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  • 1990-1994  (3,329)
  • 1880-1889
  • 1993  (3,329)
  • Cell & Developmental Biology  (1,729)
  • Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy  (1,600)
Material
Years
  • 1990-1994  (3,329)
  • 1880-1889
Year
  • 1
    ISSN: 0269-3879
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Analytical methods have been developed for the simultaneous quantitation of azelastine (AZ) and desmethylazelastine (DAZ) in guinea pig plasma and lung tissue. The methods require a 1.00 mL plasma sample and a minimum 0.100 g lung sample. Both methods employ liquid/liquid organic extraction and back-extraction into dilute acid. Quantitation is performed by high performance liquid chromatography on a 2X250 mm 5 μm HypersilTM CPS column using fluroescence detection. The linear quantitative ranges for AZ.HCI and DAZ.HBr in plasma are 0.156-160 ng/mL and 0.313-160 ng/mL, respectively. The linear quantitative ranges for AZ.HCI and DAZ.HBr in lung tissue are 0.039-20 μg/g for both.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 0269-3879
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A rapid, sensitive and simple to operate high performance liquid chromatographic method for the simultaneous determination of morphine, morphine-3-glucuronide and morphine-6-glucuronide in plasma is described. The drug and its metabolites were extracted from plasma using commercially available reversed phase octylsilane bonded silica columns (1 mL Bond Elut C8, 50 mg). Chromatographic separation of morphine and its metabolites was achieved using a mobile phase, consisting of 2 mM sodium dodecyl sulphate in 0.05% phosphoric acid:acetonitrile (71.5:28.5 by volume), at a flow-rate of 1.2 mL/min, in conjunction with a Waters Nova-Pak C18 column (300 × 3.9 mm). The analytical column was used in combination with a Guard-Pak module containing a Nova-Pak C18 Guard-Pak insert. Using fluorescence detection (excitation 245 nm, emission 335 nm), plasma levels in the region of 5-10 μg/L for the drug and its metabolites can be detected with only 200 μL of plasma. The method has been applied to studies of the disposition of morphine and its metabolites in premature neonates requiring mechanical ventilation who were receiving the drug intravenously; preliminary findings in patients at steady state are presented.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 0269-3879
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A multidimensional column chromatographic method involving electrochemical detection using a carbon fibre microelectrode flow cell was optimized and successfully applied to the simultaneous determination of salbutamol and terbutaline in plasma at overdose levels. This method performs, in a single step, an efficient extraction and clean-up of salbutamol and terbutaline from human plasma. The calibration graphs over three days were linear over the calibration range 20-100 ng/mL plasma with a limit of detection of 1 ng and 0.8 ng/mL plasma for salbutamol and terbutaline, respectively. The intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variation were less than 8% and the recoveries ranged from 94 to 96%. The accuracy of the assay, which was defined as the percentage difference between the mean concentration found and the theoretical concentration, was 7% or better. The proposed method combines the advantages of being simple, reproducible and selective in the presence of other sympathomimetic and commonly ingested drugs and is suitable for routine analyses to obtain valuable information about the clinical effects and treatment of overdose with these drugs. The whole procedure takes ca. 10 min and compares favorably with detection at a conventional glassy carbon electrode.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biomedical Chromatography 7 (1993), S. 181-183 
    ISSN: 0269-3879
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A high performance liquid chromatographic method has been developed for the determination of rafoxanide and closantel in ovine plasma. Acetonitrile and chloroform were used for the extraction. The mean recoveries were 78.69% and 80.59% for rafoxanide and closantel, respectively. This method was applied to the characterization of rafoxanide plasma kinetics following oral administration of therapeutic doses to sheep.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 0269-3879
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The separation of reduced and oxidized glutathione at an absolute sensitivity of about 100 pg by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography without derivatization is described. The time required for the separation is less than 10 min (the time between two following injections is about 15 min). The separation is characterized by high efficiency and good reliability. A partition mechanism is responsible for the high resolution observed. The method was utilized for the analysis of commercial preparations of glutathione and a good agreement with the expected results was obtained; the oxidation of the commercial glutathione in solution was easily analysed.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biomedical Chromatography 7 (1993), S. 235-250 
    ISSN: 0269-3879
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Application of HPLC as a prime tool in the area of enantiomeric resolution has opened doors of success and varied interest. Use of chiral reagents either indirectly (as derivatization reagent) or directly (added to stationary or mobile phase) has led to achieve resolution of a wide range of compounds. Amino acids, being important molecules with simple structure and easy availability, have been extensively studied. A bibliographic survey on HPLC resolution of amino acids and derivatives along with a brief discussion on general methods of enantiomeric separation has been presented.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biomedical Chromatography 7 (1993), S. ii 
    ISSN: 0269-3879
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biomedical Chromatography 7 (1993), S. 275-276 
    ISSN: 0269-3879
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: L- and D-Amino acids (Leu or Phe) were derivatized with fluorogenic reagents, 4-fluoro-7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole (NBD-F), 4-(N,N-dimethylaminosulfonyl)-7-fluoro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole (DBD-F), 4-aminosulfonyl-7-fluoro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole (ABD-F) and 5-(N,N-dimethylamino)naphthalene-1-sulfonylchloride (DNS-Cl), and separated on a Pirkle type column, Sumichiral OA 2500 (S) ((S)-1-naphthylglycyl-3,5-dinitrophenylamide silica gel) with a mobile phase of 20 mM ammonium acetate in methanol. The fluorometric detection of the derivatives was made at 530 nm, 590 nm and 530 nm with excitation at 470 nm, 450 nm, 450 nm and 350 nm, respectively. The former three derivatives of the enantiomers were separated well from each other; The as for each NBD-, DBD- and ABD-derivative of L- and D-Leu were 1.10, 1.11 and 1.10, respectively. However, the DNS derivatives of L-and D-Leu were not separated (separation factor, α = 1.0). All NBD- and ABD-derivatives of L- and D-Phe were also well separated (αs were 1.18, 1.17 and 1.16, respectively), while DNS-L- and -D-Phe were barely separated (α = 1.04). These data suggest that the 2,1,3-benzoxadiazole (benzofurazan) moiety is very effective and preferable to the dimethylaminonaphthalene sulfonyl (DNS) structure for the separation of enantiomers of amino acids derivatized with benzofurazan reagents.No recemization of each enantiomer occurred during the derivatization reaction with NBD-F, DBD-F and ABD-F at pH 8.0 and 60°C for 2 min, at pH 9.3 and 60°C for 30 min and pH 9.3 and 60°C for 60 min, respectively, meaning that all benzofurazan type fluorogenic reagents are useful for sensitive determination of amino acid enantiomers.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 0269-3879
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: This report details a very sensitive, rapid and accurate ion-pair HPLC-ECD method for the analysis of biogenic amines and their metabolites in brain tissue. The method described enables detection of picogram amounts of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy phenethyleneglycol (MHPG) (37 pg), 3,4-dihydroxy phenylacetic acid (DOPAC) (18 pg), norepinephrine (NE) (12 pg), epinephrine (E) (6 pg), 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) (18 pg), 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine (DA) (6 pg), 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (HVA) (12 pg) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) (12 pg). The linearity of the method is from 18.75 ng/mL to 300 ng/mL for MHPG; 9.37 to 150 ng/mL for DOPAC and 5-HIAA; 6.25 to 100 ng/mL for NE, HVA and 5-HT; and from 3.12 to 100 ng/mL for E and DA. The reproducibility, expressed as coefficient of variance (CV%) within-run and between-run groups, was 2.25% and 19.49% for MHPG; 3.84% and 29.84% for DOPAC; 0.89% and 8.97% for NE; 1.26% and 5.61% for E; 1.07% and 28.77% for 5-HIAA; 2.65% and 10.65% for DA; 5.97% and 24.38% for HVA; and 4.44% and 9.45% for 5-HT.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 0269-3879
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A procedure for the extraction and high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) determination of the photodynamic therapeutic agent 5,10,15,20-tetra(m-hydroxyphenyl)chlorin in human, rat and mouse tissues following intravenous administration of the drug is described. The tissue (tumour, skin, muscle and liver) was homogenized and extracted into a mixture of methanol:dimethyl sulphoxide:water (32:8:1 by vol.) containing, 5,10,15,20-tetra(p-hydroxyphenyl)chlorin as the internal standard. The precipitated proteins were removed by centrifugation and the supernatant was separated by reversed phase HPLC on a Hypersil-ODS column with 77% (v/v) acetonitrile in 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid as the mobile phase. The solute was detected with high sensitivity and specificity by a UV-VIS detector set at 423 nm.
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biomedical Chromatography 7 (1993), S. 179-179 
    ISSN: 0269-3879
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
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  • 12
    ISSN: 0269-3879
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Some L- and D-amino acids (Phe or Leu) were derivatized with a fluorogenic reagent, 4-fluoro-7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole (NBD-F) and separated on a Pirkle-type column, Sumichiral OA 2500(S) [(S)-1-naphthylglycyl-3,5-dinitrophenylamide silica gel] with a mobile phase of 20 mM ammonium acetate in methanol. The fluorometric detection was made at 530 nm with excitation at 470 nm. No racemization of the enantiomers occurred during the derivatization reaction. The separation factors (α) for NBD-L-Phe and NBD-D-Phe, and NBD-L-Leu and NBD-D-Leu, were 1.27 and 1.17, respectively. The detection limits were in the range of ca. 30 fmol.
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biomedical Chromatography 7 (1993) 
    ISSN: 0269-3879
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biomedical Chromatography 7 (1993), S. 189-195 
    ISSN: 0269-3879
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A reversed phase high performance liquid chromatographic technique is presented allowing purine catabolite determination in a whole blood extract without a prior purification step. The method was applied to determine the timing and the profile of myocardial nucleotide catabolite release during reperfusion of the transplanted human heart. Samples of arterial and coronary sinus blood collected at various times within 1 h after aortic declamping during heart or heart-lung transplantations were used for nucleotide catabolite determination. Massive release of inosine and hypoxanthine from the heart was demonstrated. Production of adenosine was also shown but there was no liberation of xanthine or uric acid. Nucleotide catabolite release was greatest in the first 5 min (coronary sinus-arterial difference = 15-20 μM), but was still significant after 30 min of reperfusion. The determination of inosine and hypoxanthine--major catabolites released--was found to be reproducible in coronary sinus blood (coefficient of variation 〈 10%). However, immediate protein precipitation afer blood sample collection was necessary, as rapid metabolism of both exogenous and endogenous adenosine and inosine was demonstrated.
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  • 15
    ISSN: 0269-3879
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A high performance liquid chromatographic method with chemiluminescence detection for the determination of penicillin G and ampicillin is reported. The method is based on the enhancement of the luminol chemiluminescence with β-lactam antibiotics. The linear relationship was obtained between the peak height and the concentration of penicillin G or ampicillin up to 15 nmol per 20 μL injection. Detection limits were 1 nmol for penicillin G and 0.5 nmol for ampicillin with a signal-to-noise ratio of 2. Relative standard deviations for five replicate measurements of 4 nmol/injection each of penicillin G and ampicillin were 2.1 and 2.3%, respectively.
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biomedical Chromatography 7 (1993), S. 231-232 
    ISSN: 0269-3879
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biomedical Chromatography 7 (1993) 
    ISSN: 0269-3879
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 215 (1993), S. 65-88 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Most avian muscles consist of serially arranged, overlapping fibers that do not extend the length of the muscle. This condition appears to be plesiomorphic with respect to diapsid reptiles. The presence of this serialfibered architecture is evidenced by bands of stained motor end-plates (meps) perpendicular to the columns of fibers and dividing each column into a series of “segments.” The avian pectoralis was chosen for a study of variation in the distribution of meps within a single muscle. We report the interspecific variation for 158 specimens in 63 species. We also use additional specimens to examine intraspecific variation.Setting aside hummingbirds, which have an unique and clearly derived condition, the number of mep bands along a column of fibers near the shoulder falls within a remarkably small range. The number of segments is not obviously related to phylogenetic relatedness or to any characteristic of flight or ecology and is only slightly related to size. The largest specimens do average more segments per column, but there are no trends among small to medium-sized species, suggesting that there is an upper limit to fiber length. However, the shape of the sternum and pattern of connective tissue in the pectoralis alleviate the need for additional fibers in many large birds. These findings suggest that the architecture of the avian pectoralis is subject to some as yet unexplained selection that stabilizes the number of myofibers and/or motor neurons. The findings provide few clues as to whether the significant factors are phylogenetic, functional, ontogenetic, or some combination of these. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 215 (1993) 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 215 (1993), S. 101-118 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Tetraodontiform fishes are characterized by jaws specialized for powerful biting and a diet dominated by hard-shelled prey. Strong biting by the oral jaws is an unusual feature among teleosts. We present a functional morphological analysis of the feeding mechanism of a representative tetraodontiform, Balistes vetula. As is typical for the order, long, sharp, strong teeth are mounted on the short, robust jaw bones of B. vetula. The neurocranium and suspensorium are enlarged and strengthened to serve as sites of attachment for the greatly hypertrophied adductor mandibulae muscles. Electromyographic recordings made from 11 cranial muscles during feeding revealed four distinct behaviors in the feeding repertoire of B. vetula. Suction is used effectively to capture soft prey and is associated with a motor pattern similar to that reported for many other teleosts. However, when feeding on hard prey, B. vetula directly bit the prey, exhibiting a motor pattern very different from that of suction feeding. During buccal manipulation, repeated cycles of jaw opening and closing (biting) were coupled with rapid movement of the prey in and out of the mouth. Muscle activity during buccal manipulation was similar to that seen during bite-captures. A blowing behavior was periodically employed during prey handling, as prey were forcefully “spit out” from the mouth, either to reposition them or to separate unwanted material from flesh. The motor pattern used during blowing was distinct from similar behaviors described for other fishes, indicating that this behaviors may be unique to tetraodontiforms. Thus B. vetula combines primitive behaviors and motor patterns (suction feeding and buccal manipulation) with specialized morphology (strong teeth, robust jaws, and hypertrophied adductor muscles) and a novel behavior (blowing) to exploit armored prey such as sea urchins molluscs, and crabs. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 215 (1993), S. 165-182 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The ultrastructure of the early chick embryo was investigated, using scanning (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Eggs were obtained from the shell gland by injecting hens intravenously with a synthetic prostaglandin or arginine vasopressin. Embryos were examined during late cleavage (stages IV-VI, Eyal-Giladi and Kochav, '76), formation of the area pellucida (stages VII-XI), and formation of the hypoblast (stages X-XIV). SEM highlighted the reduction in cell number at the underside of the embryo during formation of the area pellucida although it became apparent that the thickness of the embryo is not reduced to a single layer of cells at stage X. In addition, blastomeres at the perimeter of embryos (stages V-VI) project filopodial extensions onto a smooth membrane that separates the sub-embryonic cavity from the yolk. During hypoblast formation, epiblast cells generate stellate projections at their basal aspect, thus providing a meshwork for the advancing secondary hypoblast cells. By stage XII the epiblast was one cell thick and reminiscent of a columnar epithelium when viewed transversely. Cells of the deep portion of the posterior marginal zone were distinguished morphologically in the stage XII embryo by their many cell surface projections and ruffled appearance. Blastomeres at the perimeter of stage V-VI embryos projected filopodial extensions onto a smooth membrane which separates the sub-embryonic cavity from the yolk. This membrane is presumed to be confluent with the cytolemma. Evidence is presented demonstrating the presence of intracellular membrane-bound droplets which are hypothesised to contain sub-embryonic fluid. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 215 (1993), S. 245-260 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The highly terrestrial grapsids and gecarcinids and the amphibious sundathelphusids all have large, expanded branchial chambers. The lining of the branchial chambers is smooth and well vascularized, and it functions as a lung. The respiratory membrane and the cuticle lining the lung are extremely thin (200-350 nm). The blood vessels within the lung are formed from connective tissue cells supported by collagen fibres and lined by a basal lamina. The major vessels in the lung are embedded deep in the branchiostegite and lie just beneath the thick outer carapace. These vessels branch towards the respiratory membrane, where they eventually lose their connective tissue coverings to form thin, flattened lacunae directly below the respiratory epithelium. The lacunae (exchange sites) are bordered by specialized connective tissue cells, which either bear microvilli on their apical surface (fimbriated cells) or are very smooth. The respiratory circulation in the lung is very complex, with two portal systems present between the afferent and efferent systems, producing a total of three lacunal exchange beds. Portal systems increase the surface area available for gas exchange. The major distributing vessel in the lung is the branchiostegal vein, which runs along the inner margin of the branchiostegite. The main venous supplies come anteriorly from the infraorbital and ventral sinuses and posteriorly from the procardial sinus. The main collecting vessel is the pulmonary vein, which arises anteriorly and which runs around the ventral perimeter of the branchiostegite before emptying into the pericardial sinus. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 215 (1993), S. 301-312 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Annual fish development differs from that of other teleosts because a phase of blastomere dispersion-reaggregation spatially and temporally separates epiboly from embryogenesis. The fate of dispersed blastomeres was assessed in diblastodermic eggs of the annual fishes Cynolebias whitei and C. nigripinnis. In typical teleosts, blastomere determination and the events of primary embryonic induction occur prior to or during epiboly, so diblastodermic eggs produce partially or completely duplicated embryos. In the diblastodermic eggs of Cynolebias, the two blastoderms are completely separate from the one cell stage to the high blastula. Blastoderm fusion begins during midepiboly. By the end of epiboly, blastoderm fusion has been completed, and the deep, embryo-forming blastomeres of both blastoderms have completely dispersed and intermingled to form a single cell population. A typical annual fish dispersed blastomere phase ensues. Blastomeres reaggregate into a single mass, in which one embryo develops. When hatched, the young fish have no obvious structural or functional abnormalities. We suggest that the dispersed blastomeres of annual fish eggs are equivalent and that induction or determination takes place within the reaggregate. Alternatively, dispersed cells are partially determined but highly regulative, so that, when two populations fuse, the cells sort out according to tissue type and form a single embryo. In either instance, the formation of a single, normal embryo seems to corroborate the hypothesis that the dispersed cell phase of annual fishes is an adaptation that prevents environmentally induced developmental defects. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 217 (1993), S. 171-181 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In the American alligator, the jaw muscles show seven bundles of tendinous structure: cranial adductor tendon, mandibular adductor tendon, lamina anterior inferior, trap-shaped lamina lateralis, lamina intramandibularis, lamina posterior, and depressor mandibular tendon (originating from the musculus depressor mandibulae, m. pseudotemporalis, m. adductor mandibulae posterior, m. adductor mandibulae externus, m. intramandibularis, m. pterygoideus anterior, and m. pterygoideus posterior). These tendinous structures are composed of many collagen fibrils and elastic fibers; however, the distributions and sizes of the fibers in these tendinous components differ in comparison with those of other masticatory muscles. The differences of these properties reflect the kinetic forces or the stretch applied to each tendon by the muscle during jaw movements in spite of the simple tendon-muscle junctions. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 25
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: We describe the complex shapes of myomeres and myosepta in the mackerels and tunas (Scombridae: Teleostei), and we reveal the orientation of two major systems of collagen fibers in myosepta and horizontal septa with respect to points of attachment to skeleton and skin. Our goal is to identify the likely pathways of the transmission of muscle forces during locomotion. Our primary conclusions are (1) that the collagen fibers of myosepta, horizontal septa, and skin are the organs that transfer locomotor forces from the contraction of myomeres to the backbone and caudal fin during locomotion, and (2) that locomotor muscle pulls against a three-dimensional structure of tendons, septa, and skin that is kept in tension by the radial expansion of the contracting muscle. The main horizontal septum is formed by the convergence of myosepta and is likely to be the major transmitter of muscle force to the axial skeleton. The geometry of the myomeres, the position of red muscle, and particularly the geometric conformation of crossed-fiber arrays of collagen in the main horizontal septum suggest specific mechanisms for the transfer of muscle force to the backbone among scombrid fishes. Morphometrics and the construction of physical models help us to identify musculoskeletal mechanisms of locomotion, and we present two quantitative models of locomotor mechanics in fishes. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 26
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 217 (1993), S. 205-217 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Despite a great deal of work in recent years on the structure of reptilian eggshells, few studies have examined the structure and regulation of the female reproductive tract in the formation of eggshell components, and none have examined the entire process from ovulation to oviposition. In this study, we examined oviductal structure in the oviparous lizard, Sceloporus woodi, followed changes in oviductal structure during gravidity, and determined uterine function in the formation of eggshell components. The endometrial glands of the uterus produce the proteinaceous fibers of the eggshell membrane mainly during the first 24 hours following ovulation, and the fibers are secreted intact and subsequently wrapped around the in utero eggs. Eggshell fibers of different thicknesses are layered around each egg, ranging from an inner layer of thick fibers that gradually become thinner medially and finally forms an outer layer of densely packed particulate matter. These changes in the fibrous layer are reflected by the thickness and length of fibers released from the endometrial glands. Calcium deposition occurs from 3 days following ovulation through day 14 (oviposition) and is accompanied by cellular changes in the luminal epithelium suggestive of secretory activity. Deposition of the eggshell components within the uterus occurs on all eggs simultaneously, rather than sequentially. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 27
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    Journal of Morphology 217 (1993), S. 219-227 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The morphogenesis of glandular architecture of the three lobes of prostate gland of the guinea pig, lateral, dorsal, and coagulating gland was studied from 35 days gestation to 90 postnatal days. Epithelial ductal tubules of various lobes of the gland were microdissected after treatment by collagenase and displayed two dimensionally. The number of ductal tips was counted, and the volume of the ductal network was quantified using a graphic tablet. The results show that the growth and ductal morphogenesis fall into two phases: prenatal and postnatal. The first outgrowth of prostatic buds begins at 35 days gestation (gestational length is 65 days). Ductal growth and branching continues over the next 15-20 days and by 55 days gestation, approximately 60%, 79%, and 71% of the adult number of ductal tips of the lateral and dorsal lobes and coagulating gland respectively, are formed. The figures increase to 89%, 84%, and 106%, respectively, by birth. There is little increase in number of ductal tips thereafter. Postnatal growth is accomplished mainly by elongation of existing ductal network with a little additional branching but with an increase in size (volume) of the tubules. Canalization of ductal tubules occurs prenatally in all lobes but postnatal functional cytodifferentiation takes a slightly different pace among them. Ductal morphogenesis of the guinea pig prostate gland differs significantly in time-course from that of the mouse in which ductal development occurs mainly postnatally. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 28
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 217 (1993) 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 29
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    Journal of Morphology 217 (1993), S. 229-238 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The structure and tooth attachment of the comblike teeth and denticles of the ayu sweetfish, Plecoglossus altivelis, were examined by light and scanning electron microscopy. The denticle is composed of a spoonlike crown with a spine pointed anteriorly, a triangular plate in the cervical region, and a root that curves laterally and tapers off to a point. The root apex is fused with a long thin pedicle that turns abruptly anteriad toward the jaw bone. Planes of the spine, the spoonlike crown, the triangle plate and the root of the denticle are varied, and the denticle is twisted in the region of the triangle plane.The superficial layer of the dentine is homogeneously calcified and is considered to be enameloid, because some of the inner dentinal epithelial cells in the tooth germ are columnar and possess cellular processes at their apical ends. The dentine is fibrous and fine dentinal tubules are visible in dentine treated with sodium hydroxide and observed by scanning electron microscopy. The upper half of the root is surrounded by a dense layer of collagen fibers running parallel to the tooth axis, and the lower half is encompassed by interlaced collagen fibers. The lower part of the root is open on its lingual side. The pedicle is a long rod which is homogeneously calcified and enmeshed by interlaced collagen fibers, and it curves mediad as it nears the jaw bone. The pedicles are interposed between a layer of gelatinous connective tissue and the jaw bone and terminate on the periosteum. Comparative aspects of ayu tooth morphology are discussed. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 30
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    Journal of Morphology 217 (1993), S. 239-261 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Under the influence of juvenile hormone analogues (JHAs), termite workers are induced to differentiate into soldiers. In Reticulitermes santonensis, such induced differentiation is often incomplete, resulting in intercaste production. The morphology of the structures most affected during differentiation was analyzed descriptively and biometrically in normal workers, presoldiers, and soldiers, and in experimental intercastes. We observed that intercastes form a morphological and biometrical continuum between workers and presoldiers (presoldier intercastes), and between presoldiers and soldiers (soldier intercastes). We also compared the biochemistry of the normal individuals and of the intercastes; in contrast to workers, the intercastes possess a frontal gland secretion which differs from those of the presoldiers and soldiers. Besides intercaste characterization, we consider the mode of action of JHAs in termite differentiation. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 31
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    Journal of Morphology 217 (1993), S. 263-271 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Microtopographic features of the various growth stages of the three free-living larval stages of the rat hookworm Nippostrongylus brasiliensis (Nematoda) were surveyed by scanning electron microscopy. These worms have a rounded anterior end and an elongated tail. Cuticular annulations were observed along the body, which also bore two ribbon-like lateral alae. Two rings of six lip-like lappets were observed around the triradiate oral opening in all larval stages. The cephalic space contained two lateral amphidial pits. The excretory pore in the third anterior part was observed in a ventral view of the larvae. No deirids were observed. The anus with a crescent-shape opening was located posteriorly. Phasmidial apertures, only observed in the third-stage larvae, opened on the lateral alae in the tail region. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 32
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    Journal of Morphology 218 (1993), S. 347-358 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Spermatogenesis discontinues during both adult reproductive diapause and quiescence in the flightless males of Omorgus freyi. During both types of dormancy, spermatogenesis discontinuity is a dynamic process involving an uninterrupted supply of primary spermatocytes that undergoes partial development and lyses before spermatozoa can be formed. Notwithstanding this common feature, the pattern of discontinuity differs between the two kinds of dormancy. During reproductive diapause, spermatozoa and late spermatids are the first cells that lyse; after diapause break, spermatozoa are produced anew. During quiescence, in contrast, the first indication of discontinuity is the degeneration of late primary spermatocytes; spermatozoa apparently remain intact for a while but eventually degenerate as well. Therefore, males returning to sexual activity after a short period of quiescence may still have spermatozoa capable of fertilization. However, following a long period of quiescence, spermatozoa will be absent and must be produced anew, as in postdiapausing males. The existence of two different patterns of spermatogenesis discontinuity may indicate that each is controlled differently by the endocrine system, in response to the different environmental conditions inducing quiescence or diapause. Dual control of discontinuity may contribute to the high reproductive potential of these flightless beetles, under unpredictable and extreme desert conditions. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 33
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    Biomedical Chromatography 7 (1993), S. 48-55 
    ISSN: 0269-3879
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: We have investigated the hydrophobic properties of human skin fibroblast proteoglycans and related material by affinity chromatography on Octyl-Sepharose CL-4B in 4 M guanidinium hydrochloride (GdnHCI). Proteoglycans and related material could be separated into non-, medium and highly hydrophobic forms by elution with gradients of Triton X-100 in 4 M Gdn HCI. The non-hydrophobic material included endogenously produced glycosaminoglycan chains and oligosaccharides as well as an HS-proteoglycan with a 35 kDa core. The 65-70 kDa core (glypican-related) proteoglycans appeared among the highly hydrophobic ones, but variable proportions were seen both in the medium and the non-hydrophobic material. Other membrane-bound proteoglycans, like fibroglycan (45 kDa core) and the HS-proteoglycans with 90 and 130 kDa cores, as well as the CS/DS-proteoglycan with a 90 kDa core, were all of high hydrophobicity. There were also indications of a highly hydrophobic CS/DS-proteoglycan with a 45 kDa core. The extracellular proteoglycans, PG-L, PG-S1 and PG-S2, and the HS-proteoglycans with 350 and 250 kDa cores were all of medium hydrophobicity. These proteoglycans emerged in distinct positions when the column was eluted with a gradient of 3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]propanesulphonate.
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  • 34
    ISSN: 0269-3879
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The reactivities between saccharides and primary amino compounds were studied by liquid chromatography on an amino-bonded column and by measurement of the reaction rates of aromatic amines with saccharides. The recoveries from the column and the reaction rates were correlated with their physicochemical properties calculated by the CACheTM program. The reactivities between amines and saccharides correlated well with their hydrogen bonding energies calculated by molecular mechanics.
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  • 35
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    Biomedical Chromatography 7 (1993), S. 86-89 
    ISSN: 0269-3879
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A rapid, sensitive and selective method for the assay of glutathione in cultured cells has been developed using ion-pair reversed phase rapid high performance liquid chromatography. The use of a 4 μm particle, 5 cm long column (Superspher 100 RP 18 end-capped) allowed complete analysis of glutathione within 3 min. A postcolumn derivatization reaction with o-phthaladehyde and fluorometric detection made the assay fully selective with regard to other endogenous thiols and sensitive (the detection limit was 0.5 ng of glutathione injected). The linearity range was between 0.1 and 2.0 μg/mL with good repeatability (relative standard deviation less than 5% for the lowest concentration quantitated). Recoveries of GSH from cultured cell samples were above 98%. The rapid analysis enabled the processing of a large number of samples in a short time (up to 20 per hour). The method was applied to the measurement of the intracellular glutathione amount in V79 fibroblasts along cell growth in culture.
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  • 36
    ISSN: 0269-3879
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A stereoselective and sensitive method for the determination of the enantiomers of felodipine, a dihydropyridine calcium antagonist, has been developed and the pharmacokinetic profiles of the enantiomers comparatively studied after oral administration to dogs and humans. D6-Felodipine, the internal standard, was added to the plasma, extracted with a solvent and then optically resolved into S(-) and R(+) enantiomers on a high performance liquid chromatographic Chiralcel OJ column. Each enantiomer in the effluent was analysed by capillary column gas chromatography/positive ion electron impact mass spectrometry. After oral administration of the felodipine racemate, the Tmax and t1/2 values hardly differed between the two enantiomers in dogs and humans. The Cmax and AUC0-24h values of the S(-) enantiomer were slightly higher than those of the R(+) enantiomer in humans but the difference between the enantiomers was not significant. These results suggested that there is no large difference in the absorption, distribution and elimination of felodipine enantiomers after oral administration of the racemate in either dog or human.
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  • 37
    ISSN: 0269-3879
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The development of column packing materials was tried as a contribution to studies related to the further modification of 3-aminopropyl-modified silica gel. Consequently, we prepared two types of gel, 3-(1-naphthoylamino)- and 3-(1-anthroylamino)-propyl-modified silica gels (NAPS and AAPS). Since NAPS and AAPS, each having an aromatic ring, were expected to behave in a separation mode by a π-π or hydrophobic interaction, their application to the analyses of the compounds related to nucleic acids was carried out. Adenosine nucleotides were consequently separated by the gels in a single analysis by a single buffer elution with UV detection. NAPS could be also successfully used for the measurement of ATPase activity in fish meat (Sillago japonica). The mobile phase consistently used in the analysis was an aqueous phosphate buffer.
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  • 38
    ISSN: 0269-3879
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A selective and sensitive method has been developed for the determination of secondary amines by gas chromatography (GC). After removal of primary amines by the reaction with o-phthaldialdehyde, secondary amines were converted into their N-diethylthiophosphoryl derivatives and then measured by GC with flame photometric detection using a DB-1701 capillary column. The derivatives were sufficiently volatile and stable to give single symmetrical peaks. The detection limits of secondary amines were ca. 0.05-0.2 pmol per injection. N-Methylcyclohexylamine was used as an internal standard. The calibration curves for secondary amines in the range 1-20 nmol were linear and sufficiently reproducible for quantitative determination. This method was successfully applied to small urine samples without prior clean-up. Overall recoveries of secondary amines added to urine samples were 91-105%. By using this method, secondary amines in urine samples could be analysed without any influence from primary amines and other coexisting substances. The analytical results of secondary amine content in urine samples of normal subjects are presented.
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  • 39
    ISSN: 0269-3879
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A method has been developed for the quantitative analysis of clomipramine and its major metabolite desmethylclomipramine in plasma, using normal phase chromatography with UV detection at 254 nm. This rapid (6 min) and highly sensitive methodology (detection limits 0.5 ng/mL and 2 ng/mL for clomipramine and desmethylclomipramine, respectively; S/N = 3, 0.001 aufs) allows pharmacokinetic studies and drug monitoring of the two compounds. Using the described methodology we report an application which involved 10 depressed inpatients.
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  • 40
    ISSN: 0269-3879
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A simple, selective, reversed phase liquid chromatographic method using a column-switching technique has been developed for the simultaneous determination of a novel derivative of etoposide (NK611) and its O-demethyl metabolite in dog plasma. A good linear response was obtained for both drugs in the range 0.1-12.0 μg/mL. The mean recoveries were within 100±5%. The within- and between-day precisions were within 3.5% and 4.6%, respectively. This method was used in a pharmacokinetic study following intravenous and oral administration of NK611 to beagle dogs.
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  • 41
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    Biomedical Chromatography 7 (1993), S. 94-98 
    ISSN: 0269-3879
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Two forms of liver metallothioneins (MTs) were purified from hedgehog exposed to zinc, using gel filtration on Sephacryl S-100 and DEAE Sepharose Fast Flow chromatography. The peptide chain weight of both MT-1 and MT-2 was found to be about 10,000, as determined by high performance liquid chromatography. This value was higher than that calculated from amino acid analysis. The amino acid composition of hedgehog liver MT-1 and MT-2 resembles that of liver to MTs from rabbit and other species. Their distinctive features include an extremely high cysteine content, about 33% of all the amino acid residues, and an absence of aromatic amino acids and histidine. In addition, a rapid method for the determination of MTs during animal tissue purification has been established. The samples were directly added in an ammoniacal solution of a Co(II) salt for recording linear sweep polarograms. By comparison with the commonly used metal determination method, our method is direct, rapid, credible and suitable for all the MTs or MT-like samples.
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  • 42
    ISSN: 0269-3879
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A reversed phase high performance liquid chromatographic method for the high sensitivity determination of individual bile acids in serum using a C18 column with a ternary solvent system combined with fluorometric techniques using immobilized enzymes is described. A computer-assisted diagnosis system using pattern recognition was developed to assist the clinical diagnosis of various liver and biliary diseases. A total consistency rate of 95% can be reached using this system.
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  • 43
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    Biomedical Chromatography 7 (1993), S. 143-145 
    ISSN: 0269-3879
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Human pancreatic carboxypeptidase A, which was isolated from a pool of necrobiotic pancreae, crystallized spontaneously and appeared homogeneous in sodium dodecylsulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography of the dissolved crystals, however, revealed the presence of two distinct isoenzymes, which were shown by aminoterminal sequence analysis to be only 61% homologeous in their 31 amino terminal amino acids. On the other hand, amino terminal sequences of the isoenzymes were found to be 79% and 87% homologeous with CAP 1 and CPA 2 of the rat, respectively. Thus, the presence of two distinct pancreatic carboxypeptidase A isoenzymes could be clearly demonstrated for the first time in human tissue.
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  • 44
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    Biomedical Chromatography 7 (1993), S. 200-203 
    ISSN: 0269-3879
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Formation of free radicals and lipoperoxidation occur at the onset of cellular damage. These effects are produced during normal metabolism and in pathological states. The peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids, i.e. linoleic acid and linolenic acid, which are both cellular membrane compounds, induces ethane and pentane formation in pulmonary air exhalation. These two volatile hydrocarbons can be considered as potential lipoperoxidation markers. Methodological difficulties limit the use of these gases for assessment of free oxygen radical activity but we have developed and validated a non-invasive technique. A study was performed with ten healthy volunteers.
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  • 45
    ISSN: 0269-3879
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A gas chromatographic method for the determination of mexiletine in human plasma is described. Mexiletine was simultaneously extracted and derivatized with carbon disulphide for separation and quantitation on a glass column (1.5 m × 3 mm i.d.) packed with 1.5% OV-1 coated on 80-100 mesh Shimalite W (201D). The method required only 0.5 mL of plasma and could detect as little as 10 ng of mexiletine. It has been applied to the study of the pharmacokinetics of mexiletine in healthy volunteers.
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  • 46
    ISSN: 0269-3879
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Fluorescence and chemiluminescence analyses of amino acids and thiols derivatized with 2-fluoro-4,5-diphenyloxazole (DIFOX) and 2-chloro-4,5-bis(p-N,N-dimethylaminosulphonylphenyl)oxazole (SAOX-CI) were investigated. Thirteen diphenyloxazole (DIOX)-derivatized amino acids were separated within 38 min by a linear gradient elution from 100% A [0.05 M phosphate (pH 7.0):CH3CN (75:25)] to 100% B [0.05 M phosphate (pH 7.0):CH3CN (1:1)] over 30 min and an isocratic elution of 100% B for 30 min. The detection limits (S/N = 2) with fluorescence detection were in the range of 19-64 fmol. Thiols derivatized with SAOX-CI were separated by an isocratic elution using 0.1 M H3PO4:CH3CN (65:35) and detected fluorimetrically. The detection limits (S/N = 2) of reduced glutathione, N-acetylcysteine, 2-mercaptopropionylglycine, cysteine, homocysteine and captopril were 1.2, 1.5, 1.9, 5.7, 6.4 and 7.9 fmol, respectively. Peroxyoxalate chemiluminescence (CL) intensities of sulphonyl-5-N,N-dimethylaminonaphthalene (DNS), SAOX and DIOX derivatives were compared using three different oxalate esters (DFPO, TCPO and TDPO) by flow injection analysis. The relative chemiluminescence intensity (RCL) of SAOX-proline and DIOX-proline were 76-80% and 19-25% of DNS-proline (100%), respectively. Other SAOX and DIOX derivatives showed lower CL intensities ( 〈 12%). Extremely low CL intensities were obtained for the fluorescent tagging reagents (〈0.11%) and their hydrolysis products (〈0.80%). Secondary amino acids and peptides, derivatized with DIFOX in aqueous media at room temperature for 1 h, were detected using DFPO/H2O2. TCPO/H2O2 and TDPO/H2O2 after separation by high performance liquid chromatography. The detection limits (S/N = 2) of hydroxy-L-proline, L-proline, L-prolyl-glycyl-glycine and L-prolyl-L-leucine with the three oxalate esters were 10-17 fmol, 22-34 fmol, 50-61 fmol and 80-123 fmol, respectively.
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  • 47
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    Biomedical Chromatography 7 (1993), S. ii 
    ISSN: 0269-3879
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
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  • 48
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    Biomedical Chromatography 7 (1993), S. 229-230 
    ISSN: 0269-3879
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A sensitive and selective reversed phase high performance liquid chromatographic method was introduced for the determination of salmon calcitonin (sCT) in solutions containing bovine serum albumin or gelatin. The method was based on the sensitive fluorescence detection of sCT by postcolumn derivatization with o-phthal(di)aldehyde. The sample was loaded onto a reversed phase column, purified by column switching and separated with linear gradient elution using the ion pair technique. A linear relationship was obtained between the peak height and the amount injected in the concentration range 1-40 ng. The detection limit was 10 ng/mL (S/N = 3) at a sample injection volume of 100 μL.
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  • 49
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    Biomedical Chromatography 7 (1993), S. 256-261 
    ISSN: 0269-3879
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Amyloglucosidase from Halobacterium sodomense was purified by a combination of hydrophobic interaction chromatography and immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography at analytical and preparative scale with 75% recovery. The enzyme was found to be a dimer of two different subunits with molecular weights of 72,000 and 82,000 D, respectively, combining in a 175,000 D native protein. The specific activity, KM, and amino acid composition of the enzyme was determined.
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  • 50
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    Biomedical Chromatography 7 (1993), S. 273-274 
    ISSN: 0269-3879
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A sensitive (up to nanogram level) method for resolving a cannabinoid mixture in plasma is described. Cannabinoids were extracted with a C-18 Sep Pak cartridge and derivatized with dansylchloride. Then the derivatives were resolved on thin layer HPTLC silica plates which were developed and quantified by fluorescence densitometry at 340 nm.
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  • 51
    ISSN: 0269-3879
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The recent developments in enantioselective HPLC-separation techniques are impressive and are driven by industrial and academic interests; thus there is for instance a high demand for developing stereoselective assays for chiral drugs in biological fluids. The beta-blocking agents, which possess an amino- propanol- or -ethanol side chain with at least one chiral centre, represent one of the most intensively investigated groups of more than 40 drugs introduced world wide. Seven of the most popular beta-blockers were chosen as representatives: atenolol; betaxolol; carvedilol; metoprolol; pindolol; propranolol; and sotalol, these span the whole range of lipophilicity to hydrophilicity (polarity). Enantioselective HPLC bioassays for these β-blockers published so far, including techniques based on chiral derivatizing agents (CDAs), chiral stationary phases (CSPs) and chiral mobile phase additives (CMPAs) have been reviewed and documented in the light of general aspects together with pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic considerations.
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  • 52
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    Biomedical Chromatography 7 (1993), S. ii 
    ISSN: 0269-3879
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 53
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    Biomedical Chromatography 7 (1993), S. 227-228 
    ISSN: 0269-3879
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method has been developed for the determination of levomepromazine in human breast milk and serum. The levomepromazine was extracted by a rapid and simple extraction method using a Sep-Pak C18 cartridge. The extracts were separated by HPLC on a C8 bonded reversed phase column and detected by UV absorbance at 254 nm. There was no interference with endogenous substance in human breast milk and serum. A linear relationship was obtained for the levomepromazine over the concentration range of 10-300 ng/mL. The recoveries of levomepromazine added to human breast milk and serum were 92.5-99.1% and 86.9-103.9%, respectively.
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  • 54
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    Biomedical Chromatography 7 (1993), S. 233-233 
    ISSN: 0269-3879
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
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  • 55
    ISSN: 0269-3879
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A sensitive HPLC method has been described for quantitation of two cholecystokinin (CCK) peptides in discrete rat brain regions. Separation and quantitation was performed by the reversed-phase HPLC combined with electrochemical detection. Analytical recoveries of the tetrapeptide (CCK-4) and octapeptide-sulphate (CCK-8s) were 96% and 94%, respectively. The between assay coefficient of variation (CV) was less than 3% for both peptides. The within-assay CV was 4% and 6% for CCK-4 and CCK-8s and the detection limit was 2 and 10 pmol/mL, respectively.For identification of structures, the peptides were fractionated by semi-preparative HPLC using a novel SMART system for micropurification. The fractions were analysed by fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry (FAB MS) which confirmed the presence of both CCK-4 and CCK-8s in the rat brain tissue.
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  • 56
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    Biomedical Chromatography 7 (1993), S. 267-272 
    ISSN: 0269-3879
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Reliable measurement of the reduced and oxidized forms of ascorbic acid (AA) is challenging because they are highly reactive and unstable compounds. Detection of small amounts of AA and dehydroascorbic acid (DHAA) is essential for determining the biochemical function of the vitamin. While a variety of techniques exist for measurement of AA with detection limits in the millimolar range, a need exists for highly reliable assessment of picomolar levels of AA and DHAA in tissues. The present study presents a method for measuring AA and DHAA that combines high performance liquid chromatography with the advantages and increased detection limits and selectivity available with coulometric electrochemical detection. The difference between AA and „total AA“ in tissue samples gives an assessment of DHAA concentration. Verification of the reliability of assay is by the successful linear recovery of exogenously added AA and DHAA in tissue homogenate. Optimal conditions for reducing DHAA in tissue samples include a pH of 7.2, reaction time of 10 min, reaction temperature equal to room temperature, and a 10 mM concentration of the reducing agent, β-mercaptoethanol. AA and DHAA are measured in several mammalian tissues using the method presented.
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  • 57
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    Journal of Morphology 215 (1993) 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 58
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    Journal of Morphology 215 (1993), S. 31-49 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Statoliths of 61 Recent species representing all subfamilies of Mysidae were studied with special emphasis on internal structure. In addition 5 samples of fossil statoliths from Miocene deposits were examined. Species of Boreomysinae and Rhopalophthalminae show simple roughly spherical organic statoliths, with setae originating from the sensory cushion and anchored in the statolith with distal branches extending shortly below the surface. All other subfamilies possess mineralized statoliths of greater structural complexity, with differentiation in core and mantle, where each part may consist of up to three layers. Habitus is hemispherical to discoidal. External gross structures are dorsal tegmen, ventral fundus, and the ambitus forming the outer toroidal to semi-toroidal circumference. Setae penetrate the mantle through mineralic canals and insert on the surface of the core. As suggested by congeneric species of Schistomysis, there is no principal structural difference between statoliths mineralized with fluorite compared to vaterite. However, vaterite statoliths tend to be more often of moruloid appearance and are exceptional by showing a central conical hole (the hilum) or a central cavity in certain forms. These structures are typical of fossil calcite statoliths. In vaterite and fluorite statoliths, the mantle shows radially arranged (= spherulitic) crystal aggregates. Such arrangements are badly preserved in fossil calcite statoliths. In large extant statoliths, concentric structures, mainly in the form of superficial striation and/or concentric microstrata, are visible in coexistence with radial aggregates. Stratification is possibly due to stratified deposition of the nonmineralized gland product, while the spherulitic structure is indicative of subsequent radial growth of crystal aggregates. The structure of accessory fluorite statoliths in the statocyst of Mesopodopsis slabberi leads to the hypothesis that mantle material is formed by secretions of the caudal statocyst gland. After demineralization of fluorite, vaterite and calcite statoliths, an organic template remains showing most essential morphological features of the statolith. From this we conclude that the structure of the statolith is (almost) entirely matrix mediated. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 59
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    Journal of Morphology 215 (1993), S. 89-100 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The amphibian tongue contains two types of papilla which are believed to function in gustation and in the secretion of salivary fluid. Scanning electron microscopy reveals that columnar, filiform papillae are compactly distributed over nearly the entire dorsal surface of the tongue of the frog, Rana cancrivora, and fungiform papillae are scattered among the filiform papillae. Microridges and microvilli are distributed on the epithelial cell surface of the extensive area of the filiform papillae. Light microscopy shows that the apex of each filiform papilla is composed of stratified columnar and/or cuboidal epithelium and its base is composed of simple columnar epithelium. Transmission electron microscopy reveals that most of the epithelium of the filiform papillae is composed of cells that contain numerous round electron-dense granules 1-3 μm in diameter. Cellular interdigitation is well developed between adjacent cells. On the free-surface of epithelial cells, microridges or microvilli are frequently seen. Between these granular cells, a small number of ciliated cells, mitochondria-rich cells and electron-lucent cells are inserted. In some cases, electron-dense granules are present in the ciliated cells. At higher magnification, the electron-dense granules appear to be covered with patterns of spots and tubules. Overall, the morphology and ultrastructure of the lingual epithelium of the three species of Rana that have been studied are quite similar, but they can be easily distinguished from those of Bufo japonicus. Therefore, it appears that lingual morphology is phylogenetically constrained among members of the predominantly freshwater genus Rana to produce uniformity of papillary structure and this morphology persists in Rana cancrivora despite the distinct saline environment in which it lives. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 60
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    Journal of Morphology 215 (1993), S. 151-163 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: As part of an ongoing comparative study of pigment patterns and their formation in embryos and larvae of ambystomatid salamanders, Ambystoma maculatum from two differnt populations, one in the northern (New York) and one in the central (Tennessee) United States, were investigated. Scanning electron microscopy was used to study early neural crest development. Light microscopy in combination with markers for the two pigment cell types (xanthophores and melanophores) made it possible to follow pigment cell migration before the pigment cells were fully differentiated. A bilateral pigment pattern consisting of two horizontal melanophore stripes surrounding an interstripe area populated by xanthophores formed in the larvae. In both populations, some variation was present in the form of a continuum ranging from clear horizontal stripes to extreme cases with a random pattern. Unlike the other ambystomatids that have been investigated, the neural crest cells in A. maculatum do not form aggregates and no vertical bars are formed. Instead, both the pattern and its formation are very similar to what has been reported for salamandrids. If pattern formation mechanisms can act as developmental constraints we would expect the A. maculatum pattern to be the primitive condition in the Ambystomatidae, using the Salamandridae as the outgroup. There is no strong support for this when aggregate formation is used as a character and mapped onto phylogenies for the group. The aggregate formation mechanism, and the pigment pattern that it leads to, have most likely been secondarily lost in A. maculatum. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 61
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    Journal of Morphology 215 (1993), S. 183-193 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The head, body, and tail regions of the epididymal duct (or caput, corpus, and cauda epididymis) in two healthy and sexually mature Sus domesticus males were examined by light microscopy and by scanning or transmission electron microscopy. The epididymal duct is lined with a pseudostratified epithelium with stereocilia and covered by a muscular-connective tissue sheath that is thickest in the tail region. Diameter of the epididymal duct and height of epididymal epithelium are maximal in the head region. Length of the sterocilia and spermatic density are higher in the head and body regions. Somatic cells are abundant in the tail region. The epididymal epithelium is made up of five cell types: basal cells, principal cells, clear cells, narrow cells, and basophilic cells. Abundant secretory units are observed in the supranuclear cytoplasm of columnar principal cells. Each mature secretory unit is constituted by electron-dense secretion granules covered by more than eight layers of cisternae of reticulum between which the mitochondria are intercalated. In the apical cytoplasm the isolated secretion granules become larger and less electron dense. The apical surface is covered by numerous sterocilia. Basal cells are pyramidal and less high than principal cells. The clear cells, arranged between the principal cells, are characterized by the presence of abundant vesicular elements and electron-lucid secretion granules, and by an apocrine secretory process. The narrow cells are characterized by their highly vacuolized cytoplasm. Intermediate cell typologies can be found among basal, principal, clear, and narrow cells, which could be four developmental stages of the same cell type. The basophilic cells are spheroidal and are found at different levels between the epithelial cells and in the connective tissue underlying the epithelium. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 62
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    Journal of Morphology 215 (1993), S. 195-200 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In anuran amphibians, there is increasing evidence that exocrine glands dispersed throughout the general integument are secondary sex characters (SSC). Following the recent discovery of sexually dimorphic “breeding glands” in the dorsum of male Rana pipiens, we studied the effects of castration and testosterone treatment on the dorsal skin glands of male Xenopus laevis and R. pipiens to determine whether the dorsal breeding glands, or any other dorsal skin glands, are androgen dependent. The dorsal skin glands of X. laevis were unaffected by androgen status. By contrast, in R. pipiens, breeding, mucous, and seromucous glands responded to testosterone stimulation. Mucous glands were significantly (P 〈 0.05) larger in testosterone-treated frogs than in castrates. There was a large, but statistically insignificant, increase in the size of the dorsal breeding glands. Testosterone treatment also increased the epithelial cell height of breeding and seromucous glands (P 〈 0.05). In the skins of castrated and testosterone-treated frogs, there was a reciprocal relationship between the abundance of seromucous and breeding glands: in castrates, seromucous glands were abundant and breeding glands virtually absent, whereas in testosterone-treated frogs, breeding glands were abundant and seromucous glands less common. The total number of the two gland types was similar in both treatment groups. Glands that appeared to be intermediate in form between seromucous and breeding glands were observed in some frogs. These data suggest that seromucous glands may be the regressed form of breeding glands in the dorsal skin of R. pipiens and that the dorsal skin of R. pipiens is a SSC. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 63
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    Journal of Morphology 215 (1993), S. 225-244 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The development and the structure of the bony scutes have been studied in a growth series of the armored catfish Corydoras arcuatus using light and electron microscopy. Fibroblast-like cell condensations appear in the dermis, in the posterior region of the caudal peduncle, and these will constitute the scute papillae. Collagen bundles of the preexisting dermis colonized by the papilla cells are remodeled and incorporated in the papilla to form, in addition to newly synthesized woven-fibered bony material, the initium of the scute. This process of formation differs from that described for the dermal papilla of an elasmoid scale. During growth, the osteoblasts surrounding the scute constitute the scute sac in which the scute grows. Parallel-fibered bone is deposited on both sides of the initium, and osteoblasts are incorporated within the scute matrix. The remodeling and incorporation of collagen bundles of the preexisting dermis is maintained during growth only in the deep, anterior region of the scute. The posterior region and the upper surface of the scute are close to the epidermal-dermal boundary. When growth slows down in the upper part of the scute, a characteristic, well-mineralized tissue, composed of thin vertical fibrils and granules and devoid of typical striated collagen fibrils, is deposited on the scute surface. A new term, hyaloine, is introduced for this nonosseous, highly mineralized layer constituting the upper part of the scute. Hyaloine shows thin electron-dense lines, which probably correspond to periodic growth arrests. The structure and localization of the hyaloine are compared to other well-mineralized, similar tissues found on the surface of the dermal skeleton in lower vertebrates. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 64
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    Journal of Morphology 216 (1993) 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 65
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    Journal of Morphology 216 (1993), S. 17-27 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The reproductive process in insects may be affected by several factors, among which environmental temperature is one of the most important because of the poikilothermic condition of insects. To determine the effect of suboptimal temperature on the spermiogenic process of Triatoma infestans, males were exposed to 12°C for 10 days. In order to determine the reversibility of such alterations, males were returned to 28°C for 10 days after exposure to 12°C. Low temperature caused abnormal changes in the spermiogenic cells such as lack of spermatid orientation, general cyst disorganization, and asynchrony in the development of contiguous cysts. Highly vacuolized areas and pseudomyelinic bodies enclosing isolated or clustered vesicles of different electrodensity were also observed. At the end of the recovery time, cysts with spermatids developed synchronously. However, some presented isolated and clustered vesicles of different size and electrodensity. Some supernumerary organelles were also observed. These abnormal structures were related to processes of autophagy and phagocytosis of degenerating sexual cells. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 66
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    Journal of Morphology 217 (1993), S. 161-170 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The spermathecae of female Eurycea cirrigera are compound alveolar glands; narrow neck tubules connect the distal bulbs to a common tube that opens onto the roof of the cloaca. The common tube and neck tubules produce apical secretory vacuoles that contain a periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)+ substance for merocrine export into the lumen. This substance is produced throughout the year, although secretory vacuoles are less numerous during the period of reproductive inactivity in the summer. When sperm are present, the product from the secretory vacuoles bathes sperm in the lumen. Sperm are in orderly arrays and never are embedded in the cytoplasm of the common tube or neck tubules. The distal bulbs do not produce PAS+ secretory vacuoles, and are actively spermiophagic as long as sperm are present. Sperm become embedded in the epithelium of the distal bulbs where lysosomes degrade sperm. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 67
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    Journal of Morphology 218 (1993) 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 68
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    Journal of Morphology 218 (1993), S. 225-236 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: An ultrastructural study of the ovary of the sessible jellyfish, Haliclystus octoradiatus, indicates that it is fundamentally different from that of other scyphozoans and is the most structurally complex within the class. Oocytes develop within a series of spherical, sac-like ovarian follicles consisting of an enlarged intercellular space between two layers of subumbrellar gastrodermis. Developing oocytes are largely restricted to a thin germinal epithelium at the periphery of each follicle and gradually migrate toward the lumen as they mature. Individual oocytes are surrounded by early germ cells and follicle-like accessory cells of presumed somatic origin. Similar folliclelike cells have not been described in the Cnidaria previously. Vitellogenesis appears to involve the combined activity of the Golgi complex and associated rough endoplasmic reticulum. Ovarian morphology may be helpful in deciphering phylogeneitc relationships within the Cnidaria. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 69
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    Journal of Morphology 218 (1993), S. 237-247 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The term rostrate was introduced by Mortensen ('07) to describe a type of pedicellaria he found in spatangoids. These pedicellariae resemble tridentate ones but have arching valves. Unlike the main categories of echinoid pedicellariae, no clear diagnosis of the rostrate form exists. This work examines the detailed morphology of the valves of rostrate pedicellariae observed by light and scanning electron microscopy and compares the shapes and dimensions of their component parts with tridentate pedicellariae. The data reveal considerable differences between the two, which warrant the recognition of rostrate pedicellariae as a distinct form. A diagnosis is given. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 70
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    Journal of Morphology 218 (1993), S. 257-280 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The Atlantic sharpnose shark Rhizoprionodon terraenovae (Richardson) is a small carcharhinid that is a common year-round resident along the southeast coast of the United States. It is viviparous and its embryos develop an epithelio-vitelline placenta. Females enter shallow water to give birth in late May and early June. Mating occurs shortly after parturition, and four to seven eggs are ovulated. Fertilized eggs attain the blastoderm stage in early June to early July. Separate compartments for each egg are formed in the uterus when the embryos reach 3-30 mm. Embryos depend on yolk for the first 8 weeks of development. When embryos reach 72 mm their yolk supply is nearly depleted and they shift to matrotrophic nutrition. When the embryos reach 40-55 mm, placental development begins with the vascularization of the yolk sac where it contacts the uterine wall. Implantation occurs at an age of 8-10 weeks by which time the embryos reach 70-85 mm. The expanding yolk sac engulfs the maternal placental villi, and its surface interdigitates with the villi to form the placenta. The rest of the lumenal surface of the uterus is covered by non-placental villi that appear shortly after implantation. Histotrophe production by the non-placental villi begins just after their formation. The placenta grows continuously during gestation. The egg envelope is present throughout gestation, separating maternal and fetal tissues. Embryos develop numerous appendiculae on the umbilical cord. Young sharks are born at 290-320 mm after a gestation period of 11 to 12 months. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 71
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    Biomedical Chromatography 7 (1993) 
    ISSN: 0269-3879
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
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  • 72
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    Biomedical Chromatography 7 (1993), S. 12-14 
    ISSN: 0269-3879
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The diuretic drug hydrochlorothiazide (HCT) is used mainly for treatment of mild to moderate hypertension and is usually administered with other drugs. An assay for the determination of HCT in human plasma and urine by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) has been developed. Samples were purified by solvent extraction and analysed by reversed phase HPLC with ultraviolet detection, using hydroflumethiazide as the internal standard; plasma was eluted using gradient elution and urine was analysed isocratically. The method is simple to perform, is sensitive (detection limit 0.01 μg/mL in plasma and 0.2 μg/mL for urine); it showed good reproducibility (3-8%). A great number of drugs did not interfere with the assay and the method was used for pharmacokinetic studies in healthy subjects, but samples from patients can also be analysed with high selectivity.
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  • 73
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Hydrophilic peptides generated from enzymic fragmentation of proteins are difficult to purify because they are either weakly bound or unretained by the reversed phase C18 columns favoured for liquid chromatographic separation of peptide mixtures. To overcome this difficulty, peptides that were not bound or only weakly bound by a C18 RP column were reacted with phenyl isothiocyanate (PITC), as used in the initial step in Edman sequencing. The hydrophobic phenylthiocarbamyl (PTC) peptide derivatives produced by the reaction were rechromatographed on the same column. Peptides generated by tryptic digestion of equine cytochrome C were used as a model system to test whether a complete set of peptide fragments could be purified by this method using just one column and solvent system. All the expected hydrophobic tryptic peptides bound to the RP column and were resolved by elution with acetonitrile, but no hydrophilic peptides were recovered as pure fractions. The column breakthrough fraction was reacted with PITC and rechromatographed on the same column, producing a profile consisting of 19 bound peaks. Further rechromatography of some of the fractions at different column temperatures enabled all six of the expected hydrophilic peptides to be purified and identified. The technique has also been applied to the sequence determination of coat protein from peanut stripe potyvirus protein, eight hydrophilic tryptic peptides being recovered and identified as PTC derivatives.
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  • 74
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    Biomedical Chromatography 7 (1993), S. 20-24 
    ISSN: 0269-3879
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Propoxur (Baygon, 2-isopropoxyphenyl N-methylcarbamate) is a carbamate pesticide commonly used against house insects. When the insecticide was administered intramuscularly in rats it was converted to a new metabolite which was found to be present in the serum, liver, kidney and brain 6 h after the administration of the pesticide. The metabolite was purified by high performance liquid to chromatography and comparison of the infrared spectra of Propoxur and the metabolite showed that a deamination reaction was responsible for the formation of the metabolite from the parent pesticide. The pesticide also induced haematological changes such as an increased level of total bilubrin, amylase and glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase and decrease of cholinesterase activity, indicating damage of the liver and nervous system in rats.
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  • 75
    ISSN: 0269-3879
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A direct, isocratic and simple liquid chromatographic method is described for the enantiomeric separation of propafenone (PRO) and its major metabolite, 5-hydroxypropafenone, using a cellulose tris-3,5-dimethylphenyl carbamate (Chiralcel ODS) column. The sterochemical separation factor (α) obtained was 1.14 and the maximum stereochemical resolution factor (R) was 0.80 when using a mobile phase consisting of hexane: 2-propanol: diethylamine (90:10:0.4) at 23°C. The hydroxy metabolite could not be successfully separted into its corresponding enantiomers under these chromatographic conditions. The method has been used to determine and identify the enantiomers of PRO and its hydroxy metabolite in a serum sample.
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  • 76
    ISSN: 0269-3879
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Novel fluorogenic Edman reagents, 7-N,N-dimethylaminosulphonyl-4-(2,1,3-benzoxadiazolyl)isothiocyanate (DBD-NCS) and 7-aminosulphonyl-4-(2,1,3-benzoxadiazolyl)isothiocyanate (ABD-NCS) having no fluorescence themselves were synthesized. The derivatives of amino acids with DBD-NCS fluoresce at 505 nm with excitation at 385 nm. They were separated on a reversed-phase HPLC column and detected at the sub-picomol level. Ala-Phe derivatized with DBD-NCS was cleaved by acid to generate DBD-thiocarbamyl-Ala.
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    Biomedical Chromatography 7 (1993), S. 162-165 
    ISSN: 0269-3879
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) procedure for measuring pyridoxal-5′-phosphate (PLP) and certain forms of B6 vitamers in plasma is presented here. This HPLC procedure consisted of a single graphitic carbon column with a fluorescence detector employing an isocratic eluent (15% acetonitrile:1% perchloric acid: 0.05% sodium bisulfite). The graphitic carbon column is useful in acidic eluent without deteriorization. The relatively low fluorescent intensity of PLP under acidic conditions is improved by its derivatization with bisulfite in the eluent during chromatographic separation. Using this procedure, the detection limit of PLP is 50 fmol, and an aliquot of 5-50 μL of human plasma is required giving satisfactorily precise results within 5 min. We applied this method to the determination of PLP and certain B6 vitamers in human plasma after oral supplementation of pyridoxine.
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  • 78
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    Biomedical Chromatography 7 (1993), S. 126-128 
    ISSN: 0269-3879
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A rapid and simple high performance liquid chromatographic analytical method is described for the simultaneous determination of norfloxacin and furprofen in rat plasma. Following dichloromethane extraction, the solution was chromatographed in a Vydac anion exchange column using a mobile phase of 0.05 M phosphate buffer (pH=7.0):acetonitrile (80:20, v/v) at a flow-rate of 1.8 mL/min. The drugs were detected by UV absorption at 278 nm. The total chromatographic analysis time was 10 min. The response was linear, 0.1-5.0 μg/mL for norfloxacin and 0.1-3.0 μg/mL for furprofen, respectively. This method is useful for pharmacokinetic studies of these compounds and will facilitate detailed investigations into the interactions between quinolones and furprofen.
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  • 79
    ISSN: 0269-3879
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: We have studied the metabolism (absorption) of β-carotene and vitamin E by assigning eleven volunteers to receive daily two capsules of OENOBIOL, each containing 15 mg of β-carotene and 15 mg of vitamin E, over 60 days. The β-carotene, vitamin E and vitamin A plasma levels were then determined using new methods developed in our laboratory. After two months, the actively treated group's median β-carotene and vitamin E levels were significantly higher than those of a control group. However, no significant change between treated and control groups in the mean of vitamin A (retinol) plasma levels were observed. Treatment with β-carotene, a vitamin A precursor, does not significantly modify the vitamin A levels. This conclusion had already been observed and it is assumed that a plasma level of β-carotene equal or higher than 0.3 mg/L reflects a nutritional intake of provitamins sufficient to support homeostasis of retinol (Brubacher et al., 1982).
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  • 80
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    Biomedical Chromatography 7 (1993), S. 119-119 
    ISSN: 0269-3879
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
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  • 81
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    Biomedical Chromatography 7 (1993), S. 134-135 
    ISSN: 0269-3879
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A high performance liquid chromatographic assay for the quantitation of acetazolamide in both tablet and injection form is described. Acetazolamide is extracted with 0.005 M NaOH solution containing 0.3 mg/mL sulphadiazine (internal standard).A commercially available μ-Bondapak C18 cartridge column was used for the separation together with a mobile phase made of acetonitrile, methanol and sodium acetate buffer mixture (10:2:88) (pH 4) at a flow-rate of 4 mL/min. Retention times of about 2.50 and 3.36 min were obtained for the drug and the internal standard, respectively.
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  • 82
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    Biomedical Chromatography 7 (1993), S. 146-148 
    ISSN: 0269-3879
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A separation to the baseline isocratic technique has been developed for the evaluation of the purity of aprotinin by internal normalization. The column used was a 30 nm pore diameter butyl-bonded silica stationary phase. An exact relationship was found to give an adequate description of the retention of aprotinin using acetonitrile concentrations of 17-22% and NaCIO4 concentrations of 5-50 mmol. It can be used to optimize the mobile phase content for the particular user column and to compensate for possible variations in the retention time of aprotinin, analysed on different batches of butyl-bonded stationary phases.
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  • 83
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    Biomedical Chromatography 7 (1993), S. 180-180 
    ISSN: 0269-3879
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
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  • 84
    ISSN: 0269-3879
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A rotating flow mixing device having three directional inlets was developed for a high performance liquid chromatographic peroxyoxalate chemiluminescence detection system for the sensitive detection of fluorescent compounds separated with acidic mobile phases, such as those containing trifluoroacetic acid. The diameters of the three inlets were 0.3, 0.3 and 0.5 mm i.d., for an acidic column eluate, chemiluminogenic reagents (bis[4-nitro-2-(3,6,9-trioxadecyloxycarbonyl)phenyl] oxalate and hydrogen peroxide) and imidazole solution (for neutralization and as a catalyst), respectively. The three mixed solutions flowed out through an outlet (0.5 mm i.d.) at the centre of the top of the vessel. The reaction conditions to give the appropriate signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) were investigated using dipyridamole (an antiplatelet aggregation drug) as a typical fluorescent compound. The system was applied to the detection of dipyridamole and dansylated amino acids with a mobile phase containing trifluoroacetic acid. The detection limits for dipyridamole and each dansylated amino acid were 10 amol and sub-fmol (S/N=2), respectively.
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  • 85
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    Biomedical Chromatography 7 (1993), S. 311-314 
    ISSN: 0269-3879
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: An isocratic reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of tamoxifen and its metabolites in plasma and tissues is described. Plasma or tissue homogenate was extracted with methanol/dimethyl sulphoxide (4:1 v/v). The supernatant after centrifugation was separated on a BDS-Hypersil column with methanol/0.5 M ammonium acetate (75:25 v/v) as the mobile phase. The recoveries of tamoxifen added to plasma and liver tissue homogenate by the extraction procedure were 102± 1.6 and 98±2.4% (mean±SD, n = 6), respectively. The solutes were detected at 280 nm with a detection limit of 0.25 μg/mL for tamoxifen.
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  • 86
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    Biomedical Chromatography 7 (1993), S. 317-320 
    ISSN: 0269-3879
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A method for the preparation of a new packing material for high performance liquid chromatography by bonding an anti-interferon monoclonal antibody to the surface of silica gel is described. The high coupling efficiency and activity of the interferon-αA-monoclonal antibody (IFN-αA-McAb) column were obtained by activated diol-silica gel with an activating agent. After purification with this packing material, the specific activity of recombinant human interferon-αA rose by up to 1.03 × 107IU/mg protein and the purification efficiency was increased by approximately 100 times.
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  • 87
    ISSN: 0269-3879
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method with fluorescence detection after on-line reduction for the determination of 1-nitropyrene (NP), 1-nitrosopyrene (NSP), 1-aminopyrene (AP) and N-acetylaminopyrene (AAP) has been developed. The reduction efficiency of NP and NSP on a zinc column was found to be higher than that of an electrochemical reducer. Using a HPLC equipped with a zinc column (4.0 mm i.d. × 10 mm) and an imidazole/HCIO4 (pH 6.8):acetonitrile mobile phase, detection limits (S/N = 3) of 20-30 fmol for NP, NSP and AP and 350 fmol for AAP were obtained. NP, NSP and AP were determined in the incubation mixture of NP and Salmonella typhimurium, YG1021, by this method. Time course studies showed that a large ratio of NP was metabolized in the pre-incubation step of the Ames test.
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  • 88
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    Biomedical Chromatography 7 (1993) 
    ISSN: 0269-3879
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
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  • 89
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    Biomedical Chromatography 7 (1993), S. 301-305 
    ISSN: 0269-3879
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The metabolic fate of fenitrothion, O,O-dimethyl-O-(3-methyl-4-nitro phenyl) phosphorothioate, was investigated in rat tissues during the first 24 hours following the intramusculer administration of the pesticide in the animal. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) of the pesticide and its metabolites formed in liver, kidney and brain showed the time-dependent sequential conversion of the pesticide into three major metabolites. These metabolites were separated and purified to homogeneity by HPLC and characterized by IR spectroscopy as O,O-dimethyl-O-)3-methyl-4-aminophenyl) phosphorothioate (metabolite I), O,O-dimethyl phosphorothioate (metabolite II), and O,O-dimethylphosphate (metabolite III). These results indicated reduction of the nitro group in fenitrothion aas the first step, followed by the hydrolytic cleavage of the P-O-aryl bond in metabolite I and the oxidative desulphurylation of metabolite II. Fenitrothion was found to induce ultrastructural changes in liver cells especially after 12 h exposure nuclear membrane was completely distorted, nuclear intactness was totally lost and smooth endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus were abnormally enlarged. In 24 h, however, the regeneration of the nuclear material was observed.
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  • 90
    ISSN: 0269-3879
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A selective and sensitive method for the determination of free and total proline (Pro) and 4-hydroxyproline (Hyp) by gas chromatography (GC) was developed. For free Pro and Hyp analysis, plasma and tissue homogenate were extracted with methanol. For total Pro and Hyp analysis, these samples were hydrolysed in 6 M HCI. After removal of primary amino compounds by the reaction with o-phthaldialdehyde, Pro and Hyp in methanol extract and acid hydrolysate were converted into their N-dimethylthiophosphoryl methyl ester derivatives and then determined by GC with flame photometric detection using a DB-5 capillary column. This method was successfully applied to small samples without prior clean-up, and Pro and Hyp in these samples could be analysed without any influence from coexisting substances. Overall recoveries of Pro and Hyp added to plasma and tissue samples were 92-106%. The analytical results of free and total Pro and Hyp in human plasma and mouse tissue samples are presented.
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  • 91
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    Biomedical Chromatography 7 (1993), S. 315-316 
    ISSN: 0269-3879
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A simple and sensitive (up to nanogram level) method to determine norepinephrine, serotonine and dopamine in rat brain is described. The amines are acetyled and the derivatives are resolved by thin layer chromatography (TLC) on silica high performance thin layer chromatography (HPLC) plates. Quantification is achieved by fluorescence densitometry at 415 nm excitation wavelength.
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  • 92
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    Journal of Morphology 215 (1993), S. 51-63 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The histomorphology of the male reproductive system and surface morphology of the “peg-and-socket” in Argulus japonicus are described from serial sagittal and transverse sections and scanning electron micrographs. The prostate complex consists of a glandular part, a reservoir for storing the secretion, and an efferent duct opening into the ejaculatory duct. The openings of both the vas deferens and the prostate duct into the ejaculatory duct are guarded by sphincters. The ejaculatory ducts, which are lined by tall columnar epithelial cells, do not open into the cuticle-lined genital atrium but are blind-ending tubes. This observation and results obtained from observing live specimens, as well as the fact that no spermatophores are formed, suggest that semen could leave the ejaculatory duct only after puncturing of its walls. It is suggested that sperm transfer is accomplished in the following manner: during copulation contraction of the muscular walls of the vas deferens and prostate duct causes semen to be pumped into the ejaculatory duct, which is then closed off by sphincters and a high internal pressure is developed. When a spermathecal spine penetrates the walls of the ejaculatory duct, semen flows from the ejaculatory duct into the spermathecal vesicle due to the higher pressure in the ejaculatory duct. This mechanism is analogous to the sucking up of fluid with a hypodermic syringe. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 93
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    Journal of Morphology 215 (1993), S. 1-29 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Amathia vidovici (Vesiculariidae) has a lecithotrophic coronate larva. The apical disc of A. vidovici larvae is more complex than that of other vesiculariids and includes a new cell type, which may be glial-like in function. A massive nerve nodule consists only of neural processes; as no ganglia or other evidence of interneurons were found, sensory cells apparently innervate their effectors directly. Putative synaptic junctions within the nerve nodule indicate that both receptor and effector cells send processes to this neuropile. Some 44 intercoronal cells of three types, two of which are new, are interspersed among the approximately 40 coronal cells. Juxtapapillary bodies, a unique sensory complex previously known only from Bowerbankia gracilis larvae, also occur in A. vidovici. A large refractile body, which is of uncertain function and is positioned near the center of the larva, is described for the first time.A comparison of vesiculariid larvae that have been studied at the ultrastructural level reveals that larvae of Amathia vidovici and Bowerbankia gracilis are more similar to each other than either is to B. imbricata. Differences between the two Bowerbankia species, however, may reflect relative detail of their study and differences in interpretation rather than intergenic plasticity. Nevertheless. a distinctive suite of larval characteristics are shared by other members of the family Vesiculariidae, justifying a specific name - vesiculariform - for their larvae. A number of the defining characteristics of vesiculariform larvae also appear in the carnosan superfamily Victorelloidae. This finding is consistent with arguments based on adult characteristics that the Victorelloidea are ancestral to the Vesicularioidea. If this geneology is correct, one can predict that those vesiculariform traits which originated in the victorellids are plesiomorphic not only to the Family Vesiculariidae but to all sister taxa placed in the Vesicularioidea. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 94
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    Journal of Morphology 215 (1993), S. 119-149 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The pattern of onset and general rate of cranial ossification are compared in two marsupials, Monodelphis domestica (Didelphidae) and Macropus eugenii (Macropodidae). In both species a similar suite of bones is present at birth, specifically those surrounding the oral cavity and the exoccipital, and in both postnatal events follow a similar course. The facial skeleton matures more rapidly than the neurocranium, which is characterized by an extended period of ossification. Most dermal bones begin ossification before most endochondral bones. Endochondral bones of the neurocranium are particularly extended in both the period of onset of ossification and the rate of ossification. These data confirm suggestions that morphology at birth is conservative in marsupials and we hypothesize that the pattern of cranial osteogenesis is related to two distinct demands. Bones that are accelerated in marsupials are correlated with a number of functional adaptations including head movements during migration, attachment to the teat, and suckling. However, the very slow osteogenesis of the neurocranium is probably correlated with the very extended period of neurogenesis. Marsupials appear to be derived relative to both monotreme and placental mammals in the precocious ossification of the bones surrounding the oral cavity, but share with monotremes an extended period of neurocranial osteogenesis. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 95
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    Journal of Morphology 215 (1993) 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 96
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Venous blood samples were taken from patients naturally infected with the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Two types of malaria pigment (MP) particles have been demonstrated in intraerythrocytic asexual forms (trophozoites and schizonts), while a single type was detected in gametocytes. Type I MP particles, found in both asexual and sexual forms, are electron-dense. It is suggested that these are proteinaceous and may be intermediate, utilizable metabolic products that serve as a food reserve during development of the parasite in the human host and also during the growth cycle of the sexual form in the mosquito. In asexual forms, type I particles occur within food vacuoles (FV) containing semidigested hemoglobin (Hg), while they are unenveloped in the cytoplasm of the sexual forms. Type II MP particles, found in electron-lucent residual bodies, are crystalloid and of low electron density. It is suggested that these are the final, waste product of Hg digestion in the asexual forms. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 97
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    Journal of Morphology 215 (1993), S. 207-212 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Ultrastructural alterations of human erythrocytes infected with asexual forms of Plasmodium falciparum were studied in naturally infected Saudi patients. These included surface knobs and nodules as well as invaginations associated with cytopasmic vesicles observed in erythrocytes infected with asexual forms of the parasites. Such nodules and surface invaginations have been previously described only in erythrocytes infected with P. ovale and P. vivax, respectively. Within the cytoplasm of infected erythrocytes were membrane-bound clefts, similar to those that appear to be a common characteristic in all red cells infected with malaria parasites. Vacuolations were often seen in the peripheral cytoplasm and may represent hemolyzed areas. Collapsed cells with an internal-lucent interior and surrounded by an irregularly folded membrane may represent completely hemolyzed erythrocytes. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 98
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    Journal of Morphology 215 (1993), S. 261-287 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Lymphoid organs from belugas, Delphinapterus leucas, ranging in age from less than one to 16 years, were harvested during a sanctioned hunt to investigate morphology. The spleen is divisible into red and white pulp and a stroma consisting of a reticular network, a collagenous capsule, and trabeculae containing smooth muscle bundles. White pulp areas appear to be devoid of follicles and consist mainly of periarteriolar lymphatic sheaths (PALS), that are larger in younger than in older belugas. Definitive marginal zones between red and white pulp are difficult to discern in older belugas. Lymph nodes are similar to those of other mammals; they possess a follicular cortex surrounding a vascular medulla composed of lymphatic cords and sinuses. Smooth muscle is abundant in the medullary region, usually in close proximity to sinuses. The expansive nodular mass at the root of the mesentery, often referred to as the “pseudopancreas,” is similar to lymph nodes in microscopic architecture. Pharyngeal tonsils and gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) are found along the digestive tract and display an “active” morphology. Tonsils are comprised of lobules of follicles separated by vascular connective tissue. Epithelial-lined crypts communicate with the pharyngeal lumen. GALT consists of diffuse and follicular lymphocytes within the intestinal mucosa and submucosa. The thymus is well developed in the younger belugas, with lobules divisible into densely packed cortical zones of thymocytes and more loosely arranged medullary lymphocytes. Hassall's corpuscles are occasionally visible within the medulla. Cetaceans diverged evolutionarily from other mammals over 55 million years ago. This study investigates changes in lymphoid organ morphology in a species that now inhabits a unique ecological niche. This study also lays the groundwork for functional investigation of the beluga immune system, particularly as it relates to differences between healthy and stranded animals. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 99
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    Journal of Morphology 215 (1993), S. 213-224 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Electromyographic (EMG) activity was studied in American Kestrels (Falco sparverius) gliding in a windtunnel tilted to 8 degrees below the horizontal. Muscle activity was observed in Mm. biceps brachii, triceps humeralis, supracoracoideus, and pectoralis, and was absent in M. deltoideus major and M. thoracobrachialis (region of M. pectoralis). These active muscles are believed to function in holding the wing protracted and extended during gliding flight. Quantification of the EMG signals showed a lower level of activity during gliding than during flapping flight, supporting the idea that gliding is a metabolically less expensive form of locomotion than flapping flight. Comparison with the pectoralis musculature of specialized gliding and soaring birds suggests that the deep layer of the pectoralis is indeed used during gliding flight and that the slow tonic fibers found in soaring birds such as vultures represents a specialization for endurant gliding. It is hypothesized that these slow fibers should be present in the wing muscles that these birds use for wing protraction and extension, in addition to the deep layer of the pectoralis. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 100
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    Journal of Morphology 215 (1993), S. 289-300 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The woodcreepers, a clade of scansorial, neotropical birds, are distinctive among passerines in having extensive tendon ossification. Dissection of 42 of the 50 species indicates that such ossification in the hindlimb is limited almost entirely to tendons of insertion of the crural muscles. Most crural muscles have ossifications, and in all but one the ossified tendons are long and thin. Preliminary dissection revealed a similar pattern among ossified wing tendons. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that extensive tendon ossification is a synapomorphy of the woodcreepers. The species of Dendrocincla, which form a clade, show secondary reduction of ossification in some tendons, which may be correlated with increased intraspecific variation and with an expansion of foraging habits and postures to include nonscansorial behaviors. In contrast, the larger woodcreepers, other than Drymornis bridgesii and Nasica longirostris, form a clade with virtually no loss in ossification or evidence of intraspecific variation, even in large series of two species. Phylogenetic losses do not occur for the primary flexor of the ankle (M. tibialis cranialis), whereas two extensors (Mm. fibularis longus and gastrocnemius pars lateralis) show a complex pattern of derivation and loss. Previous biomechanical studies demonstrate that ossification increases the stiffness of tendons, making them stretch less under a given force. These structural and phylogenetic patterns are consistent with the view that hindlimb tendon ossification in woodcreepers is an adaptation to resist increased forces that act to extend the limb during vertical climbing. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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