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  • 1990-1994  (192)
  • 1985-1989
  • 1850-1859
  • 1991  (192)
  • Genetics  (192)
  • 101
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characterization of plasma membrane proton-ATPase from salt-tolerant yeast Zygosaccharomyces rouxii cells (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 7 (1991), S. 599-606 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Yeast ; Zygosaccharomyces rouxii ; plasma membrane ; proton-ATPase ; salt-tolerance ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Plasma membrane was isolated from the salt-tolerant yeast Zygosaccharomyces rouxii and from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The ATPase in the plasma membrane of Z. rouxii cells was a typical proton-ATPase as judged by testing with various ATPase inhibitors. There were slight differences in the pH optima of activities and in the sensitivity to sodium chloride (NaCl) and potassium chloride (KCl) of the ATPase from Z. rouxii and S. cerevisiae. The specific ATPase activity from Z. rouxii was higher in cells grown in a medium containing 2 M-NaCl than in those not containing NaCl. No in vivo activation by incubation with glucose was observed in Z. rouxii cells and the specific ATPase activity was independent of the growth phase, unlike S. cerevisiae cells.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320070607
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  • 102
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Intracellular expression of Kluyveromyces lactis toxin γ subunit mimics treatment with exogenous toxin and distinguishes two classes of toxin-resistant mutant (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 7 (1991), S. 617-625 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Cell cycle ; toxin ; K. lactis ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The Kluyveromyces lactis toxin is a heterotrimeric protein which irreversible arrests proliferation of sensitive Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells in the G1 phase of the cell cycle. By expressing the γ subunit of the toxin in sensitive yeast cells from a conditional promoter, it was previously demonstrated that it alone is required for inhibition (Tokunaga et al. (1989). Nucleic Acids Res. 17, 3435-3446). Here we show that, like native exogenous toxin, intracellular γ subunit expression promoters a striking arrest of sensitive cells in G1. However, unlike the G1 arrest caused by native toxin, that induced by the γ subunit alone does not result in reduced cellular viability and is fully and rapidly reversible, suggesting that the G1 arrest and the irreversibility of action may reflect different aspects of the toxin's interaction with sensitive cells. We have selected a large number of S. cerevisiae mutants which are highly resistant to the toxin in order to study its mode of action in more detail. Complementation analysis demonstrated that all but one of the mutants were recessive and these defined four separate genes. Members of two complementation groups concurrently acquired resistance to intracellular γ subunit expression, suggesting that they contain a modified toxin target site. The other two genes appear to be required for entry of the γ subunit into the sensitive cell since these mutants, while refractory to exogenous toxin, were fully sensitive to intracellular γ subunit expression.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320070610
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  • 103
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synonymous codon usage in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 7 (1991), S. 657-678 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320070702
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  • 104
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Functional analysis of a conserved amino-terminal region of HSP70 by site-directed mutagenesis (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 7 (1991), S. 699-716 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; heat shock ; protein phosphorylation ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Hsp70 proteins have been highly conserved throughout evolution. As a first step in a structure-function analysis of hsp70, we constructed and analysed the consequences of mutations in a portion of the SSA1 gene, a member of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae HSP70 multigene family, that encodes a nearly invariant region near the amino terminus. Analysis of strains expressing SSA1 proteins with alterations at positions 8, 11 and 15 showed that these conserved residues within this region are critical for normal functioning of the protein. SSA1 protein containing either of two changes at position 15 was able to slightly complement the inviability of an ssa1ssa2ssa4 strain, but was inactive in other complementation assays. The other mutant proteins tested were unable to complement any tested phenotype. Effective interallelic complementation of several phenotypes was observed when a mutant protein substituted at position 8 was expressed in the same cell with either of two proteins carrying substitutions at position 15, suggesting that hsp70 acts as a multimer. Evidence from previous studies suggests that hsp70 proteins engage in ATP-driven cycles of binding and release from peptides. The ability of the mutant proteins to bind ATP and a peptide was tested. The Ssa 1p carrying a substitution at position 8, which inhibits growth of cells carrying wild-type SSA proteins, showed a defect in release from a peptide relative to wild type. Two mutations, one each at position 8 and 15, resulted in accumulation of phosphorylated isoforms which may be a normal, transient hsp70 intermediate.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320070706
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  • 105
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The complete sequence of a 7·5 kb region of chromosome III from Saccharomyces cerevisiae that lies between CRY1 and MAT (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 7 (1991), S. 761-772 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Chromosome III ; strain polymorphisms ; DNA replication ; mRNA stability ; ribosomal proteins ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We report the sequence of a 7·5 kb region lying between the CRY1 and MAT loci of chromosome III from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This region lies in the overlap between two major contigs used for the generation of the complete nucleotide sequence of this chromosome. Comparison of this sequence with those reported previously for this overlap [Thierry et al. (1990) Yeast 6, 521; Jia et al. (1991) Yeast 7, 413] reveals 38 nucleotide differences, 45% of which generate changes in the amino acid sequences of the four genes in this region (YCR591, YCR592, YCR521 and YCR522). These differences appear to reflect true sequence polymorphisms between the two yeast strains used to generate the clones used in the sequencing project. Three of the four genes in this region display weak homologies to proteins in the PIR database. Some properties of YCR521 are analogous to those of ribosomal protein genes. However, the functions of all four genes remain obscure.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320070711
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  • 106
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Selective inactivation of alcohol oxidase in two peroxisome-deficient mutants of the yeast Hansenula polymorpha (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 7 (1991), S. 813-821 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Hansenula polymorpha ; alcohol oxidase ; peroxisome-deficient mutant ; selective inactivation ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We have studied selective inactivation of alcohol oxidase (AO) in two peroxisome-deficient (PER) mutants of the yeast Hansenula polymorpha. In these mutants high activities of cytosolic AO are induced by different growth conditions. At enhanced expression rates AO is arranged in large crystalloids in the cytosol, whereas smaller crystalloids are often observed inside the nucleus. Transfer of cells of the PER mutant 125-2E, which completely lacks peroxisomes, to glucose-excess conditions did not lead to degradative inactivation of AO and catalase as observed in wild-type (WT) cells used as a control. The gradual decrease in enzyme activities in the PER mutant could be accounted for by dilution of existing enzyme into newly formed cells as a result of growth. Morphologically, degradation of the cytosolic crystalloids was also not observed. Similar results were obtained with a second PER mutant (strain 124-2D), impaired in the import of peroxisomal matrix proteins. This mutant is characterized by the presence of small peroxisomes and large cytosolic AO crystalloids. Upon a shift of cells to glucose-excess conditions only part of the small peroxisomes present in these cells were degraded by mechanisms similar to those observed in WT cells placed under identical conditions. These results indicate that degradative inactivation of AO in H. polymorpha is strictly dependent on the localization of the enzyme inside peroxisomes and furthermore suggests that the mechanisms triggering this process are not directed against AO protein, but instead, to the membrane surrounding the organelle. Transfer of cells to methanolor ethanol-containing media both resulted in modification inactivation of AO. Under these conditions also the AO crystalloids remained unaffected by incubation in the new environment.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320070806
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  • 107
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    II. Yeast mapping reports. Map positions of pet9, pep1 and pdr4 with respect to CEN2 (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 7 (1991), S. 857-858 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; genetic analysis ; respiratory deficiency ; protease genes ; drug resistance genes ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320070811
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  • 108
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Calendar (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 7 (1991), S. 890-890 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320070817
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  • 109
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Yeast industry platform Y.I.P. (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 7 (1991), S. 889-889 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320070816
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  • 110
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 7 (1991) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320070901
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  • 111
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A high-affinity uptake system for branched-chain amino acids in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 7 (1991), S. 933-941 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: BAP1 ; branched-chain amino acids ; transport ; permease ; uptake ; L-isoleucine ; L-leucine ; L-valine ; sulfometuron methyl ; yeast ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: In order to isolate mutants with impaired uptake of branched-chain amino acids, mutants were induced which on complex medium were sensitive to an inhibitor of branched-chain amino acid biosynthesis. Eighteen mutants of independent origin were found. Ten of them were assayed for branched-chain amino acid uptake. Three of these were impaired in the uptake of L-valine, L-isoleucine and L-leucine, while the rest were unaffected in uptake of any of the three amino acids. Kinetics of the uptake by one selected mutant and the parental strain S288C were compared to models for one or two systems obeying Michaelis-Menten kinetics. This analysis suggested that a high-affinity system for all three amino acids is absent in the mutant, whereas low-affinity uptake of L-isoleucine and L-leucine by one or more systems remains unaffected. Moreover, medium-affinity uptake components for L-valine and L-leucine, not originally seen in the wild type, were identified in the mutant. In the wild type, 10 mM of any of the amino acids L-alanine, L-cysteine, L-isoleucine, L-leucine, L-tryptophan and L-valine reduce uptake of any of the three branched-chain amino acids. We propose that a permease responsible for high-affinity uptake of the branched-chain amino acids in strain S288C is partially or completely inactive in the mutant. Tetrad analysis shows that the phenotype can be ascribed to a single Mendelian gene. The wild-type allele is denoted BAP1 for branched-chain amino acid permease. The BAP1-dependent system is different from the general amino acid permease.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320070905
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  • 112
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The nucleotide sequence of a third cyclophilin-homologous gene from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 7 (1991), S. 971-979 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The nucleotide sequence of a 1558 bp DNA fragment from the right arm of chromosome III of Saccharomyces cerevisiae contains an open reading frame of 954 nucleotides with coding potential for a protein with high similarity to the ubiquitous cyclophilins which are both peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerases and cyclosporin A-binding proteins. It should, therefore, represent the third gene (SCC3) of this kind from S. cerevisiae. SCC3 is present in a single copy in the genome of S. cerevisiae and results in a constitutively expressed 1·2 kb transcript during cell growth. Its putative protein product (Scc3) contains two hydrophobic cores, one at the amino terminal, 20 amino acids long, which could serve as a signal peptide, and the other one at the carboxyl end with a structure similar to a transmembrane helix. These findings suggest that Scc3 could be a secretory or, more likely, a transmembrane protein. The only cyclophilin with similar structure to that of Scc3 is ninaA from Drosophila melanogaster, a transmembrane protein which seems to be implicated in the correct folding and/or intercalation of rhodopsin in the endoplasmic reticulum of the fly photoreceptors (Stamnes, M. A. et al., Cell 65, 219-227, 1991). In addition, the amino and the carboxy regions of Scc3 and ninaA share a significant level of homology, which suggests that they have a similar function, albeit for different target proteins.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320070909
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  • 113
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Scarcity of ars sequences isolated in a morphogenesis mutant of the yeast Yarrowia lipolytica (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 7 (1991), S. 25-36 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Replication ; morphogenesis ; yeast ; plasmid stability ; extrachromosomal plasmids ; Y. lipolytica. ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Previous attempts to isolate autonomously replicating sequences (ars) from the dimorphic yeast Yarrowia lipolytica have been unsuccessful. We isolated a Fil- mutant unable to produce hyphae and growing only in a yeast form to facilitate ars isolation. This mutant was transformed with a Y. lipolytica DNA bank and several unstable clones were obtained. Extrachromosomal plasmids were evidenced in yeast recovered in Escherichia coli and characterized by restriction mapping. They were able to retransform Fil- and Fil+ yeast strains at high frequency and transformants displayed a slightly unstable phenotype. The detailed analysis of the plasmids showed that only two different ars sequences had been isolated, each of them corresponding to a unique sequence in the Y. lipolytica genome. We concluded that functional ars sequences that can be cloned on plasmids are rare in this yeast.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320070104
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  • 114
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    Electronic Resource
    VII. Yeast sequencing reports. The DNA sequencing of the 17 kb HindIII fragment spanning the LEU1 and ATE1 loci on chromosome VII from Saccharomyces cerevisiae reveals the PDR6 gene, a new member of the genetic network controlling pleiotropic drug resistance (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 7 (1991), S. 287-299 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320070311
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  • 115
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 7 (1991) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320070401
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  • 116
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    VII. Yeast sequencing reports. The YGL023 gene encodes a putative regulatory protein (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 7 (1991), S. 309-312 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320070314
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  • 117
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A new glucose-repressible gene identified from the analysis of chromatin structure in deletion mutants of yeast SUC2 locus (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 7 (1991), S. 379-389 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Chromatin ; SUC2 ; Glucose repression ; 3-Oxoacyl-CoA thiolase gene ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We have previously shown that some changes occur in the chromatin structure of the 3′ flank of the yeast SUC2 gene in going from a repressed to an active state. In an attempt to find out the causes of these changes, we have carried out experiments in which mutant copies of SUC2 locus lacking either 5′ or 3′ flanks have been analysed for their transcriptional activity and chromatin structure. These experiments allowed us to discard any relationship between SUC2 transcription and chromatin changes within its 3′ flank. Sequencing of this flank and mRNA analysis, however, resulted in the location of a putative peroxisomal 3-oxoacyl-CoA thiolase gene (POT1), which is repressible by glucose. The disruption of the gene produced a yeast strain unable to use oleic acid as a carbon source. This is the first time that chromatin structure analysis has permitted the identification of new gene.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320070408
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  • 118
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    III. Yeast sequencing reports. Sequence of the CDC10 region at chromosome III of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 7 (1991), S. 425-429 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A 4·74 kb DNA fragment from the right arm of chromosome III of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, adjacent to the centromere region was sequenced. Four open reading frames with an ATG initiation codon and larger than 200 bp were found in this fragment. The largest open reading frame of 966 bp was identified as the CDC10 gene.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320070412
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  • 119
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Glucan structure in a fragile mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 7 (1991), S. 455-461 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: cell wall mutant ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; glucan structure ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The phenotype of VY1160 fragile Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutant is characterized by cell lysis upon transfer to hypotonic solutions and increased permeability of cells growing in osmotically stabilized media. Two mutations, srb1 and ts1, have been identified in VY1160 cells and previous studies have shown that the increased permeability is due to the ts1 mutation which causes a shortening of mannan side-chains. Here we report that the srb1 mutation, which is the genetic determinant of cell lysis, is responsible for quantitative and structural changes of glucans. Experiments with isogenic determinant of cell lysis, is responsible for quantitative and structural changes of glucans. Experiments with isogenic single mutation strains, genetic studies coupled with quantitative measurements of glucan content per cell, and methylation analysis of glucans provide evidence that srb1 mutation leads to (i) formation of mechanically unstable cell wall network made of insoluble glucan fibrils which are shorter and contain β(1-6) inter-residue linkages and (ii) insufficient filling of the space between the fibrils due to a shortage of the alkali-soluble glucan. Although growing exponentially in osmotically stabilized media, the srb1 cells cannot resist an osmotic shock and, hence, burst immediately.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320070504
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  • 120
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transport of organic acid anions and guanosine into vacuoles of Saccharomyces pastorianus (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 7 (1991), S. 495-501 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Yeast ; vacuole ; H+-ATPase ; guanosine ; organic acids transport ; Ca2+-modulation ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Isolated vacuoles of the yeast Saccharomyces pastorianus accumulate citrate, α-ketoglutarate, malate and guanosine. This accumulation is Mg ATP-dependent and inhibited by protonophores. The ionophores monensin and A23187 (electroneutral Men+/nH+-exchange) inhibit guanosine accumulation but fail to block citrate uptake. Mg2+ ions (2 mM) increase the values of both Δ\documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \tilde \mu $\end{document}H+ components and stimulate the uptake of all the above compounds. Ca2+ ions (1 mM), hyperpolarizing the yeast vacuolar membrane and dissipating the pH gradient, inhibit guanosine uptake and stimulate that of citrate. It is concluded that guanosine is transported into yeast vacuoles by an H+/guanosine antiporter while citrate, malate and α-ketoglutarate are translocated by a uniporter(s) at the expense of the membrane potential (positive inside).
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320070509
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  • 121
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    Isolation and characterization of Schizosaccharomyces pombe mutants lacking aminopeptidase activity (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 7 (1991), S. 525-531 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Fission yeast ; aminopeptidase ; mutant ; peptidase ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A mutant strain of the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe defective in aminopeptidase I was isolated by screening for lack of activity against the chromogenic substrate lysine-β-naphthlamide in isolated colonies. Tetrad dissection of sporulated diploids heterozygous for the wild-type and mutant allele resulted in a 2:2 segregation of mutant and wild-type phenotype indicating a single chromosomal gene mutation. Gene dosage experiments indicated that the mutation might reside in the structural gene of aminopeptidase I. No vital consequences of aminopeptidase I deficiency on cell life and sporulation could be detected. However, the enzyme seems to be involved in protein degradation under conditions of nutrient deprivation.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320070512
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  • 122
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Yeast flocculation: Flo1 and NewFlo phenotypes and receptor structure (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 7 (1991), S. 559-574 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Flocculation ; yeast ; lectin ; receptor structure ; Flo1 ; phenotype ; NewFlo phenotype ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Flocculation characteristics of 42 flocculet strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were examined. Two entirely distinct ‘lectin-like’ mechanisms of flocculation were distinguished by sugar, salt, and low pH inhibitions, protease sensitivity, and selective expression of flocculation. One group, termed Flo1 phenotype, was inhibited by mannopyranoses and contained all strains bearing known genes affecting flocculation. The other group, termed NewFlo phenotype, contained the majority of brewery ale strains and was inhibited by manno- and glucopyranoses. Detailed sugar-inhibition work revealed the probable receptor identity of both Flo1 and NewFlo flocculation, as being non-reducing termini of α-(1-3)-linked mannan side branches, two or three mannopyranose residues in length.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320070604
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  • 123
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    The use of proline as a nitrogen source causes hypersensitivity to, and allows more economical use of 5FOA in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 7 (1991), S. 607-608 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: 5-fluoro-orotic acid ; ura3- mutations ; nitrogen catabolite repression ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The use of proline as a nitrogen soucre causes hypersensitivity to 5-fluoro-orotic acid (5FOA) and allows up to 40-fold less of this drug to be used to select for the loss of URA3 function in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. 5FOA hypersensitivity is presumably due to the absence of nitrogen catabolite repression when proline is substituted for (NH4)2SO4 as a nitrogen source. There are two constraints to the use of the proline-5FOA combination: (1) S288c genetic background strains are hypersensitive to 5FOA when grown in proline as a nitrogen source but at least one other genetic background is resistant to low levels of 5FOA under these conditions. (2) The addition of some nutritional supplements confers phenotypic resistance to the 5FOA-proline combination.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320070608
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    The control of trehalose biosynthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Evidence for a catabolite inactivation and repression of trehalose-6-phosphate synthase and trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 7 (1991), S. 575-587 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Yeast ; trehalose metabolism ; catabolite inactivation and repression ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: During diauxic growth of yeast in glucose-rich medium, the accumulation of trehalose started well after complete exhaustion of glucose from the medium. The accumulation of the disaccharide was concomitant with a resumption of cell growth on the ethanol accumulated in the medium, but not with a degrdation of glycogen which occurred as soon as glucose had been consumed. In contrast, in a mutant deficient in phosphoenlpyruvate carboxykinase, the synthesis of trehalose coincided exactly with the degradation of glycogen. Upon inoculation of stationary phase wild-type cells into a glucose medium, the activites of trehalose-6-phosphate (Tre6P) synthase and Tre6P phosphatase dropped in parallel to reach only 15% of their initial values after 3 h, and only recovered their original values as cell re-entered staionary phase. In the presence of cycloheximide, the decrease in Tre6P synthase and Tre6P phosphatase activities was restricted to 50-60%, the remaining decrease being inhibited by the drug. Furthermore, the reappearance of the enzyme activities following transfer of cells to an acetate medium was blocked by cycloheximide. It was also shown that loss of activity of these two enzymes required a combination of metabolizable sugars together with a nitrogen source. Low activities of Tre6P synthase and Tre6P phosphatase were measured in mutants with increased adenylate cyclase activity (RAS2ala18val19 mutants). Moreover, derepression of these enzymes at the approach of stationary phase was prevented in a pde2 mutant when it was cultivated in the presence of exogenous cyclic nucleotide. The mechanism of this effect is not clear, but may involve a transcriptional regulation by cAMP of the genes encoding these proteins.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320070605
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    A family of low and high copy replicative, integrative and single-stranded S. cerevisiae/E. coli shuttle vectors (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 7 (1991), S. 609-615 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Shuttle vectors ; yeast replication origin ; mitotic stability ; pUC19 plasmid ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We describe a set of replicative, integrative and single-stranded shuttle vectors constructed from the pUC19 plasmid that we use routinely in our experiments. They bear a yeast selectable marker: URA3, TRP1 or LEU2. Replicative vectors carrying different yeast replication origins have been constructed in order to have plasmids based on the same construction with a high or low copy number per cell and with different mitotic stabilities. All the vectors are small in size, provide a high yield in Escherichia coli and efficiently transform Saccharomyces cerevisiae. These plasmids have many of the unique sites of the pUC19 multicloning region and many of them allow for the screening of plasmids with an insert by alpha-complementation. The nucleotide sequence of each of them is completely known.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320070609
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    Cloning and sequencing of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae SEC1 gene localized on chromosome IV (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 7 (1991), S. 643-650 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: yeast ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; protein secretion ; SEC1 ; nucleotide sequence ; amino acid sequence ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The SEC1 gene of yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae was cloned by complementing the temperature-sensitive mutantion of sec1-1 at 37°C, and its nucleotide sequence was determined. SEC1 is a single copy gene and encodes a protein of 724 amino acids and 83,490 daltons with a predicted pI value of 6·11. Hydrophobicity plotting showed no clearly hydrophobic regions suggesting a soluble nature for the protein. Amino acid sequence comparisons revealed no obvious homologies with the proteins in the SWISSPROT databank. Two consensus sequences for the cdc2 encoded protein kinase recognition site were revealed within Sec1p. The codon usage suggests a low expression level for SEC1. The 5′ non-translated region contains two TATA-like sequences at -52 and -215 nucleotides from the translation start site. Two potential regulatory sequences for DNA binding proteins were found in the non-coding 5′ region: a HAP2/HAP3 consensus recognition sequence at nucleotide -154 and a BAF1 consensus recognition sequence at nucleotide -136. The SEC1 specific probe detected a 2400 nucleotides long transcript, which was in reasonable agreement with the 2172 nucleotides long open reading frame.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320070613
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    The major exoglucanase from Candida albicans: A non-glycosylated secretory monomer related to its counterpart from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 7 (1991), S. 833-841 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Exoglucanase ; N-glycosylation ; Candida ; Saccharomyces ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Exoglucanases secreted by two different strains from Candida albicans have been purified to homogeneity. The purified enzyme from each strain behaved as a non-glycosylated monomer (molecular weight 38 000) that was identical in terms of sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis comigratin, amino acid analysis and amino terminal sequence. The amino acid composition was similar to that of the major exoglucanase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In addition, these two enzymes displayed a 50% homology in the first 35 amino acids of the amino terminus. Antibodies against the deglycosylated exoglucanase (treated with Endo H) from S. cerevisiae were reactive with the exoglucanase from C. albicans and vice versa. Immunoblotting proved to be a semiquantitative method to detect C. albicans antigen in culture fluids. The exoglucanase from C. albicans appears to enter the secretory pathway without undergoing N-glycosylation.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320070808
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    Regulation of cystathionine γ-lyase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 7 (1991), S. 843-848 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; cysteine biosynthesis ; metabolic regulation ; cystathione γ-lyase ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Regulation of the two enzymes in reverse trans-sulfuration was investigated in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In wild-type strains, cystathionine γ-lyase, but not cystathionine β-synthase, was derepressed nearly 15-fold if cells were starved for both inorganic and organic sulfur compounds. In a met17 strain which is defective of O-acetylserine and O-acetylhomoserine sulfhydrylase, the same enzyme was derepressed if organic sulfur compounds were limited; the repressive effect was in the order of glutathione 〉 methionine 〉 cysteine. The repressive effect of methionine was not observed, however, in a cys2 cys4 strain which is deficient of serine O-acetyltransferase and cystathionine β-synthase, indicating that methionine itself is not the effector. The weak repressive effect of cysteine was attributed to inefficient uptake of this amino acid.Our observations indicate that cystathionine γ-lyase is the target of regulation in reverse trans-sulfuration and that cysteine is very likely to be the effector of this regulation.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320070809
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    The product of the YCR105 gene located on the chromosome III from Saccharomyces cerevisiae presents homologies to ATP-dependent permeases (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 7 (1991), S. 867-872 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: During the systematic sequencing of chromosome III from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, carried out by a network of laboratories sponsored by the Commission of the European Community, we have identified the open reading frame YCR105 located on fragment J11D from the circular derivative of chromosome III in strain XJ24-24a (Palzkill et al., 1986). YCR105 is immediately centromere proximal to the PGK gene (opposite strand) on the right arm of chromosome III about 20 kb from the centromere.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320070813
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    The PHO80/TUP7 locus in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is on the left arm of chromosome XV: Mapping by chromosome engineering (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 7 (1991), S. 859-865 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Mapping ; site-specific recombination system ; the PHO80/TUP7 locus ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The PHO80/TUP7 locus in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is reported to be located on the right arm of chromosome XV close to its centromere. In the present study, the locus has been reassigned to the left arm of the same chromosome by reciprocal recombination between chromosomes V and XV at URA3 (on chromosome V) and PHO80/TUP7 loci by using the site-specific recombination system of the yeast plasmid pSR1.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320070812
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    The allantoinase (DAL1) gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 7 (1991), S. 913-923 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; nitrogen catabolism ; allantoinase ; upstream activator sequence ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The allantoinase (DAL1) gene from Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been cloned, sequenced, and found to encode a 472 amino acid protein with a Mr of 52 028. DAL1 is expressed in an inducer-independent manner in strain M970 (∑1278b genetic background) and modestly responds to mutation of the da180 locus. Expression was also sensitive to nitrogen catabolite repression (NCR). Correlated with these expression characteristics, the upstream region of DAL1 contained five copies of a sequence that is homolgous to the DAL UASNTR element previously shown to be required for transcriptional activation and NCR sensitivity of the DAL5 and DAL7 genes. Missing from the DAL1 5′ flanking region were any sequences with significant homology to the DAL7 UIS element required for response to inducer. These observations further support the roles of UASNTR and DAL7 UIS in the regulation of allantoin pathway gene expression.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320070903
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    Molecular cloning of the γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 7 (1991), S. 953-961 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Yeast ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; glutathione ; glutamylcysteine synthetase ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The 4·4 kb SphI DNA fragment (GSH1) that complements the γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase-deficient mutation (gsh1) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae YH1 was cloned into vector plasmid YEp24. Gene disruption of the cloned fragment confirmed that this segment was the same gene as gsh1. Mutant strain YH1 with this plasmid not only restored γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase (GSH-1) activity but the glutathione content and the growth rate. DNA sequence analysis of the SphI fragment showed that the GSH1 structural gene contained 2034 bp and predicted a polypeptide of 678 amino acids. The deduced amino acid sequence had about a 45% homology to that of rat kidney GSH-I, but a very low homology (about 26%) to that of Escherichia coli GSH-I. Northern analysis showed that GSH1 had been transcribed into an approximately 2·7 kb mRNA fragment. Southern analysis showed that GSH1 mapped at chromosome X.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320070907
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    Cloning of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae gene encoding a protein homologous to allantoicase of Neurospora crassa (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 7 (1991), S. 993-995 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; chromosome III ; allantoicase ; purine catabolism ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320070912
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    The sequence of a 6·3 kb segment of yeast chromosome III reveals an open reading frame coding for a putative mismatch binding protein (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 7 (1991), S. 981-988 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Chromosome III ; genome sequencing ; mismatch repair ; post-meiotic segregation ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We report the sequence of a 6·3 kb segment of DNA mapping near the end of the right arm of chromosome III of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The sequence reveals a major open reading frame coding for a putative protein of 1047 amino acids with a striking similarity to the bacterial proteins involved in recognition of mismatched DNA base pairs. This is particularly interesting as the existence of a yeast mismatch repair system similar to that of bacteria has been postulated for some years, but a yeast protein homologous to the bacterial mismatch binding protein had not been identified.The results of a comparison of the putative yeast mismatch binding protein with the bacterial mismatch binding proteins and with two cognate mammalian sequences, support the idea that a similar mismatch repair system may be present also in mammalian cells. The possibility that all of these proteins may have evolved from a common ancestral gene is also discussed.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320070910
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    A genomic sequence of the Schizosaccharomyces pombe 16 kDa vacuolar H+-ATPase (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 7 (1991), S. 989-991 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Sequence ; S. pombe ; vacuolar H+-ATPase ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We have isolated the gene encoding the 16 kDa vacuolar H+-ATPase from Schizosaccharomyces pombe. On the basis of RNA splicing signals and amino acid sequence homology with other 16 kDa H+-ATPases, the genomic DNA sequence indicated the 16 kDa protein is encoded by five exons. The C-terminal 50 amino acids has more than 90% homology with vacuolar H+-ATPases of mammalian cells.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320070911
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    Masthead (1991)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 12 (1991) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020120301
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    Lethal(1)aberrant immune response mutations leading to melanotic tumor formation in Drosophila melanogaster (1991)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 12 (1991), S. 173-187 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Melanotic tumor mutations ; cellular defense system ; invertebrate immunity ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Using P element-mediated mutagenesis we have isolated 20 X-linked lethal mutations, representing at least 14 complementation groups, which exhibit melanotic tumor phenotypes. We present the systematic analysis of this interesting group of lethal mutations that were selected for their visible melanotic or immune response. The lethal and melanotic tumor phenotypes of each lethal(1) aberrant immune response (air) mutation are pleiotropic effects of single genetic lesions. Lethality occurs throughout the larval and early pupal periods of development and larval development is extended in some air mutants. The air mutant lethal syndromes include abnormalities associated with the brain, haematopoietic organs, gut, salivary glands, ring glands, and imaginal discs. Additional characterization of the melanotic tumor mutations Tuml and tu(1)Szts have indicated that the melanotic tumor phenotype is similar to that observed in the air mutants. These studies have led to the proposal that two distinct classes of melanotic tumor mutations exist. Class 1 includes mutants in which melanotic tumors result from “autoimmune responses” or the response of an apparently normal immune system to the presence of abnormal target tissues. The Class 2 mutants display obvious defects in the haematopoietic organs or haemocytes, manifested as overgrowth, and the resulting aberrant immune system behavior may contribute to melanotic tumor formation.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020120302
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    Kinase activity and genetic characterization of a growth related antigen of Drosophila (1991)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 12 (1991), S. 188-195 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Protein kinase ; serine-threonine kinase ; cDNA cloning ; gene location ; deficiency mapping ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The Drosophila developmental antigen recognized by the monoclonal antibody F7D6 is expressed in dividing embryonic and imaginal cells but is lost from all differentiating fissues except electrogenic cells of the nervous system and spontaneously contracting muscles. The 63 kDa antigen is associated with the inner surface of plasma membranes and is expressed in several classes of fumorous mutants of Drosophila. The monoclonal antibody was used for immunoprecip-itating the antigen for biochemical characterization and for screening expression vector cDNA libraries. Here we report that this oncodevelopmental antigen is a phosphoprotein and a serine-threonine specific protein kinase. A 1.6 kb cDNA isolated by immunological screening of an ovarian library hybridized to a single band on polytene chromosomes, localizing the gene to 72F on the left arm of the third chromosome. Immunofluorescence assays of deficiency stocks in the region confirmed the location of the gene and identity of the cDNA clone, and mapped the gene between the left breakpoints of Df(3L) st1100.62 and Df(3L) sti7, i.e., between 72F3-7 and 73A1-2. The biochemical and genetic properties indicate that this is a novel growth-related kinase of Drosophila.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020120303
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    Masthead (1991)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 12 (1991) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020120501
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    Developmental regulation of the sheep β-lactoglobulin gene in the mammary gland of transgenic mice (1991)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 12 (1991), S. 299-307 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: β-lactoglobulin ; transgenic ; mammary gland development ; milk protein gene expression ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: β-Lactoglobulin (BLG) is the most abundant whey protein in sheep milk but it is not present in mouse milk. We have previously shown that transgenic mice carrying the BLG gene express it specifically in the mammary gland and secrete BLG into milk at high concentrations. Here we demonstrate that BLG transcription is correctly initiated in mice and that BLG synthesis is restricted to the secretory epithelial cells of the mammary gland. We have also determined the temporal pattern of milk protein gene expression and find that the BLG transgene is regulated coordinately with mouse β-casein and that the patterns of regulation of BLG in mouse and sheep share some similarities.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020120407
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    Expression of gap junction genes during postnatal neural development (1991)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 12 (1991), S. 308-317 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Connexin32 ; connexin43 ; brain ; mRNA ; protein ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The timing of appearance of mRNAs encoding gap junction proteins was examined during development of the rat and mouse brain. Complementary DNAs (cDNAs) specific for the mRNA for the liver-type gap junction protein, connexin32, and the heart-type gap junction protein, connexin43, were used to probe Northern blots of total RNA isolated from the forebrain and hindbrain of mice and rats at various times before and after birth. Prior to postnatal day 10, connexin32 mRNA is detectable only at low levels. By postnatal days 10 to 16, a sharp increase occurs in the level of this mRNA. This increase is detectable first in the hindbrain, and subsequently in the forebrain. In contrast, connexin43 mRNA is readily detectable at birth, and the level of this mRNA also increases during subsequent development. The developmental appearance of the gap junction proteins, connexin32 and connexin43, was similar to that of their respective mRNAs. These results indicate that the genes encoding connexin32 and connexin43 are differentially expressed during neural development.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020120408
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  • 142
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    Several testis-expressed genes in the mouse t-complex have expression differences between wild-type and t-mutant mice (1991)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 12 (1991), S. 318-332 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: t/complex ; gene expression ; testis ; in situ hybridization ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The t-complex of the mouse occupies the proximal half of chromosome 17 and cantains genes which have profound effects on spermatogenesis. Mutations of several loci in the t-complex appear to interact to cause male sterility or transmission ratio distortion (TRD).By cDNA screening or chromosomal walking we have identified seven genes, which are expressed in the germ cells of testis and map to various regions of the t-complex. These genes were named t-complex testis-expressed (Tctex) genes. An analysis of their expression patterns in testes from +/+, +/t, and t/t mice was done by in situ hybridization and by northern blotting. Six genes begin to be expressed at the pachytene stage: Three of them are more abundant at pachytene stage, while three others are more abundant at postmeiotic stages. One gene is expressed at all the stages of spermatogenesis. Interestingly, four Tctex genes show differences in the amount of transcript between wild-type and t-mutant testes. The chromosomal location and expression pattern imply that Tctex genes might be candidate genes for sterility or TRD.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020120409
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  • 143
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    Sequence of swallow, a gene required for the localization of bicoid message in Drosophila eggs (1991)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 12 (1991), S. 333-341 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Maternal effect gene ; DNA sequencing ; protein ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We report the sequence of the Drosophila maternal effect gene swallow, one of the genes whose product is required for the localization of bicoid message during Drosophila oo-genesis. The inferred swallow protein contains a domain that is predicted to be an amphipathic α-helix similar to those implicated in protein:protein associations in other systems. Another part of the predicted protein appears to be a diverged RNA-binding motif. We discuss these structural features in light of the function of the swallow protein in the bicoid message localization process.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020120502
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    Formation of functionally active chloroplasts is determined at a limited stage of leaf development in virescent mutants of rice (1991)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 12 (1991), S. 342-348 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Chloroplast biogenesis ; temperature-shift analysis ; gene expression ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The ability to form functionally active chloroplasts is determined at a certain early stage of leaf development in three non-allelic temperature-sensitive virescent mutants of rice. Temperature-shift analysis, together with anatomical observations, indicates that the intrinsic developmental signals of the virescent genes are expressed at the stage immediately following the formation of basic leaf structure, but just before the onset of leaf elongation. These signals control the expression of chloroplast-encoded genes but do not affect the subsequent morphological development of the leaf or the photo-regulation of the expression of nuclear genes encoding chloroplast proteins.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020120503
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    Phenotypic consequences and genetic interactions of a null mutation in the Drosophila posterior Sex Combs gene (1991)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 12 (1991), S. 349-361 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Psc gene ; polycomb group gene ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The Posterior Sex Combs (Psc) gene of Drosophila is a member of the Polycomb (Pc) group of transregulatory genes. Previous analyses of the function of this gene in Drosophila em-bryogenesis have been hampered by the lack of a null mutation. We recently isolated a mutation that deletes the 5′ end of the Psc gene. This allele appears to be a null mutation, and we have used it to determine the Psc zygotic null phenotype and to look at the interactions of a null allele of Psc with five other Pc group mutations. We find evidence for transformations along both the anterior-posterior and dorsal-ventral axes in embryos of a variety of genotypes that include a null mutation in Psc. The phenotypes of embryos that are doubly mutant for a null allele of Psc and a mutation in a second Pc group gene show dramatic synergistic effects, but in their specifics they are dependent on the identify of the second Pc group gene. This is different from the relatively uniform phenotypes seen among double mutants that contained the allele Psc1, which has both gain and loss of function properties. The differences in the phenotypes of the doubly mutant embryos allow us to eliminate one class of molecular models to explain the dramatic synergism seen with mutations in this group of genes.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020120504
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  • 146
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    Elevated paraquat resistance can be used as a bioassay for longevity in a genetically based long-lived strain of Drosophila (1991)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 12 (1991), S. 362-370 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Aging ; genetics of aging ; biomarkers ; free radicals ; catalase ; Drosophila ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A long-lived (L) strain of Drosophila melanogaster, derived from a normal-lived (R) strain by artificial selection, has a significantly different adult longevity. Previous work has shown that (1) the two strains age in the same manner, (2) the major genes responsible for much of the L strain's extended longevity are located on the 3rd chromosome, and (3) the extended longevity phenotype is significantly modulated by the larval environment. In this report, we investigate the resistance of the L and R strains to the lethal effects of dietary paraquat. We show that, within the limitations of our described chromosomal and environmental manipulations, the extended longevity phenotype always accompanies the phenotype of elevated paraquat resistance. In addition, reversed selection applied to the L strain results in the simultaneous decrease of both life span and paraquat resistance. Thus, the presence or absence of the latter phenotype may be used as a bioassay for the presence or absence of the extended longevity phenotype, without any necessary implication of causality. Use of this bioassay should greatly speed up the genetic analysis of this system by allowing us to identify long-lived animals at a young age. Finally, we show that the age-related loss of elevated paraquat resistance in both strains precedes all the other age-related functional decrements which we have previously noted in this system.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020120505
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    Erratum (1991)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 12 (1991), S. 380-380 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020120507
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  • 148
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    Announcement (1991)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 12 (1991), S. 381-381 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020120602
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  • 149
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    Embryonic mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana (1991)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 12 (1991), S. 382-392 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Plant development ; embryogenesis ; morphogenesis ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Genetic analysis of plant em-bryogenesis has been approached in part through the isolation and characterization of recessive embryonic mutants. The most extensive studies have dealt with maize and Arabidopsis. The high frequency of mutants defective in plant embryogenesis is consistent with the presence of many target genes with essential functions at this stage of the life cycle. Some mutants are likely to be defective in genes with general housekeeping functions. Others should facilitate the identification of genes with a more direct role in the regulation of morphogesis. Over 300 embryonic mutants of Arabidopsis isolated following chemical mutagenesis and T-DNA insertional mutagenesis are currently being analyzed. This collection includes embryonic le-thals, defectives, and pattern mutants. Developmental abnormalities include the presence of fused cotyledons, twin embryos, abnormally large suspensors, distorted epidermal layers, single cotyledons, enlarged shoot apices, pattern deletions and duplications, embryos with altered patterns of symmetry, bloated embryos with giant vacuolated cells, reduced hypocotyls that fail to produce roots, and embryos that protrude through the seed coat late in maturation. This review describes the isolation and characterization of embryonic mutants of Arabidopsis and their potential application to plant biology. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020120603
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    Mosaicism of tyrosinase-locus transcription and chromatin structure in dark vs. light melanocyte clones of homozygous chinchilla-mottled mice (1991)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 12 (1991), S. 393-402 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Clonal variation ; gene expression ; DNAase I hypersensitive sites ; matrix-associated regions ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The chinchilla-mottled (cm) mutation at the mouse tyrosinase-encoding locus leads to a transversely striped pattern of dark- and light-grey coat colors in homozygotes. The same basic pattern occurs in various other genotypes and has previously been found to represent the clonal developmental history of melanocytes. In a homozygote such as cm/cm, cis-acting mechanisms would be expected to account for the color differences. To search for these mechanisms, the genomic structure of the mutation was examined and compared with the wild-type, and its function was compared in cultured melanocyte clones of the respective colors. Evidence from restriction mapping indicated that the coding region of the mutant gene resembles that of the fully and uniformly pigmented wild-type. However, the upstream sequences are rearranged in the mutation. The rearrangement begins 5 kb 5′ of the transcription initiation site and is estimated to encompass at least 30 kb of distal upstream sequence. At least two stable functional states of the cm gene were detectable: Light-cell clones have low levels of tyrosinase-specific transcription, reduced DNAase I sensitivity of tyrosinase chromatin, and no detectable hypersensitive sites near the gene; dark-cell clones have higher (but subnormal) levels of transcription, greater sensitivity of chromatin to DNAase I, and a hypersensitive site in the promoter region. The changed relation between the structural gene and its upstream region may separate it from cis-acting control elements, resulting in reduced and variable ability to achieve the appropriate chromatin configuration near the time of melanocyte determination; differences in expression among clonal initiator cells are then mitotically perpetuated. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020120604
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    Adoptive transfer of the hematopoietic system of trisomic mice with limited life span: Stem cells from six different trisomies are capable of survival (1991)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 12 (1991), S. 415-422 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Trisomic mice ; fetal liver cell transplantation ; radiation chimeras ; trisomic hematopoiesis ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The life span of murine trisomies is limited to the fetal or early postnatal period. However, rescue of the hematopoietic system of fetal mice with trisomies (Ts) 12, 13, 14, 16, 18, and 19 is possible by transplanting hematopoietic stem cells from the liver into lethally irradiated adult hosts. Thus, radiation chimeras with permanent and almost complete trisomic hematopoietic and lymphocytopoietic systems were constructed. The longest documented survival of a trisomic graft was 12 months in Ts 19 chimeras. Blood counts in trisomic chimeras reveal a marked anemia in Ts 16 chimeras; lymphocytopenia in Ts 12, Ts 16, and Ts 19 chimeras; and granulocytopenia in Ts 18 chimeras. Survival rates of Ts 12, Ts 18, and Ts 19 chimeras were not different from those of the respective controls, whereas survival rates of chimeras with Ts 13 and Ts 16 hematopoiesis were markedly reduced and that of Ts 14 chimeras only slightly reduced. These results indicate that transplanted hematopoietic stem cells from Ts 13, Ts 14, and Ts 16 fetuses exhibit relevant genetically determined defects, resulting in a reduced restoration capacity of hematopoietic organs and/or deficiencies of differentiated blood cells. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020120606
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    Homology cloning of protein kinase and phosphoprotein phosphatase sequences of Dictyostelium discoideum (1991)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 12 (1991), S. 45-49 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Polymerase chain reaction ; reversible protein phosphorylation ; signal transduction ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Reversible protein phosphory-lation appears to be important of several stages in the signal transduction pathways in Dictyostelium discoideum. To elucidate its role, we have isolated sequences encoding putative protein kinases and phosphoprotein phosphatases by homology clon- ing using polymerase chain reactions (PCRs). Oli-gonucleotide primers were synthesized for use as forward and reverse primers with their nucleotide sequences deduced from the amino acid sequences of conserved domains of several protein kinases and phosphoprotein phosphatases. The fragments amplified by PCR were cloned, sequenced, and shown to encode parts of five different protein kinases and two phosphoprotein phos-phatases. Several features such as the deduced amino acid sequence homology, location of invariant amino acids, GC content, and the codon usage confirmed that one set of clones encode parts of different protein kinases of Dictyostelium. Two clones derived from phosphoprotein phosphatase primers encode fragments of type 1 and type 2A phosphoprotein phosphatases. Amplified fragments were used to screen a Xgtll bank, and several cDNA clones for protein kinases were isolated. Some of these show differential expression during development or in response to exogenous cAMP.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020120109
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    Dictyostelium discoideum: A simple eukaryotic microorganism with a complex network of regulation (1991)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 12 (1991), S. 63-64 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Development ; differentiation ; gene expression ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020120112
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    The relative importance of transcriptional and post transcriptional regulation of Drosophila chorion gene expression during oogenesis (1991)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 12 (1991), S. 196-205 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Run-on transcription ; developmentally regulated gene expression ; follicle cell nuclei ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: To determine the relative roles of transcriptional and post-transcriptional events in establishing the temporal pattern of chorion gene expression in Drosophila, we have examined chorion gene transcription, RNA accumulation, and protein synthesis in follicles of selected pre-early- and late-choriogenic stages. Chorion gene transcription was assayed in follicle cell nuclei by nuclear run-on reactions. For the s 15, s 16, s 18, s36, and s38 chorion genes, the periods of intense transcription are as predicted from the dynamics of RNA accumulation and protein synthesis, indicating that these genes are primarily regulated at the transcriptional level. In contrast, gene s19 appears subject to post-transcriptional control at stage 14, when transcription rates are substantially higher than predicted from the observed RNA levels.Transcription of regions between the clustered and tandemly oriented chorion genes was also examined. In contrast to many RNA polymerase II transcribed genes, for the s18 and s36 chorion genes run-on transcription appears to terminate within about 100 base pairs downstream of the polyadenylation sites, corroborating previous reports based on electron microscopy of s36 [Osheim et al., EMBO J 5:3591-3596, 1986].
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020120304
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    Despite expression in embryonic visceral mesoderm, H2.0 is not essential for Drosophila visceral muscle morphogenesis (1991)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 12 (1991), S. 206-211 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Homeobox ; viscera ; phalloidin ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: H2.0, a homeobox gene identified by homology to the Sex combs reduced homeobox of Drosophila, is expressed in all the cellular precursors of the visceral musculature. By analogy to the essential function of most other known homeobox genes in determining the fate of cells where they are expressed, we hypothesized that mutation of H2.0 would disrupt gut muscle development. In this paper, we show that a small deletion, which eliminates H2.0, has no detectable effect on normal gut morphogenesis, visceral muscle actin organization, or larval peristalsis.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020120305
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    Regulatory elements near the Drosophila hsp 22 gene required for ecdysterone and heat shock induction (1991)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 12 (1991), S. 212-218 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: DNA regulatory elements ; transfection-competition experiments ; transcription ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A transient expression assay was used to localize cis-acting DNA regulatory elements near the Drosophila heat shock protein (hsp) 22 gene, that are involved in heat shock expression and in ecdysterone-induced expression. The results identify a region between positions -320 and -232 that is essential for ecdysterone control, but not for heat-induced expression, and a sequence between -199 and -56, which, when deleted, leads to the loss of heat shock induction. To investigate the function of these DNA sequences, transfection-competition experiments were carried out. The evidence suggests that the DNA regulatory sequences identified by transient expression studies contain binding sites for transacting transcription factors.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020120306
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  • 157
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    Differential expression and isozymic composition of sn-glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase in tissues from variant lines of Drosophila melanogaster (1991)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 12 (1991), S. 219-225 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase ; tissue-specific expression ; isozymic composition ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The tissue-specific expression and isozymic composition of Drosophila sn-glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH) (EC 1.1.1.8) have been determined for a high-activity control line and two variant lines that alter either the temporal or systemic expression of GPDH through a reduction in rates of polypeptide synthesis. The temporal variant exhibits a reduction in enzyme levels in all larval tissues and in the adult abdomen, while levels of activity in the adult thorax are equal to the control line. Isozymic analyses of these tissues demonstrate that it is the GPDH-3 species that is reduced in a temporal and tissue-specific manner. In contrast, the systemic variant demonstrates a uniform reduction of all isozymic species in each tissue and developmental stage. Analyses of the tissues of F1 hybrid offspring of each variant line and appropriately marked electrophoretic variants demonstrate that the tissue-specific effects observed are due to cis-acting elements that are tightly linked to the structural gene.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020120307
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    Announcement (1991)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 12 (1991), S. 253-253 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020120310
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    Maternal effect mutations affecting macronuclear determination and development in Paramecium tetraurelia (1991)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 12 (1991), S. 226-237 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Nuclear determination ; macronucleus ; ciliates ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Gene mutations that interfere with macronuclear development in Paramecium were obtained by selecting lines that failed to produce normal macronuclear anlagen following the second autogamy after mutagenesis. The mutants fell into several complementation groups. There was one case of apparent intragenic noncomplementation among the eight mutants examined. In the stronger mutants, macronuclear anlagen were not formed, and all four mitotic products of the posfzygotic divisions of the synkaryon remained as micronuclei. Under semirestrictive conditions, cells often contained a single anlage, suggesting that determination of anlagen was a discrete event for each nucleus. The missing anlagen trait was recessive and associated with a strong maternal effect. The phenocritical period of one of the stronger alleles, aala, began at the second postzygotic division and ended with the first morphological differentiation of macronuclear anlagen. Nuclear migration in this mutant was abnormal. Under restrictive conditions, the posterior products of the second postzygotic division reached a posterior-most position, which was 8% of cell length more anterior than that of the most posterior nuclei in wild-type cells. Under permissive conditions, the pattern of migration was intermediate between that of wild-type cells and mutants under fully restrictive conditions. The patterns of nuclear migration were consistent with the nuclear growth kinetics.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020120308
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    Masthead (1991)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 12 (1991) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020120401
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    Generating lineage-specific markers to study Drosophila development (1991)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 12 (1991), S. 238-252 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Enhancer detection ; embryogenesis ; cell lineage ; P-element ; β-galactosidase ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: To generate cell- and tissue-specific expression patterns of the reporter gene lacZ in Drosophila, we have generated and characterized 1,426 independent insertion strains using four different P-element constructs. These four transposons carry a lacZ gene driven either by the weak promoter of the P-element transposase gene or by partial promoters from the even-skipped, fushi-tarazu, or engrailed genes. The tissue-specific patterns of β-galactosidase expression that we are able to generate depend on the promoter utilized. We describe in detail 13 strains that can be used to follow specific cell lineages and demonstrate their utility in analyzing the phenotypes of developmental mutants. Insertion strains generated with P-elements that carry various sequences upstream of the lacZ gene exhibit an increased variety of expression patterns that can be used to study Drosophila development.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020120309
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    Expression and regulation of lectin genes in cereals and rice (1991)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 12 (1991), S. 255-260 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Chitin-binding ; plant defense ; gramineae lectins ; tissue-specific expression ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020120402
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    Analysis of developmentally interesting genes cloned from higher plants by insertional mutagenesis (1991)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 12 (1991), S. 261-271 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Transposable elements ; gene tagging ; regulatory genes ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The ability of transposable elements to generate gene mutations by excising from one site in the genome and reintegrating into new, different sites elsewhere in the genome has led to the development of procedures whereby the elements can be used to tag specific gene sequences for eventual isolation and analysis through gene cloning. This transposon tagging strategy is particularly useful in those situations where limited knowledge of the biochemistry of the target gene precludes gene cloning by conventional strategies. This approach, in conjunction with the more general insertional mutagenesis approach using T-DNA, has led to the cloning and subsequent analysis of several genes from higher plants involved in particular developmental processes. Studies of this nature should eventually shed light on the precise molecular mechanisms utilized to regulate and control cellular differentiation in plants.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020120403
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  • 164
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    Masthead (1991)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 12 (1991) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020120601
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  • 165
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    Morphological abnormalities, neonatal mortality, and reproductive abnormalities in mice transgenic for diphtheria toxin genes that are driven by the promoter for adipocyte lipid binding protein (1991)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 12 (1991), S. 371-379 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Genetic ablation ; congenital abnormalities ; transgenic mice ; cell death ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Transgenic mice were used in an experiment that was designed to serve as a model of a possible approach to reducing the amount of carcass fat in meat animals. The objective was to reduce the number of adipocytes in transgenic mice thereby restricting the capacity to accumulate lipid. Our approach employed the technique of genetic ablation. The promoter for the adipocyte lipid binding protein gene was used in an attempt to direct expression of diphtheria toxin genes specifically to adipocytes. Three diphtheria toxin genes were used; they encode, respectively, an extremely cytotoxic wild type toxin, a less toxic attenuated toxin, and a nonfunctional toxin. While it was not possible to accurately assess effects of the transgenes on lipid accumulation, several informative observations were noted. A large percentage of transgenic founder mice that harbor either wild type or attenuated toxin genes are morphologically abnormal, die as neonates, or exhibit reproductive abnormalities including sterility or failure to transmit the transgene to offspring. In contrast, mice that harbor the nonfunctional toxin gene or are nontransgenic rarely have these same abnormalities. These results suggest that the trans-genic mice are expressing the transgenes in cells other than adipocytes and that the aberrant production of functional toxin is responsible for the congenital abnormalities. The production of morphological and reproductive abnormalities in transgenic animals should be useful for investigating normal developmental processes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020120506
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    Expression of glucose phosphate isomerase in interspecific hybrid (Mus musculus × Mus caroli) (1991)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 12 (1991), S. 403-414 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Mouse ; Mus musculus ; Mus caroli ; interspecific hybrids ; embryo ; gene expression ; glucose phosphate isomerase ; artificial insemination ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Hybrid Mus musculus × Mus caroli embryos were produced by inseminating M. musculus (C57BL/Ola Ws) females with M. caroli sperm. Control M. caroli embryos developed more rapidly than did control M. musculus embryos and implanted approximately 1 day earlier. At 1 1/2 days, both the hybrid embryos and those of the maternal species (M. musculus) had cleaved to the 2-cell stage. By 2 1/2 days some of the hybrids were retarded compared to M. musculus, and by 3½ days most were lagging behind. This is consistent with the idea that the rate of development of hybrid embryos declines once it becomes dependent on embryo-coded gene products.We have used this difference in rate of preim-plantation development, between hybrid and M. musculus embryos, to try to determine whether the activation of embryonic Gpi-1s genes, that encode glucose phosphate isomerase (GPI-1), is age-related or stage-related. In control M. musculus embryos (both mated and Al groups), the GPI-1AB and GPI-1A allozyme, indicative of paternal gene expression, were detected in 7 of 9 samples of 3 1/2-day compacted morula stage embryos and were seen in all 19 samples of 31/2-day blastocysts. In hybrid embryos, these allozymes were detected 1 day later. They were not detected in any 31/2-day samples (12 samples of compacted morulae) but were consistently detected at 4½ days (4 samples of blastocysts and 2 samples of uncompacted morulae). Our interpretation of the results is that gene activation in hybrid embryos is stage-specific, rather than age-specific, and probably begins around the 8-cell stage, with detectable levels of enzyme accumulating later. Analysis of GPI-1 elec-trophoresis indicated that both the paternal (M. caroli) and maternal (M. musculus) Gpi-1s alleles were equally expressed in hybrid embryos and that the paternally derived allele was not activated before the maternally derived allele. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020120605
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    Masthead (1991)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 12 (1991) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020120101
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  • 168
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    Catalase and superoxide dismutase gene expression and distribution during stem development in maize (1991)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 12 (1991), S. 423-430 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Zea mays ; superoxide dismutase ; differential gene expression ; stem lignification ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The temporal and spatial patterns of expression of the Cat and Sod genes encoding the multiple catalases and superoxide dismutases in maize have been examined throughout stem development. Three stages of stem development have been defined based upon catalase activity profiles and stem internode elongation. At stage 1, catalase activity is low and internodes remain short; at stage 2, catalase activity dramatically increases and internodes rapidly elongate; and at stage 3, catalase activity decreases to levels intermediate to stage 1 and 2, and internode elongation ceases. Zymogram analysis and immunoassays show that only the CAT-3 catalase isozyme is present in the stem, even though both Cat1 and Cat3 mRNAs accumulate throughout stem development. Cat2 mRNA is not detectable in the developing stem. In full-grown stems catalase is localized primarily in the sclerenchyma beneath the epidermis and around the vascular bundles and may possibly play a role in lignification. Unlike catalase, all the superoxide dismutase (SOD) isozymes and transcripts are present in the developing stem. Thus, these two major antioxidant gene-enzyme systems show differential patterns of expression during stem development in maize. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020120607
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    Introduction (1991)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 12 (1991), S. 1-1 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020120102
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  • 170
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    Distinct developmental regulatory mechanisms for two members of the aldolase gene family (1991)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 12 (1991), S. 431-436 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Regulatory mechanisms ; mRNA ; al-dolase ; post-transcriptional control ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The aldolase isozyme family is composed of three members, A, B, and C, which are encoded by separate genes. The proteins are expressed in a tissue-restricted manner during development and in the adult. To elucidate the regulation of aldolose mRNA in the mouse liver, we analyzed its expression by a number of methods including Northern blot, RNA dot blot, and nuclear run-on assays. Our experiments demonstrate that the expression of aldolase A in the liver is primarily regulated by post-transcriptional control. In contrast, we found that changes in the level of aldolase B mRNA are due to changes in the rate of initiation of transcription. In addition, we examined the regulation of aldolase expression in the adult kidney. We found that although the kidney has eight times more aldolase B than the live, the rate of initiation of transcription is similar in both tissues. Also, the rate of initiation of transcription of aldolase A is the same in the adult kidney and liver although there is 40 times more steady state aldolase A mRNA in the kidney than in the liver. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020120608
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  • 171
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    Signal transduction and gene expression in Dictyostelium discoideum (1991)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 12 (1991), S. 2-5 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020120103
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  • 172
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    Dynamics and function of the inositolcycle in Dictyostelium discoideum (1991)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 12 (1991), S. 19-24 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: cAMP ; dephosphorylation ; phos-phatase ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The inositolcycle in Dictyostelium discoideum was studied under several conditions both in vitro and in vivo. The results are compared with the inositolcycle as it is known from higher eukaryotes: although there is a strong resemblance both cycles are different at some essential points.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020120106
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    Multiple genes for cell surface cAMP receptors in Dictyostelium discoideum (1991)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 12 (1991), S. 6-13 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Signal transduction ; G-proteins ; adenylyl cyclase ; gene expression ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We have cloned and characterized three genes (CAR1, CAR2, CAR3) encoding potential cell surface, cyclic adenosine 3′:5′ monophosphate (AMP) receptors from Dictyostelium discoideum. The three proteins are predicted to be substantially similar in amino acid sequence throughout most of their transmembrane (TM) and loop domains but are distinctly different in their carboxyl terminal segments. In addition, all three genes possess an intron which interrupts an equivalent codon of TM3.CAR1 is expressed early in development when the cAMP relay system is being established. As development proceeds multiple size forms of CAR1 RNA are detected which apparently result from differences in their 5′-untranslated regions. Late in development levels of CAR1 RNA decrease. In contrast, CAR2 encodes a single sized RNA which is expressed only during postaggregative development. CAR3 expression is ∼10% of CAR1 during early development, is maximal during tight aggregate formation but declines thereafter. Only one size class of CAR3 mRNA is detected throughout development.Because RNA for each of the three genes is present in postaggregative cells, it was of interest to determine the cell type distribution of each RNA. Gene-specific probes were hybridized to RNAs isolated from cells of Percoll gradient-enriched prespore and prestalk fractions and relative levels of hybridization compared. CAR1 and CAR3 show approximately the same pattern of accumulation; a 3-4 fold enrichment in prestalk cells. CAR2, however, is highly enriched in prestalk cells, more than 10 fold relative to prespore cells.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020120104
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    Regulation of protein phosphorylation in Dictyostelium discoideum (1991)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 12 (1991), S. 14-18 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: GDP-dependent ; chemotactic receptor ; CAR-kinase ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We have examined the phosphorylation of the cyclic adenosine 3′:5′ monophosphate (cAMP) cell surface chemotactic receptor and a 36 kDa membrane-associated protein (p36) in Dictyostelium discoideum. The activity of CAR-kinase, the enzyme responsible for the phosphorylation of the cAMP receptor, was studied in plasma membrane preparations. It was foud that, as in intact cells, the receptor was rapidly phosphorylated in membranes incubated with [γ32P] adenosine triphosphate (ATP) but only in the presence of cAMP. This phosphorylation was not observed in membranes prepared from cells which did not display significant cAMP binding activity. cAMP could induce receptor phosphorylation at low concentrations, while cyclic guanosine 3′:5′ monophosphate (cGMP) could elicit receptor phosphorylation only at high concentrations. Neither ConA, Ca2+, or guanine nucleotides had an effect on CAR-kinase. It was also observed that 2-deoxy cAMP but not dibutyryl cAMP induced receptor phosphorylation. The data suggest that the ligand occupied form of the cAMP receptor is required for CAR-kinase activity. Although the receptor is rapidly dephosphorylated in vivo, we were unable to observe its dephosphorylation in vitro. In contrast, p36 was rapidly dephosphorylated. Also, unlike the cAMP receptor, the phosphorylation of p36 was found to be regulated by the addition of guanine nucleotides. Guanosine diphosphate (GDP) enhanced the phosphorylation while guanosine triphosphate (GTP) decreased the radiolabeling of p36 indicating that GTP can compete with ATP for the nucleotide triphosphate binding site of p36 kinase. This was verified using radiolabeled GTP as the phosphate donor. Competition experiments with GTPγS, ATP, GTP, CTP, and uridine triphosphate (UTP) indicated that the phosphate donor site of p36 kinase is relatively non-sepcific. The mechanism(s) by which GDP functions to alter p36 phosphorylation and the physiological significance of this event are currently under investigation.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020120105
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  • 175
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    Control of cAMP-induced gene expression by divergent signal transduction pathways (1991)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 12 (1991), S. 25-34 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Dictyostelium ; stimulation kinetics ; aggregation-related genes ; prestalk-related genes ; prespore genes ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A compilation of literature data and recent experiments led to the following conclusions regarding cyclic adenosine 3′:5′ monophosphate (cAMP) regulation of gene expression. Several classes of cAMP-induced gene expression can be discriminated by sensitivity to stimulation kinetics. The aggregation-related genes respond only to nanomolar cAMP pulses. The prestalk-related genes respond both to nano-molar pulses and persistent micromolar stimulation. The prespore specific genes respond only to persistent micromolar stimulation.The induction of the aggregation- and prestalk-related genes by nanomolar cAMP pulses may share a common transduction pathway, which does not involve cAMP, while involvement of the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3)/Ca2+ pathway is unlikely. Induction of the expression of prespore and prestalk-related genes by micromolar cAMP stimuli utilizes divergent signal processing mechanisms. cAMP-induced prespore gene expression does not involve cAMP and probably also not cyclic guanosine 3′.5′ monophosphate (cGMP) as intracellular intermediate. Involvement of cAMP-induced phospholipase C (PLC) activation in this pathway is suggested by the observation that IP3 and 1,2-diacylglycerol (DAG) can induce prespore gene expression, albeit in a somewhat indirect manner and by the observation that Li+ and Ca2+ antagonists inhibit prespore gene expression. Cyclic AMP induction of prestalk-related gene expression is inhibited by IP3 and DAG and promoted by Li+, and is relatively insensitive to Ca2+ antagonists, which indicates that PLC activation does not mediate prestalk-related gene expression. Neither prespore nor prestalk-related gene expression utilizes the sustained cAMP-induced pHi increase as intracellular intermediate.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020120107
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    cDNA sequence of cyclophilin from Dictyostelium discoidem (1991)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 12 (1991), S. 50-53 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Dictyostelium ; protein folding ; pepti-dyl-prolyl isomerase ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A cDNA encoding a protein homologous to cyclophilins from other species has been isolated from a Dictyostelium discoideum cDNA library. From the deduced amino acid sequence a protein with a molecular mass of 19 kD and 64% identity with human cyclophilin is predicted. Southern blot analysis indicates that there is one cyclophilin gene in the D. discoideum genome. The mRNA is present in all developmental stages.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020120110
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  • 177
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    Signal transduction pathways involved in the expression of the uridine diphosphoglucose pyrophosphorylase gene of Dictyostelium discoideum (1991)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 12 (1991), S. 35-44 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: cAMP ; regulatory sequences ; DNA binding proteins ; anti-sense RNA ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The uridine diphosphoglucose pyrophosphorylase (UDPGP1) gene of Dictyostelium discoideum is an excellent marker to study the pathways that control the expression of genes during development. We have previously shown that the UDPGP1 gene is regulated by exogenous cAMP acting on cell-surface cAMP receptors. Various steps in the signal transduction pathway between receptor stimulation and the induction of the gene can now be studied. Induction does not require the synthesis of intracellular cAMP, but does require new protein synthesis. By deletion and transformation with altered genes, two cis-acting sequences that are required for UDPGP1 expression have been identified. A GC-rich palindromic sequence located between -410 and -374 is essential for induction of the gene by extracellular cAMP, but not for its basal expression. A sequence element located between -374 and -337 is required for any basal expression of this gene. When the polarity of the palindromic sequence was reversed such that it resembled the H2K enhancer element, the gene could still be induced by exogenous cAMP. Two DNA binding activities were detected in gel mobility shift assays using a fragment containing both of the regulatory sequence elements of UDPGP1 gene. Transformation with a vector that resulted in the synthesis of anti-sense UDPGP1 RNA led to almost total elimination of the enzyme antigen and no detectable enzyme activity. However, these transformants developed normally, indicating that either UDPGP is not required for development or residual synthesis of UDPGP may be sufficient for normal development.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020120108
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  • 178
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    Cell-cell contact mediates cAMP secretion in Dictyostelium discoideum (1991)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 12 (1991), S. 54-62 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Adenylyl cyclase ; bacteria ; membrane skeleton ; development ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Cyclic adenosine 3′:5′ monophosphate (cAMP) and cell-cell contact regulate developmental gene expression in Dictyostelium discoideum. Developing D. discoideum amoebae synthesize and secrete cAMP following the binding of cAMP to their surface cAMP receptor, a response called cAMP signaling. We have demonstrated two responses of developing D. discoideum amoebae to cell-cell contact. Cell-cell contact elicits cAMP secretion and alters the amount of cAMP secreted in a subsequent cAMP signaling response. Depending upon experimental conditions, bacterial-amoebal contact and amoebal-amoebal contact can enhance or diminish the amount of cAMP secreted during a subsequent cAMP signaling response. We have hypothesized that cell-cell contact regulates D. discoideum development by altering cellular and extracellular levels of cAMP. To begin testing this hypothesis, these responses were further characterized.The two responses to cell-cell contact are independent, i.e., they can each occur in the absence of the other. The responses to cell-cell contact also have unique temperature dependences when compared to each other, cAMP signaling, and phagocytosis. This suggests that these four responses have unique steps in their transduction mechanisms.The secretion of cAMP in response to cell-cell contact appears to be a non-specific response; contact between D. discoideum amoebae and Enterobacter aerogenes, latex beads, or other amoebae elicits cAMP secretion. Despite the apparent similarities of the effects of bacterial-amoebal and amoebal-amoebal contact on the cAMP signaling response, this contact-induced response appears to be specific. Latex beads addition does not alter the magnitude of a subsequent cAMP signaling response. A mutant, DV212, does not alter the magnitude of its cAMP signaling response following bacterial-amoebal contact but alters the magnitude of its cAMP signaling response following amoebal-amoebal contact. Thus, amoebae can differentiate between bead-amoebal contact, bacterial-amoebal contact, and amoebal-amoebal contact.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020120111
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    Gene expression and chromatin structure in the cellular slime mold, Dictyostelium discoideum (1991)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 12 (1991), S. 65-77 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Histones ; nucleosomes ; micrococcal nuclease digestion ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Micrococcal nuclease digestion of chromatin from growing cells reveals a structural organization which differs for genes transcribed at diverse rates. The late cAMP dependent prespore genes which are not transcribed in growing cells are found in growing cells in a regular nucleosomal repeat with an average spacing of 168 nucleotides. By contrast genes expressed at a low level in growing cells show an irregular pattern of bands with an average distance between bands of 80 nucleotides. The sizes of the bands generated from the transcribed genes are consistent with the concept that transcription results in the loss of the linker region histone H1 with concomitant sliding of nucleosomes to generate close packed (“slipped”) di, tri, and tetra nucleosomes lacking the linker region. Further analysis of dinucleosomes released by micrococcal nuclease digestion reveals that transcriptionally active genes are found associated with dinucleosome species which may be lacking histone H1. The length of DNA protected by these dinucleosomes is heterogeneous, ranging from 250 to 300 nucleotides.Methodology is described which has been adapted to allow two dimensional hybridization mapping of nucleoprotein complexes on single copy Dictyostelium genes.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020120113
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    Evidence for the presence of a growth factor in Dictyostelium discoideum (1991)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 12 (1991), S. 78-81 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Dictyostelium ; growth factor ; filipin mutant ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Polypeptide hormones, recognized for their ability to regulate cell growth and differentiation, have been classified as growth factors. These growth factors have been extensively described in higher eukaryotic organisms and cell lines [Hedin and Westermark, Cell 37:9-20, 1984]. Here we report the identification and partial characterization of a putative growth factor present in vegetative amoebae of the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum. A mutant was selected and found to be temperature sensitive due to the absence of an extracellular protein suggestive of a growth factor. The putative growth factor (DGF) is a protein resistant to both heat and strong detergent treatment but sensitive to reducing agents. The physiological significance of DGF is as yet unknown. DGF is of interest both in relation to understanding the events which control cell proliferation in Dictyostelium and in its relationship to other known growth factors.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020120114
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    Induction of gene expression in Dictyostelium by prestarvation factor, a factor secreted by growing cells (1991)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 12 (1991), S. 82-87 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: PSF ; discoidin I ; growth ; development ; gene regulation ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: During growth, Dictyostelium cells continuously secrete a factor, PSF, that accumulates in proportion to cell density. At sufficient concentration, it triggers the production of discoidin I and certain lysosomal enzymes. Our earlier studies demonstrated these effects of PSF on protein and enzyme levels [Clarke et al., Differentiation 34:79-87, 1987; Clarke et al., Dev Genet 9:315-326, 1988]. In the present study, we have examined whether PSF induces increased mRNA levels. By Northern blot analysis, we have found that discoidin I mRNA accumulates in exponentially growing NC4 cells as the cells reach high density; significant levels of mRNA are detectable in cells growing either on plates or in suspension, beginning about four generations before the end of exponential growth. High levels of discoidin I mRNA are also found in low-density cells grown in the presence of buffer conditioned by high-density cells. These results indicate that PSF induces the accumulation of discoidin I mRNA. Other “early developmental” genes, pCZ22 and the early I genes (16, 18, and 111), are also expressed in exponentially growing cells at high density or in the presence of conditioned buffer. We conclude that several genes previously found to be preferentially expressed very early in development are actually induced during late exponential growth by PSF.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020120115
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    Structure, expression, and regulation of members of the developmentally controlled V and H gene classes from Dictyostelium (1991)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 12 (1991), S. 88-97 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Developmental regulation ; ribosomal protein genes ; spore germination ; promoter structure ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We have examined the expression and structure of vegetative specific genes belonging to the V and H gene classes. Both classes of genes are deactivated at the onset of development by a reduction in the rate of transcription. Thus, the genes must be reactivated when the terminally differentiated spores germinate and the resulting amebae return to the vegetative state. During germination, activation of expression of most members of the V gene class was found to parallel the emergence of amaebae from the spore coats. The activation of the V genes did not occur when protein synthesis was inhibited. The timing of activation of the H genes was more heterogeneous and did not parallel emergence. H gene activation occurred even when protein synthesis was inhibited. V4 was found to be the only vegetative specific gene that was responsive to the presence of bacteria. V4 expression was induced by 25-100 fold via transcriptional activation when bacteria were added to amebae growing axenically. Isolation and sequence analysis of the corresponding genomic clones revealed that two V genes, V18 and V1, encode ribosomal proteins. Promoter analysis has delineated the sequences necessary for expression and regulation for several of the V and H genes. In all cases, expression was determined by sequences within the first several hundred base pairs of the transcription start site. For V18 and V14, a positive constitutive element was identified in addition to the sequences involved in regulation. Finally, all of the characterizations and findings are discussed in terms of postulated models for V and H gene expression and regulation.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020120116
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    Sequence elements that affect mRNA translational activity in developing Dictyostelium cells (1991)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 12 (1991), S. 98-103 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Translational control ; ribosomal protein mRNAs ; 5′-untranslated region ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Post-transcriptional controls, including changes in both mRNA translational activity and stability, play an important role in the regulation of ribosomal protein gene expression in developing Dictyostelium discoideum cells. Previously we have shown that the mechanisms which regulate the translational activity of the r-protein mRNAs operate at the level of translational initiation and do not involve changes in polyadenylation or capping. By analysing the translational behavior of chimeric and mutant mRNAs in transformed cells, we have now been able to localize the determinants of translational activity of one of the r-protein mRNAs to the 5′-untranslated region. Although this and other r-protein mRNAs differ strikingly from the Dictyostelium consensus in the region of the initiator AUG codon, we find that improving the match to that consensus does not increase the translational activity of the message in developing cells. Current experiments are designed to determine whether translational regulation is mediated by strong interactions with specific inhibitors or by weak interactions with translational initiation factors.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020120117
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    Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase of Dictyostelium discoideum and its glycoprotein inhibitor: Structure and expression of their genes (1991)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 12 (1991), S. 104-112 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: cAMP ; chemotaxis ; transformation ; CAT constructs ; gene regulation ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The genes coding for the cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (PD) and the PD inhibitory glycoprotein (PDI) have been cloned and characterized. The PDI gene was isolated as a 1.6 kb genomic fragment, which included the coding sequence containing two small introns and 510 nucleotides of non-translated 5′ sequence. From the deduced amino acid sequence we predict a protein with a molecular weight (MW) of 26,000 that, in agreement with previous data, contains 15% cysteine residues. Genomic Southern blot analysis indicates that only one gene encodes the inhibitor. Northern blot analysis shows a single transcript of 0.95 kb. The PDI gene is expressed early in development with little transcript remaining following aggregation. The appearance of PDI mRNA is prevented by the presence of cAMP, but when cAMP is removed the transcript appears within 30 minutes. When cAMP is applied to cells expressing PDI the transcript disappears with a half-life of less than 30 minutes. The PD gene of D. discoideum is transcribed into three mRNAs: a 1.9 kb mRNA specific for growth, a 2.4 kb mRNA specific for aggregation, and a 2.2 kb mRNA specific for late development. The 2.2 kb mRNA is also specific for prestalk cells, and is induced by differentiation-inducing factor. All three mRNAs contain the same coding sequence, and differ only in their 5′ non-coding sequences. Each mRNA is transcribed from a different promoter, and by using the chloramphenicol acyltransferase gene as a reporter, we have shown that each promoter displays the same regulation as its cognate mRNA. Transformation of wild-type strains with the PD gene causes PD overexpression which accelerates aggregation and blocks subsequent cell differentiation and pattern formation.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020120118
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    Developmental protein synthesis is required for the transcription of Dictyostelium prespore genes (1991)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 12 (1991), S. 113-122 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Dictyostelium discoideum ; cyclo heximide ; emetine ; protein synthesis ; mRNA accu mulation ; transcription ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: It has been established previ- ously that the maintenance of expression of pre-spore-specific genes of Dictyostelium discoideum is prevented by the translational inhibitor cyclohex- imide. The drug had no effect upon the level of transcripts of the other genes examined, prestalk-specific or cell type-nonspecific. However, the interpretation of this result is open to question, because of possible nonspecific effects of cyclo-heximide. We have now characterized the cellular specificity and temporal profiles of mRNA accumu- lation of additional Dictyostelium cDNA clones, and have examined other inhibitors of in vivo protein synthesis. Four structurally and mechanistically distinct translational inhibitors each prevented the reaccumulation of prespore transcripts in cyclic AMP-primed, disaggregated amoebae. These results establish the importance of developmental protein synthesis in the accumulation of prespore gene transcripts. Nuclear run-on transcription assays were used to learn whether protein synthesis is required primarily for mRNA synthesis or transcript stability. A transcriptional time course first demonstrated that the abundance of these cell-specific transcripts during development mirrors their rates of synthesis. Significantly, the protein synthesis requirement of the prespore genes examined also occurs at the level of mRNA transcription, implying the existence of one or more developmentally regulated transcriptional activators.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020120119
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    Coordinate regulation of the spore coat genes in Dictyostelium discoideum (1991)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 12 (1991), S. 123-132 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: SP60 ; SP70 ; SP96 ; prespore-specific mRNAs ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Genomic clones of the genes coding for the three major spore coat proteins, SP60, SP70, and SP96, were used to measure the accumulation of their respective mRNAs in mutant and wild-type cells allowed to develop under a variety of conditions. These prespore-specific mRNAs were found to be both temporally and quantitatively coordinate under all conditions indicating that they may be subject to identical regulatory processes. Accumulation of the spore coat mRNAs is dependent upon the function of both cAMP receptors and Gα2 proteins during the aggregation stage as well as upon concomitant protein synthesis. When cells are dissociated from aggregates at 10 hr of development and rapidly shaken in 0.1 mM EDTA they form clumps but do not accumulate any of the prespore-specific RNAs assayed. However, if either 0.1 rnM Ca++ or 20 μM cAMP is added to these cells, the spore coat mRNAs accumulate. Lower concentrations of either Ca++ or cAMP had no effect. These results suggest that expression of the spore coat genes normally involves a Ca++ -dependent process, but the Ca++ requirement can be overcome by adding Ca++ high concentrations of exogenous CAMP.Addition of 50 nM DIF to dissociated cell blocks the accu- mulation of the spore coat mRNAs even when cAMP or Ca++ is present. The upstream regions of the spore coat genes were compared to those of another gene, D19, that codes for the prespore-specific protein SP29. Short sequences related to CACCCAC were found at about the same position relative to the transcriptional start sites of these co- ordinately regulated genes.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020120120
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    Dictyostelium discoideum gene family contains a long internal amino acid repeat (1991)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 12 (1991), S. 133-138 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Dictyosteliurn discoideurn ; develop- mentally regulated multigene family ; spore germination ; developmentally regulated genes ; developmentally regulated proteins ; proteins containing internal amino acid repeat ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Two different cDNA clones denoted pT0270-6 and pT0270-11 represent two mRNAs that are developmentally regulated during spore germination in Dictyosteliurn discoideum. The respective mRNAs are found only during early germination and are not present in other stages of growth or multicellular development. Four different genomic clones that hybridize to sequences that are common to both of the 270 cDNA clones were isolated from Dictyostelium libraries and se- quenced. Two are the genes for the two cDNAs, and the other two represent genes that do not seem to be transcribed. All four genomic se- quences possess a very unusual internal feature in the deduced protein sequences composed of a monotonous repeat of the tetrapeptide threonine- glutamic acid-threonine-proline. The other portions of the proteins have no homology among them- selves. The deduced protein corresponding to the 270-6 gene is very similar to avocado (Persea arnericana) cellulase. Since cellulose in the spore wall has to be digested during spore germination this suggests that this protein may function as an endo-( 1,4)-beta-D-glucanase during germination.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020120121
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    Analysis of the multiple transcripts of the Dd ras gene during Dictyostezium discoideum development (1991)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 12 (1991), S. 139-146 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Dictyosteliurn ; ras ; run ons ; transcription ; secondary structure ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Transcripts from the Dd ras gene can only be detected once starved cells have begun to aggregate (Reymond et al., Cell 39: 141-148, 1984). We show in this report that the three transcripts which originate from Dd ras during nor- mal development differ in their 5′ ends. In suspen- sion of starved single cells, one major Dd ras RNA accumulates upon addition of CAMP. It seems that the CAMPregulation of Dd ras expression happens both at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional level. An RNA secondary structure present in the 5′ untranslated region of the gene is proposed to be important in this post-transcriptional regulation.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020120122
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  • 189
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    Ras-related genes in Dictyostelium discoideum (1991)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 12 (1991), S. 147-153 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Eukaryotes ; vegetative cells ; ras proteins ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Dicfyostelium discoideum, like other eukaryotes, has been shown to express several ras-related genes. Two gene products, Ddras and DdrasG, are highly conserved relative to the human ras proteins. Ddras is expressed at the pseudoplasmodial stage of development, whereas DdrasG is expressed in vegetative cells and during early development. In addition, Dicfyostelium possesses three ras-related genes, SAS1, SAS2 and Ddrap1, whose gene products are only partially conserved relative to those of the ras genes. The expression of these three genes is also developmentally regulated.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020120123
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  • 190
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    Announcement (1991)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 12 (1991), S. 170-170 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020120126
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  • 191
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    Structure, expression, and inactivation by gene disruption of the Dictyostelium discoideum prespore gene EB4 (1991)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 12 (1991), S. 163-169 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Prespore gene ; gene disruption ; EGF-like repeats ; gene structure ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We present the nucleotide sequence of the cell type specific prespore gene EB4 which encodes a protein containing a hydrophobic leader sequence and two distinct domains of amino acid repeats. By RNase protection experiments we have determined the genomic organization of the gene which differs substantially from the previously published data. An antibody directed against one of the repeat structures (hexamer repeat) specifically reacts with a developmentally regulated antigen of 58 kd. Gene disruption transformants were obtained by transformation with a genomic DNA fragment. The transformants express a 3′ truncated mRNA and do not react with the anti-hexamer antibody. So far, we could not detect any phenotypic aberrations in the transformed cell line.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020120125
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    Regulation of cysteine proteinases during different pathways of differentiation in cellular slime molds (1991)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 12 (1991), S. 154-162 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Cysteine proteinase ; Dictyostelium discoideum ; Dictyostelium mucoroides ; Polysphondylium pallidum ; spore ; macrocyst ; microcyst ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Cysteine proteinase activities have been determined using gelatin-SDS-PAGE analysis and assays based on peptide nitroanilides. Vegetative myxamoebae of all species examined contain high levels of cysteine proteinose activity present in multiple forms. In both Dictyostelium discoideum and Polysphondylium pallidum the proteinase content is dependent on whether the cells are grown axenically or in association with bacteria. In all instances development is accompanied by a decreased intracellular cysteine proteinase activity. This occurs during the formation of fruiting bodies in D. discoideum, microcysts in P. pallidum, and macrocysts in Dictyostelium mucoroides. Significant quantities of proteinase activity are always secreted by myxamoebae immediately on starvation. In D. mucoroides this leads to an almost total depletion of intracellular cysteine proteinases by the aggregation stage. As a consequence of this depletion it has been relatively easy to detect a developmentally regulated accumulation of cysteine proteinases at the enzyme activity level, something which has not yet proved possible with D. discoideum. Three cysteine proteinases are produced as D. mucoroides macrocysts develop and mature. In the case of microcyst formation in P. pallidum the proteinase contents of the developing cells and of the microcysts are dependent on how the myxamoebae are grown. In this developmental pathway at least, there is no absolute requirement for specific proteinases to be present (or absent) at a particular stage. The diversity of cysteine proteinases found in cellular slime molds and the variety of features apparent in their regulation suggest that they will prove to be very useful for investigating features of the structure/function relationships in this important group of enzymes.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020120124
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