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  • 1990-1994
  • 1985-1989  (1,448)
  • 1986  (1,448)
  • General Chemistry  (912)
  • Engineering General  (497)
  • Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
Material
Years
  • 1990-1994
  • 1985-1989  (1,448)
Year
  • 1
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 3 (1986), S. 43-43 
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 3 (1986), S. 68-73 
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An optical particle counting system has been developed for testing industrial pulse-cleaned cartridge dust collectors. The system is applied to measure fractional penetration of a full scale dust collector and to study its short term and long term dynamic behavior. Results show collector efficiencies for dust loadings of 23 g/m3 exceeding 99.999% over the particle size range from 0.5 μm to 10 μm, with a minimum fractional penetration occurring at approximately 2 μm.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 3 (1986) 
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 3 (1986), S. 96-98 
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 3 (1986), S. 136-141 
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: With the three-plate-capacitor method, as described previously by the author, reactions and heating processes in freely suspended particles (diameter 5-50 μm) were investigated by using the diffraction pattern of a laser beam. Change of weight can be registered, during operation, by the a. c. and d. c. voltage connected to a capacitor. This device enables information to be obtained, from inside the droplets, on the gradient of density or the precipitation of small particles and on the formation and solution process of a crystal nucleus in anorganic and low molecular organic substances. The behaviour of high polymer materials was studied during heating in the central region ca. 4 μm of the droplet.The diffraction patterns are similar to those of crystals (micells), but they do not show any crystal nucleus in the center. The application of heat, up to the softening point, gradually diffuses this cell arrangement. Such phenomena have not previously been studied within a droplet.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 3 (1986), S. 99-103 
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The investigations of single and combined properties of particles or of particulate matter still belongs to the most important areas of present research and practical applications of Particle Characterization. Methods to measure single particle properties, as for instance particle size, shape, composition and velocity, are of much higher sophistication than before and they still aim at improved accuracy and higher resolution. There still is a considerable lack of understanding, and lack of theoretical interpretation and of experimental evidence of the differences seen in the correlation of different equivalent diameters, obtained when analysing the same irregularly shaped particle, or a distribution of particles, using different physical principles. Furthermore, there still is a lack of understanding of the influence of shape on the results obtained with optical methods using diffraction, light scattering etc., thus asking for more information with respect to the transferability of results from one physical principle to another. The measurement of combined particle properties comprises the simultaneous measurement of, for instance, size, velocity and concentration, which is of particular importance in the comprehensive description of multiphase flow systems. Those instruments which are in working order are highly complicated, not easy to use and to handle and they are in most cases special adaptations for a limited range of the variables to be analysed. There is also growing interest in the evaluation of socalled property functions. Particle Characterization will remain for quite a number of years just as exciting as it has been in the past. If industrial demand enforces the use of on-line instrumentation it might even become more interesting.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 3 (1986), S. 129-135 
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In the field of material science, especially for polydisperse materials, many questions arise which cannot be answered sufficiently and precisely without information which represents the random character of the structure in space. Computer simulation is here an effective tool used to create random arrangements of particles which may be regarded as a realistic representation of the underlying material. Of course, the presumption that the shape of each particle is a sphere is an idealization which is a certain handicap in modeling all the possible system properties. Nevertheless, it can be demonstrated that, by having an adequate subroutine, many phenomena which are influenced by the local topology of the particles and their interaction forces can be studied in more detail.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 3 (1986), S. 145-150 
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Miniaturized sieves (1/2 inch diameter) can be mounted in a spinning riffler system to obtain small representative powder samples which eventually can be sieved in situ without removing the miniature sieves from the riffler system. By mounting several different aperture sieves around the riffler a confederation of miniature sieves could replace nest sieving. The sieving surface for these new sieves is so small compared to that of the traditional eight inch sieve that one could consider using the more expensive electroformed sieving surfaces for all test sieves in the quality control laboratory.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 3 (1986), S. 168-173 
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Loosened bulk materials occur, for example, during grinding in a tube mill. Thus, a rheological study of bulk granular materials which are loosened by fluidisation should lead to a better characterization of the flow and conveying properties of the material when ground in the mill.For this measurement of fluidised bulk materials an agitating device and a rotary viscosimeter have been developed, designed and tested.First results are presented and discussed showing the fluidisation behaviour and density of the bulk material as a function of grain size as well as the flow properties as a function of the grain size and degree of fluidisation.Finally, a projection of further research work is given.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 3 (1986), S. 14-19 
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This study deals with measurements of the drop-size distributions of different types of fan spray atomisers using a scattered-light particle size counting analyser. The drop-size distributions were determined at various locations in the spray cone. These local distributions change systematically from the fan's axis to its border. Superimposing these local distributions, adequately weighted, one acquires the entire distribution of all the drops. A comparison of the experimental results is made with those yielded by mathematical equations.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 3 (1986), S. 1-7 
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The performance of a narrow-angle and a wide-angle, forward scattering laser aerosol spectrometer has been studied as a function of particle size and refractive index. The results have been compared with theoretical calculations based on light scattering theory. The results indicate that for the narrow-angle instrument, the scattered-light intensity is not a monotonic function of particle size for transparent particles (a monotonic relationship is required for unambiguous particle size measurement) above 0.7 μm. The instrument is therefore limited in its useful range to size distribution measurement between 0.2 μm - its lower particle size limit - and 0.7 μm for transparent particles. In the case of the wide-angle instrument, the instrument output is a monotonic function of particle size for transparent particles, but the output is severely attenuated for light absorbing particles above 0.3 μm. The instrument, therefore, cannot be used for accurate size measurements above 0.3 μm for light absorbing particles.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 3 (1986), S. 20-25 
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Starting from Wheeler's composite theory, which takes both the multilayer adsorption and the capillary condensation into consideration, and assuming the equivalent cylindrical model, we have deduced a strict and relatively simpler formula for the calculation of pore size distribution by solving the integral equation directly. The formula is more convenient for application because of its recursion form. Following the same line of reasoning and using the mean value theorem of definite integrals under different conditions, we have unified the equations of Barrett-Joyner-Halenda, Dubinin, Cranston-Inkley, Dollimore-Heal and Roberts. A table of parameters which is required in the calculation is given. Besides the adsorption of nitrogen, the adsorption with water vapor as the adsorbate is investigated and the corresponding empirical equation of adsorption thickness is given.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 3 (1986) 
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 15
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    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 3 (1986), S. 63-67 
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Locked particles are defined as those comminuted or particles which contain both gangue and target material. By considering the shape of the comminuted particles and assuming their random distribution in the ore body prior to comminution, it is possible to derive locking profiles which give the frequency of occurrence of particles which have a given fraction of their volume occupied by target material. For most particle shapes (spheres, angular particles, angular plates and rods) the locking profile is a deep U-shaped curve. This suggests that few particles by number contain about 50% target material while a far greater number contain either very little or very much target material. Such a conclusion is important in planning separation processes for locked particles in the mineral industry.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 16
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 3 (1986), S. 56-62 
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Latices of 2, 4 and 9 μm diameter intended for use a particle standard have been examined under a variety of storage and handling conditions. The effects of light exposure, temperature variation and storage in isotonic saline were studied as well as the handling conditions, such as multiple sampling, dispersion technique and effects of foaming. Particle sizes and particle number densities were remarkably constant, even under the most extreme conditions investigated.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 17
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 3 (1986), S. 89-95 
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Samples of pulverised fuel ash (PFA) obtained both from power stations and from laboratory combustion experiments have been examined by SIMS (secondary ion mass spectrometry) and XPS (x-ray photo-electron spectroscopy).The elemental analysis is at present semi-quantitative and indicates presence of sulphur mainly as sulphate ion in the outer surface layer (5-10 nm) of some samples. Other elements, notably Mg, Fe, K and Ti appear at higher concentrations, up to ∼ 10% once the outer 10-20 nm surface layers have been removed by ion etching.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
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  • 18
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 3 (1986), S. 81-88 
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The modelless (ML) and micropore (MP) methods for the pore structure analysis of porous particles have been studied. Concerning the ML method, it has been shown that the Kiselev equation can only be used to describe condensation and evaporation in capillaries, but cannot be used to describe the increase and decrease of the thickness of the adsorption layer. Strictly speaking, therefore, the ML method is not modelless even for the pore core size distribution. A comparison between the ML method and methods using an equivalent pore model is given. The results of using the ML method in conjunction with a certain pore model are little less accurate than those obtained by adopting the equivalent pore model straightaway. The parameters required for the calculation of both the pore core size and the pore size distribution as well as the conversion between these two calculations are given.Concerning the MP method, it has been shown that the three types of v-t curves, the theoretical foundation of the MP method, are not in one to one correspondance to the three kinds of adsorption mechanism. From the viewpoint of accuracy, the MP method has no advantage over the methods which are based on the condensation mechanism, both have their own merits.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 19
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 3 (1986), S. 111-116 
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The performance of a Po-210 radioactive ionizer for aerosol charge neutralization and bipolar charging has been evaluated. Monodisperse neutral and singly charged aerosols have been passed through the ionizer and their approach to the steady-state Boltzmann charge measured by measuring the fraction of particles that are electrically charged. The result shows that an Nt of approximately 2.5 × 105 cm-3 s is needed for the development of a steady-state charge fraction equal to that given by the Boltzmann' s law where N is the ion concentration and t is the residence time of the aerosol in the neutralizer. In addition, the performance of the ionizer for particle charge neutralization in a vibrating-orifice aerosol generator has been evaluated and the result shows that the source is less effective for this application and the residual charge on the particles is considerably higher than that given by the Boltzmann's law.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 20
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 3 (1986), S. 142-143 
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 3 (1986) 
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 22
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 3 (1986), S. 32-39 
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Within grinding machines the load acting on the particles and the loading rate are widely distributed. According to studies on the breakage mechanism of brittle materials, the mechanical properties which relate to breakage vary with the loading rate. In order to elucidate the grinding mechanism within the grinding machines, it is necessary to obtain the relationships between these properties and loading rate.In this study, the variation of strength, fracture energy, new surface area produced by fracture and fracture energy with the loading rate (ranging from 10-1 to 109 N/s) was investigated by means of compression tests on a large number of spherical specimens. As a result, a singularity of crushing behavior was observed under an impact loading corresponding to a duration of time of loading the same as the natural period of the spherical specimen. The crushing efficiency is especially at its maximum.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 23
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 3 (1986), S. 26-31 
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Particle size enlargement operations often involve the use of a liquid to improve powder cohesiveness. Capillary suction and surface tension forces acting through liquid menisci between particles are the primary source of the cohesive bonding. The strength of these forces, and consequently the strength of the wet agglomerate, is dependent upon the total liquid content, its distribution within the agglomerate, and the powder wettability (characterized by the liquid surface tension and powder/liquid contact angle).The tensile strength of powder compacts containing submicron carbon black particles has been measured as a function of saturation level for several liquids. It is found that the compact strength increases with increasing surface tension for liquids that exhibit a zero contact angle. Above the critical surface tension for wetting a more complicated situation exists where both the surface tension and contact angle are important.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 24
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 3 (1986), S. 45-55 
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The electric resistance pulse or electric sens Xing zone method, primarily invented by W. H. Coulter, is well suited for volume measurements of biological cells and other particles.This review summarizes the methodological investigations at the Max-Planck-Institut für Biochemie into the Coulter method, particularly for measuring biological cells.The distribution of the electric field in Coulter orifices was measured in enlarged model orifices and, additionally, calculated by computer programs. It is shown that the local resistance pulse height depends on the square of the local electrical field-strength and that the particle path in the orifice influences the measured pulse heights and the orientation and deformation of particles.A new transducer system is explained which uses hydrodynamic focusing and allows short time kinetic measurements. It is equipped with a calibrator system which serves also as general control unit.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
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  • 25
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 3 (1986), S. 117-121 
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper describes an experimental investigation of the charge acquired by a single polymer particle when striking a plate. The particle was projected from a pneumatic gun with variable velocity and angle of impact. The deflected particle was then captured in a Faraday cup and the net acquired charge so measured. The measurements of charge are related, particularly, to the initial potential of the surfaces and to their work functions.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 26
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 3 (1986) 
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 27
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The determination of the particle size distribution of a powder may last up to 14 hours with standard sedimentation techniques such as an Andreasen pipette.If, in a photosedimentometer, not only the one sensor close to the bottom is incorporated but a number of sensors positioned at different heights, the time required for determining the particle size distribution of a powder may be reduced to 15 minutes. For each sensor there is an optimum location, which is determined both by the distance from the surface to the lowest and the highest sensor and by the number of sensors.The instrument, equipped with three measuring sensors and a reference sensor is connected to a personal computer. The measured particle size distributions are reproducable with a standard deviation of less than 2%. Agreement with a Sedigraph or a sedimentation balance is about the same as the agreement of these two instruments with each other.The time required for the determination of a particle size distribution of a quartz powder suspended in water with particle diameters from 1.5 to 60 μ is 15 minutes.
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  • 28
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 3 (1986), S. 179-186 
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Particle size and aspect ratio are amongst the most important parameters which determine the application properties of pigments, fillers and powders for ceramics. A statistical characterization of the samples is therefore needed. In this paper we discuss the measurement of bivariate size distributions of organic pigments and describe a correction procedure for particles with interchanged crystallographic axes. During the crystallization of a pigment, the larger aspect ratios usually result from faster growth rates.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 29
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 3 (1986), S. 8-13 
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Cascade impactors are still the most suitable devices with which to measure fine droplet mists in gas ducts. This report describes the measurement technique and underlying principles. It is based largely on experience gained with a type of impactor that has been specially developed for droplet measurements, and also on applications of impactors in the chemical industry. Most of the measurement work has been undertaken in connection with environmental protection. The cascade impactor gives the mass-related droplet size distributions and concentrations within a range extending from about 0.2 to 10 microns. Larger droplets are collected quantitatively in the sampling probe, which serves as a precollector.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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  • 30
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    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 3 (1986), S. 40-42 
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Two types of asbestos fiber, chrysotile and amosite, form filter cakes of different permeabilities while having a similar degree of dispersion.The filter cake resistance depends on the disperse phase characteristics and the conditions of cake formation. The main reason for the effects mentioned is different particle flexibility influenced by the specific structure of each type of asbestos particle.The flexible chrysotile fibers in the cake form dense and rigid, amosite, porous deposits. An increase in the velocity of the suspended chrysotile particles, caused by pressure difference and agitation, results in significant differences in filter cake resistance.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 31
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 32
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 3 (1986), S. 74-80 
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Particle penetrations through commercially available, electrically charged fibrous filters have been measured. The particles were monodisperse and in charge equilibrium. Tests were conducted for several particle sizes in the range 0.02 μm ≤ x ≤ 1 μm. The face velocity was varied in the range of 2 cm/s to 30 cm/s. The penetration has a bimodal dependence on particle size. This behaviour is not found for uncharged filters. The reduction in penetration and bimodal dependence is attributed to electrical collection effects. As the face velocity is increased, the electrostatic collection effects are significantly reduced. The results agree quantitatively with a model for particle penetration through charged fibrous filters recently presented in the literature by the authors.
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  • 33
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    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 3 (1986), S. 122-128 
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The mathematical treatments used in the evaluation of particle size distribution from pipet-withdrawal centrifuge data are reviewed. An error in the published procedure for multiple-sample withdrawal systems is pointed out and a corrected formulation is presented. An alternative treatment, based on a piece-wise linearization of the size distribution is described. Computer simulations of the analytical and data evaluation procedures indicate that the errors in the original formulation are not generally serious and that the corrected and alternative procedures lead to very similar estimates. Except for some cases involving very narrow size distributions, the alternative approach appears to give slightly closer estimates of the size distribution. Comparisons based on actual experimental data are also described.
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  • 34
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    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 3 (1986), S. 104-110 
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A procedure for estimating the effectiveness of algorithms which retrieve size distribution parameters from cumulative fractions or moments is described. The principle of the algorithm is to select moments, or cumulative fractions, which minimize the condition number. Extensive tests of the algorithm for a distribution consisting of the sum of two log normal distributions were carried out. This procedure can be easily extended to use different numbers and types of constituent functions. The simulations indicated that moment methods which include positive and negative moments give the best result. When the means of the constituent distribution are close, the large condition numbers indicate that no algorithm will give unambiguous values for the parameters.
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  • 35
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 3 (1986), S. 163-167 
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Knowledge of the granulometric behaviour of dispersed systems is vital for a full and complete characterisation. Despite the variety of methods and devices which have been developed for this purpose, difficulties frequently arise in the practical determination of particle size distribution. In this paper it is shown, by means of examples, how measurements for surface modified and porous particles can be influenced by the behaviour of the material, and which approaches exist to obtain accurate values by taking this into account.
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  • 36
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    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 3 (1986), S. 174-178 
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper reviews the development of a new annular shear cell for the characterisation of aerated powders. The cell enables the measurement of the transmitted shear stress at degrees of aeration below fluidisation. Results are presented for three powders, Alumina, Phosphate Rock and Sodium Carbonate. These show a large reduction in shear stress for small quantities of air entrainment and a transition from normal coulomb-solid flow to liquid-type flow at high shear rates. This characterisation enables an explanation of the flooding phenomena experienced in powder handling processes.
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  • 37
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    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 3 (1986), S. 144-144 
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 38
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    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 3 (1986), S. 151-157 
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The commercial forward light scattering equipment, Malvern analyser was used to determine the size distribution of two crystalline powders in the micron range dispersed in aqueous suspensions. The powders used represent two different forms of a micro-porous crystalline adsorbent, silicalite [1]. Previous work by the authors [2], has established the partially absorbing nature of the silicalite crystals at visible wavelengths of the incident light. The theoretical analysis indicates that it is possible to obtain quite accurate size distributions in the (1-10 μm) size range providing measured values of the relative refractive index and the coefficient of absorptivity of the particles are used in the calculations. The present work illustrates the consistency with which the light scattering equipment can respond to changes in the measured size distributions as a function of a number of process parameters such as the solids loading in suspension, the period of agitation, and the intensity of agitation.
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  • 39
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Now fifteen years ago, Small and co-workers [1, 2], introduced Hydrodynamic Chromatography (HDC) as a simple method for the sizing of submicron particles. The particles are fractionated when flowing through a packed column of uniform impermeable beads and emerge in order of decreasing diameter. Noel et al. [4] and Mullins and Orr [3] reported a variant of the technique using a long open capillary tube which has been called Capillary Hydrodynamic Chromatography (CHDC).Recently Brough et al. [5] were able to expand the size range of CHDC down to particle diameters of 0.07 μm and showed that the technique is also able to achieve fractionation in organic solvents.In an attempt to obtain the same particle size analysis range with CHDC as with the recently commercialised HDC (Micromeritics), we investigated the CHDC performance in very small capillaries (0.1 and 0.15 mm). The emphasis of the study has been led on the nature and the concentration of the eluent composition. Indeed an effective reduction in capillary diameter can be obtained if one uses a commercial block copolymer as eluent material. Adsorption of the block copolymer both on the capillary wall and the particles gives rise to a sterical barrier which reduces further the effective capillary diameter and enhances the resolution of the column towards smaller particle sizes.In our view CHDC represents more possibilities in analysing real particle systems, i. e. dispersions with relatively high polymer or polyelectrolyte concentrations. For such systems classical HDC results mostly in the clogging of the column. A series of dispersions and emulsions in concentrated gelatine have been analysed and the P. S. are compared with the results obtained by LCS.
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  • 40
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 22 (1986), S. 11-16 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A somewhat unconventional, yet simple, derivation of the assumed stress hybrid formulation is presented in which its relationship with displacement and stress-based finite element models is demonstrated. This gives insight into the hybrid method and shows that it represents a least energy fit of an equilibrium stress field to a displacement model strain field. By this means the attributes of both fields may be exploited in extending the analysis scope of hybrid models.
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  • 41
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 22 (1986), S. 73-92 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A new nine node degenerated shell element is presented in this paper. In the formulation of the new element, an enhanced interpolation of the transverse shear strains in the natural co-ordinate system is used to overcome the shear locking problem, and an enhanced interpolation of the membrane strains in the local Cartesian co-ordinate system is applied to avoid membrane locking behaviour. It is shown that the resulting element has the requisite number of zero eigenvalues and associated rigid body modes. The element does not exhibit membrane or shear locking for large span/thickness ratios. To illustrate the good performance of the new element some examples are presented including comparisons with the behaviour of the selectively integrated Lagrangian degenerated shell elements.
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  • 42
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 22 (1986), S. 117-132 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The debate on the performance of Lagrangian and Serendipity elements in Mindlin's plate theory has been going on for quite some time. Limited published results for static and vibration analysis based on exact integration demonstrated a drastic deterioration in accuracy as the thickness of the plate decreases, and reduced/selective integration schemes have been suggested to improve their performance. Appreciable improvement for Lagrangian elements has been recorded, but it is only marginal for the Serendipity elements. On the strength of such observations one would then be tempted to rule out the exact integration schemes and Serendipity elements.In this paper, the above problem is reviewed for stability analysis of plates. Two elements are chosen from each family, one representing the higher order and the other the lower order element. Contrary to published results, all elements can attain very accurate solutions independent of the integration schemes for a sufficiently restrained plate, although in general the Serendipity elements will require a more refined mesh than the Lagrangian ones. However, for loosely restrained plates, the solution failed when integration is performed by reduced/selective schemes. The failure marks the limitation of the reduced/selective schemes which have somehow introduced spurious modes into the system, but on the other hand it is ironical that these spurious modes in fact contribute to the improvement of performance of the restrained cases. Therefore, one can equally improve the Serendipity elements by a selective scheme which can introduce additional zero modes. A scheme based on (5 × 5) integration points for flexural stiffness and (3 × 3) integration points for shear stiffness improved the 17SE (Serendipity elements) remarkably. However, because of the lack of bounds in most cases, the use of reduced/selected schemes is still not recommended. Finally, this paper also proposed an approximate formulation of the geometric stiffness matrices to replace the full formulation. Such an approximate formulation reduces the number of variables considerably in the eigenvalue search and can still give reasonably accurate results for thin plates with a/t 〉 15.
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  • 43
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 22 (1986), S. 189-208 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper considers a layered thick shell finite element procedure for determining the dynamic transient nonlinear response of plates and shells. The degenerated three-dimensional isoparametric shell element with independent rotational and translational degrees-of-freedom is employed and a layered formulation is adopted to represent the steel reinforcement and to simulate progressive concrete cracking through the thickness. The dynamic yielding function is assumed to be a function of the current strain rate, in addition to being total plastic strain or work dependent. The concrete model also simulates both compressive crushing and tensile cracking behaviours and an implicit Newmark algorithm is employed for time integration of the equations of motion. Several numerical examples are presented for both slab and shell structures and the results obtained compared with those from other sources wherever available.
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  • 44
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 22 (1986), S. 241-248 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Superproblems in finite elements require either general-purpose or special-purpose computing machines whose capabilities are very much greater than those currently existing. The advantage of the latter type of machine is that it can be highly optimized for the particular class of problem for which it is designed and can, in principle, for a given generation of hardware, be designed to operate at a higher speed than a corresponding general-purpose computer. The Parallel Finite Element Machine (PARFEM) investigated at the University of Calgary has an architecture based on the finite element computational algorithms and employs a combination of parallel and vector processing. The overall architecture and program structure is described and the major design considerations outlined.
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  • 45
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 22 (1986), S. i 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 46
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 22 (1986), S. 377-394 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: An inverse inviscid-boundary-layer interaction scheme is presented for the optimal design of axisymmetric ducts for subsonic, rotational flows. Distribution of the shape factor H on the duct wall, giving minimum total pressure loss and maximum static pressure rise, is used as boundary condition for the inverse integral boundary-layer solution, to obtain the velocity and displacement thickness distributions on the wall. Vector addition of the inviscid core radius, derived from the solution of the inverse inviscid flow equations, and the displacement thickness produces the desired duct shape.
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  • 47
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 22 (1986), S. 433-450 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The purpose of this paper is to outline the optimization-system development at NLR. The paper starts with a discussion of the potential of mathematical optimization techniques in aeronautical engineering. Subsequently, the main requirements to be met by a general-purpose optimization system are given. Following this, the implementation at NLR is described, and some examples of applications are presented to illustrate the optimization capabilities.
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  • 48
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 22 (1986), S. 637-647 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: We present a new finite element analysis of the linear dynamic responses of a slender fluid-structure system, namely the elasto-acoustic beam, neglecting flow and viscosity effects. Using one unknown field in the fluid, namely the ‘mass-flow’ corresponding to a cross-section mean value of the longitudinal displacement field component, an original symmetric formulation is derived which does not exhibit the usual spurious modes associated with the irrotationality constraint occurring in displacements formulations of fluid-structure problems.
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  • 49
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: We briefly discuss the requirements on general shell elements for linear and nonlinear analysis in practical engineering environments, and present our approach to meet these needs. We summarize and give further insight into our formulation of a 4-node shell element using a mixed interpolation of tensorial components, and present a new 8-node element using this approach. Specific attention is given to the general applicability of the elements and their efficient use in practice.
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  • 50
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 22 (1986), S. 751-767 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Snap-through and snap-back responses are usually associated with the buckling of shells. However, it is shown in this paper that they can also be expected with the cracking of concrete structures. It is also demonstrated that, for such structures, the common use of 2 × 2 Gaussian integration with the 8-noded isoparametric element can lead to spurious responses associated with ‘truncated hour-glass modes’.
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  • 51
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 22 (1986), S. 769-788 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Numerical techniques applied to the consistent formulation of plasticity, which is based on convex analysis, are investigated. For each time step the stress is found as the projection in complementary energy of the elastic stress onto the set of plastically admissible stresses, while the velocity field is the extremal of a non-quadratic functional. Explicit formulas for von Mises' yield criterion with mixed hardening are developed and the nonlinear equations arising from finite element discretization are solved, for comparison, by a number of Newton-type iteration procedures with line search and are-length control. A few numerical examples with proportional and non-proportional loading are analyzed.
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  • 52
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 23 (1986), S. 471-493 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Modal synthesis is a method of formulating the equations of motion for complex vibratory systems. This approach has many advantages in modelling systems that consist of an assembly of linear dynamic elements whose modal characteristics are given. Presented in the paper is a procedure for synthesizing linear dynamic models into one dynamic description in a numerically stable way. This task is achieved by an orthogonal co-ordinate transformation replacing the matrix inversions required when other procedures are used. The modal synthesis approach is formulated as a problem of finding the equations of motion for a linear system subject to a set of linear constraints. The numerical procedure to generate the equations of motion in terms of independent co-ordinates is presented. The paper concludes with several examples that demonstrate the properties of the proposed method and its application to the modelling of vibratory systems.
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  • 53
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 23 (1986), S. 525-532 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A new simpler solution procedure is presented for the finite element analysis of creep problems. The creep strains are eliminated as computation variables. At each time step, a system is solved for the stresses and velocities alone.
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  • 54
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 23 (1986), S. 555-578 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A hybrid-stress formulation of isoparametric elements for the analysis of thin multilayer laminated composite plates is presented. The element displacement behaviour is characterized by laminate reference surface inplane and transverse displacements and laminate non-normal cross-section rotations; as a result, simple Co interpolation of displacement and rotation can be used, and the number of degrees-of-freedom is independent of the number of layers. All components of stress are included and are related to a set of laminate stress parameters, the number of which is independent of the number of layers. Attention is restricted here to thin laminates, for which it is shown that the contributions of transverse shear stress and transverse normal stress to the internal complementary energy can be neglected. As a result of this reduction, a modified stiffness-formation algorithm can be used which provides a significant improvement in computational efficiency. The formulation presented is used to develop an 8-node isoparametric thin multilayer plate element. The resulting element is naturally invariant, of correct rank, and non-locking in the thin plate limit.
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  • 55
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 23 (1986), S. 725-730 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 56
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 23 (1986), S. 133-154 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The kinematics of degenerated finite elements using explicit integration are investigated, in particular for geometric nonlinear applications. Two representations of the nodal rotational degrees-of-freedom are investigated; the first adopts the infinitesimal representation of rotations, while the second uses a valid large rotation representation. A method of explicit integration is presented which satisfies rigid body rotations under arbitrary large rotations. The accuracy and convergence of these formulations are investigated.
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  • 57
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 23 (1986), S. 169-169 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 58
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 23 (1986), S. 919-928 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The boundary integro-differential equation method is illustrated by two numerical examples concerning the study of the dynamic stress intensity factor around a penny-shaped crack in an infinite elastic body. Harmonic and impact load on the crack surface has been considered. Applying the Laplace transform with respect to time to the governing equations of motion the problem is solved in the transformed domain by the boundary integro-differential equations. The Laplace transformed general transient problem can be used to solve the steady-state problem as a special case where no numerical inversion is involved.
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  • 59
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 23 (1986), S. 331-348 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Mesh grading of finite element meshes is greatly simplified by allowing two or more finer elements to abut the entire straight or curved edge of a neighbouring coarser element. This paper proposes the technique by which it can be achieved while maintaining inter-element compatibility by introducing modified shape functions. The concepts and potential advantages of this technique are described in detail for two-dimensional isoparametric quadrilateral elements, although the same procedure can also be applied to other element types including three-dimensional. Implementation of this technique to existing finite element programs requires only minimal modifications. Finally, numerical examples are presented to illustrate the application of the mesh grading technique to several wave propagation problems.
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  • 60
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 23 (1986), S. i 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 23 (1986), S. 367-384 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: To develop geometrically nonlinear, doubly curved finite shell elements the basic equations of nonlinear shell theories have to be transferred into the finite element model. As these equations in general are written in tensor notation, their implementation into the finite element matrix formulation requires considerable effort. The present paper will demonstrate how to derive the nonlinear element matrices directly from the incrementally formulated nonlinear shell equations using a tensor-oriented procedure. This enables the numerical realization of all structural responses, e.g. the calculation of pre- and post-buckling branches in snap-through analysis and especially in bifurcation analysis, including the detection of critical points and the consideration of geometric imperfections. To avoid loss of accuracy care is taken for a realistic computation of the geometric properties as well as of the external loads. Finally, the developed family of shell elements will be presented and its efficiency will be demonstrated by some applications to linear and geometrically nonlinear structural phenomena.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 23 (1986), S. 439-452 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Part 1 of this paper reports on the formulation of an advanced boundary - integral equation model for fracture mechanics analysis of cracked plates, subject to elastoplastic behaviour or other, related body force problems. The basis of this formulation contrasts with other BIE elastoplastic formulations in the use of the Green's function for an infinite plane containing a stress free crack. This Green's function formulation assures that the total elastic strain field for the crack problem is accurately imbedded in the numerical model. The second part of this paper reports on the numerical implementation of this algorithm, as currently developed. The anelastic strain field (residual strains, thermal strains, plastic strains, etc.) is approximated as piecewise constant, while the boundary data is modelled with linear interpolations. An iteration solution scheme is adopted which eliminates the need for recalculation of the BIE matrices. The stability and accuracy of the algorithm are demonstrated for an uncracked, notch geometry, and comparison to finite element results is made for the centre-cracked panel. The data shows that even the crude plastic strain model applied is capable of excellent resolution of crack tip plastic behaviour.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 23 (1986), S. 1196-1197 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 23 (1986), S. 1201-1216 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Magnetoelastic buckling of a ferromagnetic beam-plate has been experimentally and theoretically studied by many investigators. A great discrepancy between the experimental results and the theoretical predictions has stimulated related studies. It has been supposed that the discrepancy could be attributed to the finite size of the test piece; this case has not yet been solved exactly, or even numerically.In this study the boundary element method is applied to solve for the magnetic field distribution around the finite specimen.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 23 (1986), S. 1145-1159 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: In this paper, the formulation of six-point and nine-point finite element equations for the solution of the diffusion-convection equation is presented. The six-point equation requires the solution of a tridiagonal system of equations and the nine-point centred equation is treated as a solution of a boundary value problem which leads to a large linear system of equations.Some numerical experiments are presented and the comparison with existing methods is included.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 23 (1986), S. 1195-1196 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 23 (1986), S. 1313-1328 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Early attempts to derive curved beam and shell elements in a curvilinear system were dramatically unsuccessful. This was wrongly attributed to the failure of these elements to recover strain-free rigid body displacement modes in a curvilinear co-ordinate description. Recent evidence points to a ‘membrane locking’ phenomenon that arises when constrained strain fields corresponding to inextensional bending are not ‘consistently’ recovered. This accounts for, more completely and precisely, the failure of such elements.In this paper, a simple linear two-noded C0 continuous thick curved beam element based on a curvilinear deep shell theory is derived free from shear and membrane locking. Lack of consistency in the shear and membrane strain-field interpolations in their constrained physical limits (Kirchhoff and inextensional bending limits, respectively) causes very poor convergence due to locking and severe spurious oscillations in stress predictions. Error estimates for these are made and verified. Field-consistent strain interpolations remove these errors and produce the most efficient linear element possible.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 23 (1986), S. 1355-1366 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A method is described for including the effect of shear deformations in existing thin plate finite elements, and thereby extending their range of application to include moderately thick plates. The method does not add extra degrees of freedom to the final element, so the thick and thin plate elements can be used interchangeably, and the thick plate solution is not appreciably more expensive than the thin plate solution.It is assumed that the shear deformations are constant over the element and, to account for this, two extra internal shear strain variables are added to the element. Various methods for eliminating these internal variables are examined but it is shown to be impossible to simultaneously satisfy both the constant bending moment and constant shear patch tests, except for parallelograms. However, one method gives elements which pass the constant shear patch test and, although failing the constant bending moment patch test for arbitrary geometries, gives errors which are small enough to be neglected in most engineering applications.This method has been applied to a triangular plate element and it is shown that the results obtained with this element converge (for all practical purposes) to the correct thick plate results.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 23 (1986), S. 1393-1393 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 23 (1986), S. 2167-2168 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 23 (1986), S. 2169-2169 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 23 (1986), S. 2173-2175 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 23 (1986), S. 2177-2186 
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    Notes: The odd - even permutation and associated unitary transformations for reordering the matrix coefficient A is employed as a means of breaking the strong seriality which is characteristic of closely coupled systems. The nested dissection technique is also reviewed, and the equivalence between reordering A and dissecting its network is established. The effect of transforming A with odd - even permutation on its topology and the topology of its Cholesky factors is discussed. This leads to the construction of directed graphs showing the computational steps required for factoring A, their precedence relationships and their sequential and concurrent assignment to the available processors. Expressions for the speed-up and efficiency of using N processors in parallel relative to the sequential use of a single processor are derived from the directed graph. Similar expressions are also derived when the number of available processors is fewer than required.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 23 (1986), S. 2263-2275 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A simple technique for time and space adaptation in one-dimensional evolutionary partial differential equations, suggested by Sanz-Serna and Christie,1 is tested. It is found that the equidistribution of hi2u″(xi) greatly improves on the equidistribution of arc-length used by those authors. The time-step control is found to perform poorly in the integration of rough solutions and the reasons for this behaviour are analysed.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 23 (1986), S. 1873-1883 
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    Notes: This paper presents a simple extension of the patch test to mixed formulations to provide the necessary and sufficient conditions for convergence. The general algebraic conditions of Babuska and Brezzi are given a simple form and a conceptual application of the patch tests serves to point out the instability of several well known formulations for incompressible problems. The test is also applied to mixed displacement - strain formulations of elasticity, and limiting formulations are noted.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 23 (1986), S. 1959-1967 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 23 (1986) 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 23 (1986), S. 2313-2324 
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    Notes: A modification of the dynamic relaxation method is proposed which facilitates static analysis of non-linear problems. Continuous loading in time is adopted instead of the ordinary step function of time. Inertia and damping forces arising during the loading process are kept at a minimum using an optimum load time history. This results from the stationary condition of an appropriate functional. The equation of motion is included as a subsidiary condition. Continuous load - deflection curves can be obtained. An incremental solution is avoided. Application of the method is extremely simple. Existing programs based on explicit time integration schemes can be easily adapted for it. Sample solutions are presented.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 23 (1986), S. 2325-2346 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The advantages in formulation and use of semi-discretized approaches to the numerical solution of initial/boundary value problems are well known. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate that it is feasible to obtain accurate results even with a coarse spatial mesh. A method is developed which produces in a simple manner matrix representations for high-order central difference operators. Dirichlet, Neumann and mixed boundary conditions are considered, both homogeneous and non-homogeneous. It is shown in all cases that, for linear problems at least, there is no need to use a finer mesh than that dictated by the essential frequency content of the initial function data.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 22 (1986) 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 22 (1986), S. 63-71 
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    Notes: The main purpose of this paper is to emphasize the necessity of convergence tests in general and the patch test in particular. Following a brief introduction, the patch test is described with examples. This, it is hoped, will help to remove any lingering misunderstanding of this very useful convergence test. Some positive contributions of the test in the formulation and improvement of elements are also discussed.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 22 (1986), S. 133-151 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The semiloof shell element is the final product of years of research by Professor Irons and his colleagues, during which period the three-dimensional quadratic displacement isoparametric elements were successively modified into Ahmad thick shells, then eventually, using discrete Kirchhoff hypotheses, into the thin semiloof shells. The retention of curved sides and midside nodes retains the familiar appearance of the two- and three-dimensional isoparametric families, which enables ease of use with existing pre- and post-processing facilities. The element has been widely adapted and used frequently for elastic analyses of wide-ranging structures. It has also been developed for nonlinear geometric and material behaviour. However, despite the unparalleled generality in performance of this element, some unresolved problem areas still exist, particularly with use of reduced integrating rules. Such problems are highlighted in the paper and rectified where possible. A variety of problems are described to illustrate the above points and other interesting features, such as the treatment of thermal loading, and to emphasize the importance of this contribution to finite element technology by Professor Irons.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 22 (1986), S. 183-188 
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    Notes: A direct weight minimization subject to compliance constraints or plastic yielding constraints leads to a non-convex variational problem. Both the theoretical and the numerical analysis are unsatisfactory: the minimum weight is not achieved by any design, and the approximate designs oscillate as the element mesh is refined. We look for equivalent ‘relaxed problems’ with the same minima. They come from allowing composite materials constructed in an optimal way from the original materials. The constructions are different for elasticity and plasticity, but surprisingly the final relaxed problems are in some cases the same.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 22 (1986), S. 229-240 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Standard finite elements yield a stress field that is discontinuous across interelement boundaries. In this paper, results given by standard finite elements are postprocessed by an efficient iterative scheme that makes use of nodal strains, finite difference operations and interpolations that augment (and may differ from) the shape functions used to generate the element stiffness matrix. Various types of interpolation are considered. Each leads to a continuous stress field that is more accurate than the unprocessed stress field.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 22 (1986), S. 307-308 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 22 (1986), S. 289-306 
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    Notes: The governing finite element system for elastic-plastic analysis of fracture specimens in three dimensions is formulated. The formulation accounts for mixed material hardening, finite strains, finite rotations and plastic incompressibility. The implementation of these aspects into a computational formula is presented and alternative formulations are compared. Small strain theory is recovered as a special case of the present formulation.Analysis is performed on a finite thickness centre-cracked specimen. The grid characteristics required for converged solutions are discussed. The effects of material hardening model and specimen thickness are studied. The local yield state is examined as a gauge of the local deformation processes. The implications for the fracture behaviour of the specimen are discussed.Local surface displacements are compared to experimentally measured yield surfaces. The formulation is shown to predict extremely accurate local deformation in the neighbourhood of the crack front. Contrary to the few three-dimensional fracture studies carried out to date, this analysis concentrates on the local deformation behaviour which ultimately controls fracture. Accurate resolution of this behaviour is essential before meaningful fracture criteria in three dimensions can be developed.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 22 (1986), S. 327-339 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: An engineering method for the design of aerofoils having a prescribed pressure distribution in subsonic or transonic flow is described. The method is based on an iterative procedure of ‘residual-correction’ type. In each iteration step, the difference between a current and a target pressure distribution (residual) is determined by a fast (multi-grid) finite-volume full-potential code. Corrections to the geometry driving the pressure residual to zero are determined by a global, inverse, thin-aerofoil theory based method for the subsonic part of the flow field, and by means of a local, inverse, wavy-wall theory based formula for the supersonic part of the flow field. The determination of the geometry correction has been formulated as a minimization problem in the sense that pressure distribution and geometry requirements may be balanced in a weighted least squares sense. The method is described briefly, including the basic mathematical/physical formulation and the main computational aspects. The capabilities of the method are illustrated by means of examples of aerofoil designs.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 22 (1986), S. 417-432 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A computation method for the inverse design of supercritical cascades is described. It yields the flow field and the cascade geometry for a prescribed velocity distribution, which may be optimized by boundary-layer calculation. Some developments of the method for convenient application and high accuracy - automatic tuning of the upstream boundary distributions, local mesh refinement with emboxed regions for high resolution of steep gradients - are shown. Comparison between calculation and experiment of the complete flow field is made for a supercritical nozzle flow, and comparison with another method for a turbine cascade. A supercritical compressor cascade and blades for a three-stage axial compressor have been designed. They produced lower losses and higher efficiency in comparison with conventional NACA blades.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 22 (1986), S. 495-496 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 22 (1986), S. 465-479 
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    Notes: A new method is developed in this paper for solving an aerodynamic hybrid problem of profile cascade on the S1 stream surface of revolution by employing a stream-function equation on the non-orthogonal co-ordinate system. For this kind of problem, the shape of a portion of the blade profile is unknown. The remainder is determined by a given prescribed velocity distribution. Three examples, including two turbine cascades and a compressor cascade, have been carried out to examine this method. It is shown that the calculation method presented herein can be used as a powerful tool, together with the aerodynamic optimization method, for blade cascade design.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 22 (1986) 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 22 (1986), S. 521-545 
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    Notes: A rate-type formulation of quasi-static boundary value problems using convected material frames is proposed and an associated method of numerical solution is derived. Two numerical problems are presented: the first deals with a significant validation example, the second with a necking bifurcation analysis.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 22 (1986), S. 597-621 
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    Notes: In a previous publication1 it was suggested that the most fruitful area for the deployment of ‘complicated’ soil models - i.e. those involving more than, say, 6 parameters - lay in analyses of undrained and partially drained problems. The present paper extends previous drained and undrained analyses to the partially drained state, for two rather simple boundary value problems.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 22 (1986), S. 671-695 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: An analysis of the elastic-plastic load-carrying behaviour of thin-walled spatial beam structures is presented. It is based on a beam theory valid for large displacements and rotations, which admits arbitrary cross-sections, curved axes, initial imperfections, a general material description, and which fully accounts for the influence of warping constraints as well as the stress-history dependence of the elastic-plastic shear moduli. An incremental updated Lagrangian viewpoint is adopted in the derivation of the basic beam equations from a generalized variational principle, and in the numerical solution procedure the displacement-finite element approach is followed. The associated tangential stiffness matrices are obtained by direct numerical integration of the governing incremental differential equations rather than through the use of shape functions in connection with a virtual work principle. Applications of the theory are given in which the influence of the loading configuration, material parameters, geometric nonlinearities and warping constraints on the load-carrying behaviour and on the bifurcation and ultimate loads of thin-walled beam structures is explored.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 22 (1986), S. 789-790 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 23 (1986), S. 13-23 
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    Notes: A hybrid method, which consists in using the finite element method for fixed bodies and analytical techniques for moving ones, was developed for the thermal analysis of tribological situations. Unlike the well-known finite element method, the hybrid method gives accurate results even at high sliding speed. From a practical point of view, both computer time and storage requirements are greatly reduced. The method appears as a valuable technique to predict surface temperature in mechanical assemblies.
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 23 (1986), S. 91-98 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The hierarchical concept applied to eigenvalue problems is considered. An error indicator is derived from the pertinent Rayleigh quotient. The indicator serves as an estimation ‘a posteriori’ of the relative change in an eigenvalue for a hierarchical refinement. A numerical example is included.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
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  • 98
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 23 (1986), S. 121-131 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: In solving the Buckley-Leverett problem, the use of higher order Hermitian polynomials at the frontal location and lower order ones elsewhere in the solution domain yields an enhanced frontal definition. This improvement is achieved without a significant increase in computational effort.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 23 (1986), S. 171-171 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 23 (1986), S. 199-208 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Matrix incomplete decompositions are widely and successfully used in iterative methods for solving systems of linear equations. We have found that one can also solve systems of linear equations directly by using an incomplete LU decomposition of the coefficient matrix. In some special cases, the proposed method not only leads to great savings in storage space but also improves the computational efficiency; for example, when solving large systems of linear equations with banded shifted coefficient matrices. Some interesting tested subroutines are also given.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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