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  • 1990-1994  (1,037)
  • 1920-1924
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  • 1991  (1,037)
  • Chemical Engineering  (643)
  • Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling  (394)
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  • 101
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 40 (1991), S. 71-80 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The sum of the second- and fourth-order Hylleraas functionals and the Newton-Raphson optimization technique have been used to optimize a manifold of first- and second-order correlation orbitals (FOCOS and SOCOS) for the spin-restricted Hartree-Fock (RHF) wave function. The correlation orbitals are linear combinations of the RHF virtual orbitals. The computational implementation of the new method is discussed and a numerical application to a simple model system is presented to illustrate the capabilities of the proposed methodology.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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  • 102
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 40 (1991), S. 43-70 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The energy at sixth-order Møller-Plesset (MP6) perturbation theory is given and dissected into 36 size-consistent energy contributions resulting from single (S), double (D), triple (T), quadruple (Q), pentuple (P), and hextuple (H) excitations. It is shown that MP6 is an O(N9) method, but less costly approximations to MP6 are possible. MP6 is used to analyze and compare coupled cluster (CC) and quadratic configuration interaction (QCI) methods, namely CCD, CCSD, CCSD(T), CCSD(TQ), CCSDT, CCSDT(Q), CCSDT(QQ), QCISD, QCISD(T), and QCISD(TQ). For larger molecules and molecules with distinct T contributions, CCSD is significantly better than QCISD because CCSD covers a relatively large number of T contributions and in particular T,T coupling effects at sixth order. Differences between the two methods become larger at higher orders of perturbation theory. If T and Q excitations are included in QCISD and CCSD in a noniterative way - thus leading to QCISD(T), CCSD(T), QCISD(TQ), and CCSD(TQ) - then differences between QCI and CC decrease. Hence, if a given molecular problem depends on the inclusion of T effects, improved calculational results will be obtained in the following order: MP4(SDTQ) 〈 QCISD(T) 〈 CCSD(T) 〈 QCISD(TQ), CCSD(TQ) 〈 CCSDT. None of the methods investigated is correct in sixth order. Only if CCSDT is extended to CCSDT(QPH), which is also an O(N9) method, are all MP6 energy contributions then covered.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 103
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 40 (1991), S. 95-106 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: We derive semiclassical energy functions in configuration space that provide upper or lower bounds to the energies of quantum-mechanical systems. The bounds are predicted by rigorous theorems about the local energy which we choose to depend on adjustable parameters in order to improve the accuracy of the results. We apply the method to one-dimensional models, central-field systems, and the Zeeman effect in hydrogen.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 104
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 40 (1991), S. 107-111 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: We discuss the solution of the time-dependent Schrödinger equation. The split operator method is used to propagate an initial wave function and the continuous Fourier transform is applied to obtain the energy eigenvalues. High resolution in the energy is obtained without line shaping techniques.s
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 105
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 40 (1991), S. 131-139 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A demonstration of kinetic balance failure in heavily contracted basis sets is given. Other possible methods of constructing small component basis sets for 4-component relativistic calculations are discussed. The position of the additional negative energy levels in extended balance calculations in some recent many-electron calculations is examined.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 106
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 40 (1991), S. 121-130 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The extension of the relativistically parameterized extended Hückel method REX to systems with translational symmetry is reviewed. This extension (REXBAND) is then applied to the description of the electronic structures of a number of heavy-element solids, namely UB2, UB4, UC, UBC, and UPt3.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 107
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 40 (1991), S. 141-153 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The quantum time evolution in a two-state curve-crossing situation can be computed with the split operator FFT method. We present a version of that scheme that is based on the analytic exponentiation of two-by-two matrices. We use this approach to investigate the vibrational dynamics of the coupled b′, c′1 Σu+ states of the N2 molecule. We focus our study on the sensitivity of time-dependent transition amplitudes to the features of the curve-crossing topology.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 108
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 40 (1991), S. 113-120 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Relativistic self-consistent field (SCF) calculations have been performed on a number of neutral and ionized atoms with basis sets of contracted and uncontracted Gaussian-type functions. Both Dirac-Fock and Dirac-Fock-Breit SCF calculations have been performed with the intent of observing to what extent basis set contraction affects the calculated relativistic and Breit interaction contributions to total atomic energy. It is found that extensive basis set contraction has relatively little effect on the calculated relativistic and Breit interaction energies.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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  • 109
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 40 (1991), S. 155-164 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A general algebraic procedure that yields to raising and lowering operators for the solutions of second-order differential equations is presented. The method is illustrated by applying it to the differential equations of Hermite and Laguerre polynomials. Taking advantage of the algebraic representation of these polynomials, the ladder operators for harmonic oscillator and hydrogen atom wavefunctions are straightforwardly deduced without resorting to specialized factorizations. The proposed algebraic approach can be extended to the determination of new sets of ladder operators that could be used in the calculation of matrix elements in specific applications.
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  • 110
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 40 (1991), S. 183-192 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: We applied special graphical technique to investigate the influence of side/end groups of macromolecules upon long range electron transfer. We show that in case of acyclic side/end groups the Green function may be cast in the form of continued fraction, similarly to the result of electron transfer in random media. The structure of continued fraction correlates exactly to the side/end graph's structure. The rules of graphical construction of Green functions (which are solutions of Schwinger-Dyson equations) are presented in concise form.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 111
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 40 (1991), S. 193-207 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Constrained Hartree-Fock methods in which orbitals are constructed from strictly local nonorthogonal subsets of the molecule's atomic orbital basis have been known for over a decade. These methods have been principally used to generate localized molecular orbitals and interpret intramolecular interactions. In this paper, constrained Hartree-Fock results from basis sets ranging from minimal to extensive are presented for hydrogen-bonded dimers in which individual molecular orbitals are constructed from atomic orbitals belonging to individual monomers. These calculations eliminate both basis set superposition errors (BSSE) as well as charge transfer between monomers. This allows one to examine the effects of basis sets on the electrostatic and polarization components to the energy unmasked from BSSE. The charge transfer components are also isolated by comparing results to unconstrained calculations near the Hartree-Fock limit, where BSSE is vanishingly small. Finally, at moderate intermolecular separations when charge transfer becomes negligible, the constrained results are compared to both counterpoise-corrected and unconstrained calculations.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 112
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 40 (1991), S. 165-181 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The interactions between atoms are so strong that they create an infinite number of unphysical states of lower energy than the physical ground state, thus raising the question of the significance of second and higher order perturbation energies. We have carried out a series of configuration interaction calculations which shed light on this question and other questions regarding the perturbation theory of intermolecular interactions. The calculations used an unconventional set of configuration functions, each being the product of two Slater determinants, one for each atom. This makes it possible to calculate approximations to both unphysical and physical states, and to follow the changes in eigenstate energies as the interaction is turned on between atoms. We report results for LiH which show that eigenvalues of Ĥ0 + λV̂, where Ĥ0 is the sum of atomic Hamiltonians and V̂ the interaction potential, undergo avoided crossings between λ = 0 and 1. The perturbation expansion of the ground state energy must become divergent at the first avoided crossing, λ = 0.76. In addition, we report results of calculations with three effective Hamiltonians which have all unphysical state energies shifted into the physical continuum. They show no avoided crossings between the ground state and other states until λ is almost equal to 1. The perturbation expansion derived from one of these effective Hamiltonians is shown to have several desirable properties which the expansions derived from the other two lack. Its one fault is that it must diverge at λ = 1, where an avoided crossing occurs. This avoided crossing is related to the exchange symmetry of electrons. The implications of our results for the meaning of second-order perturbation energies and for the development of convergent exchange perturbation methods is discussed.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 113
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 40 (1991), S. 209-223 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The goal of this article is to illustrate the use of symbolic computation in solving problems in physics and chemistry. For instance, the application of the inner projection technique combined with renormalization is shown to give very tight bounds for the ground-state energy of anharmonic oscillators. Some typical results are presented. Further, it has been observed that inner projection is directly applicable to the PPP and Hubbard Hamiltonians. The results for the model of benzene are briefly presented. A new method for summing divergent series, which we call the Weniger summation method, is proposed. This method is used, with excellent results, for the summation of divergent perturbation series for the energy of anharmonic oscillators. This method is also applied for the summation of the divergent series corresponding to the ground-state energy of the Hubbard Hamiltonian of the infinite chain. Other applications of the Weniger summation method to diffusion and heat conduction problems are summarized.
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
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  • 114
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 40 (1991), S. 249-259 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: We have used density functional theory in the local density approximation, as implemented in the DMol-double numerical plus polarization (DMol/DNP) procedure, to calculate optimized geometries for a group of molecules containing only first-row atoms. The results are in generally satisfactory agreement with experimentally determined structures. The DMol/DNP atomic and molecular energies are rather poor, when compared to high-level ab initio GAUSSIAN 1 values (which are taken as the standard), but the errors do show excellent linear correlations with the total energies. These relationships allow the DMol/DNP results to be corrected to a high degree of accuracy, so that they can then be used to obtain atomization and dissociation energies that compare well with measured values. It is shown that the errors in the DMol/DNP energies tend to increase as the number of electrons becomes larger and the number of nuclei smaller.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 115
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 40 (1991), S. 225-234 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Algebrants are generalized matrix functions; they are multilinear forms of which the determinant, the permanent, and the immanant are special cases. A formal definition and fundamental properties of algebrants was given in paper I of this series. The present work develops algorithms for computation of those algebrants that arise in computational spin-free quantum chemistry for valence bond (VB) wave functions built on nonorthogonal orbitals. Namely, we exploit the left- and right-hand antisymmetry of N P N ˚A to develop algorithms that greatly reduce or eliminate the N! problem. The algorithms can be implemented in any computer language; our implementation in FORTRAN is available upon request. The savings effected by spin-free vs Slater determinant versions of VB theory are illustrated for 2, 3, …, 10 electrons.
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  • 116
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 40 (1991), S. 235-248 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: To understand the density-gradient expansion approximation for the exchange-correlation energy of density-functional theory from a fundamental viewpoint, we have performed an analysis of the corresponding expansion of the Fermi-coulomb hole charge distribution. The Fermi-Coulomb hole represents the correlations between electrons resulting from the Pauli exclusion principle and Coulomb's law. The analysis is performed in the exchange-only approximation by considering the expansion for the Fermi hole to terms of O(▽3) as applied to atoms. Our study shows that the expansions to O(▽), O(▽2), and O(▽3) all severely violate the constraint of positivity, becoming progressively worse with increasing orders of ▽. Further, the expansion to O(▽2) also severely violates the constraint of charge neutrality. (Terms of O(▽) and O(▽3) do not contribute to this constraint or to the exchange energy.) Thus the description of the physics of Pauli correlations in atoms as given by this approximation is highly unphysical. In spite of this, the exchange energy to O(▽2) is superior to the local density approximation because the expansion hole better approximates the exact Fermi hole in the interior of atoms from which arise the principal contributions to the energy. However, the improvement is not substantial, as the oscillations in the expansion Fermi hole occur within the atom itself. For asymptotic positions of the electron, the expansion holes to each order neither approximate the local density approximation nor the exact Fermi hole. Thus we understand why the expansion cannot lead to accurate highest occupied eigenvalues. The oscillations of the expansion Fermi hole also demonstrate why the Slater potential and electric field that result from these hole charge distributions are singular. On the other hand, we show that the expansion approximation is mathematically consistent in that the coefficient of the gradient correction term for screened Coulomb interaction to O(▽2) as obtained from the approximate Fermi hole is the same as that derived from linear response theory. We conclude with remarks on the Coulomb hole as obtained within this gradient expansion approximation scheme.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 117
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 40 (1991), S. 261-268 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The functionals adopted in the present work are those of DePristo and Kress [Phys. Rev. A35, 438 (1987)] for the kinetic energy, of Cedillo et al. [Phys. Rev. A38, 1697 (1988)] for the exchange energy, and of Wilson and Levy [Phys. Rev. B41, 12930 (1990)] for the correlation energy. In addition to the kinetic-, exchange-, and correlation-energy functionals, the total-energy functional used in the present calculations contains also the functional describing the interaction of the electrons with the atomic nucleus, and the functional describing the classical or direct part of the interaction among the electrons. Using these functionals, a two-parameter and a three-parameter variational density-functional calculation of the total atomic binding energy of the Ne atom is carried out. The electron (number) density of the Ne atom is modeled by using hydrogenlike one-electron radial wavefunctions (with the 2s radial function orthogonalized to the 1s radial function) containing two/three variational parameters. It is found that the calculated correlation energies are in reasonable agreement with the correlation energy value obtained from the Wilson and Levy expression with a Hartree-Fock electron density.
    Additional Material: 5 Tab.
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  • 118
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 40 (1991), S. 269-279 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The molecular and electronic structures of ADPO 1, a model thiapentalene 2, and [Xe2F3]+ have been calculated in the local-density functional (LDF) formalism with polarized double numerical basis sets. The molecules were calculated to have planar C2ν structures in agreement with experiment and in contrast to Hartree-Fock molecular-orbital calculations. The vibrational spectra of all species were calculated to show that the optimized structures are indeed minima. The calculated spectrum of [Xe2F3]+ is compared with the experimental one and excellent agreement is found. These results demonstrate that the LDF method can be applied to the prediction of molecular structures containing hypervalent bonds.
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
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  • 119
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 40 (1991), S. 299-309 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Molecular dynamics simulation of mixed quantum-classical systems, in situations where the quantal degrees of freedom undergo transitions among states, poses a number of challenging problems. Among the difficulties are bifurcation of trajectories that evolve into different quantum states and proper treatment of quantum coherence. In this article we outline the problems and contrast the ways in which they are addressed by current methods for nonadiabatic molecular dynamics. In the course of this comparison we present a new result, the relationship between the velocity adjustment in the “surface hopping” method and the “Pechukas force,” as well as some new reflections on an old result, oscillatory yields in ion-surface scattering.
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  • 120
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 40 (1991), S. 289-297 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A density-functional theory describing the superconducting state of matter is presented. The formalism leads to a set of single-particle equations that are structurally similar to the Bogoliubov-de Gennes equations but (in contrast to the latter) incorporate both normal and superconducting exchange-correlation effects. It is demonstrated via a rigorous decoupling scheme that these single-particle equations are equivalent to a set of normal Kohn-Sham equations, and a BCS-type gap equation to be solved self-consistently with the Kohn-Sham equations.
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  • 121
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 40 (1991), S. 311-323 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Determining mechanisms of chemical reactions involves finding dynamical paths between desired (given) reactant and product states. We have developed a method that is based on recasting the principle of stationary action into a general and computationally tractable form that yields all dynamical paths connecting the initial and final configurations of the system. Thus the method has advantages over the traditional initial-value trajectory calculations for solving such boundary value problems. We give some examples of reaction paths for H(2S) + O2(3Σg-) ↔ OH(2II) + O(3P) on the ground state potential energy surfaces HO2(2A″).
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  • 122
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 40 (1991), S. 281-288 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Electrostatic solvation energies of singly charged monoatomic ions may be predicted from the knowledge of an electrostatic potential buildup from a physically meaningful ionic radius. Since the asymptotic behavior of the electrostatic potential for cations and anions do not follow the same pattern, different methodologies are needed. The reaction field potential required for the calculation of Born's solvation energies of singly charged cations may be obtained from the simple Thomas-Fermi-Dirac theory, based on the condition that the electrostatic potential of the ground-state atomic ions do exactly equal the negative of their chemical potentials. For singly charged anions, electrostatic solvation energies may be directly obtained from Sen-Politzer electrostatic potentials. Numerical results are presented for two representative series of ions and compared with experimental data.
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  • 123
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 40 (1991), S. 325-333 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The electrophilic substitution in a series of 5-aminobenzofurans was investigated by all-valence electron AM1 molecular orbital calculations. Various molecular properties of the reactants, intermediates, and products were computed and compared with available experimental data. The results indicate that while calculated ground-state charge densities cannot be used to predict reactivity and orientations, the relative thermodynamic stabilities of the reaction intermediates (arenium ions, σ complexes) reflected by calculated heats of formation (ΔHƒ) accurately indicated the isomers resulting from the kinetically controlled substitutions. The relative stabilities of the reaction products could be used to predict reaction preferences for the thermodynamically controlled electrophilic substitutions. Positions 4 for both aniline and 5-aminobenzofurans were the most susceptible toward electrophilic attack. The calculated ΔHƒ of the reaction intermediates, in good agreement with the experimental data, were capable of distinguishing between slightly nonequivalent positions such as the ortho and ortho prime to a substituent. Calculated AM1 ΔHƒ may represent practical guides in the prediction of sites of electrophilic aromatic substitutions for molecules with complex structures.
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  • 124
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 40 (1991), S. 347-358 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: We have performed ab initio (3-21 G) calculations on the weakly bound donor-acceptor complex between benzene and tetracyanoethylene (TCNE) as a function of various intermolecular motions. The resultant potential energy surface (PES) was then fit to the product of analytical functions. Classical dynamics was performed on this PES by solving Hamilton's equations using a fourth-order Runge Kutta differential equation solver. Time steps were of the order of 1.0 femtosecond and the system was allowed to evolve for 1,000,000 time steps. Fast Fourier analysis of the resulting trajectories indicate that the primary intermolecular vibrational frequencies are 118, 228, and 232 cm-1. These correspond to the motion of the intermolecular separation coordinate, and the two twisting coordinates. We also discuss other possible solutions, zero-point energies, etc.
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  • 125
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 40 (1991), S. 371-385 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Some of the fundamental theoretical concepts for molecules in homogeneous strong magnetic fields are discussed. First, we perform the pseudoseparation of the center of mass motion for neutral as well as charged systems. The resulting Hamiltonian allows us to investigate the problem of the Born-Oppenheimer adiabatic separation of electronic and nuclear motion in the presence of a magnetic field. In particular, we study the most important differences to the field-free case. Finally we discuss the symmetry groups for molecules in a magnetic field and investigate the possibilities and effects of the interaction of molecular electronic states through nuclear motion. Even for diatomic molecules severely enhanced nonadiabatic effects may occur in a magnetic field.
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  • 126
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 40 (1991), S. 335-345 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: In this work we analyze the interrelations between potential energy changes and molecular shape changes along the reaction paths for a series of ring-opening reactions. The processes studied correspond to the opening of the four-member rings of 1,2-dioxete, 2H-oxete, 2H-thiete, and 1,2-dithiete, which recently have been given considerable attention in the literature. We describe the molecular shape in terms of a continuum of fused-sphere surfaces, which are characterized by using molecular topological methods. The four processes cover a range of reaction enthalpies from largely exothermic to almost thermoneutral. The similarity between the configurations found along the reaction path is assessed quantitatively in terms of parameters associated with the molecular shape and the path itself. We find a correlation between the value of the energy barriers (and reaction enthalpies) and the similarity parameters. The correlation is comparable to that found in the case of various other processes, such as torsional changes, collisions, and intramolecular atom displacements or shifts. The results are in line with the intuitive correlations expected from the Hammond postulate.
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  • 127
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 40 (1991), S. 359-370 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A general procedure to evaluate the rotational state population distributions of the nascent photofragments from the photodissociation of polyatomic molecules has been implemented with the use of the kinematic distribution function developed by Chen and Pei [Chem. Phys. Lett. 124, 365 (1986)]. Numerical evaluations of rotational state population distributions of diatomic photofragments from photodissociation of the general class of triatomic molecules are presented. The calculated rotational state population distributions are compared with the most recent experimental data on OH and SH photofragments to obtain the information on the kinematic aspects of the photodissociating H2O and H2S molecules.
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  • 128
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 40 (1991), S. 401-414 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The study of atoms and ions in unusual environments is an area of current interest. Examples of such environments are the Crab pulsar, where magnetic fields well in excess of 1012 G are encountered and plasmas, studied under intense laser irradiation, where “confined” atoms are subjected to electric fields corresponding to laser fluxes of 1018 W/m2. In this article, a unified theoretical approach is presented to treat atoms in such intense fields. The major theoretical tool employed is the Bloch or canonical density matrix. This is used first for treating magnetic fields, numerical examples of heavy atoms, and ions in intense fields being referred to specifically. Then the same theory is used for “confined” atoms in intense electric fields. Very brief reference is made to molecules in magnetic fiels, with the illustrative example of the simplest molecular ion H2+.
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  • 129
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 40 (1991), S. 415-429 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: We employ a method for solving the time-dependent Schrödinger equation for an atom or molecule in an intense, pulsed-laser field to study multiphoton emission processes. Single-electron effective potentials have been developed that reduce the computational effort required for multielectron systems. Illustrative results for electron and photon emission rates from krypton at 532 nm in the intensity range (1-4) × 1013 W/cm2 are presented and compared to recent measurements.
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  • 130
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 40 (1991), S. 387-399 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: We studied the influence of the additives of tetracyanoethylene (TCE) (radical-anion acceptor) and the variations in exciplex concentration on the magnitude of time-resolved magnetic field effect in a delayed excimer fluorescence in polar exciplex system pyrene-N,N-diethylaniline. The nonmonotonous dependence of the magnetic field effect on tetracyanoethylene concentratration was found. The magnitude of the magnetic field effect was brought close to the predicted maximum limit of about 300 ns by decreasing the exciplex concentration. We conclude that the yield of the triplets, resulting from intercombination transitions in a singlet exciplex, is rather small. The upper limit for the rate constant of these transitions has been determined to be less than 4.6 × 106 s-1.
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  • 131
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 40 (1991), S. 431-440 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: An orbital polarization (Hund's second rule) correction to local spin density (LSD) theory is developed in both a spherical harmonic basis and in a crystal field basis, and applied to the electronic band structure of FeO, CoO, NiO, and La2CuO4, resulting in a substantial enhancement of the LSD insulating band gap for NiO, and the creation of insulating band gaps for FeO, CoO, and La2CuO4.
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  • 132
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 40 (1991), S. 441-450 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Variational calculations have been carried out on the ammonia molecule using two-dimensional potential energy functions. The two dimensions used are the inversion and symmetrical stretching coordinates. If the potential function includes a term to describe the interaction between these two coordinates, the results are as good as those obtained in other studies using a six-dimensional potential function. The barrier height for the new potential function is 1857.5 cm-1.
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  • 133
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 40 (1991), S. 451-459 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Ab initio molecular-orbital calculations were carried out on carbon monoselenide (CSe), its cation CSe+, and the selenoformyl cation HCSe+. Equilibrium- and transition-state geometries on the potential energy surfaces (PES) were located at the HF and MP2 levels using a valence double-ζ (d, p) basis set on H and C and the Huzinaga valence triple-ζ (d) basis set on selenium, respectively. The global minimum on the HCSe+ (PES) is the linear species 3 with the dissociation energy towards H and CSe+ of 151.5 kcal mol-1 (MP4//MP2 + ZPE level). While at the HF level the strongly bent isomer 4 is a local minimum structure lying 67.8 kcal mol-1 above 3 and separated from 3 by a small barrier of 6.2 kcal mol-1, MP2 geometry optimizations suggest that CSeH+ isomer is unstable.
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  • 134
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 40 (1991), S. 479-487 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The UV photoelectron spectra of 2-halogenofurans, together with 3-iodo and 2,5-diiodofurans, have been studied. The assignment of the lower energy region of the spectra was based on correlation of the ring π- and halogen levels in the related compounds, resolved vibrational structure, and in case of 2- and 2,5-diiodofurans by considering the relative intensities of their He I/He II spectra.
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  • 135
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 40 (1991), S. 461-478 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Ab initio Hartree-Fock band structure calculations are presented for the first time for lithium phosphide (Li3P) and lithium arsenide (Li3As) in the hexagonal P6/mmm crystal structure. Results are compared to those for lithium nitride (Li3N). The new calculations for Li3N agree with previous Hartree-Fock calculations, except for the valence band structure where results of previous pseudopotential calculations are confirmed. Geometry optimization for Li3P yields a lattice parameter a of 4.45 Å and a c value of 4.80 Å. These values differ markedly from experimental results reported to be 4.271 and 7.590 Å, respectively. A similar discrepancy is found for lithium arsenide: a = 4.60 Å and c = 4.96 Å have to be compared to the reported experimental values of 4.397 Å for a and 7.824 Å for c. Force constants are derived for in-plane and interplane vibrations. The band structures for Li3P and Li3As are found to be very similar to the one calculated for Li3N. Using Li3P as an example, it is shown how the band structure of the insulator can be derived from the band structures of the two metallic constitutent Li2P and Li monolayers. The metal-insulator transition occurs if the inter-plane distance falls below 4.25 Å. Contrary to expectations raised earlier, it is found that the 3d electrons in arsenic are strongly localized, evidenced by a very narrow d band width of 0.1 eV. They cannot be used to explain the difference in conductivity between the phosphide and the arsenide. A Mulliken population analysis gives charge distributions close to the ideal ionic structure (Li+)3X3-, X = N, P, and As. Overall it is found that hexagonal lithium phosphide and lithium arsenide arsenide are more similar to lithium nitride and less anisotropic than suggested previously. This discrepancy could be due to the use of polycrystalline samples in earlier experiments.
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  • 136
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The electronic structure of the polyhedral carboranes 1,5-dicarba-closo-pentaborane(5) and 1,5-dicarba-closo-pentaborane(3) is studied using ab initio calculations, and compared to that of their hydrocarbon analogs bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane and [1.1.1]propellane, respectively. The high symmetry and common topology of the carborane-hydrocarbon structural analogs force similar bonding patterns, and the carboranes show a unique three-center, two-electron CBC bond not previously observed in these species. This three-center bond is formally analogous to the σ-bridged-π bond in the hydrocarbons, but its strength is low and its C—C bond long. Analysis of the bonding in these carboranes along with that in 1,3-diborabicyclo[1.1.1]pentane, another[1.1.1]propellane analog, shows that the strength of their three-center bonds is directly related to the nature of the bridging group, but is independent of the type of bridgehead atom. 1,3-Diboretene, the carborane analog of bicyclo[1.1.0]butane, is also found to exhibit a similar bonding pattern to its hydrocarbon analog and to possess a CBC bond.
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  • 137
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 40 (1991), S. 507-526 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Ab initio calculations of the molecular geometry and electronic structure properties (charges, dipole moment, polarizability, HOMO and LUMO energies) of acrylonitrile, CH2=CH—C≡N, cis- and trans-2-butenenitrile, CH3—CH=CH—C≡N, 3-butenenitrile, CH2=CH—CH2—C≡N, and 2-methyl-2-propenenitrile, CH2=C(CH3)—C≡N are obtained at the 3-21G level. Results on three anionic derivatives of these molecules obtained at the 3-21+G level are also reported. Properties of the molecules in their isolated states are considered as a preliminary basis to compare initial steps of bulk and surface polymerization of vinylic monomers by electrochemistry under cathodic polarization.
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  • 138
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 40 (1991), S. 527-544 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Elucidating, from a molecular point of view, the differences and similarities in the properties and reactivity of matter in the gaseous compared to the condensed state is a subject of considerable current interest. Although there are a number of promising approaches to this problem, one of the alternatives involves the use of clusters that enable detailed spectroscopy and reactivity investigations to be accomplished as a function of degree of solvation under well controlled conditions. New insight into a variety of phenomena of interest in liquids have been derived from recent studies in our laboratory. In particular, the findings have contributed to unraveling the reactions of ionized functional groups in organic molecules that are influenced by solvation effects, identifying the structure of protonated complexes among species of varying proton affinities, and quantifying the variations in spectroscopic properties of chromophores as influenced by solvation and aggregation. Various examples from the author's laboratory are discussed, including solvation-driven reactions as well as alcohol and acetone dehydration reactions, the influence of clustering on the reaction of OH- with CO2, structures of protonated species comprised of water, ammonia, and trimethylamine; also presented are the results of studies of the influence of solvation on the absorption of photons in the chromophore of tyrosine, namely phenol.
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  • 139
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 40 (1991), S. 557-568 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A study of the electronic structure and spectroscopy of models of C60 and C70 cage structures has been carried out using the intermediate neglect of differential overlap (INDO) model Hamiltonian. The geometry for these cages was obtained using gradient-driven methods, and at least in the case of C60, where information is available, is in good accord with the calculations of others. Using a small active space of only single excitations, both configuration interaction (CI) and random phase approximations (RPA) yield spectra in excellent agreement with that obtained from recent experiments. The oscillator strength of the band calculated at ∼47000 cm-1, however, dramatically diminishes as the active space is increased, even though the sum rule increases. We discuss this interesting observation as well as the calculated structure and spectrum of C70.
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  • 140
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 40 (1991), S. 545-555 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: We examine the inclusion of spin-orbit effects within the Rumer configuration interaction technique and discuss its implementation in the spectroscopic version of the intermediate neglect of differential overlap model (INDO/S-CI). An efficient strategy for calculating excitation energies, transition moments, and Mulliken populations for Rumer-adapted functions is described. As an example, results are presented for the ground and excited states of the hydrated trivalent cerium ion [Ce(H2O)9]3+, which confirm the low energy assignments to 4ƒ → 5 d transitions split by some 10000 cm-1 through spin-orbit coupling and ligand field interaction. Comparisons are made between this technique and one that we have used previously that utilizes configuration interaction over double-group adapted linear combinations of determinants.
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  • 141
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 40 (1991), S. 569-576 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The angular and energy dependence of minima of the differential scattering cross section (DCS) for electrons scattered elastically by selected target atoms is studied using the nonrelativistic Hartree-Fock wavefunction for the static field and local energy-dependent function for the exchange and polarization potentials for the target atoms. The parameters contained in the polarization potential are varied to determine the minima of the DCS with respect to the scattering angle and incident energy with the constraint that the integral cross section agrees with the experimental value within the uncertainty of 5% at a selected energy. The resulting effective interaction potential is then used to compute the DCS over the intermediate energy range for the target atoms. The computed values are in good agreement with recently published experimental and theoretical cross section for helium and neon atoms.
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  • 142
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 40 (1991), S. 577-585 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Using computational SCF and MCSCF followed by extensive variational and perturbational CI calculations, we study the insertion routes of a copper atom into the carbon-hydrogen bond of a methane molecule. Here we show the importance of the initial reaction routes of the interaction for obtaining the final products of maximal probability. Because of the initial conditions of this reaction, our study shows that not all of the HCuCH3 intermediate complex dissociation channels in Part I can be easily reached. Another important result presented is the nonlinearity of the intermediate product HCuCH3. Finally, the results are discussed in light of low temperature matrix photoexcitation experiments and a comparison of this Cu—CH4 interaction with previous studies of the activation of the hydrogen molecule by copper is presented.
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  • 143
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 40 (1991), S. 587-591 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: From ab initio SCF-MO calculation using a 6 - 31G** basis set, the relationship between the topology of the charge distribution and the electric field gradient (EFG) at the nuclei of the two-coordinated N atoms was determined in imines with R = H2C =, HFC =, NCHC =, and H3CHC =; di-imides with R = H, F, and CN; and the monocyclic azines with one and two N atoms in it. It was found that the N nuclear quadrupole coupling constant was determined by the nonbonded concentration of N valence shell while the asymmetry parameter has contributions from this shell and also from the rest of the molecule.
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  • 144
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 40 (1991), S. 593-602 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The effects of solvent-solute interactions on polarized and depolarized Raman intensity are investigated using perturbation theory, accounting for correlations in the relative orientations of the interacting transition dipoles. Two mechanisms for intensity borrowing are considered: interaction of the vibrational transition moments in the ground electronic states, and coupling of the electronic transition moments responsible for resonance Raman enhancement. The first type of interaction is shown to lead to measurable frequency shifts and depolarization ratio changes for two coupled vibrations which are infrared active and close in frequency. The second mechanism, not dependent on vibrational resonance, leads to perturbations of the depolarization ratio in resonance Raman, but not to vibrational frequency shifts.
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  • 145
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 40 (1991), S. 603-618 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The restricted Hartree-Fock formalism applied to quasi one-dimensional translational systems embodies slowly convergent Coulomb and exchange lattice summations. In this contribution, an algorithm based on a Filon like quadrature procedure to carry out the k-space integration of density matrix elements is analyzed and its efficiency is illustrated by its application to the linear chains of hydrogen molecules. It allows the computation of Coulomb and exchange lattice sums to their asymptotic limit, and renders obsolete the empirical procedure of guessing the number of interactions to be included in the calculations.
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  • 146
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 40 (1991), S. 619-628 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The hybrid method having features of ab-initio crystal orbital and ab-initio molecular cluster methods is proposed. In the approach presented the molecular crystal is treated as an infinite chain in a direction z, while two other directions are simulated by finite interactions of the molecular type. The new approach is especially useful for an investigation of anisotropic crystals. Test calculations for the carbon dioxide crystal are presented. The method was also employed for the investigation of a dissociation pathway of C—N bond in nitromethane in nitromethane crystal.
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  • 147
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 40 (1991), S. 629-639 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The linear combinations of Gaussian-type orbitals-fitting function (LCGTO-FF) technique has been used to calculate the binding energy and electronic band structure of a 3-atom-thick film extracted from bulk LiBeH3 in the cubic perovskite structure. The film is composed of an interior layer of LiH sandwiched between two exterior layers of BeH2, i.e., there are eight atoms per unit cell (1 Li, 2 Be, and 5 H). The calculated cubic lattice parameter for the 3-layer (a = 5.74 au) lies roughly midway between the previously published theoretical lattice parameters for a BeH2 monolayer (5.51 au) and bulk LiBeH3 in the cubic perovskite structure (5.89 au). The 3-layer film is predicted to be a semimetal (i.e., zero-gap semiconductor), unlike both bulk LiBeH3 which is predicted to be a semiconductor, and monolayer BeH2, which is predicted to be a good metal. The metallic nature of the 3-layer is due to a Be surface state that cuts across the other valence bands of the film, in good agreement with an earlier prediction that cubic perovskite LiBeH3 cleaved to expose a BeH2 layer would provide a metallic surface on an insulating substrate. The fact that the density of states goes to zero at the Fermi level is a direct result of the symmetries of the one-electron states.
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 40 (1991), S. 641-657 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A quantum mechanical time-dependent method was used to study the dynamics of dissociative adsorption and associative desorption of H2 on a flat, static surface. We used a two-dimensional model in which the molecular axis was held parallel to the surface and the diatom internuclear separation and distance above the surface were the dynamic variables. A modified London-Eyring-Polanyi-Sato (LEPS) potential described the molecule-surface interactions. The wave function for the molecule was represented by its values on a spatial grid of points. The wave function was propagated by expanding the time evolution operator in a series of Chebyshev polynomials and using the properties of the Fourier transform to calculate the kinetic energy. The computational requirements of the problem were significantly reduced by using an L-shaped grid which deletes a large number of points where it is known a priori that the wave-function amplitude vanishes. State-to-state transition probabilities were calculated as a function of the initial translational and vibrational energy for potentials with early, late, and intermediate barriers. The location of the barrier has a strong effect on the energy threshold for reaction and on the distribution of energy between vibration and translation in the products.
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  • 149
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 40 (1991), S. 659-669 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: In this work we deal with ab initio and semiempirical calculations of single and multiple Al → Si replacements in the ZSM-5 structure. Substitutional energies for single replacements were obtained for cluster models of monomers, hexamers, and for the secondary building unit (SBU) of the zeolite by means of nonempirical SCF calculations, as well as the modified neglect of differential overlap (MNDO) method for extended clusters. The choice of the semiempirical methods for the study of multiple Si replacements by Al in the extended cluster model of the SBU is justified from the results with monomers and hexamers where the replacement energies obtained with MNDO are qualitatively the same as those from ab initio calculations. According to the results, a site occupancy order in the unit cell of the ZSM-5 network is derived from multiple Al → Si substitutions in the SBU, providing a theoretical basis for the Loewenstein-Dempsey Al sitting avoidance rules. Likewise, a Si/Al limit ratio in the Mobil FIve (MFI) zeolite, along with the corresponding Al distribution pattern in the unit cell, are also obtained.
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 40 (1991), S. 671-686 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Due to the mass effect, muonic molecular ions are about 200 times smaller than their electronic counterparts. The proximity of the nuclei in the tdμ ion results in fusion taking place within a picosecond. The properties of this ion are central to understanding the phenomenon of muon catalysis. We developed a computational method of solving the nonadiabatic Schrödinger equation for the bound and resonant states of tdμ and its isotopic analogues. The method takes into account both the Coulomb interactions and the strong nuclear forces responsible for the fusion reaction. The wave functions obtained from our method were used to predict very accurately branching ratios and transition rates relevant for various stages of the muon catalytic cycle. Knowledge of these quantities will guide the experiments and help to answer the question of feasibility of net energy production via muon catalysis.
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 40 (1991), S. 687-702 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: This article describes the computation of the tunnel current in a scanning tunneling microscope (STM). The calculation accounts for the three-dimensional scattering taking place simultaneously in the first atomic layers of the sample and in the apex of the probing tip. The model is built with the following ingredients: (a) the tip is represented by a cluster of atoms attached to an otherwise planar, free-electron metal surface, and (b) the analyzed sample is a planar free-electron metal with a local potential corrugation induced by an isolated molecule or adatom. The potential barrier includes the strong bending effect due to the image-charge formation occurring as the tunneling electron crosses the gap between the tip and the sample. The specific theoretical approach designed to solve this scattering problem exploits the fast Fourier transform algorithm to construct a transfer matrix in a mixed real- and momentum-spaces representation. The total current is obtained by summing the contributions of all scattered waves traveling in the barrier between the tip and the sample, and it is studied in this article for various positions of the tip relative to the adsorbed atomic cluster. The theory is used here to simulate the scan of a model-aluminum atom on a free-electron metal substrate using electrons focused by a single-atom tungsten tip.
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  • 152
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 39 (1991), S. 689-698 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Bonding in transition-metal molecules presents novel features: (i) s electron bonding is overcome by multiple d electron bonding, (ii) intraatomic exchange favoring atomic magnetization competes with bonding that tends to pair the electrons, and (iii) in the heteronuclear dimers, the ionic terms may be important due to strong charge-transfer effects. The NbIr heteronuclear diatomic molecule shows all these features clearly. The cellular multiple scattering-xαβ calculation presented in this paper shows the ground state to correspond to antiferromagnetic coupling between the highly magnetic Nb atom and the Ir atom. A one-electron charge transfer from Nb to Ir was found; the result is an ionic structure, Nb+Ir-, for the dimer. The computed equilibrium distance, 4.100 a.u., corresponds to a region where d bonding strongly overcomes the s bonding, which alone would have stabilized the molecule at 5.950 a.u. At intermediate interatomic separations, 5.35 a.u., the NbIr system has a state in which all molecular orbitals are bonding with a high hybridization between the ns and (n - 1)d electrons of each atom, resulting in a (almost entirely) covalent high multiple-bond formation for this meta-stable state of the dimer.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 153
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 39 (1991), S. 747-754 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: An orthogonalization procedure is presented that allows construction of at least (n-m) vectors orthogonal to {Xj}, j equals; 1, m, by linear combinations solely among {ηi}, i equals; 1, n, n〉m, and 〈Xj/ηi〉≠0. An important application of the procedure is in effective core potential methods for which valence orbitals can be constructed that are orthogonal to the core orbitals and yet involve no component of the core. Thus, a separate calculation for only the valence electrons can be performed without any explicit reference to the core electrons (orbitals).
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  • 154
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 40 (1991), S. 225-242 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The Green-function method is a well-known way to reduce the quantum mechanical problem of n electrons moving in the field of clamped nuclei to the problem of solving a one-electron Schrödinger equation (the quasi-particle equation) involving a pseudopotential (the self-energy). This method is widely used in solid-state, low-energy electron-molecule scattering, ionization, and electron attachment theory, and much work has focused on finding accurate self-energy approximations. Unfortunately, the operator nature of the fundamental quantity (Green function) in the usual quasi-particle equation formalism significantly complicates the derivation of self-energy approximations, in turn significantly complicating applications to inelastic scattering and multiconfigurational bound-state problems. For these problems or wherever the operator approach becomes inconvenient, we propose an alternative quasi-particle equation derived wholely within a configuration interaction wave-function formalism and intended to describe the same phenomenology as does the Green function quasi-particle equation. Our derivation refers specifically to electron removal but is readily generalized to electron attachment and scattering. Although the Green function and wave-function quasi-particle equations are different, we emphasize the parallels by rederiving both equations within the equations-of-motion formalism and then producing a wave-function analog of the Green function two-particle-hole Tamm-Dancoff approximation.
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  • 155
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 40 (1991), S. ix 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 156
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 40 (1991), S. 37-48 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The transfer of a proton from A to B in AH+‥B‥C to form A‥+HB‥C is expected to enhance the binding energy of C to the remainder of the H-bonded chain since C is now adjacent to a charged ion rather than to a neutral molecule. But since the actual proton motion between A and B is typically only 1 Å or so, the interaction should be considerably less than that in isolated +HB‥C. Ab initio calculations with a variety of basis sets are used to quantitatively measure the enhancement of this binding energy. Systems investigated include the homotrimers of water and of ammonia, ammonium-formate-water, and formic acid-imidazole-water.
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  • 157
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 39 (1991), S. 235-250 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 158
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 39 (1991), S. 399-409 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The effects of perturber gases, partial pressures in the range 0-50 atm, on the absorption spectra of high-n Rydbergs, n ≥ 10, in methyl iodide and benzene have been investigated. The perturbers were rare gases and H2. It has been shown that the spectroscopic energy shift Δ = Δ(ρ, n) is given by Δ = Δ°ρ, where ρ is the number density of the perturber, for n ≥ 10. The shift data can be interpreted using a Fermi model, and values of scattering lengths for perturbers can be extracted. These scattering lengths are internally consistent, independent of the absorber, and in excellent agreement with electron-swarm results. Given that the Fermi model is nonspecific and microscopic, scattering shifts and lengths for mixtures of perturber gases can be predicted. These predictions, having been verified by experiment for He/Ar mixtures, provide a means of “tailoring” any required scattering length. Finally, it is shown empirically that the determinative scattering parameter is the polarizability of the perturber, and a universal relationship a = -0.26α + 1.18 between scattering length a, in Bohr radii, and polarizability α is found to exist.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 159
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 39 (1991), S. 449-454 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The intermolecular modes of the bifurcated water dimer are determined at the HF level using an extended basis set. In these computations, the donor libration frequency is found to be real and the bifurcated structure does not collapse toward the linear dimer. This result is contrary to all previous ab initio computations, which have predicted a Hessian with one negative eigenvalue. A good representation of other intermolecular modes, such as the libration of the acceptor, also requires an extended basis set. An interesting infrared active transition is predicted around 444 cm-1. This transition, which corresponds to the donor wag, is found in the low-temperature spectrum of water in a N2 matrix.
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  • 160
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 39 (1991) 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 161
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 39 (1991), S. 561-583 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Perturbation theory for the rate constant of nonadiabatic solvation is presented. Miller's treatment of the RRKM theory is used for the unperturbed rate constant, and thereby the “string model” of chemical reaction is used for the description of the perturbation of solvation. The reaction path under the influence of the external force field is defined as the intrinsic reaction coordinate (IRC) that is treated as a string. The string is thrown in the external static force field that acts as a nonadiabatic source of perturbation. As an application of the present treatment, the effect of the external point charge for hydration reaction of CO2 is calculated as a preliminary model for catalytic activity of the carbonic anhydrase in the tissues and lung capillary vessels.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
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  • 162
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 40 (1991), S. 379-388 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: We have recently proven an inequality for the exact noninteracting kinetic energy density functional \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ T_s [n]:\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to \infty } T_s [n_\lambda ^x] \le T_s [n_s^y [n] + T_S^2 [n] 〈 \infty,where{\rm }n_\lambda ^x (x,{\rm }y,{\rm }z) = \lambda n(\lambda x,{\rm }\lambda {\rm y, }\lambda z) $\end{document}. It is known that the gradient expansion through fourth order, TsGE[n], violates this inequality. Toward improving TsGE[n], we have constructed two new functionals, Ts1[n] and Ts2[n], by keeping the zeroth and second orders in TsGE[n] and replacing the fourth order with two simple terms, respectively, so that these new functionals satisfy the inequality. Numerical tests are presented for Ts1[n], Ts2[n], and TsGE[n] and for the gradient expansion through second order. Hartree-Fock and hydrogenic atomic densities are employed.
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  • 163
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 40 (1991), S. 429-432 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 164
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 40 (1991) 
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    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 165
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 40 (1991), S. 491-500 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Two possible reaction paths for the pyrolysis of the ethylester of glyoxylic acid have been studied by ab initio molecular orbital calculations. The basis sets 3-21G and 6-31G* have been used, and electron correlation has been included by Møller-Plesset calculations up to fourth order. Our calculations indicate that the reaction leading to acid and ethylene through a 6-membered ring transition state is favored relative to a process involving a formyl hydrogen transfer via a 5-membered ring to the alkyl unit leading to ethane, CO, and CO2. The predicted activation energies for these two reactions obtained at the highest level of calculation, MP4(SDTQ)/6-31G*, are 50.4 and 71.7 kcal/mol, respectively. The transition states have RHF wave functions that are stable relative to UHF solutions using the 3-21G basis. The geometry of the transition states and IRC following indicate that both reactions are strongly asynchronous: The C—O bond rupture is virtually completed before hydrogen transfer occurs. For comparative purposes, analogous calculations have been performed for the ethylester of formic acid, where it is confirmed that a 6-membered ring transition state is preferred relative to a 4-membered one by around 42 kcal/mol at the highest level of calculation.
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  • 166
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 40 (1991), S. 545-558 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A time-dependent molecular orbital method has been developed to study charge transfer in collisions of ions with metal surfaces at energies between 1 and 100 au. A set of localized basis functions consisting of generalized Wannier functions for the surface and s- and p-atomic functions for the ion, is used to separate the system into primary and secondary regions. An effective Hamiltonian and time-dependent equations for the electron density matrix are obtained in the primary region, where most charge transfer occurs. The equations for the electron density matrix are solved with a linearization scheme. The method is suitable to study atomic orbital orientation for collisions of ions and surfaces. A model calculation for Na+ + W(110) collisions with a prescribed trajectory is presented. The interaction potentials between the W(110) surface and Na+ 3s and 3p orbitals are calculated from Na+ pseudopotentials. Results show that the yield of neutralized atoms in 3p states changes as the collision energy is lowered.
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  • 167
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 40 (1991), S. 605-609 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: It is shown that the dispute about the conditions for physical admissibility of Schrödinger wave functions may be settled if the following two questions are clarified: (a) Are these condittions rooted in the foundations of quantum mechanics or invoked only for particular physical models? (b) Do we consider either the position-space wave function or the momentum-space wave function? Both the case of closed states and scattering states are considered. Some general remarks about these conditions are made in the Conclusion.
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  • 168
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 31 (1991) 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 169
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 31 (1991), S. 1-5 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Orbital space structures are required to be lightweight, have high specific stiffness, have near-zero coefficient of thermal expansion, exhibit low outgassing, and be cost-effective. Graphite-reinforced thermoplastics have the potential to satisfy the criteria noted. However, prior to committing the materials to specific projects, technology demonstration and risk reduction is necessary. In order to demonstrate the application of fiber-reinforced thermoplastic composites for truss structure applications, a graphite-reinforced poly(ether ether ketone) (PEEK) composite tetrahedron truss array was designed and manufactured. The resulting structure clearly demonstrated that fiber-reinforced thermoplastic composites are a viable alternative to epoxy composites for orbital structures.
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  • 170
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The 371°C (700°F) properties of Celion 6000/N-phenylnadimide modified PMR-15 polyimide composites were investigated to determine the feasibility of using these materials at a 371°C (700°F) service temperature. The processing characteristics and physical and mechanical properties of the composite systems are presented. The results of the 371°C thermooxidative stability study suggest that the composite materials can be considered for short-term (at least 100 hours) application at 371°C.
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  • 171
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 31 (1991), S. 6-13 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A series of graphite fiber/PMR-15 polyimide composites, isothermally aged at 316°C in flowing air (100 cc/min) for time periods up to 2000 h, were investigated for mechanical property changes, fiber/resin interface changes, overall dimensional changes, and weight loss. The mechanism of the degradation process is suggested based on shear and flexural property measurements at room temperature and 316°C, optical micrographs of composite cross sections, and SEM analysis of fractured surfaces. The fiber materials investigated in composite form were Celion 6000 unsized and epoxy sized. G40-700 unsized and epoxy sized, and T40R and IM6 both unsized.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 172
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 31 (1991), S. 28-33 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A high performance semi-interpenetrating polymer network (semi-IPN) has been synthesized from Thermid-600 and LARC-TPI. Notable improvements in resin fracture toughness and graphite fiber reinforced composite microcracking resistance over the unmodified Thermid-600 neat resin and composite have been realized. The chemistry, processing, physical and mechanical properties, and phase morphology of the neat resin and composite reinforced with graphite fibers are presented.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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  • 173
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 31 (1991), S. 20-27 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Recently, we reported on the interpenetrating polyimide network (IPN) approach to develop tough and microcracking resistant high temperature matrix resins for use in aircraft/aerospace structural components. One such polymer developed is designated LaRC-RP40. This new simultaneous semi-IPN was prepared from easy-to-process but brittle crosslinking PMR-15 and tough but difficult-to-process linear NR-150B2. Significantly improved toughness, microcracking resistance, and glass transition temperature over PMR-15 were realized from the combination. These property improvements were achieved without compromising ease of processing, high temperature mechanical performance, and cost effectiveness compared to PMR-15. These results encouraged us to further explore this approach for the development of a wider range of polymers of basic technological and economic interest. In the present work, we combine crosslinking PMR-15 and linear LaRC-TPI to provide a new sequential semi-2-IPN called LaRC-RP41. The physical and mechanical properties of the neat resin and composite reinforced with graphite fibers are presented. The phase morphology and phase stability of the neat resin and composite studied by various techniques are also discussed.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
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  • 174
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 31 (1991), S. 40-46 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The mechanical properties of three dimensional stitched composites were compared against those of the traditional two dimensional laminates. An attempt was made to correlate the change in properties to the change in the third directional fiber density. Tests conducted were the impact, three-point bending, damage tolerance, end notched flexure, and bending fatigue test. The results of these tests show that the third directional fibers can effectively inhibit delamination by increasing the interlaminar shear strength. Three dimensional composites also possess better damage tolerance, fracture toughness, and fatigue life. However, a high stitching density can degrade the in-plane properties of the composites.
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  • 175
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 31 (1991), S. 34-39 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Research has been conducted to investigate the water absorption in carbon fiber reinforced poly(ether ether ketone) (PEEK/CF) and poly(phenylene sulfide) composites (PPS/CF). Effect of humidity and temperature on tensile, flexural, and impact strength of these composites were also studied. Results indicated that the water absorbed in PPS/CF and PEEK/CF are 0.059 %wt, 0.130 %wt, 0.138 %wt, and 0.153 %wt at 80°C. 75 %RH and 85 %RH, respectively. The diffusion process is a classical Fickian diffusion in the temperature range investigated. The activation energies of diffusion are 667 cal/g-mole (for PPS/CF) and 8934 cal/g-mole (for PEEK/CF) at 80°C and 75 %RH. The retention of mechanical properties of these composites is very good under hot-wet conditions. These composite materials can be served as high performance materials even in the hostile environment. PEEK/CF composites shows excellent mechanical properties retention even at 80°C, 75 %RH, and 85 %RH.
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  • 176
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 31 (1991), S. 47-55 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A feasibility study on the use of vibration spectrum analysis as a tool for nondestructive evaluation (NDE) of polymer composites was conducted. Material integrity of polymer composite samples was determined from the vibrational measurements by analyzing the resonant frequency and damping information. A number of important “states” in the composites tested could be characterized by this analysis. The vibration tehnique was found to be sensitive to physical flawing (fiber breakage, delamination, and matrix cracking). Vibrational NDE has many potential advantages that make it very attractive for composite applications. These include the ability to make global measurements of large structures in real-time, no geometry restrictions, and high sensitivity to a wide variety of damage states.
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  • 177
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 31 (1991), S. 56-60 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Resin transfer molding (RTM) of advanced fiber architecture materials promises to be a cost effective process for obtaining composite parts with exceptional strength. However there are a larger number of material processing parameters that must be observed, known, and/or controlled during the resin transfer molding process. These include the viscosity both during impregnation and cure. In-situ sensors which can observe these processing properties within the RTM tool during the fabrication process are essential. This paper will discuss recent work on the use of frequency dependent electromagnetic sensing (FDMS) techniques to monitor these properties in the RTM tool. Our objective is to use these sensing techniques to address problems of RTM scaleup for large complex parts and to develop a closed loop, intelligent, sensor controlled RTM fabrication process.
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  • 178
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    AIChE Journal 37 (1991), S. 111-122 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The time-averaged void fraction, pressure drop and flow regime transition behavior of horizontal air-water two-phase flows is studied experimentally and numerically for 2-cm-inner-diameter tubes with various flow dividing junctions at its end. The time-average void and pressure drop behavior along the channel is simulated using a two fluid separated flow model. The results show that two-phase behavior (flow regime, void fraction, and pressure drop) is affected strongly by the presence of a flow division in the system. These effects extend far upstream of the junction for low-momentum flows and far downstream for high-momentum flows. Both numerical and experimental results show that there occurs a large increase in void just downstream of the junction owing to the halving of the fluid volume flow rates and the liquid deceleration.
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  • 179
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    AIChE Journal 37 (1991), S. 137-141 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 180
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    AIChE Journal 37 (1991) 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 181
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    AIChE Journal 37 (1991), S. 169-181 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Nonequilibrium diffusion behavior in nonionic and ionic surfactant microemulsion systems has been studied experimentally using the open-ended capillary method. Experimental results for these systems have been compared with a drop theory of diffusion for microemulsions under conditions where large concentration and electrostatic gradients exist. The results show good agreement in concentration profiles between theory and experiment for the microemulsion components - water, benzene, and phenol. Furthermore, under certain conditions the theory predicts that over a limited time interval phenol will diffuse from low-concentration regions to regions of higher concentration. This phenomenon has been observed.
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  • 182
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    AIChE Journal 37 (1991), S. 225-232 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Three parametric sensitivity criteria were examined for application to a pseudohomogeneous tubular reactor system, in which both methanol dehydration (exothermic) and methanol dissociation (endothermic) were catalyzed. The addition of the endothermic reaction was shown to lead to a desensitized reactor. It was illustrated, however, that the relative activities of the two catalysts should be somewhat similar to maintain the overall conversion of the resulting reactor for a given residence time.The three criteria investigated tended to disagree with one another more, as the system was made less sensitive by the addition of more endothermic catalyst. A potential application of the resulting nonsensitive reactor design would be in methanol-fueled vehicles.
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  • 183
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    AIChE Journal 37 (1991), S. 597-606 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The tray hydrodynamics were determined for a system containing water and kerosene as immiscible liquids. Plates with hole diameters ranging from 3.18 to 12.70 mm were used in a 44.5-cm2 perspex air-water-kerosene simulator. Experiments were also carried out in a 50-mm-ID column using different depths of oil and water mixtures to study the drop and bubble mechanisms. A spray-to-bubble transition occurred for the two liquid-phase system experiments. The liquid holdup at the transition increased directly with gas velocity and hole diameter, and decreased with increasing free area. At the same hole velocity, the presence of two liquid phases caused the transition to occur at different liquid holdups than for the single pure liquid. Two different modes of coalescence were observed in the small column work. New correlations have been proposed for the liquid holdup at the transition which allow for the presence of two liquid phases.
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  • 184
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 185
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    AIChE Journal 37 (1991), S. 803-803 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 186
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    AIChE Journal 37 (1991) 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 187
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    AIChE Journal 37 (1991), S. 1009-1018 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A computational study of fully-developed flow of gas-particle suspensions in vertical pipes was carried out, using the model proposed recently by Sinclair and Jackson (1989), to understand the predicted scale-up characteristics. It was shown that the model can capture the existence of steady-state multiplicity wherein different pressure gradients can be obtained for the same gas and solids fluxes. A pronounced and nonmonotonic variation of the pressure gradient required to achieve desired fluxes of solid and gas with tube diameter was predicted by the model, and this is explained on a physical basis. The computed results were compared with the experimental data. The model manifests an unsatisfactory degree of sensitivity to the inelasticity of the particle-particle collisions and the damping of particle-phase fluctuating motion by the gas.
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  • 188
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    AIChE Journal 37 (1991), S. 1109-1112 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 189
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    AIChE Journal 37 (1991), S. 1121-1128 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The solubility of L-serine in water was measured as a function of temperature, and the solubility in methanol-water solutions was determined as a function of temperature and methanol concentration. Solubility in aqueous solutions was found to be a linear function of temperature. Additionally, a statistical design of experiments was used to identify the kinetic variables that influence the purity of L-serine crystals recovered by batch crystallization. Agitation and the rate at which super-saturation was generated through cooling and methanol addition were found to influence the methanol content of the recovered crystals. The size of the recovered crystals also was found to depend on agitation and the rate at which methanol was added to the L-serine mother liquor.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 190
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    AIChE Journal 37 (1991), S. 1139-1150 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An emulsion layer model is presented which predicts the thickness of a downward-moving emulsion layer along the wall of a circulating fluidized bed, the mean solids velocity, and the solids flux in the layer. Also presented is a heat transfer model which, in combination with the emulsion layer model, predicts the low-temperature data very well. An alternate slab model proposed for the radiative component in a high-temperature circulating fluidized bed agrees well with experimental data. The heat transfer predictions of the overall model for such operating parameters as solid circulation flux, suspension temperature, length of the heat transfer surface, superficial gas velocity, and mean particle size are in good agreement with the published data for long surfaces.
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  • 191
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    AIChE Journal 37 (1991), S. 1187-1195 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The sorption behavior of water and ethanol on starch material has been investigated in relation to the adsorptive separation of water from ethanol. The adsorption isotherms of water-starch, ethanol-starch and water-ethanol-starch were measured using a Cahn electrobalance. Careful examination of the many sorption isotherm models resulted in selection of Sircar's model and the potential theory to best represent the isotherm data of water-starch and ethanol-starch adsorption. Experimental results showed that ethanol as well as water can adsorb on starch. The adsorption rate of ethanol, however, is much slower than that of water. This suggests that the selective removal of water from ethanol vapor in a packed-bed adsorber is likely a rate-dependent, not an equilibrium-dependent, process.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 192
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    AIChE Journal 37 (1991), S. 1196-1204 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The influence of various operating and liquid-phase physical variables on interfacial area ab in cylindrical and spherical gas-liquid stirred contactors was studied using the sulfite method. Studied were stirring speed, sparger porosity, gas flow rate, liquid-phase temperature, surface tension, and pH.The results show that the influence of operating variables (gas flow rate Qg, stirring speed ω, and the average pore radius of the sparger used rp) on ab, for both types of contactors, can be given by the equation: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ a_b = Q_g^{0.5} \left({\frac{{k_1 }}{{k_2 }} + \frac{{k_2 }}{{r_p^{1.5} }}\omega } \right) $$\end{document} Dependency of ab on surface tension observed was believed to be caused by a rising rate of bubble coalescence with increased surfactant concentration. The higher the surfactant concentration, the lower ab, tending to a limit that depends on both the type of surfactant and the average size of sparger pore used. Due to the measurement method used, solution pH and temperature were also observed to influence ab.
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  • 193
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    AIChE Journal 37 (1991), S. 1219-1226 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A correlation was developed to quantitatively describe the flux in a high-speed rotating filtration device using a minimum set of parameters. The experimental results were found to be consistent with the concentration polarization (CP) model. Beyond a threshold pressure flux ceases to depend on membrane permeability. The CP model was modified to include the concentration dependence of the diffusivity. This approach was found to be consistent with the strong dependence of flux on pH. Protein concentration in the polarized layer adjacent to the membrane surface was estimated using a procedure that corrects for some of the inconsistencies in the methods usually applied. Four dimensionless numbers were necessary to correlate the experiments with good accuracy. Previously-reported correlations used only three dimensionless numbers. Usage of four numbers could be justified by dimensional analysis. Finally, the performance of rotary or vortex filtration was compared to that of other configurations.
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  • 194
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    AIChE Journal 37 (1991), S. 1255-1260 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 195
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    AIChE Journal 37 (1991), S. 1249-1254 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 196
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    AIChE Journal 37 (1991), S. 1270-1274 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 197
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    AIChE Journal 37 (1991), S. 1305-1317 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The problem of freely-suspended liquid droplets deforming due to an applied electrostatic field is examined. Developed is a numerical model capable of predicting the complete transient histories of droplets in systems with a wide range of dispersedand continuous-phase densities, viscosities, relative permittivities, and electric field strengths. For liquid/gas systems, the predictions of the numerical model demonstrated that the critical field strength and critical permittivity ratio during actual transient breakup are not necessarily the same as those predicted by steady-state theories. An approximate analytical model of transient droplet deformation is also developed, which is able to predict the deformation time histories for large Ohnesorge number, small-deformation liquid/liquid systems. The approximate analytical model agreed well with the results of the complete numerical model.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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  • 198
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    AIChE Journal 37 (1991), S. 1341-1353 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: We present an explicit analytical solution for the Lévêque's problem with the boundary condition of the third kind. This solution is applicable to problems of mass (heat) transfer with surface reaction (surface resistance) in the entry region of fully developed flow fields of power law fluids, and to the developing boundary layer flows that admit Falkner-Skan solutions, provided that the Schmidt (Prandtl) number is large. The series form of the solution developed by inversion of the Laplace transform has excellent convergence properties within the concentration (temperature) boundary layer in contrast to the integral forms that are usually reported for problems of this type. An efficient computational algorithm for evaluation of the surface concentration is presented, as well as accurate approximate formulas in the form of simple algebraic expressions for the local and average mass (heat) transfer coefficients and the surface concentration (temperature).
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 199
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    AIChE Journal 37 (1991), S. 1789-1800 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The finite element method was used to model microwave thawing of pure-water and 0.1-M NaCl cylinders. The electromagnetic field was described by Maxwell's equations with temperature-dependent dielectric properties, while the heat equation, coupled with the Stefan and Robin conditions, was used to describe the thawing process. An additional equation for the frozen volume fraction was used, when necessary, to account for the presence of a mushy region. Two microwave frequencies, 915 MHz and 2,450 MHz, were examined and the microwave radiation was assumed to be radially isotropic and normal to the surface of the cylinder. Results show that a two-phase mushy region may exist, and an additional thawing front may appear at the center of the cylinder. Salt cylinders have a higher dielectric loss than pure-water cylinders and therefore thaw more quickly. Internal resonance occurs when the wavelength of the radiation is a harmonic of the cylinder radius. Resonance increases power deposition and expedites the thawing process. The onset of resonance alters thawing times and complicates the development of heuristic rules for microwave thawing.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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  • 200
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    AIChE Journal 37 (1991), S. 1833-1843 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An experimental study of the dynamics of electrodissolution of iron in sulfuric acid is reported. The experiments were done under potentiostatic conditions with a rotating disk electrode as a function of two parameters, potential and electrode diameter. The dynamic behavior depends strongly on the latter parameter; with increasing electrode size we observe transitions from periodic oscillations to low-order chaos to higher-order chaos. The attractor dimension increases with increasing electrode size. In addition, for the large electrodes at more positive potentials, a secondary higher frequency oscillation also arises.
    Additional Material: 30 Ill.
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