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  • 1980-1984
  • 1965-1969  (388)
  • 1965  (388)
  • Life and Medical Sciences  (388)
  • Nuclear reactions
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  • 1980-1984
  • 1965-1969  (388)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Postnatal development of beta cells and ILA secretion in the pancreatic islets of the golden hamsterThis investigation was supported (in part) by Research Grant AM-06873 from the National Institute for Arthritis and Metabolic Diseases, National Institutes of Health, USPHS, and the Green Shoe-Stride-Rite Charitable Foundation, Inc., Boston, Massachusetts. (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 152 (1965), S. 25-33 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Fetal and neonatal endocrine pancreas of the golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) was evaluated cytochemically with regard to maturation of beta cell granulation (aldehyde fuchsin technique) and the structural findings were related to the release of insulin-like activity (ILA) in vitro (rat epididymal fat pad bioassay).In the fetal pancreas 12 hours before birth, beta cells could not be distinguished histochemically although considerable ILA was released. In the absence of distinct islands of Langerhans at birth, a few cells showed AF+ granulation which was accompanied by a slight increase in the ILA. Maximal release of ILA occurred approximately on the second postnatal day when the AF+ granulation was denser and more abundant than at earlier periods. Beyond the second day, the rate of in vitro ILA secretion decreased although islets and beta cells showed progressive structural maturation. There was also a relative increase in the amount of exocrine tissue in the portions of pancreas used for bioassay. Advancing proteolytic inactivation may have accounted for the decrease in effective ILA when the latter was expressed per unit weight of tissue.The data indicate that in the golden hamster, beta cells are biochemically competent before they demonstrate cytochemical maturity.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091520105
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The epithelial origin of the lymphocytes in the thymus of the embryonic hamsterSupported by research grant HE-04061-06 (HEM) from the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland. (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 152 (1965), S. 35-53 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Detailed cytological studies of serial sections have been performed on 85 golden hamster embryos ranging between 9 and 16 days (4-27 mm) of embryonic development.Sequential cytological changes in the development of the thymus of the hamster into an active lymphocytopoietic organ indicate that lymphoblasts develop by the gradual proliferation and transformation of “undifferentiated” epithelial cells comprising the primordial thymus. The “undifferentiated” epithelial cells undergo two distinct lines of differentiation during early development of the thymus: into lymphoblasts and into stellate reticular-epithelial cells which form the organ parenchyma. Transformation, both of lymphoblasts and reticular-epithelial cells begins during the eleventh day of development prior to the separation of the thymus and parathyroid.That the lymphoblastic and lymphocytic elements appearing in the embryonic thymus of the hamster are of epithelial rather than mesenchymal derivation is indicated by the following: (1) the absence of lymphocytes, lymphoblasts and hemopoietic activity in the connective tissue surrounding the embryonic thymus before and during the period of initial lymphoblastic formation; (2) the presence of a continuous basement membrane surrounding the developing thymus; (3) absence of cells passing through the basement membrane during this phase of development; (4) the absence of vascularity or vascular invasion of the thymus until after the appearance of lymphoblasts in the thymic parenchyma; (5) the demonstration of a sequential series of morphological transitions between “undifferentiated” epithelial cells and lymphoblasts and (6) the subsequent homoplastic proliferation and maturation of the lymphocytic elements from lymphoblasts in the developing thymus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091520106
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A study of postnatal growth of skeletal muscle in the rat (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 152 (1965), S. 55-61 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: From each of five litters of Sprague-Dawley rats, littermates were sacrificed at 1, 3, 6, 12 and 24 weeks of age. The musculi extensor carpi radialis longus, soleus and plantaris were treated with glycerine while attached to the extremities and then dissected out and fixed in formalin. A transverse section through the thickest portion of the belly of each muscle was projected by a microprojector on graph paper. The entire section and the individual muscle fibers in representative areas within it were outlined. From this the total cross sectional area of the muscle; the number of fibers contained within it; the size, in terms of cross-sectional area, of fibers; and the ratio of muscle to connective tissue were calculated.As the animals mature, there is an enlargement of the cross-sectional area of the entire muscle and of the individual fibers. There is a definite increase in the number of muscle fibers during the first three weeks after birth which is the result of the differentiation into myofibers of myoblasts present in muscle fiber bundles at birth. A steady increment in the percentage of muscle to connective tissue throughout the entire growth period is present.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091520107
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New details of the ultrastructure of the outer segments and ciliary connectives of the rods of human and macaque retinasThis work was supported by grant NB-04816-02 of the National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Blindness of the National Institutes of Health. (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 152 (1965), S. 63-79 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Critical examination of the fine structure of the outer segments of human rods shows that the membranes of at least some and probably most of the flattened saccules filling the outer segment are neither connected with the cell membrane nor with that of other saccules. The saccules typically possess a scalloped edge. The nine pairs of filaments in the ciliary connective become nine singlets in the base of the outer segment and lose their precise orientation before terminating somewhere in the length of the outer segment. The centriolar base in the inner segment possesses nine triplets of filaments and irregular numbers of club-like, fibrous satellites. Rarely tubules insert in the satellite bodies and these may connect to the cell membrane.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091520108
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electron microscopic studies on the thyroid gland of a teleost, seriola quinqueradiata (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 152 (1965), S. 81-97 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The thyroid gland of normal specimens of the teleost, Seriola quinqueradiata, about 50-70 cm in length, obtained in April, were studied with the electron microscope. The apical surface of the follicular cell is irregular in outline and has fewer microvilli than that in higher vertebrates. The rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum is well developed throughout the cytoplasm of the follicular cell, as in the higher vertebrates, and free ribosomes are widely distributed in the matrix of the cytoplasm.In all the follicular cells, there are several less dense or moderately dense droplets which are considered to be derived from Golgi elements. In some droplets occur aggregates of numerous wavy, fine filaments and crystal consisting of groups of thick needle-like fibrils. Each fibril is 110-120 Å in diameter and composed of three layers comprising a less dense layer 35-40 Å thick, between two layers 35-40 Å in thickness. Dense granules such as those commonly found in the higher vertebrates were not observed in the thyroid cell of this fish, though a few round or oval bodies, which might be lysosomes, containing small vesicles, membranous structures, or wrapped whorled lamellae were noticed.The fine structure of the pericapillary region is similar to that of the higher vertebrates, though the endothelial pores are not observed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091520109
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Further studies on the development of the lateral motor column in anuran larvaeThis investigation was supported by funds from research grant G-19565 from the National Science Foundation.. I. Normal development in Rana temporaria (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 152 (1965), S. 99-105 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A study was made of the normal development of the lateral motor column (LMC) in the lumbo-sacral region of the European grass frog, Rana temporaia. The results were then compared with the development of the LMC in Rana pipiens (Beaudoin, '55), in order to determine if the difference in life cycle between the two species would result in differences in development of the column. The results show that the overall developmental pattern in R. temporaria is no different from that found in other anura. There is a general decrease in the large number of cells present early in the larval period and a concomitant increase in the size of the remaining cells during development through metamorphosis. During metamorphosis, at least 80% of the original population of cells are lost. Immediately following forelimb emergence, nuclear area is at least 52% larger than the nuclear area of cells found at the earliest stage. In both species, the largest decrease in cell number and increase in cell size is at the time the circulating thyroid hormone concentration is at its highest level. Although the pattern of development in the two species is similar, the number and size of the LMC cells differ significantly between the two species during the late larval stages. This difference can be attributed to the difference in life cycle between R. pipiens and R. temporaria.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091520110
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Human histology, Bruce Cruickshank, T. C. Dodds, and Dugald Gardner, $11.00, 268 pages, 216 color micrographs, E & S Livingstone, London, and The Williams & Wilkins Co., Baltimore, 1964 (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 152 (1965), S. 115-116 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091520112
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 152 (1965) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091520201
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The extracellular compartment of the cerebral cortexThis work has been supported by USPHS Research Grants NB 05175-01 and AM 06998-02. (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 152 (1965), S. 119-127 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Specimens of mouse and rat cerebral cortex, fixed by immersion in osmium tetroxide and by perfusion with formalin-osmium tetroxide were prepared for electron microscopy. The extracellular compartment, consisting of interendothelial cell spaces, capillary basement membranes and extracellular spaces between adjacent elements of neuropil, formed a morphological continuum with capillary lumina. A delicately fibrillar, extracellular matrix characterized the basement membranes and extracellular spaces of the neuropil. Desmosome-like junctional complexes occurred between endothelial cells and between adjacent neuroglial cells.It is suggested that in the cerebral cortex molecular species from blood which pass through the basement membranes are further distributed in the cytoplasm of astrocytes. Astrocytic cytoplasm appears, then, to have assumed the histophysiological function of the connective tissue ground substance in other parts of the body. The relative constancy of the extracellular compartment as determined physiologically may relate to electro-osmotic phenomena.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091520202
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    External morphology of the erect glans penis of the dogThis investigation was supported in part by Public Health Service Training Grant 5T1-GM-386-04 from the Division of General Medical Sciences. Based in part on a thesis submitted by the senior author to the Gradute School of the University of Minnesota, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Ph.D. degree. (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 152 (1965), S. 193-198 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The external morphology of the erect glans penis was studied and compared to that of the nonerect organ. Morphological changes that occur with tumescence and detumescence were also reported. Some distinct parts of the erect pars longa glandis which are not distinguished in classical nomenclature are described and labeled. These structures are the urethral process, corona glandis and collum glandis. These distinct morphological areas coincide with areas which seem to be functionally distinct in both the erect and nonerect glans penis. The implications that these observations may have for considerations of comparative anatomy of the external male genitalia are discussed.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091520210
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Spontaneous and dietary-induced cardiovascular lesions in DBA miceSupported by grants from the National Institutes of Health, U.S.P.H.S. (HE-04052), N.I.H. Institutional Research Grant (FR 05086), and from the Mississippi Heart Association. (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 152 (1965), S. 199-209 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: In DBA mice, 12-16 months of age, receiving an adequate commercial diet the incidence of ventricular myocardial necrosis and calcification was 48% and that of pericardial calcification was 12%. Atrial thrombosis did not occur. Young adult mice of the same strain were fed a high-fat (28% lard), low-protein (8% casein) diet, with and without lipotropic supplement of betaine, for 48 weeks. The incidence of ventricular myocardial necrosis and calcification increased significantly over the spontaneous level with the greatest frequency (95%) occurring in the betaine-supplemented group. Pericardial calcification also increased with the highest incidence (100%) in the non-supplemented animals. Dietary induced atrial thrombosis reached lethal dimensions (80%) for most animals in the betaine-supplemented group within 12 weeks. The non-supplemented animals had less atrial thrombosis (50%) and greater longevity. Frequency and types of lesions observed were similar to those which occur in other strains of mice fed the same diet. The genetic susceptibility to spontaneous cardiac lesions did not appear to predispose the DBA mice to a greater sensitivity to dietary induced lesions, but may have contributed to the calcification which characterized the lesions. Dietary betaine seemed to influence significantly the production of a higher incidence of cardiac damage.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091520211
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The use of D-L ethionine in the transplantation of pancreatic tissue in hamstersThis work was carried out under ONR Contract Nonr 2754(01). (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 152 (1965), S. 211-215 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: In order to eliminate the adverse effects of the secretion of the exocrine tissue on the islets in the pancreatic transplants the hosts were injected with D-L ethionine. Twenty-six male hamsters were divided into two groups. All animals received subcutaneously 1 mg per gram of body weight per day of a 5% aqueous solution of ethionine. In addition, each received 3 mg of cortisone (25 mg per ml) two days before transplant and 1 mg on the fifth and twelfth post-transplant days. In group I, the ethionine was begun seven days before transplant and was continued for six days after neonatal pancreas was placed in the cheek pouches of the hosts. In group II, ethionine was started on the day of transplantation and was continued for 13 days. Growth and differentiation were checked for up to 56 days. Growth in both groups was comparable to that in animals receiving cortisone alone. Histological examination revealed neither cyst formation nor interstitial secretion leakage in any of the ethionine animals. In both groups, the differentiation of islets was far superior to that found in untreated hamsters, with 85% of the hosts in group I and 55% of those in group II showing islets.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091520212
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bilateral asymmetry in weight and in length of human bones (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 152 (1965), S. 217-224 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The weights and lengths of right and left bones of each pair, from 105 human skeletons from Asia, were studied.All of the long bones of the upper are heavier and longer on the right side. The left femur is heavier and longer. The right tibia and fibula are heavier while the left tibia and right fibula are longer. The right scapula is heavier and the os coxae, clavicle and the bones of the hand and foot are heavier on the left side.Generally, the left bones are more variable in weight and length. The upper extremity and its individual bones manifest more asymmetry than the lower.The proximal bone of upper and lower extremities and the scapula and os coxae show a greater degree of asymmetry in weight than the the more distal bones.In general, the left bones have slightly higher correlations with total skeletal weight. These and the intercorrelations between right and left bones of the six pairs of long bones of the extremities are all significant and positive. The highest intercorrelations of the long bones are between right and left bones of a pair.
    Additional Material: 6 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091520213
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 152 (1965) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091520301
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The weight and thickness of the two ventricular walls in the newborn dog heart (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 152 (1965), S. 225-229 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The weight and thickness of the two ventricular walls of the heart were measured in 80 newborn puppies. These puppies were born in the dog colonny, the descendants of a typical heterogeneous collection of dogs, for student use in the laboratory.The hearts of these dogs average 2.07 gm in weight. The left ventricular wall is slightly heavier and also slightly more variable in weight than the right wall. The two free ventricular walls comprise 56% of the weight of the entire heart. The ratio of the weight of the left to the right ventricular wall, at birth, averages 1.0078.The left wall is also slightly thicker than the right wall. The thickness of the right wall is more variable than the left. The ratio of the thickness of the left to the right ventricular wall is 1.036.These data are compared with other available measurements on adult dog hearts and on human hearts.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091520214
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  • 16
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    Electronic Resource
    A comparison of selected morphological and chemical methods for measuring neuron activity in the supraoptic nucleus of dehydrated ratsSupported by a grant from the National Science Foundation. (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 152 (1965), S. 231-234 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A comparison of results of measuring supraoptic neuron activity was made in normal and in dehydrated rats by the following methods; (1) Measuring the nucleolar diameter of the neurons with a filar micrometer, with an image splitting eyepiece and, with the latter instrument, using the “comparative technique” - all three methods yielded statistically significant differences. (2) Measuring the concentration of cresyl violet in the nucleoli with a microspectrophotometer - a statistically significant difference was found. Also included for comparison were the results of a previous experiment in which the ribonucleic acid and succinic dehydrogenase content of the supraoptic nucleus was measured with a spectrophotometer following chemical extraction. The RNA was found to increase significantly but not the succinic dehydrogenase. Of the methods used for measuring nucleolar diameters the “comparative technique” appeared to be the most rapid from the practical viewpoint.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091520302
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  • 17
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    Electronic Resource
    An anomalous arrangement of the flexor musculature of the forearm and hand (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 152 (1965), S. 251-255 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: During a routine dissection, an anomalous arrangement of the flexor musculature of the hand was discovered. This bilateral anomaly included a deficient superficialis tendon to the index finger and the little finger and an absence of the fourth lumbrical muscles. The deficiency of the sueperficialis tendons to the index fingers was compensated for, however, by an anomalous muscle in each palm.The literature was searched both for related cases and for embryologic and phylogenetic background with which to explain the presence of this unusual combination of anomalies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091520304
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  • 18
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    Electronic Resource
    The granular reticular cells of the thymus in the AKR/JAX mouseThe work on this project was supported by the N.I.H. under grant CA 05386-00 through 0.3. Ptha. (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 152 (1965), S. 451-457 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The authors have previously described a hypoglycemia with age in the female AKR/JAX mouse which they attributed to the thymus gland. Using our own modification of Gomori's Aldehyde-fuchsin stain, cells of the thymus were found to contain purple-blue granules in degrees and gradations of numbers, sizes and form. It seems likely that these cells have the ability to produce and store a factor or hormone which could directly or indirectly affect the blood sugar. By their histology, these cells have been classified as reticular cells of the thymus in contrast to mast cells or lymphocytes. In their staining ability, appearance and occasional tendency to group themselves in “islets”, these cells do seem to closely resemble the Beta cells of the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas. From an embryological point of view, the thymus and pancreas, both of entodermal origin, are related and it is suggested that this may also be case physiologically.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091520404
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Innervation and regeneration in orbitally transplanted limbs of Amblystoma larvaeSupported by NIH grants 09217-02 and NB-03829-02.Preliminary account of parts of this work was presented to the Seventy-sixth Annual Session of the American Association of Anatomists. Washington, D. C., April, 1963. (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 152 (1965), S. 439-450 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: There is a widespread belief that innervation is an indispensible requirement for regeneration in salamander limbs. Several independent investigations have indicated that this view is too rigid. In this laboratory it was observed that regeneration proceeds in orbitally transplanted limbs, but the signs of innervation are few when the tissues are stained with ordinary histological procedures. The present study was conducted to find out if orbitally transplanted limbs do, in fact, possess nerve fibers and if their presence is, indeed, required for regeneration to proceed.Forelimbs of Amblystoma larvae were transplanted to the orbit. In one series, transplants were amputated two weeks after transplantation. Amputated segments were stained with protargol and revealed very few signs of innervation. Nevertheless, regeneration proceeded and reached a typical outcome within the usual time required for completion of the process normally. Full-term transplant regenerates exhibited innervation at levels of about one-third of normal values.In another series of experiments, limbs were subjected to distal amputation either before or shortly after transplantation. Regeneration proceeded normally in these experiments providing that the transplant was rapidly vascularized. When vascularization was delayed or failed, regeneration was retarded or did not occur at all.These findings, taken in light of those of other works, suggest that the function of nerves under ordinary conditions may be assumed by other tissues under circumstances produced by transplantation. This in turn suggests that nerves influence regeneration in a generalized manner and that the specificity ordinarily associated with them may be quantitative rather than qualitative in nature.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091520403
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  • 20
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    Electronic Resource
    Olfactory bulb projections of the ratThis project was supported by grant NB-02896, NINDB, USPHS. (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 152 (1965), S. 465-479 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Ten rats with lesions in the olfactory bulb were used in this study. Degenerating fibers were followed by the Nauta-Gygax silver impregnation technique and terminal changes were evaluated by the original Nauta technique. In these animals degenerating fibers can be traced into the lateral olfactory tract with projections to the olfactory tubercle, the fiberarchitectonic subareas of area 51 (with relative sparing of 51d), lateral olfactory nucleus, anterior amygdaloid area, cortical amygdaloid neucleus, medial amygdaloid nucleus and basomedial amygdaloid nucleus. Evidence for a projection to the lateral ventral entorhinal area is noted in all animals. No changes are noted in subiculum, hippocampus and stria terminalis; nor in the central, baso-lateral or lateral amygdaloid nuclei.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091520406
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    Ciliated cells in the spleen of adult ratsSupported in part by USPHS grants 5T1-GM-897-04, GM-08574-03 and AI-04889-05. (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 152 (1965), S. 481-485 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: During a study of the effects of 600 r whole body x-irradiation on male adult Sprague Dawley rats, rare cilia have been noted on reticular cells of normal and x-irradiated rat spleen. They are of the 9+0 pattern and appear similar to those previously noted in other cells. The functional significance of these cilia is unknown.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091520407
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    Induction of pseudopregnancy in the rat by vaginal stimulation at various stages of the estrous cycleSupported by Grant CA 02193-11S1, U.S. Public Health Service. (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 152 (1965), S. 499-502 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Normally-cycling female rats were electrically stimulated at various stages of the estrous cycle to test the effectiveness of a modified probe for the induction of pseudopregnancy. The ability to form decidua served as the criterion of successful response. The probe was constructed to deliver a cervical-vaginal or vaginal-vaginal stimulation rather than the usual cervical-cervical stimulation. The electrical stimulus used consisted of 50 v at 200 pps for a five-second duration. It was found to be effective throughout vaginal estrus but was much less effective during early and late proestrus or early metestrus. Placement of electrodes on the vaginal wall during stimulation was shown to be as effective as placing them on the cervices. As a result, rats may now be made pseudopregnant without visual placement of electrodes thereby simplifying and hastening the stimulation procedure and rendering it more suitable for routine use. Only 20-25 seconds were required to stimulate each animal.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091520409
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    A study of the inguinal region of the abdominal wall in female miceMost of the experiments reported here were done at Yale during the author's tenure of a United States Public Health Service (USPHS) Predoctoral Training Fellowship and were supported in part by USPHS grants M-04433 and 2G-105. (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 152 (1965), S. 487-497 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Bilateral inguinal sacs or outpouchings of the abdominal wall normally occur in Brown-belt stock female mice. The length of each sac was determined to be from the caudal border of the pubic symphysis or interpubic ligament to the caudalmost extension of the sac. Sacs of control animals usually exceeded 1.0 mm in length and were longer in intact and ovariectomized mice treated with implanted testosterone pellets. There were no viscera observed in any of the inguinal sacs of the mice in this study. The bilateral inguinal sacs appear to be homologues of the scrota of males. The alterations in sac length produced by testosterone treatment are believed to be the result of changes in the connective tissue components of the sac.
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    General sensory innervation of the human tongueThis investigation was supported in part by Research Grant B-1755 from the National Institutes of Health, Public Health Service. (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 152 (1965), S. 503-511 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Specimens (obtained during oral and pharyngeal operations) from various regions of 33 normal human tongues were studied by silver staining and cholinesterase technics. The tongue was found to be innervated by three types of endings: nonmyelinated free endings, semiorganized coiled endings, and organized endings. All organized endings are mucocutaneous end organs in various sizes and shapes and are nonspecific-cholinesterase positive.Correlation of new information with pertinent clinical and pathologic observations indicates that biopsy by refined histochemical methods might be useful in diagnosis in cases of tongue neuropathy such as glossodynia and glossopyrosis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091520410
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    In vitro development of tooth rudiments of embryonic miceSupported by U.S. Public Health Service Research grant De-01894. (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 152 (1965), S. 513-524 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Embryonic mouse mandibular tooth rudiments, completely excised from the host and placed in vitro at a “glass-plasma clot” interface, fail to develop normally. The organization of the rudiment is destroyed by migration of cells into the cloth. Rudiment morphology is maintained and histodifferentiation occurs when such rudiments are grown on artificial filter membranes. In cultures of 16 day embryonic incisors, a “refractile” material is noted on the distal-incisal-labial side of the developing rudiment after three days in vitro growth; this material increases in extent during subsequent growth. Histological sections show normal differentiation of the cells of the rudiment; extracellular matrices are deposited by the odontocytes and also by amelocytes. The position of amelocyte matrix correlates with that of the “refracticle” material seen in the living culture. The sequence of changes during cellular differentiation in vitro corresponds to that occurring in vivo.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091520411
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    Dissection of the orbit (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 152 (1965), S. 537-539 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: This paper reports that extensive removal of bone from the superior and lateral aspects of the orbit is easy with the aid of an autopsy saw. When this is done and the lateral rectus muscle cut an excellent exposure of the orbital contents is gained.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091520413
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    Timing of maturation and fertilization of the sheep eggThe human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) and the 6-methyl-17-acetoxyprogesterone (MAP) were donated by the Upjohn Company, Kalamazoo, Michigan.The help by many colleagues in care and feeding of the animals and in the recovery fo the eggs is gratefully acknowledged. (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 153 (1965), S. 211-223 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Eggs of sheep were recovered at known intervals before or after controlled ovulation. They were examined for cytoplasmic and nuclear changes. The vesicular nucleus in the follicular egg persists to 15 hours before ovulation when the chromatin becomes more compact and dense. The first metaphase lasts from 13 hours before ovulation to shortly before ovulation. The formation of the first polar body occurs from four hours before ovulation to ovulation. Normally sheep eggs have formed the first polar body by the time of ovulation and are in the seocond metaphase. Cumulus cells and corona cells are present on the egg at ovulation and for a few hours afterwards. Sperm penetration does not begin ordinarily until at least three hours after ovulation. The male pronucleus forms from 3 to 9 hours after ovulation at about the same time as the female pronucleus. Pronuclei fusion occurs 11 to 22 hours after ovulation. The first mitotic division takes place usually 19 to 24 hours after ovulation although 2-called eggs were seen at earlier times.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091530209
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    Normally occurring intraluminal projections in the arterial system of the mouseSupported by grants NB-1120 and DE-1509 from the National Institutes of Health, U.S.P.H.S. (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 153 (1965), S. 265-273 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The arterial system of 27 ICR/Albino mice was studied by: (1) examining 8 μ thick serial histological sections, (2) observing under the dissecting microscope the interior of arterial segments split longitudinally, (3) making reconstruction models, 100 times magnified from serial sections and (4) applying various histological and histochemical stains to determine morphological details. Almost regularly at each point of origin of an arterial branch, a structure forming a specific anatomical entity was observed and referred to as an intraluminal projection. A typical projection consists: (1) of an elevation or cushion located at the proximal edge of the orifice, (2) of two collateral ridges running distally at the sides of the orifice and becoming gradually thinner and taller, and (3) of a union of collateral ridges into a semilunar, flap-like, movable structure guarding the distal edge of the orifice. Imperfectly developed intraluminal projections were occasionally encountered at the origin of large arteries from the abdominal aorta. Histologically a projection is entirely luminal to the internal elastic membrane, has an endothelial covering of thickened endothelial cells and consists of a stroma containing polygonal elongated cells which have oval nuclei and resemble smooth muscle fibers. They are surrounded by a network of elastic and reticular fibers. The intraluminal projections may regulate the volume and pressure of blood entering the branch by sphincteric and valvular mechanisms.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091530306
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    The evolution of the mm. interossei in the primate hand (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 153 (1965), S. 275-287 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Various conflicting views relating to the phylogenetic history of the interossei are reviewed. The primitive mammalian (marsupial) precursors of these muscles are shown to present a bilaminar arrangement: a dorsal layer of four bipennate abductor muscles (inserting into a proximal phalanx) is overlaid ventrally by a sheet of ten flexores breves, grouped in pairs, and inserting as wing tendons into either side of the extensor aponeurosis of the corresponding digit. The homologues of these muscles are identified in the hands of representative Primates including Homo. The dorsal abductors become the dorsal interossei proper; the flexores breves become the palmar interossei, which are therefore frequently more numerous than the four found in man. Certain of the flexores breves show a tendency to merge with those subjacent abductors with which they insert. Thus, the descriptive human dorsal interossei are composite muscles resulting from the amalgamation of a flexor brevis with a dorsal interosseous proper. Comparative morphology is shown to provide a logical basis for the understanding of the extensor apparatus of the human fingers.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091530307
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    Cellular changes, protein and glycogen content in developing rabbit corpora luteaThis investigation was supported by Public Health Service Research grant HD-00971, National Science Foundation grant GB-1639 and an Institutional Grant of the American Cancer Society. (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 153 (1965), S. 289-293 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The glycogen, protein and absolute cell numbers of the developing rabbit corpus luteum were measured from 24 hours to 192 hours after mating. There was no significant alteration in the protein content, which was approximately 9%. The glycogen content increased significantly from 0.14% at 24 hours to 0.26% at 120 hours and subsequently remained constant. The cell numbers were determined by homogenizing the tissue and the nuclei were counted in a Neubauer hemocytometer. The total cell numbers increased from 10 × 104, of which 65% (6.3 × 104) were luteal cells, to 67 × 104 where 21% (9.8 × 104) were luteal cells. It was not determined whether the increase in luteal cells was due to mitotic division or transformation of the other cell types into luteal cells.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091530308
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    A method of constructing plastic display jars (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 153 (1965), S. 383-387 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A simple and inexpensive method of fabricating transparent plastic, large capacity, rectangular display jars for preserved wet specimens is described. Simple tools are used, including a holder for a tape-type heating element and a bending jig which are easily fashioned from available material. The jars are permanent, moisture tight, and provide quality and uniformity at low cost.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091530408
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    Strontium-calcium transport across the gill of rainbow trout, (Salmo gairdnerii)Based on work performed on Contract, no. AT (45-1)-1350 for the U. S. Atomic Energy Commission. (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 65 (1965), S. 1-5 
    Details
    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: This study was performed using radioactive isotopes of calcium and strontium as tracers in a perfused gill preparation. There were two levels in the uptake rates for strontium and calcium: a passive rate of 0.5 × 10-7 cm/sec, and 1.8 × 10-7 cm/sec, respectively, and a tenfold higher energy dependent rate of 5.1 × 10-7 cm/sec for strontium and 17 × 10-7 cm/sec for calcium. There was no evidence of discriminatory interaction between calcium and strontium at the passive levels of transport. Strontium was found to substitute for calcium at the active transport levels only if the calcium concentration of the environmental water was below approximately 0.1 mM Ca++/1.The rate of calcium and strontium loss from the gill was estimated as about 20 times faster than the influx rates. This caused the postulation that the net transfer of calcium ions across the gill could change, dependent upon the degree of saturation of the calcium-binding sites within the fish.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1030650102
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    Quantitative studies on colony-forming units in isogenic radiation chimerasThis study was supported through funds provided by the Bureau of Medicine and Surgery, U. S. Navy Department. One of us (JHLP) wishes to thank the Wellcome Trust for a Travel Grant from London. The opinions and assertions contained herein are those of the authors and are not to be construed as official or as reflecting the views of the Navy Department. (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 65 (1965), S. 7-17 
    Details
    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Lethally irradiated LAF1 mice were protected by various numbers of isogenic bone marrow cells. At intervals, cells from femoral bone marrow and spleen were assayed for their content of colony forming units (CFU) by retransplantation into other lethally irradiated mice and counting of spleen nodules at eight days. CFU numbers in femoral marrow were restored to preirradiation levels by about eight weeks. In the spleen, restoration was earlier and more rapid and for several weeks the CFU content exceeded the normal level. Prior splenectomy did not alter the pattern of CFU restoration in the femoral marrow postirradiation. However, splenectomy did appear to slightly improve survival of irradiated marrow-protected mice. It is argued that the CFU may not be the essential protective cell, and the existence of a precursor “stem” cell in normal marrow is postulated.
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    SH-SS relationships in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells exposed to edathamil (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 65 (1965), S. 57-61 
    Details
    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: By means of an amperometric titration method, the acid soluble sulfhydryl, protein sulfhydryl, and disulfide content of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells were determined before and after exposure to edathamil. No statistically significant differences were found between exposed and control groups. The addition of edathamil did not alter oxygen utilization. Changes in the viscosity of cell cytoplasm were determined by observation of the movement of lipoid granules with a phase contrast microscope following high speed centrifugation. The decrease in viscosity observed with edathamil could be prevented by the addition of glutathione simultaneously or 30 minutes later. A shift from intermolecular SS to intramolecular SS during sol-gel transformation is suggested by the increased viscosity following the addition of glutathione.
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    Nitrogen metabolism during synchronous growth of Chlorella pyrenoidosa. I. Protein amino acid distribution (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 65 (1965), S. 63-67 
    Details
    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Total cellular-N, acid soluble-N, lipid plus chlorophyll-N, and the levels of the individual amino acids were measured during synchronous growth of a high temperature strain, 7-11-05, of Chlorella pyrenoidosa. Total cellular-N increased exponentially except for a small but reproducible deviation from log-linearity which occurred at approximately the middle of the 14 hour synchronous growth cycle. Although the level of acid soluble-N (as % of total cellular-N) exhibited definite periodism during synchronous growth, the amount of nitrogen in this pool was small (approximately 4-8%). Lipid- plus chlorophyll-N showed only slight fluctuations during cellular development; however, the trend followed that previously observed for phospholipid-P. The levels of the protein amino acids were expressed on a mole-percentage basis of the total protein amino acids. The level of most of the protein amino acids remained essentially constant during the course of synchronous growth. The levels of the basic and acidic amino acids as well as alanine exhibited more significant periodism than the other protein amino acids. The total protein amino acid-N level comprised approximately 63% of the total cellular-N throughout cellular development.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1030650109
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    Karyology of permanent human cell line, W-18VA2, originated by SV40 TransformationThis work was supported, in part, by Public Health Service Contract PH 43-62-157, Career Development Award 5-K3-CA-18,372-03 and Grant CA 04534 from the National Cancer Institute.This article is dedicated to Professor Sajiro Makino on the occasion of his 60th birthday. (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 65 (1965), S. 85-92 
    Details
    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The karyology of a permanent human cell line, which retains a viral induced complement-fixing antigen as a result of its original transformation with simian virus 40, is described. This line, W-18VA2, is primarily subdiploid after more than two and one-half years of cultivation in vitro and exhibits high variability of chromosome number and form in the parental line as well as in various clones and sublines.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1030650111
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    Taste papillae of the blowflyThis work was supported by National Science Foundation Grant GB-1472. (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 65 (1965), S. 93-99 
    Details
    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Each interpseudotracheal papilla on the oral surface of the labellum of the blowfly contains four bipolar neurons. An electrophysiological analysis has shown that one of these cells is a receptor which responds specifically to carbohydrates. The response consists of a rapid initial discharge which typically adapts to one-half maximum frequency in 300-400 msec. The response remains normal even in the presence of choline chloride (1.5-2.0 M), NaCl (0.01-2.0 M), and CaCl2 (0.01-1.0 M). The various sugars tested showed the following order of increasing effectiveness: sorbitol 〈 sorbose 〈 inositol 〈 fucose 〈 arabinose 〈 glucose 〈 sucrose 〈 fructose. Mannose, a nutritive sugar, is non-stimulating. D-arabinose, an acceptable sugar, is more stimulating than L-arabinose, an unacceptable sugar. L-arabinose, in contrast to D-, also stimulates other neurons in the papilla.Another cell responds when the electrode contains salt or certain carbohydrates such as L-arabinose. It is believed that its activity initiates behavioral rejection of compounds. It does not exhibit a high initial discharge or adaptation but waxes and wanes randomly. Its response to monovalent and divalent cations is similar although the latter produces volleys of high frequency.Mechanical deformation causes an increase in frequency of a third spike. Mechanosensitive units may be classified by their responses into three classes: push, pull, or push-pull.No evidence for a water receptor was found.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1030650112
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    Osmoregulation in the amphibian egg the influence of calcium (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 65 (1965), S. 101-112 
    Details
    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Determinations of the permeability coefficient for water show that the osmotic behavior of amphibian eggs (ovarian and coelomic eggs from Rana temporaria) cannot be accounted for by this factor alone. Comparison of the cortical stiffness of coelomic eggs with vitelline membrane in iso- and hypotonic solutions indicate that a mechanical tension develops under hypotonic conditions, strong enough to resist osmotic swelling.In Ca++-free media preservation of this tension is interfered with, but the effect is observed only after exposure for some hours.Ca++ does not change the diffusion coefficient for water in the egg cytoplasm, nor the permeability coefficient for water through the cell membrane. Neither is the Young's modulus for the vitelline membrane influenced. A slight effect of Ca++ on the cortical stiffness of naked coelomic eggs was observed. In hypotonic Ca++-free media no resistance to swelling develops in these eggs, and they disintegrate after a rather short time.To determine the permeability to water the rate of D2O  -  H2O exchange was measured with the Cartesian diver balance. The stiffness was determined with a cell elastimeter described by Mitchison and Swann, and the osmotic swelling was determined by measuring the egg diameter with an eyepiece screw micrometer.
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    Effect of ethanol on electrolyte transport and electrogenesis in animal tissuesThis work was supported by the Alcoholism and Drug Addiction Research Foundation of Ontario, Toronto, Canada. (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 65 (1965), S. 127-132 
    Details
    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Ethanol 0.087 M (400 mg/100 ml) did not affect the initial loss of K+ from guinea-pig brain cortex slices at the start of incubation, but significantly inhibited the subsequent reaccumulation of K+. Ethanol 0.098 M (450 mg/100 ml) also significantly inhibited the active reaccumulation of K+ by pre-cooled rabbit kidney cortex slices.In vivo experiments with an electric eel indicated that ethanol in concentrations of 100 to 700 mg/100 ml (22 to 152 mM) significantly diminished the frequency of spontaneous low-voltage electrogenesis.These findings, together with others in the literature, suggest that ethanol inhibits the active transport of cations by many types of cell, at concentrations relevant to non-lethal intoxication.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1030650115
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    Calcium uptake in glycerol-extracted rabbit psoas muscle fibers. I. Biochemical properties and conditions for uptake (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 65 (1965), S. 133-140 
    Details
    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Rabbit psoas muscle fibers, extracted in 50% (w/v) glycerol for 20 hours, concentrate up to 300 μmol calcium per gm protein when placed in a suitable electrolyte environment at pH 6.5 containing ATP and 47Ca in the form of a Ca/EGTA metal buffer system. This property is retained at [Ca++] down to 2 × 10-8 M, the lowest studied. The kinetics of Ca pickup are consistent with a mathematical model based on diffusion of Ca as the rate-limiting factor. The pickup is dependent upon ATP and is increased by inclusion of CP or PEP. It is promoted by oxalate, fluoride, phosphate and pyrophosphate, which share the property of forming relatively insoluble calcium salts. Ability to concentrate calcium disappears on prolonged extraction in glycerol and after preincubation with desoxycholate.These properties are similar to those previously described for a granular fraction of muscle homogenates, and it is concluded that both are probably attributable to functional remnants of sarcoplasmic reticulum.
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    Amphibian acoustico-lateralis efferentsThis work was supported by Career Development Award NB-K3-9513 and Grant NB-1330-07 from the National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Blindness and Grant G23837 from the National Science Foundation. (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 65 (1965), S. 155-162 
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    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Efferent spikes were recorded from the nerves supplying the papilla amphibiorum, ampullae, and lateral-line neuromasts of the mudpuppy (Necturus maculosus). Increased efferent activity was associated with rotatory, vibratory, and tactile stimulation and gill movements. In a single experiment it was possible to record efferents from the nerve to the papilla basilaris of a leopard frog (Rana pipiens). The function of acoustico-lateralis efferents is not restricted to or closely associated with a single habit, habitat, phylogenetic group, or acoustico lateralis receptor. It seems likely that all acoustico-lateralis receptors in all vertebrates receive efferent input.
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  • 42
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    The activity of selected soluble enzymes in the avian nasal salt glandThis work has been made possible through USPHS research grants GM-08538 (Dr. L. Z. McFarland) and AM-04732 (Dr. R. A. Freedland). (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 65 (1965), S. 237-241 
    Details
    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Ten adult western gulls (Larus occidentalis) ranging in weight from 761-1,004 gm were studied. The gulls were fed 3% NaCl in their drinking water. They were killed by decapitation, and the salt glands, weighing 0.51-0.78 gm were cooled, homogenized in 0.14 M KCl, centrifuged at 0-4°C at 20,000 × G for 30 minutes and the supernatant used for all enzymes assays. All assays were conducted at 25°C by observing the changes in absorbancy with time using a Gilford Multiple Absorbance Recorder. The enzymes were assayed by measuring either the appearance or disappearance of NADH or NADPH at 340 mμ. The average units of enzyme activity (the amount of enzyme required to form 1 μM of substrate per minute ) per gram of salt gland were as follows: phosphoglucomutase, 0.62; glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 1.40; aldolase, 2.86; lactic dehydrogenase, 90.1; isocitric dehydrogenase, 5.08; malic enzyme, 0.92; glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase, 100.5; and glutamic-pyruvic transaminase, 0.50. The protein content of the salt glands varied from 62.5-87.6 mg protein/gm. On the basis of an adjusted calculation of energy yields from the glycolytic scheme and the Krebs cycle, it would appear that only one-third of the energy derived from these pathways would be necessary to maintain the maximum rate of salt secretion, leaving the other two-thirds for other cellular processes. Glutamate metabolism may also be important as an energy source in the salt gland.
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    Discontinuous decay of the action potential of the rat gastrocnemius as recorded from an intracellular locationThis work was aided by a grant from the Muscular Dystrophy Associations of America and the George Harrington Fund of Boston. (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 65 (1965), S. 255-260 
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    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Fractionation of intracellular action potential has been observed, with (1) an initial graded decline of amplitude and appearance of a notch; (2) a progressive delay and eventual disappearance of a component, with a stepwise decrease in area, and (3) the occasional sequential disappearance of as many as three components of the same order of magnitude in area and amplitude.The possibilities of block, movement, or extracellularly recorded responses as cause for these physiological “quanta” have been reviewed. One possible hypothesis is the existence of “patches” of membrane with independent characteristics of excitability and responsivity, which become manifest as a result of damage inflected by the electrode.
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  • 44
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    Limiting factors involved in CO2 production by starved and X-irradiated starved yeast cells (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 65 (1965), S. 271-276 
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    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Studies of reduced CO2 production by starved yeast cells were carried out to localize the site limiting this process and responsible for a greater production by irradiated cells. Cell-free extracts prepared before and after starvation of cells, and from irradiated and unirradiated cells, showed similar hexokinase activity and produced similar amounts of CO2. These results demonstrated that rate limiting glycolytic enzymes did not decay during starvation, were not induced during a lag period in CO2 production which could be overcome by glucose incubation, and were not responsible for differences in CO2 production between irradiated and unirradiated cells. Possible limiting factors involved in these differences include glucose transport as a consequence of differential decay during starvation, restricted cofactor synthesis and an enzymic binding or compartmentalization.
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    Metabolic adaptation and the regulation of metabolism of a flagellate protozoanThis research was supported in part by a U.S.P.H.S. predoctoral fellowship (GM-7504) to M. H. Cantor and by a National Science Foundation grant (GB 1643) to T. W. James. Portions of the data are taken from a thesis submitted to the Graduate Division of U.C.L.A. in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Ph.D. degree by M. H. Cantor. (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 65 (1965), S. 285-291 
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    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Evidence is presented indicating metabolic adaptation for the utilization of propionate and butyrate by the flagellate, Polytomella agilis. The existence of a lag phase prior to exponential growth, and the inability of acetate-grown cells to readily oxidze these substrates support ths concluson.Two aspects of metabolic regulation are discussed. The inhibitory effect of azide on the growth and on oxidation of propionate and butyrate implicates the importance of ATP availability in the control mechanism.Oxidative metabolism is regulated to maintain a constant extent of substrate oxidation regardless of growth conditions. The Qo2 is related to the carbon source for growth, and not on the substrate to be oxidized. The rate of substrate utilization by adapted cells is less than that of unadapted cells.
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    Possible carriers in erythrocytesAcknowledgment is made to the Rockefeller Foundation and to the donors of the Petroleum Research Fund, administered by the American Chemical Society, for the support of this work. (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 65 (1965), S. 299-311 
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    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Using a densimeter technique, the effect of tannic acid and n-butanol on the permeability to non-electrolytes of erythrocytes of various species was studied. If both tannic acid and butanol decrease the permeability it is suggested that a carrier mechanism is involved. If tannic acid has little or no effect and butanol increases the permeability it is suggested that the penetration of such a molecule depends only on diffusion. According to this theory carriers are involved in the following systems: Urea  -  mouse, sheep, pig, ox and man; Ethylene glycol  -  man and possibly mouse; Glycerol  -  man, mouse, rabbit; Erythritol  -  mouse and possibly man; Ribose  -  mouse, man; Mannose, glucose, sorbose  -  man. No carriors are involved in the following systems: Urea  -  chicken; Ethylene glycol  -  pig, chicken, ox, sheep; Thiourea  -  rabbit, chicken, sheep, man, pig, ox; Glycerol  -  chicken, pig, sheep, ox; Erythritol  -  rabbit; Ribose  -  rabbit.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1030650303
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  • 47
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    The effects of hibernation on the in vitro synthesis of DNA by hamster lymphoid tissueSupported by U. S. Public Health Service Grants, AM 04219, GM 05611, and FR 5018. (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 65 (1965), S. 319-324 
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    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: DNA synthesis was studied in vitro in lymphoid tissue taken from hibernating, cold adapted and active golden hamsters in an attempt to elucidate the mechanism of suppressed DNA synthesis during hibernation. The rates of DNA synthesis at temperatures varying from 4 to 37°C were greatest in cells from active animals, less from cold adapted and least from hibernating animals. The depression in cells from cold adapted animals was 70% reversible by returning the animals to a warm environment 40 minutes before they were sacrificed but the hibernating animals had to be aroused for more than 12 hours before their rates recovered, suggesting a different mechanism responsible for depression in these two instances.Radioautographic and biochemical measurements of DNA synthesis in cells taken from hibernating animals indicated that the depressed synthesis seen during hibernation is the result of a reduction in the percentage of cells engaged in DNA synthesis. This implies that the low body temperatures of hibernation produce a block in the cell cycle of lymphoid cells not unlike that observed when other mammalian cells are exposed to cold in vitro.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1030650305
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    Circus reexcitation as a cause of repetitive activity in crayfish lateral giant axonsThe work was supported in part by grants from the Muscular Dystrophy Associations of America, by Public Health Service Research Grants NB 3728-02, NB 3270-03, 5TI NB 5328-02 from the National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Blindness; from the National Science Foundation (G-19969). (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 65 (1965), S. 325-336 
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    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Unpolarized electrotonic connections between the two lateral giant axons of crayfish nerve cord have been demonstrated. Presumably they are also the sites of the tightly coupled unpolarized ephaptic junctions by which activity from one axon may be transmitted to the other. Commissures between the segmental branches of the two axons are probably the sites of the junctions. If septal transmission is blocked in one axon, the inactive segment can be excited by the activity of the other axon. The segmentally arrayed ladder of ephaptic junctions forms a series of delay lines and circus activity can occur in the loops between the two axons. Two segments form a loop with a delay line of 4 msec. The frequency of repetition is about 250/second. Each additional segment introduces another delay of about 4 msec. For a three-segment loop the repetition rate is about 125/second. The delays at ephaptic junctions between neurons in vertebrate nervous systems are probably too brief to cause repetitive activity.
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  • 49
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    Systemic effects of epinephrine in the frogSupported by NIH Grants no. RG 3545; 5-K6-GM-16, 687-02; AM-06481-01A1; 5-F2 GM-18,664-02. (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 65 (1965), S. 337-353 
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    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The intact frog (R. pipiens) is both very sensitive to i.v. injection of l-epinephrine (E) in small amounts (a few micrograms), and very tolerant to large doses (several milligrams) of the hormone. A small dose increased the P.D. and the short circuit current (Is) in skin, and strongly increased the strength of auricular contraction of the heart in vivo; ventricular contractions decreased, and heart rate remained normal. Large doses of E depressed P.D. and Is after, occasionally, elevating both for a brief period following treatment. The mucous glands of the skin emptied their content shortly after E, then began to fill again with secretory materials in spite of uninterrupted E infusions. Ventricular and auricular contractions were remarkably little altered and there were no significant changes in heart rate. Changes were seen, however, in the ECG, e.g.: inversion of the P and T waves. No alteration in the QRS complex or in the rhythm was ever noted. Serum glucose remained within normal limits. A transient calorigenic effect, lasting for 10-20 minutes occurred, in which the O2 consumption rose from a normal of 6 to 7 ml/100 g/hr to several times this value. Unanesthetized frogs tolerated without great harm 10 mg of E given s.c. within one hour. Signs of prostration and a moderate increase in respiration were noted for some time following treatment. Great tolerance of frogs to hormones which do play a physiological role is also known for thyroxine and insulin, but is especially notable for epinephrine which is least tolerated by warmblooded animals treated with large doses of E. The reasons for these species differences are unknown.
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  • 50
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    The sodium and potassium activated ATPase of intestinal epithelium. I. Location of enzymatic activity in the cellThis study is based on work performed under contract with the United States Atomic Energy Commission at The University of Rochester Atomic Energy Project, Rochester, New York. (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 65 (1965), S. 361-372 
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    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The location of sodium and potassium activated Mg-ATPase (Na-K ATPase) was studied in columnar epithelial cells of the small intestine of rats. Cell components were segregated in centrifuge fractions by a mild procedure (sucrose medium), which preserved mitochondria and vesicular inclusions, and by a drastic procedure, designed to preserve the striated borders selectively. The contents of fractions were characterized by phase contrast and electron microscopy and by the assay of alkaline phosphatase (E.C.3.1.3.1), cytochome oxidase (E.C.1.9.3.1), invertase (E.C.3.2.1.26) and Mg-ATPase (E.C.3.6.1.4).Na-K ATPase was found to be most concentrated in fractions containing mitochondria on one hand, and striated borders on the other. Its distribution differed from the distributions of the other four enzymes. The physiological implications of finding the “sodium pump” enzyme in the membrane at the apical pole of the epithelial cell were discussed.
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    Modification of cardiac and respiratory rhythms in crayfish following carbohydrate chemoreceptionThis investigation was supported by Public Health Service Research Grant NB 05423-01 from the National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Blindness. (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 65 (1965), S. 373-379 
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    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Reflex inhibitions of cardiac and ventilation rates of the crayfish, Procambarus simulans, have been used as indices of chemical sensitivity in an assay of configurational specificity among 30 carbohydrates and related compounds. Cardiac activity was determined from electrocardiograms and the bilateral ventilation frequencies were recorded with low-level pressure transducers. The responses were followed simultaneously on a commercial polygraph. Test solutions were introduced into the region of the branchial chamber with the ventilation stream. Positive responses consisted of inhibition or cessation of activity in both systems.Analysis of results from sugars with various configurations involving carbons 2, 4, and 5 of the pyranose ring indicated these positions were not critical in evoking the responses. Sugars lacking carbon 6, e.g., D-xylose and D-arabinose, were also effective stimuli. Blocking of the -OH at the C1, as found in glycosides, converts a stimulating configuration into a non-stimulating one, except where the substituent contains a free -OH group at the terminal carbon, e.g., maltose or cellobiose. Stimulating disaccharides were all 1-4 glycosides and possessed a free -OH at C1. The disaccharides with linkages other than 1-4 were non-stimulatory, e.g., gentiobiose, trehalose, and melibiose, as were the trisaccharides, raffinose and melizitose. Linear and cyclic polyhydroxy alcohols, e.g., erythritol and inositol, and short chain aldoses, e.g., erythrose, were also ineffective.Stimulation of the receptors seems to require the pyranose ring and access to a free hydroxyl group on C1. Isolation of the receptor and measurement of single unit activity are required before incontrovertible statements of specificity can be made. A basis for such investigations has been made.
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    Oxygen consumption, thermal conductance, and torpor in the California pocket mouse Perognathus californicusI am grateful to Professor G. A. Bartholomew for his aid throughout this study, and for his partial support of it [through a grant to him from the Office of Naval Research, Nonr 233 (61)]. National Science Foundation Cooperative Fellowships also contributed support to this study. (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 65 (1965), S. 393-403 
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    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Non-torpid P. californicus have body temperatures which increase slightly as ambient temperature increases from 5° to 35°C. Their minimum oxygen consumption fits Newton's law of cooling, since minimum thermal conductance below thermal neutrality is virtually constant at 0.19 ml O2 (gm hr °C)-1. There is a thermal neutral point at 32.5° rather than a thermal neutral zone. Oxygen consumption at the thermal neutral point is 0.97 ml O2 (gm hr)-1. Maximum thermal conductance, measured at 35°, is 0.37 ml O2 (gm hr °C)-1. Evaporative water loss accounts for 5 and 15% of the value of minimum and maximum thermal conductance, respectively.Minimum oxygen consumption of mice in torpor is continuously dependent on body temperature from thermal neutrality to deep torpor. Q10 values are between 1.6 and 3.2. The thermal conductance of torpid mice at ambient temperature below 30° is 0.19 ml O2 (gm hr °C)-1 which is identical to the minimum thermal conductance of non-torpid mice. Torpid mice at an ambient temperature of 30° have thermal conductance values between 0.23 and 0.40 ml O2 (gm hr °C)-1 depending on their posture.Maximum oxygen consumption is linearly related to body temperature. At a normal body temperature of 38°, it is 11.6 ml O2 (gm hr)-1 which is no greater than that of similar sized mammals which do not enter torpor.Although P. californicus consistently enters into and arouses from torpor at ambient temperatures of 15° to 30°, the torpor cycle is severely disturbed at temperatures between 10° and 12°. At these temperatures mice show irregular temporal patterns of torpor, do not enter torpor completely, and cannot arouse from torpor if body temperature falls below 15°.Observations on the behavior of torpid and non-torpid P. californicus at various ambient temperatures are included in this report.
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    The relation between the torpor cycle and heat exchange in the California pocket mouse Perognathus californicusI am grateful to Professor G. A. Bartholomew for his aid throughout this study, and for his partial support of it [through a grant to him from the Office of Naval Research, Nonr 233 (61)]. National Science Foundation Cooperative Fellowships also contributed support to this study. (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 65 (1965), S. 405-414 
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    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The changes in body temperature (TB) associated with the torpor cycle of P. californicus are described by the equation \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \frac{{{\rm dT}_{\rm B} }}{{{\rm dt}}} = \frac{{{\rm heat production - heat loss}}}{{\rm K}} $\end{document} where t is time, and K is the heat capacity of body tissue. This equation can be solved after substituting appropriate expressions for maximum and minimum aerobic heat production and heat loss to give theoretical maximum rates of entry into and arousal from torpor.The measured time course of body temperature and oxygen consumption during entry into torpor compare favorably with theoretical curves calculated under conditions of minimum heat production and maximum heat loss. Thus P. californicus appears able to “switch off its thermostat” so that oxygen consumption during entry into torpor falls almost to the minimum level for a given body temperature. Heat loss during entry into torpor appears to be facilitated by an increase in thermal conductance.During arousal from torpor, body temperature increases faster than can be accounted for assuming maximum heat production and minimum heat loss. This could be explained by anaerobic heat production and by a decreased thermal conductance resulting from the posterior vasoconstriction typical of arousing hibernators.Torpor periods of short duration are feasible for P. californicus, for it can enter torpor and arouse immediately thereafter at an ambient temperature of 15° with an expenditure of energy only 55% of that required to maintain a high body temperature over the same period of time. Arousal from torpor at an ambient temperature of 15° requires about 75% of the total energy expended during a ten hour torpor cycle; entry into torpor and torpor itself account for only 9 and 16% of the total energy expenditure, respectively.The quantitative relations between heat production and heat loss presented in this paper suggest further investigations of the effects of body size on heat production and loss, and of physiological phenomena which alter heat exchange.
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    Photodynamic and fluorochromic properties of the antibiotic actinomycin D (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 65 (1965), S. 433-434 
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    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Actinomycin D was studied as a photodynamic agent and fluorochrome. With Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus propagated in chick fibroblasts, it was shown that actinomycin D induces both direct and indirect photoactivation of the virus. Some capacity of antibiotic-treated and irradiated virus to produce plaques larger than usual was not retained with passage of virus isolated from large plaques. Cells stained with actinomycin D exhibited a weak brownish fluorescence of nuclear structure.
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    Binding of Ca and Mg by lipoprotein and nucleoprotein subfractions of rat liver cell microsomesThis investigation was supported by grant GM-11048 from the U. S. Public Health Service. (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 66 (1965), S. 57-64 
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    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Rat liver cell microsomes were subfractionated in D2O-sucrose solutions of various densities into three subfractions with densities 〉 1.23, 1.18-1.23 and 1.12-1.18. There was an inverse correlation between the nucleic acid and lipid contents of these subfractions; the highest density subfraction had a relatively high nucleic acid (20.9%) and low lipid (15.1%) content and the lowest density subfraction had a low nucleic acid (3.4%) and a high lipid (45.2%) content. Whole microsomes were determined to be composed of 55.0% protein, 8.6% nucleic acid and 36.4% lipid. This composition of microsomes was calculated to reflect a nucleoprotein and lipoprotein content of 28% and 72%, respectively. Investigation of Ca and Mg binding by the three microsome subfractions and by the whole microsome fraction after equilibration for 12 hours in a medium of pH 6.7 containing 8-9 meq Ca or Mg/liter indicated that all fractions retained considerable amounts of the divalent cations (1.5-2.6 meq/g N). The nucleoprotein fraction was calculated to bind 0.35-0.40 meq Ca or Mg/g dry weight of nucleoprotein and the lipoprotein fraction 0.12 meq Ca or Mg/g dry weight of lipoprotein. Nevertheless, the lipoprotein fraction of microsomes is responsible for 45% of the total binding of Ca or Mg by the whole microsome fraction. These observations support the contention that cellular membrane structures, composed essentially of lipoprotein, can bind considerable quantities of the divalent cations.
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    Oxidation of cholesterol by rat liver mitochondria: Effect of thyroidectomySupported, in part, by grant (HE-03299) and a Research Career Award (HE-K6-734) from the National Heart Institute, NIH, USPHS. (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 66 (1965), S. 91-94 
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    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Normal and thyroidectomized rats were maintained on normal diets and on diets containing 0.3% N-propylthiouracil. The normal rats on normal diets had significantly lower serum cholesterol levels than did any of the other groups. Liver cholesterol levels were elevated only in the thyroidectomized rats fed normal diet. The hypercholesteremic effect of N-propylthiouracil observed in the thyroidectomized rats appears to be due to release of liver cholesterol.Liver mitochondrial preparations from all four groups of rats oxidized cholesterol-26-14C and sodium octanoate-1-14C to 14CO2 to the same extent. The data further support the hypothesis that the effect of thyroid on cholesterol degradation is mediated at the level of nuclear hydroxylation.
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    On the role of acetylcholine in regulating the rate of the early chick embryo heartSupported by National Science Foundation grants G-15853 and GB-1064. (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 66 (1965), S. 267-272 
    Details
    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A study has been made of the effect of acetylcholine upon the heart rate of the early chick embryo, and it has been noted that under certain experimental conditions acetylcholine stimulates the heart rate during the period of vagal innervation, while depressing the heart rate after the nerve supply is established. Isolated chick embryo hearts freely suspended in a phosphate-buffered (bicarbonate-free) medium beat at only about one-third their in ovo rates, and acetylcholine produces biphasic effects of stimulation and inhibition of the heart rate depending upon the concentration of the drug and the age of the hearts, the maximal stimulation occurring at five days. When suspended in Krebs bicarbonate medium the hearts beat at rates of about 72 to 74% their in ovo rates, and acetylcholine produces only slowing of the heart rate. This effect of acetylcholine can be diminished or reversed when an inhibitor of endogenous acetylcholine, hemicholinium-3 is added. We have postulated that both inhibitory and stimulatory receptors for acetylcholine exist in the early chick embryo heart and that the response to added acetylcholine depends in part on levels of endogenous acetylcholine already present in the heart. The role of endogenous acetylcholine in regulating heart rate is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1030660303
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    The metabolism of homogenates of the mouse epididymis (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 66 (1965), S. 281-292 
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    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: This study has attempted an evaluation of the in vitro metabolic characteristics of the epididymis of the mouse and a definition of areas for further research pursuant to the elucidation of the role of this organ in the process of sperm maturation and storage.Optimal conditions were ascertained for the manometric measurement of total respiration and for the estimation of glycolytic activity by assay of lactate accumulation and phosphate esterification in fluoride poisoned homogenates. Homogenates of mouse kidney were utilized in all experiments for comparative purposes.The in vitro data presented indicate the epididymis to be predominantly oriented to a glycolytic metabolism. It is suggested that this metabolic orientation when considered with the results of other investigators is compatible with a hypothesis for the secretion of lactic acid by the epididymal epithelium into the lumen of the epididymal canal for spermatozoan utilization.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1030660305
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    Permeability to water and sodium of the crocodilian, Caiman scleropsThis work was supported by grant HE-02228 from the National Institutes of Health. (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 66 (1965), S. 303-309 
    Details
    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In freshwater the caiman gains water at the rate of 3.5 ml/kg hr or 1.1 μl/cm2 hr. Of this 70% is the result of uptake through the skin, the rest being due to drinking. This gain in water is excreted by the kidneys as a hypotonic urine. Urine sodium losses are reduced by active sodium uptake from the urine during storage for 3 to 4 hours in the cloaca. In vitro and in vivo experiments indicate that the skin is somewhat permeable to sodium, which moves along concentration gradients.In air the caiman loses water by evaporation (1.2 μl/cm2 hr). About 75% of this takes place from the skin.In 3.3% NaCl solution caimans show elevated serum sodium concentrations and 20% of them die within 24 hours. The sodium accumulation is mostly due to drinking (4.4% of the body weight/day), and only to a minor extent to osmotic water loss through the skin (2.5% of the body weight/day or 0.6 μl/cm2 hr). The permeability of the caiman is compared to that of fishes, Amphibia and other reptiles.
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    The initiation of cell division in a contact-inhibited mammalian cell line (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 66 (1965), S. 325-333 
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    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The cells of an established mouse fibroblast line, 3T3, have a high plating efficiency and grow rapidly in sparse culture, but stop growing at a very low saturation density in comparison with other lines, because 3T3 is extremely sensitive to contact inhibition of cell division. After each medium change, however, there occurs in a small fraction of the cells in a saturation density culture a series of changes that results in a single rather synchronized division 30 hours later. This is due to a macromolecular substance in the serum which appears to act by reducing the sensitivity of the cells to contact inhibition. The first recognizable event following the addition of serum to a stationary phase culture is a ten fold increase in the rate of RNA synthesis, occurring within 30 minutes. An increase in the rate of protein synthesis follows several hours later. DNA synthesis does not begin before 12 hours, but by two hours after medium change an appreciable fraction of the cells become committed to eventual DNA synthesis and cell division. The sequence of event suggests that regulation of RNA synthesis is the means by which contact inhibition controls cell division.
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    The effect of peritoneal fluid on glucose-U-C14 oxidation by rat peritoneal leukocytesThe investigation reported upon in this paper was supported by U. S. Public Health Service Research grant CA-06848 from the National Cancer Institute. (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 66 (1965), S. 335-342 
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    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The rate of C14O2 evolution from uniformly labeled glucose by washed white cells from peritoneal exudates increased several times after prolonged soaking of the cells in protein-free medium and was repressed again upon incubation of the cells in peritoneal fluid of higher concentrations, whereas incubation in lower concentrations had a stimulatory effect, as compared to this rate by the cells incubated in protein-free medium alone. Similarity of this effect of peritoneal fluid to the protective action of blood serum on the cells in tissue culture and the possible mechanism of action of both were discussed.It is suggested that the metabolism of the cells in multicellular organism is repressed by humoral macromolecular substances, and that the increase of glucose-U-C14 oxidation by the cells after prolonged soaking in protein-free medium is related to the first step in the processes by which the cells move from a dormant state in vivo into that of active growth and cell divisions in vitro.
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    Rhabdom structure and receptor potentials in single crayfish retinular cells (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 66 (1965), S. 411-429 
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    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The effects of continuous darkness and abnormal ionic ratios (excess Ca+ +, Mg+ +, K+, and absence of Na+) on the fine structure of the rhabdoms and on the intracellular retinal receptor potentials were studied in crayfish compound eyes. The normal rhabdom has its constituent microvilli regularly arranged in a characteristic cross-banded pattern. The normal retinular cell response consists of an initial transient peak and a sustained plateau. After the crayfish were kept for three months in the dark, the regular arrangement of rhabdom microvilli was markedly upset, and receptor potentials of retinular cells in the eye consisted only of the slow phase. The initial phase of the intracellular retinal receptor potential is more labile than the sustained phase (plateau) and was easily abolished if the rhabdom was so strongly affected by continuous darkness, excess Ca+ +, and excess K+ that the fine structural arrangements of microtubules were destroyed. Since receptor potentials were recorded from compound eyes in which rhabdoms were deranged and almost all their microvilli torn off from the retinular cells, transmission of visual excitation from rhabdom to retinular cell soma must be possible without direct membranous connection between them.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1030660314
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    Transformation of hamster embryo cells in vitro by polyoma virus: Morphological, karyological, immunological and transplantation characteristicsSupported, in part, by U.S.P.H.S. Research grant CA 04534 from the National Cancer Institute, U.S.P.H.S. Training grant 5 TI GM 142 from the Institute of General Medical Sciences, and grant E 89 from the American Cancer Society. (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 66 (1965), S. 351-409 
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    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The transformation process induced by polyoma virus in mass cultures of hamster embryo cells has been analyzed chronologically for several parameters: morphology, karyology, antigenicity and transplantability. Morphological changes, as manifested by the altered growth pattern of the culture, were the first indication of transformation. The expression of morphological transformation differed among colonies from a single culture and among the various cell lines; its pattern could change with prolonged growth of the cultures. Established lines originating from each transformed culture eventually produced tumors in syngeneic and allogeneic animals. Tumorigenicity was low (MTD ± 106) soon after morphological transformation, but increased progressively as the cells were carried in vitro (MTD 〈 103). Polyoma virus disappeared in eight lines, but persisted in one. The non-virus releaser lines were resistant to superinfection with polyoma virus. The polyoma-induced transplantation antigen (PV-ITA) was found in four of six lines; it was not demonstrable in later passages of some lines that were initially positive and was not detected in the virus carrier culture. The polyoma-induced CF antigen (PV-ICFA), however, was present in all the cultures exposed to polyoma virus even at passage levels where the PV-ITA was not demonstrable. Some chromosomal changes in type and in ploidy were present at, or shortly after, the time of morphological transformation. Although very low at first, frequency of chromosome changes increased with time in a random pattern. Three of four lines remained near-diploid, the fourth line became subtetraploid soon after morphological transformation. The incidence of chromosomal damage (chromatid breaks, dicentrics and fragments) was low in all four lines analyzed, even in the virus carrier culture. There was a parallel increase in frequency of abnormal metaphases and of transplantability.It is concluded that after an initial and yet obscure polyoma virus cell interaction, cells evolve toward malignancy in a pattern that does not show specificity for the inducing virus. The viral genome, if present in the transformed cells, does not appear to direct or regulate the evolution of the cells in vitro.
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    Masthead (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 66 (1965) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1030660401
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    Effect of hormones and environmental factors on lactic dehydrogenases (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 66 (1965), S. 1-10 
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    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: There are two types (M and H) of lactic dehydrogenase that are found in most animals. The M-type is found largely in the more anaerobic tissues, such as voluntary skeletal muscles; the H-type is found in aerobic tissues, such as cardiac muscle. In the immature uterus, the level of M units is considerably less than that found in the mature uterus. Injection of estradiol leads to a marked increase in M units in the immature uterus, but there is no significant change in the concentration of the H form. Testosterone and progesterone, in contrast, promote a proportional increase in the two lactic dehydrogenases in the immature uterus. Testosterone, however, induces a selective synthesis of M units in the seminal vessels of the immature rat. Hypophysectomy leads to a decrease in M units of skeletal muscle. The effects of various hormones on the composition of lactic dehydrogenase of the rat and chicken will be summarized.
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    Insulin-dependent synthesis of glucokinase (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 66 (1965), S. 23-38 
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    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Glucokinase synthesis and degradation in rat liver have been studied in vivo and in slices incubated in vitro. Glucokinase induction in fasted rats can be obtained by administration of either glucose or insulin, although the amount of enzyme that accumulates in the latter case is small. There is an apparent lag of about 2 hours from administration of external inducer to detectable increase of glucokinase in liver. The results of delayed administration of actinomycin and puromycin indicate that formation of messenger RNA starts within 1 hour, and that completion of active enzyme rapidly follows polypeptide synthesis. An incubation system for liver slices has been developed with which glucokinase can be studied in situ for several hours. Glucose, but not insulin, stabilizes the enzyme. Net synthesis of glucokinase has been obtained in slices of liver taken from the animal shortly after the apparent induction lag. Messenger RNA for glucokinase seems to be fairly stable; its half-life appears to be greater than 8 hours. Actinomycin has a paradoxical effect on the disappearance of glucokinase by fasting; during the first day it prevents the normal decrease and even increases glucokinase in liver. A model of regulation of the level of glucokinase in liver is proposed in which insulin induces enzyme synthesis, high glucose concentration favors accumulation by slowing down its degradation, and glucagon prevents enzyme accumulation at a still undefined level. The rapid decrease of liver hexokinase activity in actinomycin-treated animals is also reported.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1030660405
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    Studies on kidney tubulogenesis VI. Survival and nucleic acid metabolism of differentiating mouse metanephrogenic mesenchyme in vitroThis research was supported by grants from National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, U. S. Public Health Service (CA 05347), from the Damon Runyon Memorial Fund (DRG 780), and from the Sigrid Jusélius Foundation, Helsinki. The excellent technical assistance of Mrs. Anja Tuomi and Miss Ann-Kristin Thors is highly appreciated. (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 66 (1965), S. 311-317 
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    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Results obtained from analysis of the early development of embryonic cells under tissue culture conditions apparently reflect both true developmental events and artificial changes consequent upon the isolation and transplantation of the tissues. The magnitude and mechanisms of such changes were examined in a model system, the differentiating metanephrogenic mesenchyme of mouse embryos, which we have used for several analytical studies in developmental biology. The results indicate that isolating and transplanting this tissue to organ culture conditions causes a marked decrease in nucleic acid metabolism, as measured in incorporation experiments. This lag period extends through the first 20 to 30 hours of in vitro cultivation, after which normal metabolism is restored. The change does not seem to be related to cell loss, since viability counts reveal only a small percentage of cells to be dying during this period. Adding Zn++ ions to the culture medium had a favorable effect on the incorporation of nucleic acid precursors during the lag period, suggesting that the enzyme treatment employed during isolation might have removed bivalent cations from this tissue.
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    Voltage clamp studies of veratrinized frog nodes (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 66 (1965), S. 91-98 
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    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1030660516
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    A kinetic model of the conductance changes in nerve membrane (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 66 (1965), S. 111-117 
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    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1030660518
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    Electrically excitable artificial membranes (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 66 (1965), S. 147-154 
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    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1030660522
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    The spatial distribution of dividing and DNA-synthesizing cells in mouse epitheliumResearch sponsored by the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission under contract with the Union Carbide Corporation. (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 66 (1965), S. 431-435 
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    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Cells of the germinal layer of mouse esophageal epithelium were used for quantitative assessment of the spatial distribution of proliferating cells. In tritiated thymidine autoradiographs the nonsynthesizing cells between synthesizing (or dividing) cells were counted, rather than counting the dividing cells in pre-established grid units. Dividing and DNA-synthesizing cells are almost random in spatial distribution, but there is an excess of labeled or dividing cells immediately adjacent to one another over what would be expected if the spatial distribution were random. Two possible explanations for the excess of adjacent proliferating cells are suggested: (a) direct cellular interaction or local humoral influences, and (b) phasing of adjacent cells which have a common line of descent.
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    Hormonal control of enzymes participating in gluconeogenesis and lipogenesis (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 66 (1965), S. 39-53 
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    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Enzymes of the gluconeogenic pathway in animals adapt so as to exhibit increased activity during fasting, in diabetes, and following the administration of glucocorticoids. Many investigators have shown that these changes result from the synthesis of new enzyme protein rather than activation of latent forms of these enzymes. Glucocorticoids appear to induce the formation of several gluconeogenic enzymes, but the available evidence indicates this is a secondary rather than a primary response. Insulin appears to suppress formation of these enzymes, but experimental evidence indicates that insulin per se is not a repressor, nor is liver glycogen level. It is more likely that suppression of liver gluconeogenic enzymes by insulin is mediated by the latter's effect on availability of glucose to peripheral tissue. In liver and adipose tissue, enzymes that participate in lipogenesis (for example, citrate cleavage enzyme and malic enzyme) increase in activity following insulin administration. These enzymes are induced by available carbohydrate, and the induction is suppressed by fat.
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    Biochemical studies of ecdysone control of chromosomal activity (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 66 (1965), S. 69-75 
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    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Ecdysone is the molting hormone of insects. It is a steroid; its chemistry and physiology are briefly reviewed. One of its most interesting physiological actions is the production of “puffs” in the salivary gland chromosomes of the midge Chironomus. Since puffs are generally believed to represent activity structures of genes, the implications of gene activation have been investigated. In the blowfly Calliphora, the synthesis of messenger RNA has been demonstrated; this messenger carries the information for the enzyme dopa decarboxylase. This enzyme is induced in vivo by ecdysone; this induction can be inhibited by actinomycin, puromycin, and other inhibitors of RNA and protein synthesis. Dopa decarboxylase is one of the key enzymes in the process of sclerotization, in which tyrosine metabolites are incorporated into the cuticle, resulting in tanning. Thus, all steps from gene activation through RNA and protein synthesis to the final physiological response have been demonstrated experimentally.
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    Estrogen control of the synthesis of RNA and protein in the uterus (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 66 (1965), S. 91-109 
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    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Estrogen action in the rat uterus can be arbitrarily considered as occurring in three steps. The first step is the interaction of the estrogen with the target tissue. This appears to be of stereospecific interaction with a receptor that is sensitive to proteinases and extremes of pH and insensitive to ribonuclease and deoxyribonuclease. The second step involves a change in the biological activity of this receptor protein due to the interaction with estrogen, a mechanism about which we have no definitive information at present. Eventually, this primary function does bring about an increase in glucose metabolism and an increase in lipid and RNA synthesis, as well as a number of other responses. The fact that these responses are all blocked by inhibitors of RNA and protein synthesis at a time when no effect on overall protein synthesis is noted suggests that the synthesis of specific enzymes may be involved. Certain complications in this interpretation are discussed. The events of the third, or amplification, step of estrogen action arise as a consequence of the first two events, and appear to include a number of metabolic changes which contribute to the increase in overall protein synthesis occurring between 2 and 4 hours after estrogen administration.
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    Masthead (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 66 (1965) 
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    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1030660501
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    Kenneth S. Cole (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 66 (1965), S. 1-3 
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    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1030660504
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    Impedance of the squid axon membrane (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 66 (1965), S. 21-25 
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    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1030660507
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    Electrical properties of cardiac muscle attributable to inward going (anomalous) rectification (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 66 (1965), S. 127-135 
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    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1030660520
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    A macromolecular approach to the excitable membrane (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 66 (1965), S. 137-145 
    Details
    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1030660521
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    Discussion sodium influx and non-electrolyte penetration in stimulated squid axons (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 66 (1965), S. 155-157 
    Details
    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1030660523
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  • 81
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    Properties of ATP-ase activities of membrane fractions from the sheath of squid giant axons (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 66 (1965), S. 165-167 
    Details
    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1030660525
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  • 82
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    SV40-induced transformation of human diploid cells: Crisis and recoveryThis work was supported by USPHS Research Grant CA-04534 and Contract no. PH-43-62-157 from the National Cancer Institute. (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 65 (1965), S. 69-83 
    Details
    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Nineteen cultures of human embryonic or adult-tissue cells were exposed to SV40 as primary cultures or developed cell strains in Phase II of cultural life; 12 cultures were exposed to virus in Phase III, at the end of in vitro life. After the expected proliferative response, infected cultures exhibited morphological change, accelerated growth, and prolongation of propagability. After an average of 22.6 weeks for cultures infected as primary explants or in Phase II, the proliferative stage of transformation ended in a stage of “crisis.” Crisis was characterized by progressive decline in vigor of culture proliferation, increasingly abnormal cell division, and limitation in propagability of cells eventually resulting in diminution in cell number. Cytological features of crisis included detachment of cells and appearance of multinucleated and giant cells. Temporally and cytologically, crisis was similar for transformed cells whether of adult or embryonic origin, whether derived from skin, buccal mucosa or lung, whether in Phase II or III of culture life at the time of infection (the “older” cultures entering crisis sooner than the “younger”), and whether propagated continuously or with intervening periods of growth arrest or proliferation in vivo. After a variable time “recovery” of cultures from crisis occurred by repopulation from small groups of surviving but seemingly dormant cells. The new populations, always obtained with care of cultures in crisis, formed continuously propagable cell lines. Control uninfected cultures have always exhibited the finite life terminating in Phase III which is characteristic of human diploid cell strains. Passage of transformed cultures through crisis and recovery was accompanied by loss of capacity to release infectious SV40 and enhancement of production of SV40-induced complement-fixing antigen.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1030650110
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  • 83
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    The band forming rhythm of Neurospora mutants (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 65 (1965), S. 183-193 
    Details
    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The growth rhythm in several strains of “clock” mutants of Neurospora crassa has been observed to have several unusual non-circadian characteristics. The period may range between 18 and 110 hours, depending upon strain and environmental condition. The phase of the rhythm, even when its period is 24 hours, is not related to a specific time of day, nor is it “set” or phased by light-dark cycles. Instead, the phase can be set by transfer to fresh medium; moreover, its specific chemical composition influences the length of the period. The period is significantly influenced by temperature; the growth rate is a different function of temperature. All the strains show striking similarities in the functional dependence of period and growth rate on temperature, even though the absolute magnitudes differ widely.
    Additional Material: 21 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1030650206
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    The pathogenicity to mice of three variants of Mengo encephalomyelitis virusThese investigations were supported by research grants from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, U.S.P.H.S. (E-4728), the Medical Research Council of Canada (MT-1191), and the United States Atomic Energy Commission (contract AT(30-1)2967). (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 65 (1965), S. 229-235 
    Details
    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The distribution of infectious virus particles in various tissues of the mouse was determined following the intraperitoneal injection of three plaque variants of Mengo encephalomyelitis virus. When lethal doses were administered, virus appeared first in the spleen and lymph nodes (suggesting that these are the primary target organs for the agents), followed by its appearance in spinal cord and brain, in which tissues the infectious titers increased progressively until the death of the animals. Low levels of virus were sometimes found in lung, heart and kidney at 24-48 hours post-challenge, but disappeared from these tissues at later times. Virus was never detected in blood or liver, suggesting that the virus moves throughout the animal by way of the lymphatic system. When sub-lethal doses of virus were injected, it was detectable only in spleen and lymph nodes, and disappeared from these tissues by 8-9 days post-challenge.The LD50's for the three variants when injected by both the intraperitoneal and intracerebral routes were determined. The I.P.-LD50's for the L (large plaque former), M (medium plaque former) and S (minute plaque former) variants in 14-16 gm mice were found to be 1, 1-5 × 104 and 2-10 × 104 p.f.u.'s, respectively. The I.C.-LD50's were essentially the same (1-5 p.f.u.'s) for all three variants. The possibility that the differences in the I.P.-LD50's may be due to differences in the abilities of the variants to stimulate interferon production or in their sensitivities to its antiviral action is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1030650209
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  • 85
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    A study of the crustacean axon repetitive response: II. The effect of cations, sodium, calcium (magnesium), potassium and hydrogen (pH) in the external mediumThis research program supported by National Science Foundation Grant NSF-G-24013. (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 65 (1965), S. 211-228 
    Details
    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The effects of sodium, calcium, potassium (magnesium), potassium, and hydrogen (pH) ion concentration in the external medium on the repetitive response and the transmembrane electrical parameters of the crustacean axon have been investigated. (1) The action potential is reduced with decrease in sodium ion concentration, the relationship is linear if the spike voltage is plotted against the log (Na0). The action potential amplitude does not increase significantly, above 135 mv, attained at Na0 = 452 mM, if Na0 is increased. (2) The repetitive response and oscillatory activity in general disappears as the sodium concentration is reduced to less than 150 mM. (3) The critical firing level increases with decrease in sodium, the relationship linear with respect to log (Nao). (4) The positive after potential amplitude is not affected by the sodium concentration. (5) The membrane resistance is not affected by sodium concentration. (6) Calcium lack results in decreased critical firing level and spontaneous firing, followed by a total and irreversible loss of excitability. The membrane resistance is markedly decreased. Polarizing current, if applied early after the onset of the calcium lack effect, may restore, at least partially, the excitability phenomenon. (7) Calcium excess increases membrane resistance, depresses excitability. Calcium concentration of 150 mM abolishes the repetitive response. (8) There is a 3.3+: 1 ratio Na:Ca for threshold level of repetitive response. Lower ratio figures, by reducing Na or increasing Ca or both, eliminates repetition. Increasing the ratio figure by increasing sodium or decreasing calcium or both augments oscillatory activity. This ratio is constant between the limits 400 mM Na:125, Ca to 90 mM Na:25 mM Ca. (9) Magnesium may substitute for calcium, the Na:Mg ratio for repetitive response threshold is 3.3:2. (10) Repetitive firing may be elicited over a wide range of pH values 4.2-10.5; membrane potential and resistance values decline invariably at pH values above 9.5 and below 4.5. (11) Repetitive firing is enhanced by increasing pH values, depressed by reducing pH values. (12) Effect of excess potassium produces depolarization, reduced membrane resistance, inactivation and abolition of repetitive firing, may be relieved by applied hyperpolarization. (13) Potassium lack results in membrane potential and resistance irreversible decline, permanent inactivation, total loss of excitability. Partial restoration by strong hyperpolarization if applied before effect is complete. Potassium replacement in solution only slows or temporarily arrests the overall membrane deterioration. (14) Conclusions - sodium controls spike, potassium controls after potential, calcium (magnesium) controls membrane permeability, pH controls amount of available ionized calcium. Repetitive firing requires proper ratio 3.3/1 of (Nao)/(Ca0), pH above 7.6 and potassium at 15 mM in solution.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1030650208
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  • 86
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    Absorption of fat in the alimentary canal of Tilapia mossambica (Peters) (Teleostei) (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 65 (1965), S. 249-253 
    Details
    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Studies on the absorption of fat in Tilapia mossambica point out the existence of a differential absorptive behavior in the different limbs of intestine. It appears that the relative increase in fat absorption in the anterior limb of the intestine is dependent on its functional status. It has also been pointed out that the sudanophilic lipid in its particulate form is transferred from the lumen of the intestine to the absorptive cell through the spindle shaped canals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1030650212
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  • 87
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    A study of rose bengal and sulfhydryl reagents on stromal fragments of rabbit and human erythrocytesThis work was supported by USPHS GM 11093. (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 65 (1965), S. 313-318 
    Details
    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Stromal fragments of human and rabbit erythrocytes, prepared by osmotic hemolysis, were used as sources of ATPase in a study of the action of the fluorescein dye, rose bengal, and of sulfhydryl reagents on this membrane component. Only the Na-K independent ATPase was systematically studied but the dye was observed, at concentrations of 10-3 M, to completely inhibit the Na-K dependent activity. Over a concentration range of 1.6 × 10-7 to 10-3 M the dye had a graded inhibitory effect on the Na-K independent ATPase in Tris buffer with little difference in the sensitivity of the enzyme from the stroma of the two species. The activity of the cation independent enzyme was not changed by darkness or anaerobic conditions in the presence of the dye and its action could not be attributed to photosensitization. Repeated washing to remove the dye failed to reduce its effect on rabbit stroma and only partially succeeded with human stromal fragments. The dye was shown not to be a competitive inhibitor of ATP for the stromal ATPase of either species. Attempts to reduce the rose bengal effect by use of the sulfhydryl agents, glutathione or cysteine were unsuccessful although glutathione did protect ATPase against the common sulfhydryl inhibitors. It is concluded that the dye is affecting an essential group on or near the enzyme either by direct bonding or irreversibly changing essential bonds.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1030650304
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  • 88
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    Properties of contractile protein from bovine carotid artery (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 65 (1965), S. 355-360 
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    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A contractile protein was isolated from the cow carotid artery by extracting with a medium containing 0.6 M KCL. The Enzymatic activity of the artery contractile protein resulted in the splitting of the terminal phosphate of ATP.Abbreviations: ATP for adenosine triphosphate; ATP-ase for adenosine-triphosphatase; R.F. for relaxing factor; AM for actomyosin; EDTA for ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid; TCA for tiechoroacetic acid; ηrel for relative viscosity; ηrel ATP for relative viscosity after addition of ATP. The divalent metals Ca and Mg activated the enzyme with Ca showing the more pronounced activation. In addition to the studies on the ATP-ase activity other properties were investigated, such as viscosity, solubility in KCL solutions, ATP-induced synersis and sensitivity to relaxing factor. The properties of the contractile protein were those of actomyosin. The protein resembles uterine actomyosin with respect to its low ATP-ase activity and its viscosity values of Zη and ATP sensitivity.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1030650308
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    Renal transport of glucose by the aglomerular fish Lophius americanusThis investigation was supported by U. S. Public Health Grant A-3885 and by Nonr-1224(26). (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 65 (1965), S. 381-384 
    Details
    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The renal excretion of glucose by the aglomerular fish Lophius americanus was studied. It was found that glucose is a normal constituent of Lophius urine. U/P ratios were approximately 0.02. However, after elevation of plasma glucose level or injection of phlorizin the U/P ratio for glucose was increased as much as ten fold. This increase in U/P ratio was observed even if urine was collected directly from the ureter rather than from the bladder. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that glucose is able to diffuse across the renal tubular epithelium, which also has the ability to reabsorb glucose which diffuses into the urine.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1030650311
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  • 90
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    The effect of potassium concentration on Ca45 uptake in frog sartorius muscleSupported by United States Public Health Service grant NB-03321-03. (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 65 (1965), S. 385-392 
    Details
    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Radiocalcium uptake by frog sartorius muscle is increased as the potassium concentration of the bathing Ringer is increased from 1.6 mM to 32.0 mM; at higher concentrations of K+ no further increase in radiocalcium uptake occurs. Substitution of the chloride of Ringer solution by nitrate increases the amount of radiocalcium uptake at potassium concentrations between 1.6 and 32.0 mM but not at higher concentrations. The nitrate anion enhances both the maximum tension and the area of the contracture curves that occur between 16 and 80 mM K+. Comparison of paired muscle preparations in nitrate Ringer at 32 mM K+ and 80 mM K+ shows no difference in total radiocalcium uptake and no difference in the area under the contracture curves. When a three minute prequilibration period in Ca45 is omitted, the radiocalcium uptake by the sartorius muscle in 80 mM K+, Ca45 Ringer nitrate is reduced by 50% as compared to its mated muscle soaked in 32 mM K+, Ca45 Ringer nitrate. Within the limitations of the experimental techniques employed, it appears that calcium uptake is more prolonged at lower levels of potassium (32.0 mM) but the total amount taken up is the same as at higher levels of potassium (80 mM).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1030650312
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  • 91
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    Red Cell and plasma sodium and potassium changes in the San Diego pocket mouse during hibernationSupported in part by grant no. 2G-945 from N.I.H. to Pomona College and by the Research Fund of the Claremont Graduate School and University Center. (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 65 (1965), S. 415-418 
    Details
    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: As compared to that of active animals, blood from P. fallax torpid at an ambient temperature (TA) of 15°C (hibernation) shows a decrease in red cell K and increases in cell Na and plasma K, and analyses of blood from animals hypothermic at TA = 25°C (aestivation) suggest increases in cell Na and plasma K. Blood electrolyte metabolism of this hibernating rodent shows no special resistance to hypothermia.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1030650315
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  • 92
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    Comparative carbohydrate catabolism and methemoglobin reduction in pig and human erythrocytesThis investigation was supported in part by Public Health Service Research grants AM-05984 and AM-08131 from the National Institute of Arthritis and Metabolic Diseases, and by Medical Student Research Training Grants and the Helen M. Russell Fund of the University of Washington School of Medicine. Part of this work was submitted as a Medical Thesis to the University of Washington School of Medicine in 1964 (S.E.R.). (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 66 (1965), S. 49-56 
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    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Pig red cells were characterized structurally and chemically, the rates of certain of their carbohydrate metabolic pathways were determined, the capacity to utilize these pathways for methemoglobin reduction was measured, and the results were compared with similar studies in human erythrocytes. Pig cells are smaller, contain less hemoglobin but are similar to human cells in mean cellular hemoglobin concentration. Unlike most other mammalian red cells, including human erythrocytes, pig cells are glucose “free” or nearly so; plasma concentrations of glucose are similar in both species. On a per cell basis, the content of adenosine triphosphate and reduced glutathione is similar in both species. Pig red cells catabolize glucose at about one-tenth the human rate; for each mole of glucose consumed, two moles of lactate are formed. In both species, a similar proportion (5 to 10%) of the total glucose catabolized passes via the phosphogluconate oxidative pathway. Both species form lactate from inosine at similar rates; the pathways involved appear similar. Pig hemolysates prepared in water form lactate from glucose, glucose-6-phosphate, or inosine; freeze-thawing destroys this potential. Methemoglobin reduction rates of red cells suspended in plasma are similar in both species. With human cells the plasma glucose concentration accounts for the rate; with pig cells, the lactate level appears responsible. Cells of both species apparently link methemoglobin reduction to reduced diphosphopyridine nucleotide generated via Embden-Meyerhof glycolysis but can couple reduced triphosphopyridine nucleotide, generated via the phosphogluconate oxidative pathway, to methemoglobin reduction as well.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1030660105
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    The effect of triton X-100 on the permeability of erythrocytes to non-electrolytesAcknowledgment is made to the Rockefeller Foundation and to the donors of the Petroleum Research Fund, administered by the American Chemical Society, for the support of this research. (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 66 (1965), S. 65-70 
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    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Studies of the effect of triton X-100 on the fragility of rabbit erythrocytes and on shape and volume changes of rabbit and sheep erythrocytes suspended in an isotonic salt solution suggest that this subtance alters the erythrocytes of other species in a manner similar to that reported previously for human red cells. Using a densimeter technique it was found that the permeability of relatively slowly moving non-electrolyte-carrier-complexes is decreased by triton X-100 but more rapidly penetrating systems are not affected by this substance. The permeability of some molecules which cross the membrane by diffusion is increased by triton X-100. It is suggested that triton X-100 affects both the aqueous channels and the portion of the membrane across which carriers move. Its action is less than that of tannic acid or butanol.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1030660107
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    The attachment of glycolytic enzymes to muscle ultrastructureThis work was supported by research grant AM-02492 from the National Institute of Arthritis and Metabolic Diseases, National Institutes of Health, U. S. Public Health Service. (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 66 (1965), S. 71-90 
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    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The glycolytic enzymes, lactic dehydrogenase and aldolase, usually thought to be freely dissolved in the sarcoplasmic matrix, are in good part attached to the muscle ultrastructure. This attachment becomes manifest when the enzyme activities and specific activities of the press juices of whole skeletal muscles (rabbit) are compared with those of minced muscles, all obtained by ultracentrifugation of the tissues at 40,000 xpm for 16 to 20 hours. Mincing causes a great increase in the activities, associated with a rise in the volume and protein concentration of the press juices. We interpret these increases to be due to the solution in the matrix of enzymes previously attached to the ultrastructure.The same conclusion is reached by a different method, which we call “washing the ultrastructure.” It consists in multiple centrifugations of whole skeletal muscles, and removal of press juices, alternating with periods of imbibition of a buffer (0.1 M phosphate at pH 7.5) too dilute to dissolve out the fibrous proteins. During the imbibitions enzymes diffuse out into the buffer not imbibed, which becomes an extract. After four centrifugation-imbibition sequences in as many days nearly all of the fluid matrix has been replaced by buffer. Enzyme activities fall steeply in press juices and extracts until nearly all freely dissolved enzymes have been washed away. Homogenates of the pressed muscles then show activities which are about half of those found in the homogenates of unpressed control muscles. We conclude that the enzymes found in the homogenates of the pressed muscles have previously been attached to the ultrastructure.Similar experiments with heart muscle indicate that nearly all of these enzymes are normally attached to the ultrastructure. Press juices contain only traces of activity, even after the heart has been minced. A fraction of the enzymes is slowly detached during the centrifugation-imbibition sequences, appearing mainly in the extracts.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1030660108
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    The influence of rat and frog liver enzymes on the hydrolysis of ortho and pyrophosphoric esters of thiamineThis paper is part of a Ph.D. thesis submitted by Mrs. Rina Singer to the Hebrew University, Jerusalem. (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 66 (1965), S. 105-108 
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    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Homogenates of rat and frog liver were incubated with ThDP and ThMP at different pHs.The products of hydrolysis were identified by paper chromatography.In experiments carried out at pH 9 with ThDP as substrate in the presence of rat liver, the spot corresponding to Th did not appear on the chromatogram. This was in contrast with parallel experiments with frog liver. ThMP from commercial source behaved differently toward enzymatic decomposition than ThMP originating from hydrolysis of ThDP. Attempts have been made to explain these differences.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1030660111
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    Carbohydrate content during development of the slime mold, Dictyostelium discoideumSupported in part by a grant from the Society of Sigma Xi. (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 66 (1965), S. 135-140 
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    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Water soluble carbohydrates were studied at various developmental stages in the cellular slime mold, Dictyostelium discoideum. The only water soluble sugars found were, the non-reducing disaccharide, trehalose and glucose. The level of trehalose varied very dramatically during the life cycle. Throughout the vegetative and migration stages the level of trehalose was less than 0.5% of the dry weight, but it quickly rose during culmination. During the later part of culmination trehalose reached a 1.5% level. In mature spores trehalose makes up more than 5% of the dry weight. The glucose level fluctuated very little during development. It reaches its highest level during the later part of culmination. In addition water insoluble sugars were extracted with 2.2% HCl. Their level remained constant throughout development and only increased in the complete fruiting body. The anthrone method was used for both water soluble and water insoluble carbohydrates. Trehalose was identified by IR spectroscopy.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1030660202
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    The mechanism of calcium and magnesium uptake from sea water by a marine bacteriumContribution no. 631 from The Marine Laboratory, Institute of Marine Science, University of Miami, Miami, Florida. Supported in part by Atomic Energy Commission Grant AT 40-1-2855. (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 66 (1965), S. 109-118 
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    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Previously, the precipitation of calcium carbonate by marine bacteria had been described in which bacteria occupy the nucleus of micro-aragonite crystals. The mechanism of the process of calcium-binding by the cells is the subject of this study.Sea-water cultures of Pseudomonas piscicida (Bein) Buck et al. (A.T.C.C. 15057) were grown under standardized conditions (1% peptone-artificial sea water, 25°C). Cells of various ages were collected and analyzed for calcium and magnesium content under various conditions. Material composing cell walls was fractionated and analyzed for low molecular weight components.Cells up to a week old (1% peptone-artificial sea water) increase their content of calcium from 0 to 55% of the dry weight. Furthermore the Ca/Mg ratio in young, actively growing cells (up to 24 hours old) is one-fifth (approximately that of sea water). By 72 hours, the ratio is 1/2.5. At one week, it is 1/1, and by two weeks calcium content exceeds that of magnesium.Concentration of the alkaline-earth elements is primarily by the cell envelope, particularly by the muco-polysaccharide fraction. This fraction constitutes 20-25% of the dry weight of cells during rapid growth but increases to 47-52% of dry weight after one week. Binding of alkaline earths to active sites of muco-polysaccharide is probably by hydrogen bonds and London interaction forces, as removal of the elements by washing is readily accomplished. In addition, a ready source of calciumactive ligands is available in the ammonia produced in quantity by the bacteria. The complex formation by ammonia and Ca, coupled with the increase in pH, favors binding of calcium over that of magnesium by the cells.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1030660112
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    The effect of carcinogenic hydrocarbons on rodent and primate cells in vitroThis work was supported, in part, by USPHS Research Grant CA 04534 from the National Cancer Institute and the American Cancer Society Grant E89. (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 66 (1965), S. 183-197 
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    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The effect of polycyclic hydrocarbons on rodent and primate cells in vitro was studied using dimethyl sulfoxide as the initial solvent for the hydrocarbons prior to their addition to the cell cultures. Because the dimethyl sulfoxide was not toxic to the cells at a final concentration in which relatively high concentrations of the hydrocarbons remained in solution in the medium, the effects of the compounds could be measured quantitatively.The carcinogenic hydrocarbons, benzpyrene and methylcholanthrene, but not the non-carcinogenic hydrocarbon, pyrene, inhibited the multiplication of normal embryonic cells from several rodent species. However, concentrations of the carcinogens as high as 10 μg/ml did not affect the growth of virus-transformed or malignant cells from these species.In contrast to the differential cytotoxic response of normal and malignant rodent cells to the carcinogenic hydrocarbons, the multiplication of normal, as well as transformed, monkey and human cells was not inhibited by benzpyrene or methylcholanthrene at concentrations of 10 to 20 μg/ml. Organ cultures of human embryonic skin initiated and maintained for ten weeks in medium containing 5 μg benzpyrene/ml showed no abnormalities in the growth rate or morphology of the fibroblasts that grew out of the explants.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1030660206
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  • 99
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    Studies on synchronously dividing cultures of Euglena gracilis Klebs (strain Z). II. Patterns of biosynthesis during the cell cycleThe material in this paper is condensed from a dissertation submitted to the Department of Biology of Princeton University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy.Supported in part by USPHS fellowship (No. 1-F1-GM-20, 195-01), General Medical Sciences Institute, USPHS; and in part by a grant to Dr. C. S. Pittendrigh of Princeton University from the Fannie E. Ripple Foundation. I thank Dr. C. S. Pittendrigh of this department and Dr. R. F. Jones of the Department of Biological Sciences of the State University of New York at Stony Brook, Long Island for encouragement and criticism. (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 66 (1965), S. 159-181 
    Details
    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Dry weight, total protein, chlorophyll a, carotenoids, soluble protein, RNA, DNA, and total phosphorus were determined at intervals of two hours during synchronous growth of Euglena at a cell concentration of 5-10 × 104 cells/ml maintained by periodic dilution. Detailed analyses of the soluble proteins (DEAE-cellulose fractionation) and of the intracellular distribution of phosphorus were made also. In general, a linear doubling of each of these major components occurred during the light period; there was no net synthesis during the dark. Since cell number doubled during the dark period, a halving of the amounts of the parameters in each cell occurred. The most notable exception was the stepwise synthesis of DNA during the light period: DNA replicated during the last 6 hr only of the light period, commencing at 8 hr after the onset of light. Although DNA replication was a necessary condition for cell division to occur, it was not necessarily a sufficient one. It was found that different absolute rates of synthesis exist for the different compounds, with a doubling of a given parameter sometimes being completed before the end of the light period.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1030660205
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  • 100
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    The accumulation of sodium and calcium in a specific layer of frog skin (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 66 (1965), S. 221-225 
    Details
    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: 22Na-autoradiography was carried out in frog skin, using the freeze-drying method. Sodium was found to have accumulated between the papillary and reticular layer in the corium. This region was slightly stained with hematoxylin and metachromatically stained with both toluidine blue and azur-A, suggesting the presence of mucopolysaccharide. Furthermore the 45Ca-autoradiogram revealed that calcium was strongly absorbed in this layer. The chemical nature of the substance which retained Na+ and Ca++ in this layer has not yet been identified and awaits further analyses. It can not also be decided whether or not this layer is responsible for the active sodium transport. But from the results obtained in this study, it was suggested that the mucous substance is anyhow related to and plays a role in the ion transport across the frog skin.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1030660208
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