions for infecting L, HeLa and human diploid cells with Mengo RNA, showed that the three cell types differ with respect to (a) the concentration of sucrose (in PBS) that produces maximum stimulation of infectious center (I.C.) formation (0.6 M, 1.2 M and 1.0 M for L, HeLa and human diploid cells respectively) and (b) the optimal combination of sucrose and dimethyl-sulfoxide (DMSO). With all three cell types, diethylaminoethyldextran (DEAE-D) was found to produce maximum stimulation of I.C. formation when present, in PBS, at a concentration of 100 μg/ml. Direct comparisons of I.C. formation in the three cell types using the sucrose, sucrose-DMSO and PBS-DEAE-D media optimal for each revealed that (a) the best medium for titration in L and HeLa cells is PBS containing 100 μg DEAE-D/ml, (b) DMSO produces a 4-8 fold increase in I. C. formation in L cells, but is only marginally effective in HeLa cells, and (c) the optimal medium for titration in human diploid cells is sucrose-DMSO. The results of studies of the “uptake” of 3H-Mengo RNA showed that there is no correlation between the amount of RNA that becomes cell associated and the number of I.C.'s that are produced in the cell population.
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  • 154
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    Journal of Cellular Physiology 76 (1970), S. 265-271 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: To the extent that parallel experiments with picornaviruses and RNA bacteriophages can be compared, the results suggest that their mechanisms of RNA replication are basically similar, despite fundamental differences between the two groups of viruses with respect to the control of the expression of genetic information.The significance of the extracted multi-stranded replicative forms of viral RNA is discussed and it is concluded that, if not identical to the corresponding, intracellular forms, the extracted structures are meaningful derivatives of specific native forms.
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  • 155
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    Journal of Cellular Physiology 76 (1970), S. 311-330 
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Some of the cells of every human being will grow outside the body as microorganisms. It is possible to show, in a variety of ways, that these cells resemble genetically the individual from whom they were obtained. Over 35 inherited human diseases and anomalies can now be studied in such cell lines.Human diploid cell strains, biochemically marked by one or more mutant Mendelian genes, have proven particularly useful for the study of gene action in man and for the detection of genetic changes such as mutation and somatic cell hybridization. In addition, the strains have a number of clinical applications, including the antenatal diagnosis of inherited disease.The failure of cultured human cells to display their phenotype at most loci continues to restrict their use in both genetics and medicine. There are reasons for hoping that this difficulty will eventually be solved, and some experiments bearing on the problem are already feasible.
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  • 156
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The kinetics of cell division and movement in four epithelial-like cell lines, grown in continuously perfused culture medium, were studied by time-lapse cinemicrography. One line exhibited “contact regulation of cell division,” so that the rate of mitosis per cell decreased steadily as population density increased. In the other three lines mitosis was not controlled as a function of population density until the cells became very crowded. An explanation for this difference was sought in terms of the hypothesis that the rate of division depends on the area of the cell membrane.Cells of the contact-regulated line flattened uniformly on the substrate. Their motility was restrained by adhesion between their borders. As they crowded together, contact inhibition of cell overlap caused a steady decrease in average surface area per cell. All three of the non-controlled lines also had contact inhibition of overlap. Cells of two of them flattened on the substrate; but these cells had little mutual adhesion and were highly motile, so that they continually changed their shapes. The areas of their cell membranes were therefore not subject to a restraint that could control the rate of division. Cells of the fourth line remained rounded or only slightly flattened during culture growth, so that no change in cell membrane area occurred that could change the rate of division.
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  • 157
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: RNA molecules which are restricted to the nucleus in mouse L-cells were characterized by the technique of RNA/DNA hybridization. Competition of cytoplasmic RNA with labeled nuclear RNA of various sizes revealed that the RNA restricted to the cell nucleus is heterogeneous in size. Competition for sites on fractions of mouse DNA of various base compositions indicated that this unstable RNA is also heterogeneous in base composition. Fractionation of nuclei into three subfractions failed to separate the uniquely nuclear RNA from the precursors of cytoplasmic RNA. The significance of the selective transport of RNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and its importance in the control of gene activity in eucaryotic cells is discussed.
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  • 158
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    Journal of Cellular Physiology 75 (1970), S. 133-135 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Treatment of Fundulus melanophores with adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate (cyclic AMP) is followed by reversible melanin dispersion in these cells. Adenosine 3′-monophosphate and adenosine 5′-monophosphate both have a similar, but weaker dispersing action. In addition, adenosine 5′-monophosphate also has a melanin aggregating effect. These results are interpreted to mean that nerve transmitters may act by controlling the level of cyclic AMP within the Fundulus melanophore.
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  • 159
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    Journal of Cellular Physiology 75 (1970) 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 160
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A series of 100 experiments was completed to determine if DNA is capable of transforming the genotype of a murine lymphoma (P388) in cell culture. The test system was concerned with the transformation of cells from 8-azaguanine (AZG) sensitivity to resistance. By the use of this marker, it was determined that transformation by DNA did occur, and that the efficiency of transformation was greatly increased by sonication of the DNA. A statistical analysis of 100 experiments demonstrated that the increase in the number of resistant cells after treatment with sonicated resistant DNA (R-DNA) was statistically significant (χ2 〉 4.25, 0.05 〉 p 〉 0.02) in 66% of the experiments. DNA from sensitive parental cells and DNA from other sources produced no effect while DNase and UV treatment abrogated effective transformation by either sonicated or nonsonicated R-DNA. RNase was without effect.Sucrose gradient analysis of sonicated and nonsonicated R-DNA demonstrated that the peaks which correspond to the highest specific transforming activity are not altered by sonication and do not coincide with the OD260 peaks, in spite of the fact that sonication shifted the peak of maximum OD260 to a slower sedimenting region of the gradient. The major portion, however, of the transforming material did shift after sonication to the slower sedimenting region of the gradient and did coincide with the OD260 peak.The hereditary stability of the transformed cells was established by cloning a representative number of transformants, growing them in the absence of AZG for an extended period and then testing their ability to grow in graded concentrations of AZG. In addition, DNA extracted from transformants successfully transformed sensitive cells.
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  • 161
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The influence of Ca++, several drugs, and pH on the binding of Ca++ by skeletal muscle microsomes was studied in vitro. A mass-law graphic analysis revealed the presence of three distinct species of Ca++-binding sites in the microsomes, and the binding at only one of these sites was antagonized by local anesthetics and quinidine. These drugs also decreased the maximum Ca++-binding capacity of the microsomes. Caffeine and ouabain exerted no effect on the binding at any of the sites. Procaine was also bound by microsomes, and this binding was antagonized by Ca++, which also decreased the maximum procaine-binding capacity of microsomes. The sites that bind procaine and Ca++ are not identical because the maximum-binding capacities of the interacting sites are distinctly different. The influence of pH on the ability of drugs to antagonize Ca++ binding indicates that the displacing activity increases as the percentage of the drug in the nonionized form increases. All of the data obtained in the above studies are consistent with the interpretation that quinidine and local anesthetics of the procaine type noncompetitively antagonize the binding of Ca++ by microsomes. The pharmacological significance of a noncompetitive interaction may be related to the property of local anesthetics and quinidine to increase contractile tension in skeletal muscle rather than to their ability to stabilize the cell membrane.
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  • 162
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    Journal of Cellular Physiology 75 (1970), S. 263-263 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 163
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    Journal of Cellular Physiology 75 (1970), S. 305-313 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Stimulation of the DNA synthesis and mitoses in stationary cultures of mouse embryo fibroblast-like cells was induced by various agents such as ribonuclease, digitonin, fresh medium and commercial preparations of hyaluronidases. Time sequence of stimulation was similar in experiments with all these agents. Cells were activated to enter S phase from GI phase. The rise of the number of DNA-synthesizing cells was preceded by a latent period of about 8-12 hours with the maximal number of DNA-synthesizing cells being observed at 16-24 hours. Mitotic wave was observed after the wave of DNA synthesis. Stimulation of DNA synthesis and mitosis was not preceded by any significant decrease of an average cell density in the culture. The progeny of activated cells had no greater chance than other cells to be activated again when stimulation was repeated.It is concluded that similar proliferative reactions can be induced in stationary cultures by a variety of diverse agents. Possible role of cell surface changes in the induction of these reactions is discussed.
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  • 164
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    Journal of Cellular Physiology 76 (1970) 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 165
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The rate of multiplication of rat embryo fibroblasts in monolayer culture depends upon the amount of multiplication-stimulating activity in the culture medium, as well as the efficiency of stimulation by and utilization of this activity. Multiplication-stimulating activity is defined by its capacity to stimulate DNA synthesis and cell division in stationary populations of cells. Usually, multiplication stimulating activity is supplied as serum in cell culture media, but rat cells also produce it.A comparison of multiplication of uninfected and Murine Sarcoma virus-converted rat cells showed that converted cells multiplied at a greater rate than did uninfected cells, with the use of less or the same amount of multiplication-stimulating activity; the converted cells produced cells produced an inhibitor of multiplication-stimulating activity, and the efficiency of stimulation of DNA synthesis was similar for uninfected and converted cells. It appears that in the presence of serum the efficiency of utilization of multiplication-stimulating activity is greater for converted cells than for uninfected rat cells.
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  • 166
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    Journal of Cellular Physiology 75 (1970), S. 159-161 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Pronase is a proteolytic enzyme recently introduced as an effective dispersing agent of tissue culture cells. We have found it to be a most rapid and complete dispersing agent for primary fibroblastic cell lines and clearly superior to trypsin. On the other hand, with certain continuous epithelial cell lines its completeness of dispersion is inferior to that of trypsin necessitating study of each cell line individually with both enzymes to select the most advantageous one.
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  • 167
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    Journal of Cellular Physiology 75 (1970), S. 193-197 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A strain-specific antimitotic substance is present in large mononucleate amoebae. It inhibits mitosis when injected into amoebae of heterologous strains. The antimitotic substance has been isolated from homogenized cells, and some of its properties have been studied. The results obtained show that the active factor is a protein(s) of molecular weight between 200,000 and one million. The activity of this substance differs from other known antimitotic agents in that its action is strain-specific.
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  • 168
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Purified parathyroid hormone (PTH) strongly stimulates the initiation of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis and thereby raises the flow of cells into mitosis in rat thymic lymphocyte populations maintained in vitro. These actions of PTH are potentiated by caffeine and inhibited by imidazole which indicates that the hormonal action is mediated by cyclic adenosine 3′,5′,-monophosphate (cyclic AMP). The feasibility of cyclic AMP being the mediator of PTH action is established by the observation that a low concentration (10-7 M) of dibutyryl cyclic AMP precisely mimics the stimulatory action of the hormone on DNA synthesis and cell proliferation.
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  • 169
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Lysine vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone), like cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cyclic AMP), rapidly (in less than 1 hour) stimulates the initiation of deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis and thereby increases the flow of cells into mitosis in rat thymic lymphocyte populations in vitro. This mitogenic action of vasopressin, again like that of cyclic AMP, is potentiated by caffeine, an inhibitor of the intracellular phosphodiesterase which catalyzes the degradation of cyclic AMP. On the other hand, vasopressin's mitogenic action (also like that of cyclic AMP) is blocked by imidazole, an activator of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase activity. The hormone, thyrocalcitonin (calcitonin) which is known to block the cyclic AMP-mediated mitogenic effect of parathyroid hormone by interfering with cyclic AMP action, also blocks the mitogenic action of vasopressin. The inhibitory effects of imidazole and thyrocalcitonin on vasopressin's mitogenic action are both overcome by the phosphodiesterase inhibitor, caffeine. It is concluded from these observations that the mitogenic action of vasopressin is mediated by cyclic AMP.
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  • 170
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Prednisolone-induced alterations in the content and composition of the total lipids, cholesterol, phospholipids and fatty acids were studied in HeLa S3 cells. After relatively long exposure of the cell cultures to the hormone analog (24 to 72 hours), total cell lipid content was decreased. Partial inhibition of cholesterol and phospholipid metabolism resulted in a shift in the molar ratio of these two lipid constituents. Total fatty acid content was unaffected by prednisolone but there were minor changes in the relative distribution of the individual fatty acids.The observed decrease in cholesterol turnover after addition of prednisolone was primarily due to the reduced uptake of intact cholesterol from the culture medium. This was compensated, in part, by an increased de novo synthesis of cholesterol from acetate and glucose.
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  • 171
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    Journal of Cellular Physiology 76 (1970), S. 141-149 
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Parathyroidectomy or thyroparathyroidectomy in the male rat results in the severe atrophy of the thymus gland. This effect is not mediated by a secondary release of the cytolytic adrenal or gonadal steroids since it also occurs in adrenalectomized and orchidectomized animals. The loss of the parathyroid gland decreases the flow of thymic lymphocytes into mitosis; this inhibition of cell production leads to the marked decline in thymic weight. The effect can be partially prevented by administration of parathyroid hormone or calcium gluconate.
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  • 172
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    Journal of Cellular Physiology 76 (1970), S. 167-173 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The exchange of isotopic water has been studied in ovarian eggs from three Anuran species (R. esculenta, R. pipiens and R. temporaria) by the automatic diver balance technique. The oocytes were treated with chemicals (digitonin, ethanol and formaldehyde) to remove the plasma membrane. The cytoplasmic diffusion coefficient for water was calculated with and without allowance for the influence of diffusion in the external medium. The former expedient was found necessary in order to obtain correct values. The chemical treatments gave different values, but there are sound reasons to believe that those obtained with digitonin (8.9, 15.3 and 10.8.10-6 cm2sec-1 for R. esculenta, R. pipiens and R. temporaria, respectively) are the correct ones. These results indicate that the rate of diffusion in the oocyte cytoplasm amounts to 50-75% of that of free diffusion.
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  • 173
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    Notes: Treatment of adult mice with cortisol decreased the number and frequency of bone marrow precursors of anti-sheep erythrocyte hemolytic plaque-forming cells (P-PFC) and marrow “lymphocytes.” However, the more primitive progenitors of P-PFC in marrow were not affected. Treatment of prospective recipients of marrow grafts with cortisol impaired the generation of P-PFC by transplanted primitive progenitor cells. Differentiation with proliferation of P-PFC into mature PFC was less dramatically affected by cortisol. P-PFC were not apparently suppressed directly, since the fall-off of P-PFC did not occur during the first day after administration of cortisol. Thus, cortisol impairs the generation of P-PFC by altering a hemopoietic inductive environment necessary for this step in differentiation of immunocompetent cells.
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  • 174
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    Journal of Cellular Physiology 76 (1970), S. 225-229 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The in vitro hydrolysis rate of intravenously injected 131 I-albumin inside mouse liver phagolysosomes was studied for this type of secondary lysosome, when incubated at pH 5.0 and 37°C in the presence of different drugs. While vitamin A alcohol and etiocholanone showed inhibitory effects, suitable concentrations of chloroquine activated that intraparticulate hydrolysis. On the contrary cortisone, in various concentrations, did not alter the hydrolysis rate of the labeled albumin. Neither cortisone nor chloroquine modified the inhibitory effect of vitamin A. The hypothesis that the drugs act on the hydrolysis rate because they modify the stability of this type of secondary lysosome is forwarded.
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  • 175
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    Journal of Cellular Physiology 76 (1970), S. 237-239 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 176
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    Journal of Cellular Physiology 76 (1970), S. 331-348 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The synthesis, assembly, and secretion of gamma globulin has been examined using cells from a mouse plasma cell tumor. The cells were then adapted to continuous culture and individual clones were obtained which differed from each other in the relative amounts of heavy and light chains synthesized, in the absolute amounts of gamma globulin being produced, and in the details of the assembly process. Finally, the kinetics, pathway, and completeness of assembly were examined in a variety of tumors and variants of these tumors.
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  • 177
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    Journal of Cellular Physiology 76 (1970), S. 127-139 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A quantitative dose-response study was made of the inhibition by actinomycin D of the synthesis of various RNA species in cultured L cells. After a suitable preincubation with various concentrations of actinomycin, synthesis was measured by a brief incorporation of radioactive uridine. The 45S precursor of ribosomal RNA, 5S ribosomal RNA, transfer RNA and various sized fractions of heterogeneous nuclear RNA were extracted from the appropriate subcellular fractions and resolved by acrylamide gel electrophoresis. Polyribosomal messenger RNA was also studied. Over the range of actinomycin concentrations employed cellular uptake of the drug is proportional to external concentration, and maximal inhibition of RNA synthesis is generally achieved within one hour after exposure.For most of the RNA species studied the dose-response data appear to follow an exponential inactivation function with some “tailing” evident at the higher doses. Sensitivities, defined as the reciprocal of the dose necessary to reduce synthesis to 1/e of the control level, were compared and examined with respect to the molecular weight of the RNA species under consideration. Among the heterogeneous nuclear RNA's there is a good correlation between RNA size and sensitivity, such that the sensitivity per unit molecular weight is relatively constant. A similar relationship is roughly applicable to the ribosomal and transfer RNA's when taken as a group, although in this case the sensitivity per unit molecular weight is 50 to 100 fold greater.A model is proposed in which this marked difference in actinomycin sensitivity arises as a consequence of the transcription of stretches of contiguous repetitive genes by RNA polymerase molecules which attach to the DNA only at a limited number of entry points, the highest probability of attachment being at the beginning of a stretch.
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  • 178
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    Notes: When Friend virus-induced leukemic cell lines were injected into irradiated hosts after the second radiation dose, the colony-forming unit (CFU) in the recipient spleens per 104 cells was found to be 7-fold higher than the CFU obtained when the second radiation dose had been given shortly after the inoculation of the cells. Serial passage of the cells from the spleen colonies to irradiated hosts resulted in a marked increase of the CFU value, indicating that this cell population was capable of both self-replication and erythroid differentiation. The “f” fraction, which indicates the percentage of the inoculated cells that reach the spleen in the irradiated recipients, was found to be approximately 15%. If the highest CFU value obtained from serial colony-to-colony passages is corrected by this factor, a final cloning efficiency of about 18% is demonstrated.Neither induced plethora nor the administration of erythropoietin (1 u/mouse/for 2 days) appeared to affect the spleen colony-forming ability of the leukemic cells.Erythroid differentiation is not detectable in the transplantable subcutaneous tumors which were used to initiate the tissue culture lines and which also are capable of inducing erythroid spleen clones in irradiated recipients. This lends support to the theory of the influence of “microenvironmental factors” on the fate of stem cells with potential for differentiation.
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  • 179
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    Notes: Three types of lesions produced by argon laser micro-irradiation of single mitochondria are described. A correlation between lesion severity and optical phase density and/or laser output power was observed. Cell survival was generally not affected by mitochondrial irradiation. As many as ten mitochondria were irradiated without cell death resulting. Absorption of the laser radiation was attributed to the natural chromophores, cytochromes c and c1.
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  • 180
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    Notes: Synchronous daughter cells of Chlorella pyrenoidosa can be selected, on the basis of their unique density, from cultures growing in continuous light by centrifugation to equilibrium in aqueous Ficoll. The degree of synchrony, as judged from cell release data, is equivalent to or better than that obtained by intermittent-illumination procedures.
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  • 181
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    Journal of Cellular Physiology 76 (1970), S. 253-263 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Naturally occurring defective phage particles, which do not form plaques on any known host, but have a restricted host killing range, appear to be widely distributed. The defective phages are produced spontaneously but can be induced, at much higher levels, by chemical and physical agents which interfere with metabolism or structure of DNA. The defective phages discussed in this article have been divided into various categories on the basis of their structural complexity, which ranges from what appears to be phage tail components through to intact phage particles, and the source of the DNA packaged into the heads of the phage-like particles. The evolution of the defective phages is discussed and the possibility is entertained that they may have originated from temperate phages.
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  • 182
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    Journal of Cellular Physiology 76 (1970), S. 303-310 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Immunologic memory and immunoglobulin allotype suppression are discussed as problems in Cell Biology. Memory, the ability of an animal after a first antigenic exposure to give a heightened and faster immune response upon a second exposure to the same antigen, is shown to be a property of bone marrow-derived cell lines. Expression of this memory depends on interaction with thymus-derived cells from either non-immunized or immunized mice.Chronic allotype suppression is described for the first time. It is initiated by in utero or neonatal exposure of (SJL × BALB/c)F1 mice, allotype a/b, to anti b antibody. Suppression lasts for long periods and continues in irradiated recipients which have received lymphoid cells from suppressed donors. Selection against b allotype producing cell precursors can explain suppression.
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  • 183
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    Journal of Cellular Physiology 76 (1970), S. 365-371 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A number of normal rat cell cultures as well as cultures transformed spontaneously, by chemicals, and/or by oncogenic viruses were tested for responsiveness to the interferon inducer polyinosinic·polycytidylic acid, or to exogenous interferon. Responsiveness, or lack thereof, had no correlation with subculture passage number, infection with RNA leukemia virus, morphological transformation by oncogenic RNA or DNA viruses, chemical treatment, or the ability of these cells to produce tumors in isologous host animals. The data indicate that lack of response to interferon or to the inducer is neither a necessary prerequisite nor an absolute result of cellular transformation of rat cells.
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  • 184
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    Journal of Cellular Physiology 75 (1970), S. 121-127 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In total absence of Na+ some identified neurons of Aplysia, after a period of silence, resume pacemaker discharge in the normal pattern with normal action potentials, while other identified neurons remain silent. In absence of Ca++ all pacemaker neurons increase spontaneous discharge and develop abnormal bursting patterns. Those neurons which discharge spontaneously in Na+ free solutions show much less dependence on Na+ and much greater dependence on Ca++ for action potentials initiated by electrical stimulation than do those neurons which do not fire spontaneously in absence of Na+. In absence of both Na+ and Ca++ all neurons become inexcitable, but much more rapidly at higher temperatures.
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  • 185
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    Notes: Rats were given near-lethal doses of x-ray to produce clones of hemic cells marked by radiation-induced chromosome abnormalities. Subsequently, bone marrow from these rats was injected into lethally irradiated mice to form erythropoietic spleen colonies; and peripheral blood lymphocytes from the same rats were stimulated to proliferate in a mixed lymphocyte interaction (MLI), an immunological response to histocompatibility isoantigens.Chromosome markers indicated that in several instances the cells of an erythroid spleen colony and a proportion of the lymphocytes reacting in the MLI were progeny of the same stem cell in the donor rat. In addition, lymphocytes of the same radiation-marked clone were shown to proliferate in response to several different histocompatibility isoantigens. The data indicate the presence in the adult rat of a primitive lymphohematopoietic stem cell capable of yielding both erythroid and lymphoid progeny. The findings also suggest that immunological specificity is determined during lymphoid differentiation, subsequent to the stem cell stage.
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  • 186
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    Notes: Human bank blood erythrocytes were exposed to the mercurials p-chloromercuribenzoate (PCMB), chlormerodrin (CM), p-chloromercuribenzenesulfonate (PCMBS), and 1-bromomercuri-2-hydroxypropane (BMHP) for different time intervals, at different concentrations and in combination with n-ethylmaleimide (NEM) added before, and 2-mercaptoethylguanidine (MEG) and reduced glutathione (GSH) added after the mercurial. Binding patterns of the mercurials to the cells and effects on permeability of the cells were measured. The results indicate that the erythrocyte membrane contains multiple classes of sulfhydryl groups, alteration of which has a variety of effects on cell permeability. PCMB, chlormerodrin and PCMBS react with at least three classes of sulfhydryls, two of which are associated with the sodium-potassium barrier and, when altered, result in potassium loss, sodium accumulation and hemolysis. BMHP reacts with at least two classes of sulfhydryls, one of which is associated with permeability, and, when altered, results in hemolysis in isotonic solutions of choline chloride or lactose. The results provide additional insight into the structure and function of the erythrocyte membrane.
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  • 187
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    Journal of Cellular Physiology 76 (1970), S. i 
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  • 188
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    Notes: A technique for growing human bone marrow cell colonies in agar-gel medium is described. “Feeder layers” containing 1 × 106 normal human peripheral white blood cells are used as the stimulus for colony growth. Human bone marrow aspirates are collected in heparinized syringes and plated as 2 × 105 cells on “feeder layers.” Normal human bone marrow yields 32-102 colonies per 2 × 105 cells plated. Colonies are almost exclusively granulocytic. Growth rate of colonies is slower than with mouse bone marrow but colonies reach a comparable size (500-1500 cells) at days 12-16.
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  • 189
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    Journal of Cellular Physiology 76 (1970), S. 151-157 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The phenomenon of premature chromosome condensation (PCC) is induced in unstimulated horse lymphocytes, bovine spermatozoa, Chinese hamster ovary cells, embryonic chick fibroblasts and erythrocytes, Xenopus kidney and mosquito cells by fusing each of these cell types with HeLa cells blocked in mitosis. Thus it becomes possible to visualize chromosomes even from non-multiplying cells of heterologous species, such as, chick erythrocytes and bovine spermatozoa.
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  • 190
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    Journal of Cellular Physiology 76 (1970), S. 185-190 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: An actomyosin-like protein has been extracted from amoebae of Dictyostelium discoideum, V-12. The purified protein exhibited a reversible change in viscosity upon addition of ATP, indicating an ATP sensitivity of 75-85% and a specific viscosity of 0.1. At low ionic strength in the presence of Mg++ and ATP the amoeba protein displayed the phenomenon of superprecipitation. The protein extract was found to be an adenosinetriphosphatase (ATP'ase) hydrolyzing ATP to ADP and inorganic phosphate. Both Mg++ and Ca++ at low ionic strength accelerated the ATP ase activity whereas at high ionic strength only Ca++ stimulated ATP hydrolysis. The ATP'ase activity was inhibited by ethylene-diamine-tetraacetic-acid, Mersayl and p-chloromercuribenzoate. The physico-chemical and enzymatic properties of the extracted amoeba protein are qualitatively comparable to those of muscle actomyosin, and very similar in quantitative properties to smooth muscle actomyosin and the actomyosin-like proteins of blood platelets, leucocytes and slime mold plasmodia. The significance of the presence of this actomyosin-like protein in Dictyostelium amoebae is discussed in relation to amoeboid form and movement.
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  • 191
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    Journal of Cellular Physiology 76 (1970), S. 215-223 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Conditions for keeping busulphan lethally treated rats alive by transplantation of bone marrow cells from syngeneic donors are described. After busulphan treatment of the donor rats with a dose which only reduces the colony forming units (CFU's) in the marrow (assayed by the spleen colony technique) to half the normal numbers, at least 100 times as many cells from these treated donors, compared to untreated rats, are required to produce an equivalent increase in survival of busulphan lethally treated recipients. In contrast, aminochlorambucil, despite producing a marked fall in bone marrow cellularity, has no effect on the number of CFU/femur, yet the marrow from these aminochlorambucil treated donors is no more effective in increasing the survival of busulphan lethally treated recipients than untreated marrow. Theories which may explain this apparent discrepancy and evidence which it affords on the mode of action of busulphan are discussed.
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  • 192
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    Journal of Cellular Physiology 76 (1970), S. 235-236 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 193
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    Notes: The kinetics of growth of bone marrow cells from normal or genetically anemic mice (Sl/Sld and W/Wv) were studied in irradiated normal and genetically anemic hosts. The parameters followed included total cellularity, the number of peroxidase positive cells, and the number of cells capable of forming colonies in vivo (CFU-S) or in culture (CFU-C). The results of these experiments demonstrate that W and Sl defects alter the growth of CFU-C and peroxidase-positive cells to a modest degree; that the defects are more obvious when studied in spleen rather than in bone marrow; and that there is no additivity of W and Sl defects.Nineteen irradiated recipients of marrow from W/Wv mice were studied after three to six months. Of these, 18 showed host-type erythrocytes, while in one mouse the erythrocytes had the size distribution of W/Wv cells. This finding indicated that occasionally genetically defective stem cells may repopulate irradiated hosts.
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  • 194
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    Journal of Cellular Physiology 75 (1970), S. 341-351 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: It was found that L cells deprived of exogenous fatty acids responded adaptively by increased synthesis of fatty acids. This adaptive increase was found to be sensitive to cycloheximide presented at the time of removal of exogenous lipids, but was not sensitive to cycloheximide added six hours after removal of lipids. It was concluded that the adaptive increase in fatty acid synthesis represents a case of enzyme induction. The effect of x-rays on this process was studied. It was found that induction was inhibited to a greater extent than total protein synthesis. Factors of potential importance to such an effect are discussed.
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  • 195
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    Journal of Cellular Physiology 76 (1970), S. 1-2 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 196
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    Journal of Cellular Physiology 76 (1970), S. 17-22 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The latency of both acid phosphatase and ribonuclease was studied throughout the growth cycle of the ciliate protozoan Tetrahymena pyriformis and was found to be remarkably low in cells in the logarithmic phase of growth. The latency increased progressively throughout the log phase until it reached a maximum just after the cells had entered the stationary phase.The specific activity of acid phosphatase remained constant throughout the whole of the growth cycle while that of ribonuclease decreased as the cells began to leave log phase.The possibility is discussed that all rapidly dividing cells have a high proportion of their acid hydrolases outside the lysosomes and that these free hydrolases may have a function in cell division.
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  • 197
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    Notes: An analysis was made of some of the processes involved in the stimulation by colony stimulating factor (CSF) of cluster and colony formation by mouse bone marrow cells in agar cultures in vitro. Colony formation was shown to be related to the concentration and not the total amount of CSF. The concentration of CSF determined the rate of new cluster initiation in cultures and the rate of growth of individual clusters. Colony growth depleted the medium of CSF suggesting that colony cells may utilise CSF during proliferation. Bone marrow cells incubated in agar in the absence of CSF rapidly died or lost their capacity to proliferate and form clusters or colonies. CSF appears (a) to be necessary for survival of cluster-and colony-forming cells or for survival of their proliferative potential, (b) to shorten the lag period before individual cells commence proliferation and (c) to increase the growth rate of individual clusters and colonies.
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  • 198
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    Notes: The variations in the distribution of hemopoietic stem cells in fetal tissues are concomitant with changes in the electrophoretic pattern of hemoglobin. The data presented here are consistent with the hypothesis that the embryonic stem cells can be transformed into adult stem cells in the liver of 15 to 16 days old fetuses.
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  • 199
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    Journal of Cellular Physiology 76 (1970), S. 175-184 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A limited time of contact with a conditioned medium from embryo cells induced phagocytotic activity in a cell line of myeloid leukemia followed by the loss of colony forming and leukemogenic capacity. After two days in a high concentration of the conditioned medium, the colonies showed morphological changes which indicated the differentiation of this line of cells. The differentiation-stimulating factor present in the conditioned medium was relatively thermolabile, while the growth-stimulating factor was highly thermostable. Both factors could pass through a dialysis membrane.
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  • 200
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    Journal of Cellular Physiology 76 (1970), S. 191-196 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Prior to completion of aggregation and the beginning of multicellular differentiation, the amoebae of Dictyostelium discoideum assume two distinct phases with characteristic changes in cellular movement, shape and adhesiveness. These two phases of amoeboid behaviour have been studied with respect to the quantitative analysis of the intracellular adenosine phosphates, using both enzymatic and chromatographic techniques. A higher intracellular ATP level and energy-charge has been found for the actively moving, non-adhesive amoebae as compared to the flattened, mutually adhesive cells. The importance and possible role of ATP in regulating amoeboid form, movement and cell adhesion is discussed.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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