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  • 1970-1974  (282)
  • 1920-1924
  • 1915-1919
  • 1970  (282)
  • Chemical Engineering  (282)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Viscosity of polypropylene oxide solutions over the entire concentration range (1970)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 1-3 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: An empirical equation is presented which describes polymer solution viscosity, η, over the entire concentration range from a knowledge of intrinsic viscosity, [η], Huggins constant, k′, and bulk flow viscosity of polymer, η0. The equation is: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \frac{{\eta _{sp}}}{{C[\eta]}} = \exp \left\{{\frac{{{\rm k'[}\eta {\rm]C}}}{{1 - bC}}} \right\} $\end{document} where solution viscosity, η, is contained in ηsp. No arbitrary parameters are invoked since b can be evaluated at bulk polymer (C = polymer density) where everything else is known. The equation accurately portrays the viscosity of polypropylene oxide (PPG 2025) from infinite dilution to bulk polymer in a very good solvent (benzene) and in a somewhat poorer (∼ θ) solvent (methylcyclohexane). The hydrodynamic consequences of the thermodynamic interactions between polymer and solvent are reflected in the constants. This equation should be applicable to other polymer/solvent systems, and thus be immediately useful to those working with concentrated polymer solutions.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760100102
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Entrance flows of polymeric materials: Pressure drop and flow patterns (1970)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 24-31 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Flow at the entrance of a tube or channel is of interest in many polymer processes. Except for mathematical treatments at high Reynolds numbers and in creeping Newtonian flow, one must turn to empirical correlating equations and qualitative observations. These are discussed in two parts, one on pressure drop and the other on flow patterns. The discussion of pressure drop is largely a review, dealing with inertial, viscous, and elastic contributions to the pressure drop in tapered and sharp-edged entrances; also presented are new data for a viscoelastic polymer solution in tapered cone entrances. In the section on flow patterns, stress birefringent data for a very elastic solution flowing into a channel entrance show an unusual effect: stress discontinuities, not unlike “shock waves,” upstream and downstream of the entrances. This is in contrast to Newtonian and less elastic materials in which the stress patterns change gradually between the developed flow region and the entrance region.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760100106
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Compression, bending, and shear of bonded rubber blocks (1970)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 48-53 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: An approximate theoretical treatment is given for small compressions of bonded rubber blocks. The component of the compressive force arising from the bonded condition at the loaded surfaces is obtained from a pressure distribution within the block, given by the solution of the corresponding torsion problem. The bending of blocks is treated in a similar way, the pressure distribution in this case being derived from the corresponding bending stress function. The apparent shear of relatively thick blocks is then treated as a combination of shear and bending displacements. The location of an internal rupture and the deformation at which it occurs are also derived from a critical (negative) value of the pressure developed within the block, at which a small cavity increases indefinitely in size. The corresponding critical deformations are calculated for extension and bending displacements. The shear stresses developed at the bonded surfaces under extension, compression or bending displacements are also evaluated.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760100110
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The rheology of polypropylene - the influence of molecular weight distribution on melt elasticity (1970)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 79-85 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The structure of isotactic polypropylene, obtained by means of Ziegler-Natta catalysis, can be characterized only by molecular weight distribution. The mechanism of stereospecific catalysis eliminates other variables, i.e., short and long branching. In this case it is possible to develop a rheological study dependent only by polydispersity. The spectrum of relaxation times of five samples of polypropylene have been calculated from swelling measurement in the molten state and from flow master curves. The molecular weight distribution of the samples has been calculated by means of the relaxation spectrum, as suggested by Ferry. This information has been compared with that obtained by a fractionation method. There is a good agreement between the calculated and measured polydispersity curves.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760100205
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Description of tensile failure of viscoelastic materials under multiaxial loadingWork Performed under the auspices of the U. S. Atomic Energy Commission. (1970)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 102-107 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A description of tensile failure of polymeric materials under multiaxial loading has been formulated, based on a combination of ideas and implications derived from Smith's work on uniaxial tensile failure envelopes and the author's earlier theoretical work. Some simplification of the formal expressions was achieved by imposing restrictions that would assure that the uniaxial failure envelope is recovered under uniaxial tensile stress conditions and that the progression toward failure is monotonically increasing under monotonically increasing loads. The final result emerges as an extension of the uniaxial failure envelope applied to failure under multiaxial loads. Subsequently, the result is capable of describing rate effects to the same extent as can be described by the uniaxial failure envelope. This is an added capability over many of the existing multiaxial failure descriptions. Unfortunately, the result applied at best, only to those materials for which the uniaxial failure envelope applies; thus the generality is restricted. Some preliminary verification is presented for LX-04-1, a high-explosive material composed of 85% HMX and 15% Viton by weight, using Peterman's results from 68°F biaxial tests. Further experimental work is underway.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760100208
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mechanism of ultraviolet degradation and stabilization in plasticsPaper presented at Plastics Institute of American Seventh Annual Conference, November 6, 1969, Hoboken, N. J. (1970)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 228-234 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: When plastics are used for outdoor applications, they often deteriorate fairly rapidly. Theoretical explanation is based upon absorption of ultraviolet energy, raising some bonds to an energy level which exceeds their stability, and thus initiating their breakdown, usually involving atmospheric oxidation and sometimes hydrolysis as well. This theory is satisfactory for many polymers, but does not explain the instability of some polymers which are transparent to ultraviolet, nor the stability of some polymers which contain ultraviolet-absorbing and/or unstable groups. Plastics are often stabiliized by addition of ultraviolet reflectors, absorbers, or deactivators, increasing stability sufficiently for outdoor use; theoretical explanation of their protective action is satisfactory when they work, but does not explain their specificity or their failures.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760100408
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mixing and residence time distribution in melt screw extruders (1970)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 279-288 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The residence time distribution (RTD) functions were derived for screw extruders, based on the “parallel plate” and curved channel flow models. The results indicate a relatively narrow distribution, and they explain several characteristics of screw extruders. The strain distribution in the fluid across the channel was also derived. With the aid of these two functions an average strain of the fluid leaving the extruder was defined. The resulting weighted-average total strain (WATS) provides a quantitative criterion to the “goodness of mixing” in extruders.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760100505
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gel sensitivity of polybutadiene-based rubber subjected to thermal abuse (1970)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 159-162 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The thermal instability of polybutadiene-based rubber used to improve the impact strength of vinyl-type polymers often presents processing problems. Rubber manufacturers have attempted to alleviate this situation by incorporating various types of stabilizers. However, this is not always successful. One of the consequences of using a rubber that is not sufficiently stable in the production of modified vinyl-type polymers is the formation of insoluble gel particles during processing. In an attempt to prevent this from occurring, a test was developed that can differentiate between rubbers of acceptable and non-acceptable thermal stability. In principle, the test consists of exposing the rubber in question to a controlled thermal abuse of such intensity and duration as to approximate the thermal abuse to which the rubber will be subjected in a normal processing sequence. (The extent of abuse will vary for different processes and must be empirically established for each system.) Following this controlled exposure, the rubber is tested for gel-particle content by filtration of a specific solution, much the same way that the rubber manufacturer tests for initial gel-particle content. Sufficient data have been compiled to statistically describe the validity of the test.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760100306
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On the strength and stiffness of planar reinforced plastic resins (1970)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 185-192 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The recent history of planar reinforced plastic resins, including glass flake, high modulus ceramic flake, and continuous vapor coated film composites, is reviewed. The theoretical mechanics of both continuous (film) and discontinuous (flake and ribbon) reinforcements are summarized in simple form. A novel set of design curves is presented from which the lower bound requirements for the flake composite constitutents may be read directly. At the same time, the dependence of the composite ultimate strength on the shear strength of the plastic resin matrix is demonstrated.The mechanical properties of experimental film and flake composites representative of recent work are reported and compared with the theoretical predictions. In conclusion, the potential of planar reinforced plastic resin composites is discussed and found to be significant for applications where low weight and high isotropic stiffness are required, for example in aero-structural, airfoil, or blade components.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760100310
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Torque rheometer evaluation of polypropylene process stability (1970)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 215-221 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A new method of treating torque rheometer test data has been developed. First, it involves converting the torque values measured over a range of temperatures to torques corresponding to a constant reference temperature. Then the log of the calculated torques is plotted against time. The method has been applied to several polypropylene grades, and the effects of numerous test variables have been explored. Correlations have been developed between torque rheometer data and fundamental polymer properties of viscosity and molecular weight. The method should also be applicable to polymers other than polypropylene.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760100405
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1970)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760100501
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Isothermal kinetic studies using a thermomechanical analyzer II. Rates of penetration of a polymer by a spherical indenterPart I Begins on page 300 of this issue. (1970)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 305-308 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The use of a commercially available thermomechanical analyzer (TMA) operated in its isothermal mode is illustrated for studies of penetration of a hemispherically-tipped probe into a material sample. Two amorphous copolymers were studied at various temperatures above their softening points. Kinetics of penetration are compared with tensile creep measurements for these viscoelastic materials. A simple semi-empirical relationship between creep and penetration at small strains is applied and found to yield approximate although not exact agreement with experiment. It is thus possible that for homogeneous materials of this type creep data might be easily predicted with a fair degree of accuracy from penetration data and vice versa. Experimental problems involved in the TMA penetration technique are discussed.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760100509
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dynamic melt properties of polymer blends (1970)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 289-292 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The dynamic mechanical properties of blends of polymer melts were measured using the orthogonal rheometer. Two-phase blends, polyethylene-polystyrene, polyethylene-poly-(methylmethacrylate), and polystyrene-polymethylmethacrylate, were studied. The in-phase and out-of-phase moduli were measured over the range of composition and at frequencies between 10-4 and 10 revolutions/sec.The out-of-phase modulus increases in a monotonic manner with composition. The in-phase modulus, however, shows a maximum with composition in two cases. Examination of the relaxation spectra of these blends shows that when no maximum occurs it can be written as an additive function of the spectra of the components. In the case where a maximum is observed in the modulus the measured spectrum of the blend is shifted in frequency relative to the calculated one. This is tentatively attributed to slight interpretation and solubility of one phase in the other in these cases.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760100506
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Inflation and compression of rubber tubes between parallel plates (1970)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 358-363 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: When a thin-walled rubber tube containing an incompressible fluid is compressed between two parallel plates the internal pressure rise depends on the restraints in the contact regions. When there is no friction in the contact zone the pressure rise is lower than when slip is prevented, so that the tube, regarded as a spring, has a compression stiffness which depends on the frictional conditions. The same considerations apply to the inflation of a tube between fixed parallel plates. In this case unstable inflation sets in at a critical pressure when the interfaces are frictionless; the tube develops a pronounced bulge when this pressure is approached. Simple theoretical relations are derived for the internal pressure and compressive force for both these deformations, and for both boundary conditions, assuming that the rubber is Neo-Hookean in elastic behavior. Experimental measurements on tubes of different dimensions are shown to be in reasonably good quantitative agreement with these theoretical predictions in all cases.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760100609
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Kinetics of thermally induced solid state polycondensation of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (1970)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 364-368 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A diffusional model was established to study the kinetics of thermally-induced solid state polycondensation of poly(ethylene terephthalate). Diffusion through solid polymer is the rate controlling step when temperature is higher than 210°C and particle size is no smaller than 100 mesh. The activation energy is 30 Kcal/g mole. In polymerizing powders (20-200 mesh), the crystallinity of prepolymer and its changes during the polymerization affect the diffusivity and thus the polymerization rate. The diffusivity was found to be linearly proportional to the mass fraction of the amorphous phase in PET polymer.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760100610
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Radiotracer measurements of sulphur diffusion in rubbers (1970)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 383-387 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The object of measurement was the diffusion of elemental sulphur labelled with the radioisotope S35 in typical representatives for various types of rubber. The highest values of diffusion coefficient have been found in cis 1,4 polybutadiene. The lowest measured value was found for butyl rubber. The activation energy, expressing the temperature dependence of the diffusion coefficients, ranges from 4 to 10 kcal mol-1. For some rubbers studied, the activation energy is to a certain degree dependent upon temperature. The values of the diffusion coefficients and the characteristic constants for their temperature dependence are related to the mobility of the macromolecular segments.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760100613
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rates of molecular vaporization of organic plasticizersBased on Research Supported by the Advanced Research Project Agency, Washington, D. C. 20301 (1970)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 19-23 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The kinetics of the molecular vaporization process of 21 plasticizers were investigated in detail. By both isothermal and nonisothermal kinetic methods, it was evident that 11 were quite pure single compounds, while 10 were clearly mixtures of compounds. For the single component species internal energies for vaporization and rates of volatilization are listed. The internal energies of vaporization are about one-half or less of values one can estimate from the additive factor method of Small. Thus, solubility parameters based on our experimental values are low by about 30 percent. From this and previous work on linear alkanes, it is concluded that in the molecular vaporization process, the large organic molecules studied evaporate approximately as spheres and hence low values for the energy of vaporization are obtained. Consequently, the difference between our experimental energy and that estimated from solubility parameters is the energy for extending the molecule in a vacuum environment.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760100105
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stress analysis of ribbon reinforced composites (1970)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 43-47 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: In this paper the results of both the theoretical and experimental stress analyses of composite materials reinforced with ribbons are presented. The reinforcing materials for such composites are characterized as two-dimensional elements which are isotropic in planes parallel to the faces. The theoretical work is based on the finite element method. Experimentally, the photoelastic technique is employed to determine the stresses around the glass ribbons embedded in an epoxy matrix. The specimens, containing a number of aligned ribbons, were loaded in tension parallel to the ribbon width. The variation of shearing stress at the ribbon-matrix interface as well as the pertubation effect on both the ribbon normal stress and interfacial shear due to the discontinuity of the neighboring ribbons are discussed.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760100109
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Studies on the stress relaxation of polystyrenes in the rubbery-flow region (1970)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 66-69 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Relaxation modulus curves for narrow distribution and broad distribution polystyrenes are compared and the significant effect of molecular weight distribution on these curves is shown. An empirical three-parameter equation is shown to describe the stress relaxation behavior of narrow distribution polystyrenes. New data for high molecular weight, narrow distribution polystyrenes are presented and used to extend the applicability of previous quantitative relations for higher molecular weights. The stress relaxation technique is shown to be sensitive to the type of plasticizer used at low concentrations.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760100203
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of processing history on melt flow defects (1970)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 94-101 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The two main flow defects which appear to originate in the processing machine or die are melt fracture and sharkskin. Both are associated with the elastic nature of the polymer melt. Processing variations that decrease the elastic nature of the melt diminish the severity of the effects of melt fracture. These include increased die length and temperature and shear at temperatures at which polymer segmental mobility is not too high. The sheared, less elastic melt structure may sometimes be stabilized by polymeric additives. A simple model is presented to account for this behavior, which is illustrated with examples of polyethylene and plasticized PVC.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760100207
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Correction (1970)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 130-130 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760100211
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxidation of ether linked thermoplastics (1970)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 38-42 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Studies have been made of the heat and light induced oxidation of ether linked commercial thermoplastics using a variety of analytical methods. Our studies on polyoxymethylene, polyphenylene oxide, and its blends with polystyrene are discussed here. Comparisons of heat and light stability are made with thermoplastics previously reported.Heat aging of polyoxymethylene causes a decrease in elongation and weight as well as volatile product formation and changes in the infrared spectrum indicative of chain scission. Exposure to ultraviolet light accelerates the oxidative reaction. Polyoxymethylene copolymer is more thermally stable but both polymers are rapidly degraded during light aging.Investigation of the heat and light induced oxidation of polyphenylene oxide shows that oxidation, in either case, leads to a crosslinking reaction resulting in embrittlement of the polymer. The process is difficult to retard. However, oxygen uptake results indicate that blends of polyphenylene oxide and polystyrene can be suitably stabilized against thermal oxidation. Preliminary results indicate that oxidation of these blends proceeds by a chain scission mechanism.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760100108
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  • 23
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    Polyvinylchloride melt rheology IIPart I is Reference 6. - the influence of molecular weight on flow activation energy (1970)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 57-65 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The flow behaviors of a series of polyvinylchloride (PVC) resins covering a broad range of molecular weight have been examined at several temperatures. It has been shown that the influence of temperature on viscosity depends on the temperature range. That is, the flow activation energy is not constant but can be approximated by two values, one applicable to low temperatures, the other to high temperatures.The flow activation energy based on viscosities at constant shear rate decreases as the molecular weight increases. In contrast, the flow activation energy from viscosities at constant shear stress increases with molecular weight.The fact that the activation energy is dual valued does not seem to be associated with the polymer type. Both emulsion and suspension resins exhibit this behavior. Addition of certain modifiers appears to alter the activation energy at lower temperatures. These observations indicate that the shift in the activation energy in the low temperature range is due to a change in the flow mechanism.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760100202
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Processing of boron filament wound composites (1970)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 86-93 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Boron fiber reinforced composites have been extensively evaluated in epoxy resin matrix materials, which are satisfactory for applications in comparatively moderate environments, and are usually inapplicable at temperatures in excess of 400°F. For use in high temperature environments in excess of this figure, it is necessary to use more thermally stable resins. A modified phenolic resin was selected for this application because of the versatility of the material and the successful performance of phenolics in glass fiber reinforced structures. The modifications increased the viscosity and tack of the formulation so that consolidation could not be readily accomplished by a combination of tension and heat during the winding process, so that a multi-stage winding process with intermediate consolidation steps became necessary. Winding a complex path to make a uniformly thick wall on a frustrum required further modifications to the basic winding process. The successful solution of these problems and the development of structurally sound composites was the primary object of this work.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760100206
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1970)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760100301
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  • 26
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    Electronic Resource
    Physical properties of some injection molded thermoplastics of various glass contents (1970)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 139-147 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This paper discusses the influence of fiber-glass reinforcement content on the physical properties of four theroplastic injection molded materials. In addition, the effects of binder difference (i.e., thermoplastic vs. thermosetting), associated with the reinforcement, are described.Several properties that were expected to show response to glass content and binder differences have been examined. Among these are short- and long-term tensile strength, flexural properties, compressive resistance, impact strength, deflection temperature under load (DTL), and environmental stress cracking.This work has demonstrated that fiber-glass reinforcement of the particular thermoplastics described in this paper has led to substantial improvements in both the stiffness and strength characteristics of the base resins. The responses to binder chemistry difference was found to be slight in many instances for the resins, as reflected by the tests described herein. However, the long-term tensile, impact, DTL, and stress-cracking tests have shown considerable sensitivity to binder change in some cases, especially with respect to the polypropylene, SAN and polyamide plastics. The particular response to a given binder system, however, appears to vary both with the material under test and the property used to detect such response.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760100303
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  • 27
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Capillary flow instability of ethylene polymer melts (1970)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 193-203 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The capillary flow instability resulting in extrudate distortion has been studied for ethylene polymer melts using a molecular structure approach. It is found that the instability initiates at a critical value of elastic strain energy independent of (average) molecular weight for linear polyethylene. Once the flow breaks down, a slip interface within the melt is formed near the capillary wall, causing an abrupt increase in volumetric throughput. The velocity gradient within the melt remains continuous through the instability, however. Low molecular weight species present in the molecular weight distribution of linear polyethylene tend to suppress slip. Blends of linear and branched polyethylene exhibit instability behavior characteristic of both components throughout the entire range of composition. Results are discussed in terms of specific molecular mechanisms.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760100402
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  • 28
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polymer solubility parameters determined from measurements in a single solvent (1970)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 222-224 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The solubility parameter of polyisobutylene has been determined from intrinsic viscosity measurements in a single solvent as a function of temperature. The change in solubility parameter of the solvent as a function of temperature was calculated form the equation \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \frac{{d{\rm}ln \delta s}}{{d{\rm}ln Vs}} = - \frac{{n + 1}}{2} $\end{document} where Vs, the molal volume, changes with temperature. The vlaue for the solubility parameter thus obtained compares well with values reported in the literature for intrinsic viscosity measurements in a series of solvents. Similar measurements were made with an ethylenepropylene copolymer. The solubility parameter of 87 mole % C2 ethylene-propylene copolymer was determined to be 8.1-8.6 in either toluene or methylcyclohexane.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760100406
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  • 29
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    Electronic Resource
    Quantitative thermal analysis of polyblends (1970)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 247-250 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A new quantitative thermal analysis technique was attempted on ABS and Noryl-type polyblends. A particular component within a polyblend was identified by its glass transition temperature and the amount of the component was determined from the increase in specific heat at the glass transition temperature.Two commercial Noryl resins were determined to be blends of high impact polystyrene and polyphenylene oxide in 47-47 and 69-17 proportions by weight, respectively. Polystyrene appears to be cosoluble with polyphenylene oxide without the formation of any complex. The PS-PPO polyblends yield single sharp glass transitions which are a function of concentration.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760100411
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  • 30
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    Fine structures and fracture processes in plastic-rubber two-phase polymer systems III. Temperature dependence of Charpy impact strengthParts I and II of this series were published in the May 1969 POLYMER ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE. Part IV starts on page 261. (1970)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 253-260 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Notched Charpy impact strengths of a series of plasticrubber two-phase polymer systems were measured over a wide range of temperatures. Blends of polyvinylchloride and rubbers with varying chemical structures, and several ABS polymers were investigated.In all systems, Charpy impact strength began to increase near the Tg of the rubber component followed by a logarithmic increase with increasing temperature. The trend is expressed by the following empirical relation: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ I{\rm = }A{\rm exp(- }B/T{\rm)} $$\end{document} where I is Charpy impact strength, A and B are constants, and T is the absolute temperature. This equation is applicable between the Tg's of the plastic and the rubber components. The increasing tendency of impact strength, i.e. the B value of the above equation, is depressed mainly by the decrease of the compatibility and/or the interfacial adhesive force between the two phases. Toughening mechanism and the ways of increasing toughness are discussed based on the craze formation mechanism.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760100502
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  • 31
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    Processability of high-density polyethylene bottles with special reference to melt flow properties (1970)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 235-240 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A phenomenological treatment has been developed for correlations between melt flow properties of high-density polyethylenes and the processability of bottles. Defining two parameters for the flow properties, it was found experimentally that linear relationships hold satisfactorily between these flow parameters for the raw materials and those of corresponding extrudates. Several kinds of defects in high-density polyethylene bottles can be represented in terms of the flow parameters. These parameters may provide useful measures in predicting good appearance of bottles blow-molded with high-density polyethylene.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760100409
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  • 32
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    Dynamic mechanical properties of poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene ether)-polystyrene blends (1970)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 133-138 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Blends of poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene ether) (PPO) and atactic polystyrene (PS) have been prepared by mechanically mixing powders of the two polymers and subjecting the mixtures to three different thermal treatments. Three different compositions were studied by the dynamic mechanical and DSC techniques. The weight fractions of PPO in the mixtures were 0.25, 0.50 and 0.75. The dynamic mechanical measurements indicate that partial mixing took place but that two distinct phases, one rich in PS and the other in PPO, exist in all the mixtures studied. Each phase exhibits a characteristic relaxation peak associated with the glass transition of that phase. DSC measurements, on the other hand, reveal only a single glass transition apparently characteristic of the PS rich phase in each case. The results indicate that a given type of experiment will indicate compatibility or incompatibility depending upon the size of the molecular process it represents.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760100302
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  • 33
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    Time-dependent properties of versamid cured epoxiesPresented at the Seventh Annual PIA Conference, Stevens Institute of Technology, November 5-6, 1969. (1970)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 170-176 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Versamid cured-epoxy specimens were loaded in tension, compression, and flexure at different strain rates and temperatures to determine the yield stress and strain, and tangent, secant, and relaxation moduli. A torsion pendulum was used to measure the dynamic properties as a function of temperature and frequency. The time-temperature superposition principle was used to reduce this data to master curves. It was concluded that the time-temperature shift factors for secant moduli up to the yield point, for stress relaxation and for dynamic moduli were identical and were independent of the mode of loading. It was also shown that the presence of fillers or reinforcing agents likewise had no effect on the shift factors.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760100308
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  • 34
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    Electronic Resource
    Sources of variability in laboratory weathering (1970)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 309-313 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A statistical study was conducted to determine the significance of the sources of variability in the laboratory (carbon arc) weathering of a light-stabilized polyester resin system. Color fastness of the resin was evaluated in terms of changes in total color, lightness, and chromaticity. Factors that significantly influenced the results were variability within castings and between batches of resin, location of the specimen within the exposure apparatus, and the storage time prior to testing. The carbon arc instrument provided a relatively insensitive test for evaluating a light-stabilized polymer system, chiefly because, with a stable polymer, small random variations in response become almost equal to the small change in color developed on exposure.
    Additional Material: 7 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760100510
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  • 35
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    High-temperature molding of pyrrones (1970)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 340-344 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The cross-linked, ladderlike structure of cured pyrrones is not susceptible to forming at ordinary temperatures and pressures. At unusually high processing temperatures, of the order of 500°C, these intractable materials are observed to undergo transient flow sufficient to allow molding of the material. This observation, supported by analytical information, suggests that the flow occurs because of the breakage of covalent organic bonds and subsequent structural rearrangement of the cross-linked polymer network. This is in accord with a number of isolated reports of the pyrolytic behavior of several polymers.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760100606
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  • 36
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    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1970)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760100101
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  • 37
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    Post extrusion heat and solvent transfer from polymeric film (1970)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 4-12 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The problem of heat and solvent transfer from plasticized film is considered. The transport equations are solved by a numerical method. The formulation of the model includes the temperature dependence of diffusivity, the dependence of diffusivity on decreasing solvent concentration, as solvent leaves the film, and the latent heat of vaporization of the solvent. The Flory-Huggins theory is used as a model for vaporliquid equilibrium. Heat and mass transfer coefficients are taken either as constants (to simulate extrusion with blowing at the film surface) or from analytical solutions to the appropriate boundary layer equations (to simulate extrusion into a stationary medium.) The boundary layer theory takes into account the effect of rapid vaporization on heat and mass transfer coefficients. Several numerical solutions were obtained for cases corresponding to extrusion of polyvinylacetate, plasticized with acetone, extruded into air.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760100103
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  • 38
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    Electronic Resource
    Measurement of water vapor transmission through polyethylene electrical insulation (1970)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 32-37 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A method is described for measuring the rate of water vapor transmission through thick sections of polyethylene used as insulation on electrical conductors of pure sodium metal. The technique could be generally useful for materials which do not react with sodium, and for cylindrical samples which can be filled with molten sodium in a dry box. For samples with uniform dimensions the results are extremely precise because sensitive electrical measurements are used. Specimens of products in final form can be employed to determine the effects of variations in processing.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760100107
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  • 39
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    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1970)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760100201
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  • 40
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    Flow behavior of concentrated solutions of an SBS block copolymer (1970)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 70-78 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The non-Newtonian viscosity of concentrated solutions of a styrene-butadiene-styrene, SBS, block copolymer was measured with a novel capillary viscometer. Polymer concentrations ranged from 0.165 to 0.306 g/cc. Apparent shear rates ranged from 1 to 105 sec-1. Five different solvents were employed. All of the flow curves can be reduced to a single master curve with the same shape exhibited by monodisperse polystyrenes and the Graessley theory. The shift factor for the shear rate axis, τ0, approximately parallels the Rouse relaxation time, τR, but shows a residual concentration and solvent dependence not predicted by the Rouse form. For different solvents at the same concentration, better solvents show a minimum relative zero shear viscosity, η0/ηs, and a maximum ratio τR/τ0. It is concluded that all solvent effects are not adequately incorporated into the zero shear viscosity for the purposes of constructing master plots; however, the shape of the master plot is not affected by the solvent or the polymer block structure.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760100204
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  • 41
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    Cause and effect in the weathering of plastics (1970)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 108-121 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: In most instances, the study of the weatherability of plastics follows empirical schemes that show little correlation with the actual effects of outdoor exposure. A more reliable analysis must be based on a knowledge of the factors in the weather which affect plastic properties and of the modes of interaction between these factors and the plastic material. It is shown that both the factors of the weather and the kinetics of polymer degradation may be expressed in a quantitative manner suitable for analytical treatment. Furthermore, it is shown that the analytical approach yields predictions which are in qualitative agreement with the results of actual outdoor exposure. Finally, some new techniques are proposed for more reliable predictions of long-term outdoor weatherability on the basis of laboratory studies.
    Additional Material: 24 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760100209
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  • 42
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    Temperature dependence of the properties of low-density polyethylene (1970)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 122-130 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The dynamic mechanical properties of low-density polyethylene melts were measured as a function of frequency and temperature using the Orthogonal Rheometer. These results were expressed in terms of the components G′ and G″ of the dynamic modulus and the components η′ and η″ of the dynamic viscosity. The functions J′, J″, η*, and G* were also calculated from the results.The method of reduced variables or time-temperature superpositions was attempted on the results. The classical method was found to require modification to be applied to these low-density polyethylenes. From this modified form of the reduced variables technique, the temperature dependence of the elastic and viscous parts of the response could be separated.The experimentally determined temperature dependence of the elastic part of the response was found not to be in accord with the accepted theory of rubber elasticity.The temperature dependence of the viscous part of the response is discussed in terms of the concept of flow activation energy, and clarification of this term is explored. It is concluded that the temperature dependent properties of polymer melts are best compared at equivalent time scales of response in the non-Newtonian region. In order to do this the temperature dependence of the elastic part of the response must be included explicitly in the reduction scheme.
    Additional Material: 21 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760100210
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  • 43
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    Surface fracture in injection molding of filled polymers (1970)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 154-158 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: In injection molding certain polymers, fracture of the polymer stream sometimes occurs at the mold surface. This phenomenon has been found to be a tearing apart of the polymer surface layer accompanied by downstream slip of the flowing melt at the polymer/mold interface. Fracture occurs early in mold filling and is initiated usually at the gate to the mold cavity. Analysis of the fracture mechanism indicates that fracture is caused by: (1) high shearing stress in the melt as it fills the mold; (2) poor polymer/mold adhesion; and (3) low polymer surface cohesive strength.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760100305
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  • 44
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    Relationship between thermoelasticity and reinforcement in elastomers: Silica filled silicone elastomers (1970)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 177-184 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Increases in modulus, tensile strength, and swelling caused by reinforcing silicone rubber with silica filler were correlated with the thermoelastic parameter, fe/f. A new semiempirical equation of state, containing a generalized front factor, was derived to explain the experimental results. While the retractive force in pure gum elastomers is largely entropic in origin, reinforcement in silicone rubber-silica systems appears to arise by greatly augmenting the deformational free energy change stored in energetic modes.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760100309
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    Extrusion blow molding of polyvinyl chloride homo- and copolymers (1970)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 204-208 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Dynamic mill stability tests of PVC powder blends at the equiviscous temperatures were correlated with the clarity and color obtained in extrusion and blow molding of bottles. Copolymers of vinyl chloride with alkyl vinyl ether and propylene in a calcium-zinc stabilizer, impact modified formulation had better processability than a homopolymer and produced bottles having lower values of absorbance and yellowness index. Product imperfections which were evident in blow molding of dry blends, but not during milling or capillary rheometer extrusion, were found to be related to the particle size distribution and volatile content of the resin.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760100403
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  • 46
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    Thermal stability of networks containing siloxane linkages (1970)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 225-227 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The thermal stability of elastomers containing siloxane linkages has been compared using the technique of chemical stress relaxation in an inert environement. Enhancement of the already high stability of the basic poly (dimethyl siloxane) silicone rubber by the substitution of hetero groups in and on the main chain was proved, with the exception of the pendent trifluoroporopyl group. Particulary dramatic was the effect of the mcarborane moiety in the SiB-2 elastomers which elevated the stability of the siloxane chain by more than 100°C relative to silicone rubber.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760100407
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    Evaluation of biocides for treatment of polyvinyl chloride film (1970)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 241-246 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The results of a study to determine the biological stability of clear, colorless, biocide-treated PVC film are presented. With the exception of a resistant control, all the PVC film samples tested contained a plasticizer susceptible to biological deterioration. Biocide-treated and control PVC film samples were subjected to biological attack in soil burial. Portions of each sample were exposed to leaching and to weathering in a weatherometer followed by soil burial to test the stability of each biocide to loss by water and weathering exposure. Of the 32 biocide preparations tested only 2, N-(trichloromethylthio) phthalimide and copper 8-quinolinolate, a known effective reference compound, were found to provide good protection for treated film in direct soil burial and in soil burial following leaching and weatherometer exposure. Natural weathering outdoors confirmed the results found with weatherometer exposed samples. The N-(trichloromethylthio) phthalimide was less effective than the reference compound in suppressing surface growth. In addition, N-(trichloromethylthio) phthalimide may not be compatible with all PVC formulations.
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760100410
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    Fine structures and fracture processes in plastic-rubber two-phase polymer systems IV. Temperature and strain rate dependences of tensile propertiesPart III of this series is presented on page 253, of this issue. (1970)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 261-267 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Yield stress (σY) and elongation to break (εb) were measured over a wide range of temperature under three different strain rates (\documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \dot \varepsilon $\end{document}) for a series of polyvinylchloride-rubber blends, ABS polymer and high-impact polystyrene. It was found that a temperature-strain rate reduction was possible for σY and the composite curve obtained by the superposition was expressed by the following relation: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \sigma _{\rm Y} = K_1 + K_2 \log \dot \varepsilon A_T $$\end{document} where K1 and K2 are the material constants, and AT is the shift factor.As for εb, a new maximum was found at around room temperature in addition to the known maximum at around the glass transition temperature of the matrix phase. The results are discussed in terms of the craze theory for rubber toughening of plastics.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760100503
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    A modified melting model for plastifying extrudersPresented at the AIChE 67th National Meeting, held in Atlanta, Ga., Feb. 15-19, 1970. (1970)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 268-278 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The extursion melting model of Tadmor et al. (1967) has been modified to include the effects of screw channel curvature and melt leakage through the screw flight-barrel clearance. An alternate coordinate system was used in modifying the model to simplify the addition of curvature corrections. Also proposed is an improved method of computing solid bed velocity. A substantial number of typographical errors and truncations appeared in the original data published by Tadmor et al., and verification of their computations with corrected data was successful in all cases. Channel curvature corrections and the improved method of computing solid bed velocity increased the predicted rate of solid bed width decrease by approximately 14% during the initial stages of melting. Addition of leakage flow to the model tended to offset this effect completely or in part. Leakage flow effects always predominated during the later stages of melting, however. These effects may interact differently for other extruder sizes or screw designs; therefore, the modified melting model should be a more accurate model for use in the design of extruder screws and in studies of extruder performance.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760100504
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  • 50
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    Isothermal kinetic studies using a thermomechanical analyzer I. Rates of polymer swelling and dissolutionPart II of this series starts on page 305 of this issue. (1970)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 300-304 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The use of a commercially available thermomechanical analyzer (TMA) operated in its isothermal mode is illustrated for studies of polymer-swelling and dissolution in liquids. Results for a variety of polymer-swelling agent systems demonstrate that information usually requiring more sophisticated experimental techniques can be readily obtained with the TMA. In particular rates of swelling and penetrant diffusion coefficients can be determined for selected systems. Dissolution measurements, exemplified here for polystyrene in three different solvents, can be utilized to obtain steady state rates of solvent penetration and rough estimates of the interdiffusion coefficient for a system. The experimental limitations involved in both types of measurement are discussed.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760100508
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    Spe international award paperThe SPE International Award was presented to Professor A. V. Tobolsky at the 28th Antec, held May 4-7, 1970, in New York City. (1970)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 317-319 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760100602
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    A new mthod for determining oven aging stability of polypropylene monofilament (1970)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 332-339 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A precise method of oven-aging polypropylene monofilament has been developed employing a tubular oven in which temperature and air velocity within each tube are accurately controlled. The monofilaments are suspended within each tube by means of specially construced heat stabilized polypropylene holders (no metal contact), which facilitate handling and record keeping. Each filament is held in an attitude perpendicular to the air flow. Failures almost invariably occur in the middle of each filament. Oxidative stabilities of filaments aged in the tubular oven at a constant temperature and air flow were found to be dependent upon (a) distance of the filaments from the incoming air side and (b) whether the exposure was continuous or intermittent. If these parameters are kept constant, relatively good precision can be obtained. The 95% confidence level for a single observed value was found to be on the order of ±10% of the average oven stability within the whole oven and ±7% within a single tube. Precisions of about ±2.5% can be obtained by employing averages of 10 replicates exposed on the same specimen holder.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760100605
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    Anomalous transport of hydrocarbons in polystyrenePresented at the Seventh Annual PIA Symposium on “Time Dependent Properties of Plastic Materials,” Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, N. J., Nov. 5-6, 1969. (1970)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 376-382 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The transport kinetics and equilibrium concentrations of n-pentane at high penetrant activities in cast, annealed polystyrene were determined and compared with similar measurements in biaxially-oriented polystyrene. The rate of Case II (relaxation-controlled) sorption in biaxially-oriented polystyrene is three to four times faster than the sorption rate in cast, annealed polystyrene. The Case II sorption process in biaxially-oriented polystyrene is more highly temperature dependent than in cast, annealed film. The higher activation energies coupled with the larger relaxation-controlled sorption rates in biaxially-oriented polystyrene imply the involvement of larger polymer segments in the rate controlling polymer relaxations. The sorption in cast, annealed polystyrene was a position-dependent relaxation controlled transport process; in contrast the sorption in biaxially oriented polystyrene, albeit relaxation-controlled, was not position dependent. The position dependence of the Case II sorption appears to be a consequence of the presence of residual benzene in the film which accelerates the rate-determining relaxations. Desorption measurements at very low penetrant activities were quite similar for both biaxially oriented and cast, annealed polystyrene. The desorption kinetics were Fickian and were only a weak function of polymer orientation at these low activities.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760100612
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    Rheological and thermodynamic interaction effects in plasticized polyvinyl chloride compoundsPresented, in part, at the October, 1969, meeting of the Society of Rheology, St. Paul, Minn. (1970)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 13-18 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Earlier work reported the superposition of flow curves for plasticized compounds of vinyl chloride homopolymer with corresponding curves for unplasticized resin. Viscosity shift factors for three plasticizer systems plotted against temperature define an apparent fusion temperature for the bulk polymer. A Brabender Plasticorder, used as a temperature-scanning rheometer, determined fusion temperatures for various plasticized PVC compounds. These data confirm a fusion temperature for bulk polymer near 205°C, and permit calculation of Flory-Huggins χ parameters over substantial ranges of composition and temperature. The thermodynamic parameter correlates well with viscosity shift factors for compounds with polymer volume fractions below 0.6. The possibility is therefore raised of calculating flow characteristics for plasticized PVC compounds from knowledge of χ only. The temperature and composition dependence of χ, estimated for the system PVC-diiso-octyl phthalate, is similar to reported variations in simpler polymer-diluent systems. Thus, PVC-plasticizer systems may follow analogous thermodynamic rules.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760100104
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  • 55
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    A method for determining the melt elasticity in capillary flow (1970)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 148-153 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A method for determining the melt elasticity is developed. The method requires the measurement of axial pressure distribution in a capillary and makes use of the extrapolated value of the pressure at the exit of a capillary, the so-called “residual pressure.” The same measurement also provides data for determining the flow curve. Measurements were taken with polyethylene and polypropylene. The results are presented and discussed with particular emphasis on the application of the method to various ways of processing polymers.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760100304
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    Masthead (1970)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760100401
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    Numerical simulation of injection mold filling (1970)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 209-214 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This paper illustrates a numerical simulation of polymer flow as applied to the injection molding fill process. The simulation model considers heat conduction and viscous heat generation along with the temperature dependence of the flow parameters to predict fill lengths and fill times of thin constant crossection cavities. This simulation is designed for molding situations where fill is difficult, such as thin cavity sections, long flow length requirements, or difficult-to-process materials. The simulation sensitivity is explored by performing experimental molding trials with two different cavity thicknesses. The thinner cavity illustrated a short shot in all cases with the thick cavity completely filling. The simulation accurately distinguishes between the short shot and fill conditions, although significant error is noted for the length prediction of the short shot and the time-to-fill of the full shot condition.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760100404
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    Polybutylene properties of a packaging material (1970)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 163-169 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The unusual physical properties of polybutylene are ascribed to details of morphology and a unique crystalline transformation. Inherent properties important for industrial film uses include toughness, low creep, relatively high temperature resistance, stress crack resistance and flexibilty. Four types of packaging applications are described for a new polybutylene resin based on butene-1 monomer. These include industrial film, easy opening tear packages, shrink film, and rotationally molded tanks.A polybutylene shrink film is described having a combination of optical and shrink properties similar to vinyl shrink film, but with mechanical properties typical of polyolefin shrink films.Rotationally molded parts exhibit an unusual degree of toughness, stress crack resistance, and low crystallization stresses in thick parts.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760100307
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  • 59
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    Elastic properties of model two-phase continuous composites (1970)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 293-299 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The dynamic elastic moduli were measured on macroscopic models simulating two-phase microstructures where the second phase was present as a continuous, isotropic network. Using open-pore polymer foams with higher-moduli, infiltrating matrices, the composite moduli were found to be linear with volume fraction of the network phase. Variations of network cell size or surface area indicated that the moduli increased with increasing interfacial area, but only when interphase wetting was present and matrix contraction upon solidification occurred. Metallic foams with a lower moduli matrix produced moduli that were compatible with existing bounding theories for composites.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760100507
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  • 60
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    Masthead (1970)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760100601
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    Structure-Property relationships in polyacrylate-poly(urethane-urea) interpenetrating polymer networks (1970)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 327-331 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Interpenetrating polymer networks of polyacrylate (A) and poly (urethane-urea) (U) were prepared by mixing lattices of self-curing polyacrylate and urethane-urea prepolymer followed by subsequent curing of each network. The structures of the mixtures were analyzed by the dynamic viscoelasticity and the electron microscopy. It was found that a phase inversion occurred from the “U-phase particles in A-phase matrix” to the “A-phase in U-phase matrix” at A/U ≑ 30/70 as the U-phase content increases.With increasing A-phase content, tensile strength started to increase and elongation-to-break becomes almost constant after the A-phase formed a continuous phase. This implies that the tensile properties are closely related to the morphological features.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760100604
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    Physical properties of block copolymers of polydimethyl siloxane and polycarbonate (1970)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 349-357 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A detailed study of the physical properties of alternating block copolymers of polydimethyl siloxane and bisphenol-A polycarbonate is presented. The results suggest that the mechanical and optical properties of such materials are dependent upon the presence of associated regions as well as the nature of the chain between such regions. Dielectric, infrared, and DSC data as well as the stress and birefringence strain behavior are presented.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760100608
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    Thermomechanical studies of polymer deformation II. A thermodynamic analysis of a viscoelastic material in sinusoidal deformation (1970)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 320-326 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: In this study, a linearly viscoelastic polyurethane film was subjected to continuous, sinusoidal deformation in a new isothermal deformation calorimeter, whose design details were recently reported (1). Internal energy and entropy of the polymer at each state in the deformation cycle were computed from heat rate and work rate data. This was made possible by using linear viscoelasticity theory to predict the irreversible entropy production. Thermal data were corrected for instrument time lag.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760100603
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    Survey of a new concept - liquid resin molding (1970)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 345-348 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The need for low-pressure molding of electronic assemblies and devices has long been realized by customers and plastic processors throughout the military, space, and commercial industry. Probably the single, greatest advance in this area to date has been the introduction of liquid resin molding or, as sometimes called, liquid transfer molding and liquid injection molding. This paper briefly discusses the studies being conducted in the area of material developments, applications, and tooling considerations and cites several case histories comparing the advantages of liquid resin molding vs powder molding. This paper also includes the relatively new efforts being investigated for economical mass production of solid state light-emitting diodes and solid state optical numerical readouts.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760100607
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    Viscoelastic behavior of boron fiber-epoxy resin composites (1970)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 10 (1970), S. 369-375 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A torsion pendulum study of boron fiber-epoxy resin composites has shown marked deviations, at elevated temperatures, from the predicted behavior. A new damping peak at approximately 180°C as measured at 5 Hz is present which appears to be independent of the type of epoxy resin present in the matrix. This peak is attributed to interfacial effects between the boron fibers and the matrix resin. A linear model is tentatively proposed to explain this effect.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760100611
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    An analytical investigation of the flow in the saturated zone of ice counterwashers (1970)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 16 (1970), S. 9-17 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The flow of brine through the ice bed in gravitational counterwashers is investigated by analytical methods. Two types of counterwashers are considered: a drained-top counterwasher and a flooded one. Only counterwashers of rectangular cross section and two dimensional flows are investigated. By assuming that the ice crystals move vertically upwards with a uniform velocity and that the relative flow of brine and wash water with respect to the ice bed obeys Darcy's law, the differential equations and the boundary conditions of the flow are derived. The solutions are obtained by using complex variables and conformal mapping. The solutions are presented as formulae, which make possible the rational design of counterwashers and the optimization of their dimensions and operation parameters.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690160105
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    Numerical evaluation of temperature profiles and interface position in filaments undergoing solidification (1970)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 16 (1970), S. 57-63 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A numerical method has been described for the solution of the general equations which depict solidification in the cylindrical coordinate system. The method has been outlined for cooling and solidification of a moving filament of molten polymer. The solution is given in terms of six dimensionless variables: αl/αs, kl/ks, hR/kR, L/[Cps(To-Tc)], To/Tc, and σ∊pR(To-Tc)3/kR. Plots are shown for the solution of the heat transfer equations and associated boundary conditions for several values of the dimensionless variables. The method describes the process of cooling and freezing liquids when convective and/or radiative energy losses are considered. The form of the theoretical equation compares very favorably with experimental data.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690160113
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    The effect of turbulence on hot-film anemometer response in viscoelastic fluids (1970)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 16 (1970), S. 163-168 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: From studies of turbulence in round jets of Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids, it has been found that the response of wedge shaped, hot-film probes can be influenced by the structure of the flow. In water and in weakly viscoelastic fluids the probe is little affected by turbulence, but for more highly viscoelastic fluids the rate of heat transfer from the hot film is markedly increased. Increases as great as 37% were found in this work; this corresponds to a 250% increase in apparent velocity. For this reason, care must be taken in interpreting measurements obtained with hot-film wedges (and probably cylinders and cones also) in flows with both laminar and turbulent regimes.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690160203
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  • 69
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    The effect of surface active agents on interphase mass transfer (1970)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 16 (1970), S. 185-193 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The effect of various soluble and insoluble surface active agents on the absorption of ammonia into a static aqueous system was studied. Saturated straight-chain hydrocarbons with four to twenty-two carbon atoms and polar end groups were selected as the surface active agents to be studied. Alcohol, amine, and amide end groups were investigated. Most of the insoluble surface active agents, which were studied as films, were found to decrease the ammonia absorption rate. There was a definite correlation between the amount of mass transfer reduction and the hydrocarbon chain length, while the effect of the various end groups appeared to depend on the chain length. Surface mass transfer coefficients were computed for each surface active agent that retarded mass transfer. Most of the soluble surface active agents were found to increase the ammonia absorption rates. For all cases of enhanced mass transfer, movements in the interface could be observed. It was concluded that the interfacial movements were caused by the Marangoni effect. In general, as the chain length of the surface active agent decreased, the mass transfer enhancement increased. A mathematical model based on a surface renewal theory was fitted to the experimental data.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690160207
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  • 70
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    Molecular thermodynamics of fluid-phase equilibria, J. M. Prausnitz, Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey (1969). $25.50 (1970)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 16 (1970), S. 157-157 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690160103
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  • 71
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    A new simulation method for equilibrium stage processes (1970)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 16 (1970), S. 229-232 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper presents a new, general method for mathematical simulation of equilibrium stage operations. The procedure solves component material balance equations with a tridiagonal matrix algorithm. Heat balances and summation equations are handled with Broyden's method. The unique feature of this procedure is that, in a mathematical sense, all equations are solved simultaneously. Therefore, the method can be used for all types of equilibrium stage processes. Additionally, the use of Broyden iteration insures solutions which are both stable and more rapid than current techniques. An exact solution for a twenty tray column with twenty components takes approximately 30 sec. on an IBM 360/65 computer. Successful simulations have been made for both absorption and distillation type of operations which have included complex columns with multiple feeds and side product streams. Design applications of the method cover a variety of equilibrium stage processes in the chemical and petroleum industries.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690160214
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  • 72
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    Viscous incompressible non-Newtonian flow around fluid sphere at intermediate Reynolds number (1970)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 16 (1970), S. 569-574 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Approximate expressions of velocity profile and drag coefficients have been obtained for viscous incompressible non-Newtonian flow over a fluid sphere in the intermediate Reynolds number range.The equations of motion of both external and internal fluids are satisfied by using Galerkin's method. The internal fluid is assumed to be Newtonian, while the external is assumed to be non-Newtonian and can be described by the power law model. Furthermore, the condition that the tangential stress is transmitted across the fluid-fluid interface without diminution is also satisfied with Galerkin's condition.Comparisons are also made between the predicted results and the experimental data available in the literature. The possible reasons for the discrepancy are also discussed.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690160411
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  • 73
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    Initiation of thermal convection in finite right circular cylinders (1970)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 16 (1970), S. 594-601 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Linear perturbation analyses are extended to determine the lowest Rayleigh number at which convection initiates in a vertical cylinder heated on the bottom and cooled on the top. The critical Rayleigh number for the first mode of convection in a right circular cylinder with a perfectly conducting wall is shown to be three times larger than that in such a cell with a perfectly adiabatic side wall. An adjusted wave number is shown to make the results of Pellew and Southwell applicable to the adiabatic wall in a manner similar to that used by Pnueli and Ostrach for the perfectly conducting side wall. The results are compared with experiment and are in very good agreement.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690160415
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  • 74
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    An integral method for convective diffusion-bubble dissolution (1970)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 16 (1970), S. 688-690 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690160430
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    A method for multicomponent equilibrium calculations by using dew point pressure-vapor composition data (1970)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 16 (1970), S. 696-698 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690160433
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    A first course in computing and numerical methods, John A. Jacquez, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Reading, Massachusetts (1970). 365 pages. $11.50 (1970)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 16 (1970), S. 704-704 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690160502
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  • 77
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    Self-diffusion measurements in methane by pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance (1970)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 16 (1970), S. 725-729 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The self-diffusion coefficient of methane has been measured from 150° to 350°K. and from 200 to 5,000 lb./sq. in. abs. At constant temperature, the density-diffusivity product is constant up to neighborhood of critical density and decreases sharply above that density. The temperature dependence of the low density data agrees with Chapman-Enskog theory. The Lennard-Jones (6-12) parameters determined from the low density data (∊/k = 130°K., σ = 3.85Å.) are in good agreement with those determined by other methods. A correlation for the self diffusion coefficient for methane has been developed which may provide predictions of other spherical nonpolar gases.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690160507
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    The influence of intraparticle diffusion in fixed bed catalytic reactors (1970)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 16 (1970), S. 742-748 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: By using curve fitting techniques, mathematical formulas are obtained for the catalyst effectiveness factors for nonisothermal first-order and second-order irreversible chemical reactions. The effects of intraparticle mass and heat diffusion upon the concentration and temperature profiles in adiabatic and nonadiabatic catalytic reactors are examined. A relation between the maximum interstitial adiabatic temperature and the maximum intraparticle temperature in the reactor is obtained. For some sets of parameters in a nonadiabatic reactor, the concentration and temperature and, consequently, the reactor effluent are sensitive to small changes in the properties of catalyst particles.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690160511
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    A statistical model of a porous medium with nonuniform pores (1970)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 16 (1970), S. 477-483 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A random network model of a porous medium with nonuniform pores has been constructed. Nonuniformity is achieved by assigning two-parameter distributions to pore radius and pore length. Statistical derivations result in expressions for bulk model properties which are consistent with known empirical behavior of porous media such as capillary pressure, hydraulic permeability, and longitudinal and transverse dispersion. A series of experiments is suggested whereby the parameters of porous media structure may be determined from observed macroscopic behavior by using the expressions developed in this paper.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690160327
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  • 80
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    Determination of a single set of unlike pair potential interaction force constants from dilute gas thermodynamic and transport property data (1970)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 16 (1970), S. 490-492 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690160330
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  • 81
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    Masthead (1970)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 16 (1970) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690160401
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  • 82
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    The periodic viscous sublayer in turbulent flow (1970)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 16 (1970), S. 841-848 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The model of the fluctuating viscous sublayer proposed by Einstein and Li was modified by treating some of the objections to the original formulation without greatly altering the essential simplicity of the concept. The applicability of this model to the description of the important features of turbulent flow and heat transfer in ducts and of the Toms phenomenon was evaluated by comparison of predictions of the model with experimental measurements. The mean period for growth and decay of the sublayer and the magnitudes of the wall-pressure fluctuations and wall-temperature fluctuations were compared for the flow of air and liquids. Quantitative spatial features of the periodic sublayer, that is, minimum and maximum sublayer thickness and patch size in the directions normal and parallel to the flow direction, were determined.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690160525
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  • 83
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    Experimental determinations of several thermal properties of a mixture containing 51 mole percent Propane in Methane (1970)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 16 (1970), S. 867-875 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Results of calorimetric determinations are reported for a mixture containing approximately 51 mole % propane in methane. Measurements were made with both isobaric and throttling flow calorimeters in the liquid, critical, gaseous, and two-phase regions in the temperature range from -250° to +300°F. at pressures of between 100 and 2,000 lb./sq. in. abs. Tables of experimental values of heat capacity, Joule-Thomson coefficient, and isothermal throttling coefficient are presented, and the values of Cp and φ are summarized on parametric plots.Experimental values of enthalpy differences within the two-phase region determined under both isobaric and isothermal conditions are also reported together with the experimentally determined phase boundary data. A skeleton enthalpy table is presented which is based almost entirely on experimental data obtained in this investigation. Comparisons are made with other published calorimetric data and with calculations based on PVT data.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690160528
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  • 84
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    Invariant imbedding, iterative linearization, and multistage countercurrent processes (1970)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 16 (1970), S. 679-686 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The equations for multistage countercurrent operations are difference equations of the boundary-value type, which are generally solved by trial and error or iterative procedures. The invariant imbedding concept is used to solve these boundary-value problems as initial-value problems. It is shown that by the combined use of invariant imbedding and iterative linearization, a sequence of estimator equations for the missing terminal conditions is obtained. These estimator equations can be used to obtain the desired terminal conditions and the number of stages required to perform a specified separation.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690160428
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  • 85
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    Masthead (1970)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 16 (1970) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690160501
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  • 86
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    Concentration fluctuations and chemical conversion associated with mixing in some turbulent flows (1970)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 16 (1970), S. 930-942 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Microconductivity probes were used for the measurement of point values of mean concentrations and root-mean-square concentration fluctuations for mixing of salt solutions in turbulent shear flows. Mixing studies covered a range of flow conditions, with Reynolds numbers on the order of 104, and included ducted turbulent jets, dispersion in turbulent pipe flow, a plane mixing zone, and several multiple injection systems. The test sections all had characteristic dimensions of about 2 cm. The results for mixing experiments are compared with available previous work. Lack of resolution for root-mean-square concentration fluctuations in some previous work is indicated.Reaction product concentrations for a rapid, second-order, irreversible reaction in multiple injection systems, the plane jet, and the mixing zone were also obtained. The relation between conversion in reaction experiments and fluctuation level and decay in the equivalent mixing experiments is illustrated.
    Additional Material: 22 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690160613
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  • 87
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    Laminar flow in the entrance region of a cylindrical tube: Part I. Newtonian fluids (1970)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 16 (1970), S. 964-966 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Pressure losses at the sharp edged entrance to a cylindrical tube were investigated for glycerine-water solutions over a Reynolds number range of 6 to 2,000.For the experimental area contraction ratio of 0.0156, the Hagenbach (K) and Couette (K') coefficients are 2.4 and 295, respectively. Comparison with limited previous work shows that both coefficients increase with the area contraction ratio β over range 0〈β〈0.162.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690160617
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  • 88
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    A modified Redlich-Kwong equation for supercritical helium and hydrogen (1970)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 16 (1970), S. 985-991 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A modified Redlich-Kwong equation of state is developed in which the two parameters are expressed as functions of temperature. The critical values for the two constants in the equation are completely determined by the values of the critical properties of the gas. The optimum values of the constants for each isotherm (Z vs. P) are found, followed by a curve-fitting routine that obtains the constants as functions of temperature. The resulting equation of state predicts experimental helium compressibility data to within an average of 0.90% absolute error for data in the range 0 〈 pressure ≤ 700 atm., 5.26°K. ≤ temperature ≤ 1,500°K. For hydrogen, the prediction is to within an average of 0.79% absolute error for temperatures from 34° to 600°K. and pressures up to 2,900 atm.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690160621
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  • 89
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    Chromatography of nonadsorbable gases (1970)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 16 (1970), S. 1034-1038 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Chromatographic techniques are used with nonadsorbable and slightly adsorbable tracers to evaluate mass transfer parameters in packed beds. If accurate values of intraparticle diffusivities are to be obtained, it appears that long beds of relatively large particles must be used. Otherwise the moments of the chromatographic peaks are too small for accurate analysis. With adsorbable gases, such precautions are not necessary, and, in addition, the adsorption rate constant can be estimated. However, the intraparticle diffusivity determined for adsorbable gases can include a contribution due to surface migration. The method is applicable to all types of porous particles used as catalysts or catalyst carriers.A combination of measurements of slightly adsorbable and nonabsorbable tracers can be used to approximate the adsorption rate constant for a slightly adsorbable gas such as nitrogen.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690160629
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  • 90
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    Experimental and theoretical investigation of continuous flow column crystallization (1970)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 16 (1970), S. 1055-1063 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A theoretical and experimental investigation of the separation achieved in a column crystallizer which utilizes a spiral conveyor was conducted to determine the effect of variables associated with continuous flow operation. A system that exhibits negligible solid solubility was used. Several feed mixtures containing less than 31,000 p.p.m. weight cyclohexane in benzene were employed. The principal variables evaluated in this study in a column of constant length were the feed position, internal crystal rate, and flow rates of terminal streams. A mathematical model is developed which considers axial dispersion and mass transfer between the liquid adhering to the crystals and the bulk liquid. The model satisfactorily explains the effect of the variables associated with continuous flow operation and shows that axial dispersion is more dominant in continuous flow than in total reflux operation. It is shown that multiple pass or cascade operation is necessary to produce material of purity higher than a critical level which is related to the feed composition. This occurs because of impurities in the crystal phase which are likely caused by volumetric inclusions.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690160632
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  • 91
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    Simultaneous noncatalytic solid-fluid reactions (1970)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 16 (1970), S. 848-856 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Solid-fluid reactions often involve two or more simultaneous reactions because either the feed contains multiple fluid reactants or the fluid products are reactive with the solid. Three types of simultaneous reactions, independent, parallel, and consecutive, are examined in terms of the selectivity and the effectiveness factor based on the unreacted core shrinking model under isothermal conditions. Criteria for high selectivities are derived, and effects of diffusion and chemical reaction are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690160526
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  • 92
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    Evaporation and drying of drops in superheated vapors (1970)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 16 (1970), S. 857-867 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The evaporation of pure liquid drops and the drying of drops containing suspended and dissolved solids in an atmosphere of superheated vapor were studied. Changes in the weight and temperature of approximately 2 μliter drops of four food products, five miscellaneous materials, and pure water were measured as evaporation and drying proceeded at different drying temperatures. Evaporation of water was found to take place more slowly in superheated steam than in air. However, the medium, in which faster drying occurred, depended upon the material being dried. No major differences between the final products were observed for these two drying media except that some materials yielded denser particles in superheated steam than in air.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690160527
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  • 93
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of fouling on stability of adiabatic packed bed reactors (1970)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 16 (1970), S. 979-984 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The effect of catalyst fouling on the stability and operation of adiabatic packed bed reactors was investigated for two poisoning mechanisms. The effect of fouling was found to be most predominant for packed beds in which nonunique pseudo steady states can exist. Fouling may cause the reactor to misbehave suddenly, with a violent temperature rise, after a long period of pacific operation.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690160620
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  • 94
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Numerical treatment of fully developed laminar flow in helically coiled tubes (1970)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 16 (1970), S. 1010-1015 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Laminar flow in helically coiled tubes is treated numerically. Fully developed axial and secondary velocities are calculated for both circular and elliptical cross sections. Only closely wrapped helices, that is, helices with modest pitch, are considered. Ten solutions with Deans numbers up to 200 have good accuracy. Two additional solutions with Deans numbers up to 280 are approximate.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690160625
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  • 95
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    numerical investigation of free convection between two vertical coaxial cylinders (1970)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 16 (1970), S. 1005-1010 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Free convection between two vertical coaxial cylinders was studied by solving the governing transport equations as an initial-value problem. The coupled, nonlinear, partial differential equations were converted into a set of difference equations by use of an alternating-direction implicit finite-difference numerical scheme. Twenty-four different combinations of Prandtl and Grashof numbers, and height to annular spacing ratios were used to characterize the problem. The results are presented primarily in the form of contour maps for the steady-state isotherms and streamlines.For Rayleigh numbers greater than 5 × 103, a fully developed boundary-layer flow was found to exist in the cavity. The interior region of the annulus was found to be thermally stratified and to possess a nearly uniform vertical temperature gradient, with a unicellular flow pattern being generated.With Rayleigh numbers of 5 × 104 and greater, it was found that the flow patterns could not be properly described with a grid spacing of 1/10. The variation of the steady-state mean Nusselt number with Prandtl and Rayleigh numbers and with geometric ratios was also investigated.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690160624
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  • 96
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thermocapillary flow around hemispherical bubble (1970)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 16 (1970), S. 101-107 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A hemispherical bubble, attached to a plate, is surrounded by an initially quiescent and isothermal liquid. By suddenly heating the plate, a thermal gradient over the bubble surface results. Because surface tension is temperature dependent, tangential stresses arise at the bubble surface. The liquid is viscous, and motion in the liquid phase begins. Such motion is an example of thermocapillary flow. This problem, besides being of interest from a fundamental point of view, is of possible concern in the design of space vehicles capable of storing cryogenic fluids for long periods of time in a weightless condition.Solutions to the problem are developed by numerical treatment of the governing equations. Flow and temperature fields, which depend upon the Prandtl and Marangoni numbers, were obtained for Prandtl numbers 1 and 5 and Marangoni numbers from 0 to 100,000.Results show that liquid is pulled toward the intersection of the bubble and the plate, then flows around the bubble surface, and leaves the bubble as a jet. The extent of the jet increases with increasing Marangoni number and decreases with increasing Prandtl number.Thermocapillary flow increases heat transfer (Nusselt number) over that obtained from conduction, but the increase is modest. The Nusselt number increases with the Marangoni number and is insensitive to the Prandtl number. At a Marangoni number of 40,000, the local Nusselt number was increased by a factor of 2. In order for thermocapillary flow to become a dominant heat transfer mechanism, the Marangoni number must exceed 100,000.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690160120
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  • 97
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On the temperature field of a square column embedding a heating cylinder (1970)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 16 (1970), S. 134-138 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An analysis of the two-dimensional temperature field of a square column embedding a heating cylinder is presented. The analysis leads to a solution in finite series which gives rise to rapidly converging numerical results. The series coefficients computed for the extreme case of the cylinder being a line find a way of parametrization, which then furnishes the solutions for finite cylinders up to the case of the cylinder diameter being half of the column thickness. Results in five-digit accuracy are presented. The method is simple and direct. In addition, it retains the same concise formal solution for a variety of boundary conditions.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690160125
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  • 98
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A penetration theory model for vapor-phase mass transfer on distillation trays (1970)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 16 (1970), S. 147-148 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690160129
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effectiveness of diluted porous catalysts (1970)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 16 (1970), S. 151-153 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690160133
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Viscoelasticity in shearing and accelerative flows: A simplified integral theory (1970)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 16 (1970), S. 53-57 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An explicit, four-constant model for viscosity and normal stresses in simple shear has been developed by simplifying the integral theory of Bernstein, Kearsley, and Zapas. In essence the procedure involves curve-fitting the linear relaxation spectrum. The four constants appear also in equations for the stress distribution and for pressure drop in accelerative flow between flat plates; flow along rays is assumed. The equations reduce to second-order theory and to Newtonian theory as a Deborah number becomes small. Comparison of the predicted stress distributions with previously published stress birefringent data shows good agreement; because of the low shear rates, however, the check is not demonstrating very strong departures from the second-order asymptote. Certain other theoretical results, including pressure drop predictions, are also noted.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690160112
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