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  • 1990-1994  (146,154)
  • 1920-1924
  • 1900-1904
  • 1820-1829
  • 1991  (146,154)
Source
Material
Years
Year
Person/Organisation
Keywords
Language
  • 1
    Book
    Book
    Computing : archives for informatics and numerical computation; Supplementum (1977-2003)
    Wien [u.a.] :Springer, ; 1.1977 - 16.2003; damit Ersch. eingest.
    Details
    Title: Computing : archives for informatics and numerical computation; Supplementum
    Publisher: Wien [u.a.] :Springer,
    Year of publication: 1977-2003
    Dates of Publication: 1.1977 - 16.2003; damit Ersch. eingest.
    Type of Medium: Book
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  • 2
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    SIGBIO newsletter / (from 1969-2001)
    New York, NY :ACM, ; 1.1969 - 7.1975/76; N.S. 1.1976 - 21.2001,1; damit Ersch. eingest.
    Details
    Title: SIGBIO newsletter /
    Author: Association for Computing Machinery / Special Interest Group on Biomedical Computing
    Publisher: New York, NY :ACM,
    Year of publication: 1969-2001
    Dates of Publication: 1.1969 - 7.1975/76; N.S. 1.1976 - 21.2001,1; damit Ersch. eingest.
    ISSN: 0163-5697
    Type of Medium: Journal/Serial
    Language: Undetermined
    Parallel Title: Internetausg. ---〉:Biomedical computing
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  • 3
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    ¬The¬ journal of logic programming (from 1984-2000)
    New York, NY :North-Holland, ; 1.1984 - 46.2000
    Details
    Title: ¬The¬ journal of logic programming
    Publisher: New York, NY :North-Holland,
    Year of publication: 1984-2000
    Dates of Publication: 1.1984 - 46.2000
    ISSN: 0743-1066
    Type of Medium: Journal/Serial
    Language: Undetermined
    Subsequent Title: Forts. ---〉:¬The¬ journal of logic and algebraic programming
    Parallel Title: Internetausg. ---〉:¬The¬ journal of logic and algebraic programming
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  • 4
    Book
    Book
    Computer personnel : a quarterly publ. of the Special Interest Group on Computer Personnel Research, SIGCPR (1971-1999)
    New York, NY :ACM, ; Nachgewiesen 2.1971 - 20.1999,4; damit Ersch. eingest.
    Details
    Title: Computer personnel : a quarterly publ. of the Special Interest Group on Computer Personnel Research, SIGCPR
    Publisher: New York, NY :ACM,
    Year of publication: 1971-1999
    Dates of Publication: Nachgewiesen 2.1971 - 20.1999,4; damit Ersch. eingest.
    ISSN: 0160-2497
    Type of Medium: Book
    Parallel Title: Internetausg. ---〉:Computer personnel
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  • 5
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    CWI quarterly (from 1988-1999)
    Amsterdam :CWI, ; 1.1988 - 12.1999; damit Ersch. eingest.
    Details
    Title: CWI quarterly
    Author: Centrum voor Wiskunde en Informatica 〈Amsterdam〉
    Publisher: Amsterdam :CWI,
    Year of publication: 1988-1999
    Dates of Publication: 1.1988 - 12.1999; damit Ersch. eingest.
    ISSN: 0168-826X , 0922-5366
    Type of Medium: Journal/Serial
    Language: Undetermined
    Former Title: Vorg. ---〉:Centrum voor Wiskunde en Informatica 〈Amsterdam〉: CWI newsletter
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  • 6
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    SIGNUM newsletter (from 1969-1998)
    New York, NY :ACM, ; 4.1969 - 33.1998,2; damit Ersch. eingest
    Details
    Title: SIGNUM newsletter
    Author: Association for Computing Machinery / Special Interest Group on Numerical Mathematics
    Publisher: New York, NY :ACM,
    Year of publication: 1969-1998
    Dates of Publication: 4.1969 - 33.1998,2; damit Ersch. eingest
    ISSN: 0163-5778
    Type of Medium: Journal/Serial
    Former Title: Vorg. ---〉:Association for Computing Machinery / Special Interest Committee on Numerical Mathematics: SICNUM newsletter
    Additional Information: 16,3=3,2 von:Association for Computing Machinery / Technical Committee on Fortran: FORTEC forum
    Parallel Title: Internetausg. ---〉:Numerical mathematics
    URL: Nur Table of Contents.
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  • 7
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Computers in physics / (from 1987-1998)
    Woodbury, NY :AIP, ; 1.1987,1(Nov./Dez.); 2.1988 - 12.1998
    Details
    Title: Computers in physics /
    Contributer: American Institute of Physics
    Publisher: Woodbury, NY :AIP,
    Year of publication: 1987-1998
    Dates of Publication: 1.1987,1(Nov./Dez.); 2.1988 - 12.1998
    ISSN: 0894-1866
    Type of Medium: Journal/Serial
    Language: Undetermined
    Subsequent Title: Forts. ---〉:Computing in science & engineering
    URL: http://www.aip.org/cip/
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  • 8
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Unix review : the publication for the Unix community (from 1983-1998)
    San Francisco, Calif. :Miller Freeman, ; 1.1983 - 16.1998,3
    Details
    Title: Unix review : the publication for the Unix community
    Publisher: San Francisco, Calif. :Miller Freeman,
    Year of publication: 1983-1998
    Dates of Publication: 1.1983 - 16.1998,3
    ISSN: 0742-3136
    Type of Medium: Journal/Serial
    Language: Undetermined
    Subsequent Title: Forts. ---〉:Unix review's performance computing
    Parallel Title: Internetausg. ---〉:Unix review.com
    URL: Zugriff lizenzfrei
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  • 9
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Computer networks and ISDN systems : the international journal of computer and telecommunications networking (from 1985-1998)
    Amsterdam [u.a.] :Elsevier [u.a.], ; 9.1985 - 30.1998
    Details
    Title: Computer networks and ISDN systems : the international journal of computer and telecommunications networking
    Publisher: Amsterdam [u.a.] :Elsevier [u.a.],
    Year of publication: 1985-1998
    Dates of Publication: 9.1985 - 30.1998
    ISSN: 0169-7552 , 0376-5075
    Type of Medium: Journal/Serial
    Language: Undetermined
    Subsequent Title: Vorg. u. Forts. ---〉:Computer networks
    Note: Computer networks for research in Europe
    Additional Information: In 14,1=15 von:Networkshop: Conference report
    Additional Information: 16,1/2=4; 17,4/5=5 von:European Networkshop: European Networkshop
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  • 10
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    SIGART bulletin : a quarterly publ. of the Special Interest Group on Artificial Intelligence (from 1990-1998)
    New York, NY :ACM, ; 1.1990 - 9.1998
    Details
    Title: SIGART bulletin : a quarterly publ. of the Special Interest Group on Artificial Intelligence
    Author: Association for Computing Machinery / Special Interest Group on Artificial Intelligence
    Publisher: New York, NY :ACM,
    Year of publication: 1990-1998
    Dates of Publication: 1.1990 - 9.1998
    ISSN: 1053-4830
    Type of Medium: Journal/Serial
    Language: Undetermined
    Former Title: Vorg. ---〉:Association for Computing Machinery / Special Interest Group on Artificial Intelligence: SIGART newsletter
    Subsequent Title: Forts. ---〉:Intelligence
    Parallel Title: Internetausg. ---〉:Artificial intelligence
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  • 11
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    ¬The¬ international journal of supercomputer applications and high performance computing (from 1987-1997)
    Thousand Oaks, Calif. :Sage Science Press, ; 1.1987 - 11.1997
    Details
    Title: ¬The¬ international journal of supercomputer applications and high performance computing
    Publisher: Thousand Oaks, Calif. :Sage Science Press,
    Year of publication: 1987-1997
    Dates of Publication: 1.1987 - 11.1997
    ISSN: 1078-3482 , 0890-2720
    Type of Medium: Journal/Serial
    Subsequent Title: Forts. ---〉:¬The¬ international journal of high performance computing applications
    Parallel Title: Internetausg. ---〉:¬The¬ international journal of high performance computing applications
    URL: Zugriff auf diese Zeitschrift für die Jahrgänge 3. 1989 - 11. 1997 innerhalb der ZIB Domain (IP Adressen: 130.73.*.*) möglich.
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  • 12
    Book
    Book
    Online : erfolgreiches Informationsmanagement, ADI-Nachrichten, ÖVD ; Organ d. ADI - Anwenderverband Deutscher Informationsverarbeiter e.V (1973-1997)
    Bergheim :DATACOM-Zeitschriften-Verl., | Köln Müller -1993,9 ; 11.1973 - 14.1976; 19.1981 - 20.1982; 1983 - 1994; 32.1995 - 34.1997,10
    Details
    Title: Online : erfolgreiches Informationsmanagement, ADI-Nachrichten, ÖVD ; Organ d. ADI - Anwenderverband Deutscher Informationsverarbeiter e.V
    Contributer: Anwenderverband Deutscher Informationsverarbeiter
    Publisher: Bergheim :DATACOM-Zeitschriften-Verl., , Köln Müller -1993,9
    Year of publication: 1973-1997
    Dates of Publication: 11.1973 - 14.1976; 19.1981 - 20.1982; 1983 - 1994; 32.1995 - 34.1997,10
    ISSN: 0340-1545 , 0179-6623 , 0342-9393
    Type of Medium: Book
    Language: Undetermined
    Former Title: Vorg. ---〉:Zeitschrift für Datenverarbeitung
    Subsequent Title: 15.1977 - 18.1980 ---〉:ADL-Verband für Informationsverarbeitung: ADL-Nachrichten, Online
    Subsequent Title: Aufgeg. in ---〉:Information week
    Note: Später ohne Zählung
    Additional Information: Beil. ---〉:Drucker spezial
    Additional Information: Beil. ---〉:Online / special
    Additional Information: Darin ---〉:Anwenderverband Deutscher Informationsverarbeiter: ADI-Nachrichten, ÖVD
    Additional Information: Beil. ---〉:Pro info
    Additional Information: Beil. ---〉:Online-Info
    Additional Information: 1996 darin ---〉:Datacom-Special
    Parallel Title: 19.1981 auch in ---〉:Öffentliche Verwaltung und Datenverarbeitung
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  • 13
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    LISP and symbolic computation : an internat. journal ; a forum for current and envolving symbolic computing, focusing on LISP and object-oriented programming (from 1988-1997)
    Dordrecht [u.a.] :Kluwer Acad. Publ., ; 1.1988 - 10.1997
    Details
    Title: LISP and symbolic computation : an internat. journal ; a forum for current and envolving symbolic computing, focusing on LISP and object-oriented programming
    Publisher: Dordrecht [u.a.] :Kluwer Acad. Publ.,
    Year of publication: 1988-1997
    Dates of Publication: 1.1988 - 10.1997
    ISSN: 0892-4635
    Type of Medium: Journal/Serial
    Language: Undetermined
    Subsequent Title: Forts. ---〉:Higher order and symbolic computation
    Parallel Title: Internetausg. ---〉:Higher-order and symbolic computation
    URL: Zugriff nur bis zu den Abstracts möglich.
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  • 14
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Supercomputer : bimonthly magazine on supercomputing in the Netherlands (from 1984-1997)
    Amsterdam :Amsterdam Universities Computing Centre, ; Nr. 1.1984 - 69.1997; damit Ersch. eingest.
    Details
    Title: Supercomputer : bimonthly magazine on supercomputing in the Netherlands
    Publisher: Amsterdam :Amsterdam Universities Computing Centre,
    Year of publication: 1984-1997
    Dates of Publication: Nr. 1.1984 - 69.1997; damit Ersch. eingest.
    ISSN: 0168-7875
    Type of Medium: Journal/Serial
    Language: Undetermined
    Note: Teils auch mit Jg.-Zählung
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  • 15
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Cray channels : a Cray Research, Inc. publication (from 1984-1996)
    Minneapolis, Minn. :Cray Research, Inc., ; Nachgewiesen 6.1984 - 18.1996,2; damit Ersch. eingest.
    Details
    Title: Cray channels : a Cray Research, Inc. publication
    Contributer: Cray Research, Inc. 〈Mendota Heights, Minn.〉
    Publisher: Minneapolis, Minn. :Cray Research, Inc.,
    Year of publication: 1984-1996
    Dates of Publication: Nachgewiesen 6.1984 - 18.1996,2; damit Ersch. eingest.
    Type of Medium: Journal/Serial
    Language: Undetermined
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  • 16
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    ¬The¬ X resource : a practical journal of the X window system (from 1991-1996)
    Sebastopol, Calif. :O'Reilly, ; 0.1991[Probeh.]; Nr. 1.1992 - 17.1996; damit Ersch. eingest.
    Details
    Title: ¬The¬ X resource : a practical journal of the X window system
    Publisher: Sebastopol, Calif. :O'Reilly,
    Year of publication: 1991-1996
    Dates of Publication: 0.1991[Probeh.]; Nr. 1.1992 - 17.1996; damit Ersch. eingest.
    ISSN: 1058-5591
    Type of Medium: Journal/Serial
    Language: Undetermined
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  • 17
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Unix mail : Europas erster Informationsdienst für Unix-Hersteller und -Anwender (from 1983-1996)
    München :Hanser, ; 1.1983 - 14.1996,6
    Details
    Title: Unix mail : Europas erster Informationsdienst für Unix-Hersteller und -Anwender
    Publisher: München :Hanser,
    Year of publication: 1983-1996
    Dates of Publication: 1.1983 - 14.1996,6
    ISSN: 0176-8654
    Type of Medium: Journal/Serial
    Language: Undetermined
    Subsequent Title: Forts. ---〉:¬Die¬ blauen Blätter
    Parallel Title: CD-ROM-Ausg. ---〉:Unix mail, die blauen Blätter
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  • 18
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    LISP pointers / (from 1987-1995)
    New York, NY :ACM Inc., ; 1.1987/88 - 4.1990/91; 5.1992; 6.1992/93; 7.1994 - 8.1995,2; damit Ersch. eingest.
    Details
    Title: LISP pointers /
    Publisher: New York, NY :ACM Inc.,
    Year of publication: 1987-1995
    Dates of Publication: 1.1987/88 - 4.1990/91; 5.1992; 6.1992/93; 7.1994 - 8.1995,2; damit Ersch. eingest.
    ISSN: 1045-3563
    Type of Medium: Journal/Serial
    Note: Special Interest Group on Programming Languages (SIGPLAN)
    Parallel Title: Internetausg. ---〉:Association for Computing Machinery / Special Interest Group on Programming Languages: ACM SIGPLAN LISP pointers
    URL: Nur Tables of contents.
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  • 19
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    IBM-Nachrichten / (from 1972-1995)
    Stuttgart :IBM, ; 22.1972,Apr. - 45.1995 = Nr. 210-323; damit Ersch. eingest.
    Details
    Title: IBM-Nachrichten /
    Author: IBM Deutschland GmbH 〈Stuttgart〉
    Publisher: Stuttgart :IBM,
    Year of publication: 1972-1995
    Dates of Publication: 22.1972,Apr. - 45.1995 = Nr. 210-323; damit Ersch. eingest.
    ISSN: 0018-8662
    Type of Medium: Journal/Serial
    Language: Undetermined
    Former Title: Vorg. ---〉:Internationale Büro-Maschinen-Gesellschaft Deutschland 〈Sindelfingen〉: IBM-Nachrichten
    Additional Information: Beil. ---〉:Hollerith-Mitteilungen
    Parallel Title: CD-ROM-Ausg. ---〉:IBM Deutschland GmbH 〈Stuttgart〉: IBM-Nachrichten
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  • 20
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    ORSA journal on computing / (from 1989-1995)
    Baltimore, Md., ; 1.1989 - 7.1995
    Details
    Title: ORSA journal on computing /
    Author: Operations Research Society of America
    Publisher: Baltimore, Md.,
    Year of publication: 1989-1995
    Dates of Publication: 1.1989 - 7.1995
    ISSN: 0899-1499
    Type of Medium: Journal/Serial
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  • 21
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Annual review in automatic programming (from 1960-1995)
    Oxford [u.a.] :Pergamon Press, ; 1.1960 - 19.1995
    Details
    Title: Annual review in automatic programming
    Publisher: Oxford [u.a.] :Pergamon Press,
    Year of publication: 1960-1995
    Dates of Publication: 1.1960 - 19.1995
    ISSN: 0066-4138
    Type of Medium: Journal/Serial
    Language: Undetermined
    Subsequent Title: Forts. ---〉:Annual reviews in control
    Additional Information: 1=3; 2=6, 3=11, 4=12; 5=13,2 von:International tracts in computer science and technology and their application
    Additional Information: 8=7; 9,2/3=8; 10=10; 11=11; 13,1=13; 14,1=15 von:Real time programming
    Additional Information: 12,1-12,2=2 von:Systems analysis and simulation
    Additional Information: 13,2=5 von:Control applications of nonlinear programming and optimization
    Parallel Title: Internetausg. ---〉:Annual reviews in control
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  • 22
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Zeitschrift für Operations-Research : ZOR ; mathematical methods of operations research (from 1972-1995)
    Heidelberg :Physica-Verl., ; 16.1972 - 42.1995
    Details
    Title: Zeitschrift für Operations-Research : ZOR ; mathematical methods of operations research
    Publisher: Heidelberg :Physica-Verl.,
    Year of publication: 1972-1995
    Dates of Publication: 16.1972 - 42.1995
    ISSN: 0340-9422
    Type of Medium: Journal/Serial
    Language: Undetermined
    Former Title: Vorg. ---〉:Ablauf- und Planungsforschung
    Subsequent Title: Forts. ---〉:Mathematical methods of operations research
    Note: Ser. A, Theorie = H. 1,3,5,7 d. Jg.; Ser. B, Praxis = H. 2,4,6,8 d. Jg. , Deutsche Gesellschaft für Operations-Research
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  • 23
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Nachrichtentechnische Zeitschrift : NTZ ; Zeitschrift für Informationstechnik u. Telekommunikation ; Organ der Nachrichtentechnischen Gesellschaft im VDE (from 1955-1995)
    Berlin :VDE-Verl., ; 8.1955,10 - 40.1987,2; 40.1987,6 - 48.1995,2
    Details
    Title: Nachrichtentechnische Zeitschrift : NTZ ; Zeitschrift für Informationstechnik u. Telekommunikation ; Organ der Nachrichtentechnischen Gesellschaft im VDE
    Contributer: Nachrichtentechnische Gesellschaft / Fachausschuß Informationsverarbeitung
    Publisher: Berlin :VDE-Verl.,
    Year of publication: 1955-1995
    Dates of Publication: 8.1955,10 - 40.1987,2; 40.1987,6 - 48.1995,2
    ISSN: 0027-707X
    Type of Medium: Journal/Serial
    Language: Undetermined
    Former Title: Vorg. ---〉:Fernmeldetechnische Zeitschrift
    Subsequent Title: 40.1987,3-5 u. Forts. ---〉:NTZ
    Note: Mikro-Elektronik
    Additional Information: Beih. ---〉:Nachrichtentechnische Fachberichte
    Additional Information: Index 1/10=11 von:Nachrichtentechnische Fachberichte
    Parallel Title: CD-ROM-Ausg. 1994 - 1995 ---〉:Elektronisches Zeitschriftenarchiv
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  • 24
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    SIGMICRO newsletter : a quarterly publ. of the Special Interest Group on Microprogramming (from 1971-1995)
    New York, NY :ACM, ; 2.1971/72 - 16.1985; 19.1988 - 26.1995; damit Ersch. eingest.
    Details
    Title: SIGMICRO newsletter : a quarterly publ. of the Special Interest Group on Microprogramming
    Author: Association for Computing Machinery / Special Interest Group on Microprogramming
    Publisher: New York, NY :ACM,
    Year of publication: 1971-1995
    Dates of Publication: 2.1971/72 - 16.1985; 19.1988 - 26.1995; damit Ersch. eingest.
    ISSN: 0163-5751 , 1050-916X
    Type of Medium: Journal/Serial
    Language: Undetermined
    Former Title: Vorg. ---〉:Association for Computing Machinery / Special Interest Committee on Microprocessing: SICMICRO newsletter
    Subsequent Title: 17.1986 - 18.1987 ---〉:Association for Computing Machinery / Special Interest Group on Microprogramming: SIGMICRO TCMICRO newsletter
    Additional Information: Beil. ---〉:Microprogramming bibliography
    Additional Information: 9,4=11; 12,4=14; 13,4=15 von:Micro
    Additional Information: 20,3=22 von:International Workshop on Microprogramming and Microarchitecture: Annual International Workshop on Microprogramming and Microarchitecture
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  • 25
    Book
    Book
    Data-base 〈New York,NY〉 : db ; a quarterly publication of the Special Interest Group on Business Information Technology of the Association for Computing Machinery (1971-1994)
    New York, NY, ; 3.1971 - 25.1994
    Details
    Title: Data-base 〈New York,NY〉 : db ; a quarterly publication of the Special Interest Group on Business Information Technology of the Association for Computing Machinery
    Contributer: Association for Computing Machinery / Special Interest Group on Business Data Processing , Association for Computing Machinery / Special Interest Group on Business Information Technology
    Publisher: New York, NY,
    Year of publication: 1971-1994
    Dates of Publication: 3.1971 - 25.1994
    ISSN: 0095-0033
    Type of Medium: Book
    Former Title: Vorg. ---〉 SIGBDP news-letter
    Subsequent Title: Forts. ---〉:¬The¬ data-base for advances in information systems
    Additional Information: Einzelne Bd. zugl. Bd. von:Association for Computing Machinery / Special Interest Group on Management of Data: SIGMOD record
    Additional Information: 12,4u.13,1=2 von:Data-base directions
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  • 26
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    MC 〈München〉 : Computerpraxis für technische Anwender (from 1981-1994)
    München :Franzis-Verl., ; 1981 - 1994,6
    Details
    Title: MC 〈München〉 : Computerpraxis für technische Anwender
    Publisher: München :Franzis-Verl.,
    Year of publication: 1981-1994
    Dates of Publication: 1981 - 1994,6
    ISSN: 0720-4442 , 0941-777X , 0943-5409
    Type of Medium: Journal/Serial
    Language: Undetermined
    Subsequent Title: Aufgeg. in ---〉:DOS international
    Note: Auch mit fehlerhafter Jg.-Zählung im Impressum
    Additional Information: 1992 Sonderh. ---〉:WINbox
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  • 27
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    International journal of man machine studies (from 1969-1993)
    London [u.a.], ; 1.1969 - 39.1993
    Details
    Title: International journal of man machine studies
    Publisher: London [u.a.],
    Year of publication: 1969-1993
    Dates of Publication: 1.1969 - 39.1993
    ISSN: 0020-7373
    Type of Medium: Journal/Serial
    Language: Undetermined
    Subsequent Title: Forts. ---〉:International journal of human - computer studies
    Note: Index 1/4.1969/72 in: 4.1972
    Additional Information: 10,3=5 von:Man Computer Communications Conference: Proceedings
    Parallel Title: Internetausg. ---〉:International journal of man machine studies
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  • 28
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Impact of computing in science and engineering (from 1989-1993)
    Duluth, Minn. [u.a.], ; 1.1989 - 5.1993; damit Ersch. eingest.
    Details
    Title: Impact of computing in science and engineering
    Publisher: Duluth, Minn. [u.a.],
    Year of publication: 1989-1993
    Dates of Publication: 1.1989 - 5.1993; damit Ersch. eingest.
    ISSN: 0899-8248
    Type of Medium: Journal/Serial
    Language: Undetermined
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  • 29
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    SIGSMALL - PC notes : a publication of the Special Interest Group on Small and Personal Computing Systems and Applications, Association for Computing Machinery (from 1984-1993)
    New York, NY :ACM, ; 10.1984,4 - 19.1993/94,2(1993)
    Details
    Title: SIGSMALL - PC notes : a publication of the Special Interest Group on Small and Personal Computing Systems and Applications, Association for Computing Machinery
    Author: Association for Computing Machinery / Special Interest Group on Small and Personal Computing Systems and Applications
    Publisher: New York, NY :ACM,
    Year of publication: 1984-1993
    Dates of Publication: 10.1984,4 - 19.1993/94,2(1993)
    ISSN: 0893-2875
    Type of Medium: Journal/Serial
    Language: Undetermined
    Former Title: Vorg. ---〉:Association for Computing Machinery / Special Interest Group on Small Computing Systems and Applications: SIGSMALL newsletter
    Subsequent Title: Forts. ---〉:Association for Computing Machinery / Special Interest Group on Individual Computing Environments: SIGICE bulletin
    Note: Zählung von "SIGSMALL newsletter" übernommen
    Parallel Title: Internetausg. ---〉:Association for Computing Machinery / Special Interest Group on Small and Personal Computing Systems and Applications: ACM SIGSMALL - PC notes
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  • 30
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Informationstechnik : it ; Computer, Systeme, Anwendungen (from 1986-1992)
    München :Oldenbourg, ; 28.1986 - 34.1992
    Details
    Title: Informationstechnik : it ; Computer, Systeme, Anwendungen
    Publisher: München :Oldenbourg,
    Year of publication: 1986-1992
    Dates of Publication: 28.1986 - 34.1992
    ISSN: 0179-9738 , 0013-5720
    Type of Medium: Journal/Serial
    Language: Undetermined
    Former Title: Vorg. ---〉:Elektronische Rechenanlagen
    Subsequent Title: Forts. ---〉:Informationstechnik und technische Informatik
    Note: it-Seminar
    Additional Information: Beil. ---〉:Euro-KI-Führer
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  • 31
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    SIGACT news : publ. by the ACM Special Interest Group on Automata and Computability Theory (from 1969-1992)
    New York, NY :ACM, ; 1.1969 - 23.1992,2 = Nr. 1-83
    Details
    Title: SIGACT news : publ. by the ACM Special Interest Group on Automata and Computability Theory
    Author: Association for Computing Machinery / Special Interest Group on Automata and Computability Theory
    Contributer: Association for Computing Machinery / Special Interest Committee on Automata and Computability Theory
    Publisher: New York, NY :ACM,
    Year of publication: 1969-1992
    Dates of Publication: 1.1969 - 23.1992,2 = Nr. 1-83
    ISSN: 0163-5700
    Type of Medium: Journal/Serial
    Subsequent Title: Forts. ---〉:Association for Computing Machinery / Special Interest Group on Algorithms and Computation Theory: SIGACT news
    Additional Information: In 12.1980,2 Index 1/12.1969/80 von ---〉:Symposium on Theory of Computing: Conference record of the ... annual ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing
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  • 32
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Solubilization, Characterization, and Partial Purification of α-Amino-3-Hydroxy-5-Methyl-4-Isoxazolepropionic Acid-, Quisqualate-, Kainate-Sensitive l-Glutamate Binding Sites from Porcine Brain Synaptic Junctions (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 57 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: l-[3H]Glutamate binding sites were solubilized from porcine brain synaptic junctions by Triton X-114 in the presence of KC1. The solubilized binding sites bound l-[3H]glutamate reversibly with Kd and Bmax values of 1.48 ± 0.18 μM and 178.2 ± 15.9 pmol/mg of protein, respectively. These binding sites appeared to be integral membrane glycoproteins, with sugar moieties recognized by wheat germ agglutinin. A 49.3-fold purification of these binding sites was achieved by Triton X-114 solubilization, anion-exchange chromatography, and affinity chromatography using wheat germ agglutinin-Sepharose. The apparent molecular mass of the partially purified binding sites was 620 ± 50 kDa. l-[3H]Glutamate bound to the solubilized preparation could be effectively displaced by agonists of non-N-methyl-d-as-partate (NMDA) l-glutamate receptors but not by NMDA or α-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate. The rank order for the competitive ligands in displacing l-[3H]glutamate was: quisqualate 〉 α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid 〉 l-glutamate 〉 kainate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1991.tb06404.x
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  • 33
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rapid Internalization and Intracellular Metabolic Processing of Exogenous Ganglioside by Cerebellar Granule Cells Differentiated in Culture (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 57 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Ganglioside GMl, tritiated at the level of the long chain base (sphingosine) ([Sph-3H]GMl), sialic acid (N-ace-tylneuraminic acid) ([NeuAc-3H]GMl), or terminal galactose ([Gal-3H]GMl) was supplied to cerebellar granule cells differentiated in vitro, and its metabolic processing was followed with pulse time. Using [Sph-3H]GM 1 and [NeuAc-3H]GMl the formation of radioactive compounds of catabolic origin (GM2, GM3, lactosylceramide, glucosylceramide, and ceramide) started being detectable at 10–15 min of pulse, whereas compounds of biosynthetic origin (GD1a, GD1b, GT1b, O-acetylated GT1b, sphingomyelin, and sialoglycoprotein) appeared after 15–30 min of pulse. Using [Gal-3H]GM1 two radioactive substances were formed, GD1 a and GT1b, with the former (produced by direct sialosylation of GM1) appearing after 30 min of pulse and the latter (formed by bio-synthetic recycling of released galactose) appearing after 2 h. The radioactivity linked to all metabolites increased with increasing pulse time until 4 h. The percentage of GM1 taken up and subjected to metabolic processing was found to increase from 1.8% after 10 min of pulse to 12.5% after 4 h. Cerebellar granule cells were able to release enzymes of lysosomal origin, β-D-N-acetylhexosaminidase and β-D-galac-tosidase, into the culture medium, with the release being markedly decreased by the absence in the medium of fetal calf serum, a condition that was used for studying exogenous GM1 uptake and metabolization. However, these enzymes exerted no activity at the pH of the culture medium, and no radioactive gangliosides, besides GM1, were detected in the culture medium during pulse. Addition of 50 μM chloroquine to granule cells during the pulse experiments with radioactive GM1 completely blocked the metabolic processing of exogenous GM1 with the exception of direct sialosylation, a result indicating the key role played by lysosomes in the process. The overall results show that cerebellar granule cells take up, internalize, and metabolize exogenous GM1 rapidly, with the lysosomes being involved immediately in degradation, and the biosynthetic apparatuses somewhat later in recycling metabolic intermediates. The hypothesis can be proposed that the ganglioside present in the membrane domain subjected to internalization is rapidly turned over.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1991.tb06406.x
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  • 34
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of Unilateral Perinatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Injury in the Rat on Striatal Muscarinic Cholinergic Receptors and High-Affinity Choline Uptake Sites: A Quantitative Autoradiographic Study (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 57 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The binding characteristics and distribution of M1and M2 muscarinic cholinergic receptors and high-affinity choline uptake sites were studied in the striatum of the rat at 3–4 and 9–12 weeks of age after exposure to unilateral perinatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. High-affinity choline uptake sites were labeled with [3H]hemicholinium-3, M1 receptors with [3H]pirenzepine, and M2 receptors with [3H]AFDX 116. Saturation experiments revealed a significant decrease in the maximal binding capacity (Bmax) for [3H]pirenzepine-labeled M1 receptors in the lesioned caudate/putamen complex in immature rats with moderate brain injury, in comparison with controls. In contrast, the Bmax value for [3H]hemicholinium-3-labeled high-affinity choline uptake sites was significantly increased. No changes in dissociation constants (KD) were observed. These changes were most pronounced in the dorsolateral region of striatum. Striatal regional distribution of [3H]AF-DX 116 was not affected. In mature rats, binding of [3H]pirenzepine returned to control values, whereas [3H]hemicholinium binding showed a persistent increase (23%). The increase in [3H]hemicholinium-3 binding, as a specific marker of cholinergic nerve terminals, is consistent with our prior morphologic studies demonstrating relative preservation of cholinergic neurons and neuropil, and supports the concept that Striatal cholinergic systems are resistant to hypoxic-ischemic injury.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1991.tb06410.x
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  • 35
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characterization of Rat ARPP-21 mRNA: Sequence Analysis, Tissue Distribution, and Regulation (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 57 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: ARPP-21 (cyclic AMP-regulated phosphoprotein; Mr= 21,000) is a cytosolic neuronal phosphoprotein that is highly enriched in the striatum and in other dopaminoceptive regions of the brain. The state of phosphorylation of ARPP-21 is also regulated by vasoactive intestinal peptide in intact cells. We previously reported the sequence analysis of bovine ARPP-21 cDNA and have now characterized rat ARPP-21 cDNA to study further the molecular biology of this protein. The sequence of the coding region is 82 and 85% identical at the nucleotide and amino acid levels, respectively, between the two species. There are two major classes of clones, differing only in the lengths of their 3’untranslated ends, suggesting that the different ARPP-21 mRNAs are derived from the use of alternate polyadenylation sites. Both major mRNA species, 2.6 and 0.7 kb, are present at the highest concentration in the striatum, followed by the cortex, consistent with previous immunocytochemical results. Southern blot analysis reveals a simple hybridization pattern, consistent with the presence of a single rat gene encoding ARPP-21. The steady-state levels of the ARPP-21 mRNAs are developmentally regulated but, in the neonatal and mature animal, are not altered following 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of the substantia nigra or by pharmacologic treatments that up-regulate the D1- or D2-dopamine receptors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1991.tb06413.x
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  • 36
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Modulation of γ-Aminobutyric AcidA Receptor-Operated Chloride Channels by Benzodiazepine Inverse Agonists Is Related to Genetic Differences in Ethanol Withdrawal Seizure Severity (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 57 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: To determine whether genetic differences in development of ethanol dependence are related to changes in γ-aminobutyric acidA (GABAA) receptor function, we measured 36Cl uptake by brain cortical membrane vesicles from withdrawal seizure prone and withdrawal seizure resistant (WSP/WSR) mice treated chronically with ethanol. Musci-mol-stimulated chloride flux was not different between WSP and WSR mice before or after ethanol treatment. Also, augmentation of muscimol action by flunitrazepam or inhibition of muscimol action by the inverse agonists Ro 15–4513 (ethyl- 8-azido-5,6-dihydro-5-methyl-6-oxo-4H-imidazo[1,5a]- [1,4]benzodiazepine-3-carboxylate) and methyl-6,7-dime- thoxy-4-ethyl-β-carboIine-3-carboxylate (DMCM) was not different for ethanol-naive WSP and WSR mice. However, chronic ethanol administration enhanced the inhibitory actions of DMCM and Ro 15–4513 on membranes from WSP but not WSR mice. Conversely, chronic ethanol treatment attenuated the action of flunitrazepam on membranes from WSR but not WSP mice, suggesting that the actions of benzodiazepine agonists and inverse agonists are under separate genetic control. These genetic differences in actions of DMCM and Ro 15–4513 indicate that sensitization to benzodiazepine inverse agonists produced by chronic ethanol treatment may be related to development of withdrawal seizures and suggest that differences in the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor complex represent alleles that have segregated during the selection of the WSP/WSR mice.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1991.tb06428.x
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  • 37
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Cholinergic Regulation of Intracellular Calcium in the Human Neuroblastoma, SH-SY5Y (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 57 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The regulation of intracellular calcium by cholinergic agonists was investigated in the human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y, loaded with fura-2. The resting free Ca2+ concentration in this cell line was 199 ± 14 nM (mean ± SEM, n = 19). At 1 mM extracellular Ca2+, high concentrations of carbachol and acetylcholine evoked a biphasic change in intracellular Ca2+ concentration, consisting of a transient initial peak followed by a decline to a plateau that was significantly higher than the basal level. Carbachol (0.5 mM) and acetylcholine (10 μM) caused a maximal increase in the intracellular Ca2+ concentration, reaching a peak of 465 ± 52 (mean ± SEM, n = 12) and 422 ± 48 nM (mean ± SEM, n = 7), respectively, in 〈4 s. This initial calcium transient declined to a plateau of 268 ± 36 and 240 ± 27 nM for carbachol and acetylcholine, respectively, in ∼40 s. The plateau persisted until the agonist was displaced by the addition of antagonist. Atropine, hexahydrosiladifenidol (HHSD), pirenzepine, and methoctramine inhibited the carbachol-evoked initial calcium transient with Ki values of 0.85 ± 0.05, 8.3 ± 1.6, 411 ± 36, and 240 ± 46 nM (mean ± SEM, n = 3), respectively, and the acetylcholine-induced initial calcium transient with Ki values of 0.48 ± 0.18, 13.5 ± 8.5, 192 ± 32, and 414 ± 25 nM (mean ± SEM of two experiments), respectively, results suggesting that an M3 muscarinic receptor was predominantly mediating these effects. Furthermore, atropine, HHSD, and pirenzepine inhibited the plateau phase of the carbachol- evoked change in intracellular Ca2+ concentration with Ki values of 0.25, 1, and 861 nM, respectively, which are consistent with an M3 receptor being coupled to this effect. The plateau was abolished in the presence of EGTA, thereby converting the biphasic signal into a monophasic response. Under these conditions, the initial calcium transient or its pharmacology was not altered. However, if the cells were washed in calcium-free buffer for 3 min, the initial peak was decreased by∼30%. The subsequent readdition of calcium caused a further increase in fura-2 fluorescence. The influx of calcium and hence the plateau were also blocked by nickel but were insensitive to verapamil. We may conclude, therefore, on pharmacological grounds, that an M3 muscarinic receptor is coupled both to the peak response, presumably due to inositol trisphosphate mobilization of intracellular calcium, and to the plateau due to an influx of extracellular calcium.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1991.tb06430.x
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  • 38
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Death Programme in Cultured Sympathetic Neurones Can Be Suppressed at the Posttranslational Level by Nerve Growth Factor, Cyclic AMP, and Depolarization (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 57 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: We have examined whether sympathetic neurones that have lost the potential to be rescued by protein and RNA synthesis inhibitors after a period of nerve growth factor (NGF) deprivation are irreversibly committed to die. We found that 15 h after withdrawal of NGF from 7-day cultures of neonatal rat superior cervical ganglion neurones, 50% of the neurones lost the potential to be rescued by cycloheximide but that NGF rescued most of the neurones. By 22 h after NGF withdrawal, only 10% of the neurones were rescued by inhibition of macromolecular synthesis with cycloheximide, puromycin, or actinomycin D, but as many as 60-80% of the neurones were rescued by NGF. This is after the time at which a DNA “ladder,” consistent with cell death by apoptosis, was first detected (18 h). As long as 27 h of NGF withdrawal was required before 50% of the neurones lost the potential to be rescued by NGF. The survival-promoting agent 8-(4-chlorophenylthio)cyclic AMP (CPTcAMP) or depolarization with 50 mM K.C1 (HK) rescued neurones with kinetics similar to those of NGF, and rescue by all three agents did not require protein synthesis. Thus, NGF, CPTcAMP, and HK can rescue neurones deprived of NGF at much later times than either protein or RNA synthesis inhibitors by acting at the posttranslational level, a finding suggesting that initiation of the cell death programme in sympathetic neurones is not an irreversible step.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1991.tb06434.x
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  • 39
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evidence for an Insulin-Like Growth Factor Autocrine-Paracrine System in the Retinal Photoreceptor-Pigment Epithelial Cell Complex (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 57 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: : The interphotoreceptor matrix (IPM), lying between retinal photoreceptor and pigment epithelial (RPE) cells, contains insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) immunoreactivity that co-elutes with authentic human IGF-I in HPLC analyses. Cultured human RPE cells synthesize and release IGF-I, raising the possibility that the RPE serves as a source of IPM IGF-I in vivo. Photoreceptor rod outer segments and cultured monkey RPE cells express specific IGF-I receptors with α-subunits of 120 and 138 kDa, respectively. They thus appear to be of the “brain” (in photoreceptors) and “peripheral” (in RPE cells) receptor subtypes. Additionally, the IPM contains high levels of an IGF binding protein (IGF-BP) that specifically binds IGF-I and IGF-II. The IPM-BP is visualized as a single radiographic band by both ligand blot and affinity cross-linking procedures. With enzymes specific for removing N-and O-linked oligosaccharides, the IPM-BP was found to contain O-but not N-linked glycosylated side chains. The distinctive size and glycosylation pattern of the IPM-BP indicate that it is not derived from the vitreous or serum but instead is synthesized locally. The presence of IGF-I and IGF-BP in the IPM, together with the presence of IGF-I receptors on both photoreceptor and RPE cells, suggests the presence of an outer retina autocrine-paracrine system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1991.tb06347.x
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  • 40
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Differential Involvement of the Arachidonic Acid Cascade on the α1-Adrenergic Potentiation of Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide-Versus β-Adrenergic-Stimulated Cyclic AMP and Cyclic GMP Accumulation in Rat Pinealocytes (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 57 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: : In the rat pineal gland, α1-adrenergic agonists, which stimulate arachidonic add release, also potentiate vasoactive intestinal peptide.(VIP)-or β-adrenergic-stimulated cyclic AMP (cAMP) and cyclic GMP (cGMP) accumulation. In this study, the possible involvement of the arachidonic acid pathway in the potentiation mechanism was examined in dispersed rat pinealocytes using two inhibitors of the arachidonic acid cascade, indomethacin and nordihydroguaiaretic acid. These two inhibitors appeared to have differential effects on the α1-adrenergic potentiation of VIP-or β-adrenergic-stimulated cAMP and cGMP responses. Whereas nordihydroguaiaretic acid was effective in suppressing both the α1-adrenergic potentiation of VIP-or β-adrenergic-stimulated cAMP and cGMP responses, indomethacin inhibited selectively the VIP-mediated cAMP and cGMP responses. The role of arachidonic acid metabolites was further determined using several prostaglandins—A2, I2, E2, and F2α—and leukotrienes—B4, C4, and D4. Of the seven compounds tested, prostaglandins E2 and F2α stimulated basal cAMP but not cGMP accumulation. The prostaglandin E2-and F2α-stimulated cAMP responses were additive to those stimulated by VIP or β-adrenergic receptors. The other five compounds had no effects on basal or VIP-or β-adrenergic-stimulated cAMPor cGMP accumulation. Taken together, these findings indicate that the arachidonic acid cascade is likely involved in the α1-adrenergic potentiation of VIP-or β-adrenergic-stimulated cAMP and cGMP accumulation. However, the specific arachidonic acid metabolite involved in the potentiation mechanisms of VIP-versus β-adrenergic-stimulated cyclic nucleotide responses may be different.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1991.tb06348.x
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  • 41
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Multiple Signalling Pathways Interact in the Regulation of Nerve Growth Factor Production in L929 Fibroblasts (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 57 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: : Fibroblasts are one of several cell types producing nerve growth factor (NGF) in neuronal targets. In previous studies we found that NGF production is up-regulated by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA) and serum, down-regulated by corticosterone, and unaffected by dibutyryl-cyclic AMP (db-cyclic AMP) in fibroblasts. As fibroblasts in vivo are likely to be exposed to regulatory effects by more than one of these agents at any given time, we examined the effects of combinations of them on NGF production using L929 fibroblasts as a model system. TPA and serum together stimulated NGF production 10-fold more than either agent alone. Corticosterone reduced NGF mRNA and NGF production to 〈 10% of basal levels whether or not TPA or serum, or both, were present but not in the presence of the gluco-corticoid antagonist RU486. Corticosterone did not increase the rate of NGF mRNA degradation. Forskolin and db-cyclic AMP prevented NGF mRNA induction by TPA and serum without changing basal levels. TPA induced c-fos and junB mRNAs transiently and preceding NGF mRNA induction but c-jun mRNA remained undetectable. Forskolin enhanced the induction of both junB and c-fos mRNA whereas corticosterone prolonged junB mRNA induction. Thus, TPA induction of NGF mRNA is modulated differentially by corticosterone and cyclic AMP. c-fos and junB may play a role in the underlying mechanisms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1991.tb06353.x
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  • 42
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transferrin and Iron Uptake by the Brain: Effects of Altered Iron Status (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 57 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: : Transferrin (Tf) and iron uptake by the brain were measured in rats using 59Fe-125I-Tf and 131I-albumin (to correct for the plasma content of 59Fe and 125I-Tf in the organs). The rats were aged from 15 to 63 days and were fed (a) a low-iron diet (iron-deficient) or, as control, the same diet supplemented with iron, or (b) a chow diet with added carbonyl iron (iron overload), the chow diet alone acting as its control. Iron deficiency was associated with a significant decrease and iron overload with a significant increase in brain nonheme iron concentration relative to the controls, in each dietary treatment group, the uptake of Tf and iron by the brain decreased as the rats aged from 15 to 63 days. Both Tf and iron uptake were significantly greater in the iron-deficient rats than in their controls and lower in the iron-loaded rats than in the corresponding controls. Overall, iron deficiency produced about a doubling and iron overload a halving of the uptake values compared with the controls. In contrast to that in the brain, iron uptake by the femurs did not decrease with age and there was relatively little difference between the different dietary groups. 125I-Tf uptake by the brains of the iron-deficient rats increased very rapidly after injection of the labelled proteins, within 15 min reaching a plateau level which was maintained for at least 6 h. The uptake of 59Fe, however, increased rapidly for 1 h and then more slowly, and in terms of percentage of injected dose reached much higher values than did 125I-Tf uptake. It is concluded that, after the age of 15 days in the rat, there is a decline in the rate of uptake of iron by the brain, probably attributable to a decrease in the number of Tf receptors on brain capillary endothelial cells, and that the expression of these receptors is highly responsive to the iron status of the animal.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1991.tb06355.x
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  • 43
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stress-and Endotoxin-Induced Increases in Brain Tryptophan and Serotonin Metabolism Depend on Sympathetic Nervous System Activity (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 57 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: : Stressful treatments and immune challenges have been shown previously to elevate brain concentrations of tryptophan. The role of the autonomic nervous system in this neurochemical change was investigated using pharmacological treatments that inhibit autonomic effects. Pretreatment with the ganglionic blocker chlorisondamine did not alter the normal increases in catecholamine metabolites, but prevented the increase in brain tryptophan normally observed after footshock or restraint, except when the duration of the footshock period was extended to 60 min. The footshock-and restraint-related increases in 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) were also prevented by chlorisondamine. The increases in brain tryptophan caused by intraperitoneal injection of endotoxin or interleukin-1 (IL-1) were also prevented by chlorisondamine pretreatment. The footshock-induced increases in brain tryptophan and 5-HIAA were attenuated by the β-adrenergic antagonist propranolol but not by the α-adrenergic antagonist phenoxybenzamine or the muscarinic cholinergic antagonist atropine. Thus the autonomic nervous system appears to be involved in the stress-related changes in brain tryptophan, and this effect is due to the sympathetic rather than the parasympathetic limb of the system. Moreover, the main effect of the sympathetic nervous system is exerted on β-as opposed to α-adrenergic receptors. We conclude that activation of the sympathetic nervous system is responsible for the stress-related increases in brain tryptophan, probably by enabling increased brain tryptophan uptake. Endotoxin and IL-1 also elevate brain tryptophan, presumably by a similar mechanism. The increase in brain tryptophan appears to be necessary to sustain the increased serotonin catabolism to S-HIAA that occurs in stressed animals, and which may reflect increased serotonin release.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1991.tb06359.x
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  • 44
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Histamine: A Neurotransmitter Candidate for Drosophila Photoreceptors (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 57 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: : Recent experimental evidence suggests that histamine might be the synaptic transmitter used by invertebrate photoreceptors. In the present study, we have examined whether histamine is a transmitter candidate for Drosophila photoreceptors. Our findings are as follows; (a) Large amounts of histamine are synthesized by wild-type heads, whereas heads from the eye-deficient mutants, eyes absent and sine oculis, show reduced histamine synthesis, (b) Histidine de-carboxylase activity is ⋍ 10-fold higher in extracts of normal heads compared with that ia the mutants, (c) Histamine taken up by fly heads is metabolized into N-acetylhistamine and imidazole-4-acetic acid, (d) Immunostaining of normal and sevenless heads with histamine-specific antisera demonstrates that histamine is present in photoreceptors R1–6 and R8. (e) Histamine synthesized from exogenously supplied [3H]-histidine can be released by depolarization with 50 mM K+, and the release is Ca2+ dependent. These observations strongly suggest that histamine is a major neurotransmitter used by Drosophila photoreceptors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1991.tb06378.x
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  • 45
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    Dopaminergic Receptors Linked to Adenylate Cyclase in Human Cerebromicrovascular Endothelium (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 57 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: : Cultured endothelium derived from three fractions of human cerebral microvessels was used to characterize dopamine (DA) receptors linked to adenylate cyclase activity. DA or D1 agonist, (±)-SKF-82958 hydrobromide, stimulated endothelial cyclic AMP formation in a dose-dependent manner. The selective D, antagonist, (±)SCH-23390, inhibited in a dose-dependent manner the production of cyclic AMP induced by DA. The affinity for the D1 receptor appeared to be greater in endothelium derived from large and small microvessels than from capillaries. Cholera toxin ADP-ribosylation of Gs proteins abolished the DA stimulatory effect on endothelial adenylate cyclase, whereas pertussis toxin ADP-ribosylation enhanced the DA-inducible formation, indicating the presence of both D1 and D2 receptors. Agonists of α1-adrenergic receptors (phenylephrine, 6-fluoronorepinephrine) or serotonin (5-HT), which stimulated the production of cyclic AMP, had no additive effect on DA-stimulated cyclic AMP formation. Incubation of these agents with DA produced the same or lower levels of cyclic AMP as compared to that formed by DA alone. The effect of α1-adrenergic agonists or 5-HT on DA production of cyclic AMP was partially prevented by the D2 antagonist, S(-)-sulpiride, or ketanserin (5-HT2 〉 α1 〉 H1 antagonists), respectively. These findings represent the first demonstration of D1-(stimulatory) and D2-(inhibitory) receptors linked to adenylate cyclase in microvascular endothelium derived from human brain. The data also indicate that dopaminergic receptors can interact with either α1adrenergic or 5-HT receptors in endothelium on the adenylate cyclase level. These results provide strong support for the previously contemplated existence of a central dopaminergic mechanism in cerebral vessels, a notion that is clinically important.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1991.tb06380.x
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  • 46
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    Differential Localization of Alternative Spliced Transcripts Encoding Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate Receptors in Mouse Cerebellum and Hippocampus: In Situ Hybridization Study (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 57 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: : Expression of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (InsP3) receptor subtypes was determined in mouse brain using oligonucleotide-specific in situ hybridization. All subtypes, except one that deletes 120 bp from the full-length InsP3 receptor cDNA, were expressed in cerebellar Purkinje cells. In hippocampus, various subtypes showed distinct expression patterns. These results suggest that regionally selective expression of InsP3 receptor subtypes may result in the generation of functionally distinct channels.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1991.tb06385.x
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  • 47
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    Phorbol Ester Pretreatment Desensitizes the Inhibition of Ca2+ Channels Induced by k-Opiate, α2-Adrenergic, and Muscarinic Receptor Agonists (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 57 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: : Acute treatment of rat spinal cord-dorsal root ganglion cocultured neurons with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA), a known activator of protein kinase C, inhibited the dihydropyridinc-sensitive voltage-dependent 45Ca2+ influx measured in these cells (IC50 of⋍100 nM, 66% inhibition at 1 νM TPA). However, prolonged preincubation (24 h) of the cells with 100 nM TPA followed by extensive washing completely abolished, i.e., desensitized, the capacity of a second application of TPA to inhibit the activity of the voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels. Moreover, this treatment also abolished the inhibition of Ca2+ influx produced by k-opiate as well as by α2-adrenergic and muscarinic receptor agonists. Substantial desensitization was already observed following a 1-h pretreatment with 100 nMTPA. In contrast to TPA, an inactive phorbol ester (4β-phorbol 13-acetate) did not affect the inhibition of the voltage-dependent Ca2+ influx by these receptor agonists. These results suggest that protein kinase C may have a role in the modulation of Ca2+channels by k-opiate, α2-adrenetgic, and muscarinic receptor agonists.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1991.tb06384.x
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  • 48
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    Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase Activity of the Preoptic Area and Hypothalamus Is Influenced by the Serotonergic System (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 57 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The effect of the serotonergic system on glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) activity of the preoptic area and the hypothalamus was studied in female rats on the day of proestrus. A circadian rhythm of GAD activity was observed with higher values in rats killed at 1130 h than in rats killed at 1500 h. In rats bearing lesions of the median raphe nucleus (MRn), a nucleus that sends 5-hydroxytryptamine nerve terminals to the areas under study decreased GAD activity. On the contrary, electrochemical stimulation of the MRn enhanced GAD activity in intact rats killed at 1500 h, but not in those killed at 1130 h, an effect that was prevented by the injection of the 5-hydroxytryptamine antagonist, methysergide. Furthermore, the injection of 5-hydroxytryptamine into the third ventricle, either in intact rats in the afternoon or in MRn-lesioned rats in the morning, also increased GAD activity. The results of the present study suggest that activation of the serotonergic system increases GAD activity in the preoptic area and hypothalamus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1991.tb08294.x
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  • 49
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    Botulinum Neurotoxin Light Chain Inhibits Norepinephrine Secretion in PC12 Cells at an Intracellular Membranous or Cytoskeletal Site (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 57 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Botulinum neurotoxin (NT) is a potent inhibitor of neurotransmitter secretion, but its intracellular mechanism and site of action are unknown. In this study, the intracellular action of NT was investigated by rendering the secretory apparatus of PC12 cells accessible to macromolecules by a recently described “cell cracking” procedure. Soluble cytoplasmic factors were depleted from permeabilized cells by washing to generate cell “ghosts” which retained cellular structural components and intracellular organelles (including secretory granules). The PC12 cell ghosts exhibited Ca2+-activated [3H] nuorepinephrine release which was enhanced by cytosolic proteins and MgATP. PC12 cell ghosts provide the opportunity to distinguish the intracellular action of NT on soluble cytoplasmic components versus structural cellular components. The 150-kDa NT and the 50-kDa light chain of serotypes E and B, and to a lesser extent type A, inhibited Ca2+-activated [3H] norepinephrine release in PC12 ghosts, but not in intact PC12 cells. The 100-kDa heavy chain had no effect. This indicates that NT acts at an intracellular site in these cells permeabilized by “cell cracking.” The inhibition of secretion by NT was rapid and irreversible under the incubation conditions used. NT inhibition of [3H]- norepinephrine release from PC12 ghosts occurred in the absence of cytosolic proteins and MgATP and was not reversed by the addition of cytosolic proteins and MgATP, indicating that NT acts at an intracellular membranous or cytoskeletal site.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1991.tb08308.x
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  • 50
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    Quantitative and Qualitative Alterations of Neuronal and Glial Intermediate Filaments in Rat Nervous System After Exposure to 2, 5-Hexanedione (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 57 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The precise mechanism for the neurotoxicity of 2, 5-hexanedione is not known, but cross-linking of neurofilament proteins has been suggested as one possibility. In this study the effects of long-term exposure to 2, 5-hexanedione were studied in the rat nervous system with special reference to regional changes in the quantities of neuronal and glial intermediate filaments. Using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays the concentrations of 68- and 200-kDa neurofilament polypeptides were shown to be reduced in all brain regions studied. Similar results were obtained in the sciatic nerve. The concentration of glial fibrillary acidic protein was decreased in the cerebellar vermis and the dorsal cerebral cortex, whereas it was increased in the spinal cord, a result suggesting a regional variation in glial sensitivity. The intermediate filaments of the exposed animals were also immunoblotted using polyclonal antisera against the various neurofilament polypeptides and glial fibrillary acidic protein. In all tissues studied, several aggregates with molecular weights higher than those of the monomeric polypeptides were demonstrated. Contrary to clinical observations, these data indicate pronounced effects in both CNS and PNS and call for further studies on CNS effects in humans.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1991.tb08311.x
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  • 51
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    Identification of B2 Bradykinin Binding Sites on Cultured Cortical Astrocytes (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 57 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Bradykinin was found to bind to specific high-affinity sites in cultured cortical astrocytes from rat brain, and this binding appeared to be specific for the B2 bradykinin receptor subtype. Nonlinear regression analysis of saturation experiments using a computer programme revealed a single KD of 16.6 ± 2.6 nM and a Bmax of 352.2 ±30.7 fmol/mg of protein. These results indicate that astrocytes possess bradykinin receptors and that these are predominantly of the B2 subtype.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1991.tb08314.x
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  • 52
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    Characterization and Pharmacological Responsiveness of Dopamine Release Recorded by Microdialysis in the Substantia Nigra of Conscious Rats (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 57 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The extracellular concentration of dopamine (DA) and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid in the substantia nigra (SN) and striatum was estimated by microdialysis. The dialysate content of DA from the SN was recorded during infusion of a DA uptake blocker (nomifensine; 5 μmol/L) dissolved in the perfusion fluid. Perfusion of tetrodotoxin (1 μmol/L) produced a virtually complete disappearance of nigral and striatal DA release. Dendritic as well as terminal release of DA was inhibited for several hours when the nerve impulse flow in dopaminergic neurons was blocked by systemic administration of γ-butyrolactonc (750 mg/kg, i.p.). The systemic administration (0.3 mg/kg, i.p.) as well as infusion (1 μmol/L) of the D2 agonist (-)-N-0437 [2-(n-propyl-N-2-thienylethylamino)-5-hydroxytetralin] produced a significant decrease in the release of DA in both the striatum and the SN. DA levels were recorded in the striatum both with and without addition of nomifensine to the perfusion fluid. The decrease in the striatum after (-)-N-0437 was suppressed in the presence of nomifensine. Infusion (1 μmol/L) as well as systemic administration (40 mg/kg) of sulphide caused a similar increase in the release of striatal DA; this increase was, in both experiments, potentiated by nomifensine coinfusion. Sulpiride administration induced a small increase in the release of nigral DA. Infusion of (-)-N-0437 or (-)-sulpiride into the nigra caused a moderate decrease and increase, respectively, of striatal DA level. It was possible to estimate the relative contribution of nigral and striatal au-toreceptors to the typical changes in striatal DA release seen after peripheral administration of D2 agonists or antagonists. These results suggest that the dendritic release of DA fulfills classical release criteria.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1991.tb08214.x
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  • 53
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    Phosphatidic Acid Accumulation and Catecholamine Release in Adrenal Chromaffin Cells: Stimulation by High Potassium and by Nicotine, and Effect of a Diacylglycerol Kinase Inhibitor R 59 022 (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 57 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Using primary cultures of bovine adrenal chromaffin cells labelled with 32Pi, we show that stimulation with bradykinin, nicotine, or a depolarising concentration of potassium stimulates the accumulation of [32P]phosphatidic acid. The effects of nicotine and potassium are smaller than the effect of bradykinin, and are dependent entirely on extracellular calcium. The diacylglycerol kinase inhibitor R 59 022 attenuates the formation of phosphatidic acid by nicotine and depolarising concentrations of potassium. This inhibitor also blocks the nicotine and potassium stimulation of nor- adrenaline release from Chromaffin cells. Using 45Ca2+ influx studies, we show that the nicotine-evoked calcium influx is also attenuated by R 59 022. These observations contrast with those in another report in which we showed that bradykinin stimulation of either [32P]phosphatidic acid accumulation or noradrenaline release is not affected by R 59 022. It is likely that the calcium influx produced by nicotine and depolarising potassium is blocked by R 59 022 by a mechanism that is independent of its ability to block diacylglycerol kinase. The nicotine- and potassium-stimulated [32P]phosphatidic acid accumulation is a consequence of this calcium influx and presumably reflects calcium activation of either phospholipase C or phospholipase D.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1991.tb08218.x
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  • 54
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    The Differential Role of Protein Kinase C Isozyme in the Rapid Induction of Neurofilament Phosphorylation by Nerve Growth Factor and Phorbol Esters in PC12 Cells (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 57 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: We examined the short-term regulation of the phosphorylation of the mid-sized neurofilament subunit (NF-M) by kinases which were activated in rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells by nerve growth factor (NGF) and/or 12-O-tet-radecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA). We found that NGF and TPA, alone or in combination, increased (a) the incorporation of [32P]Pi into NF-M and (b) the rate of conversion of NF-M from a poorly phosphorylated to a more highly phosphorylated form. This was not due to increased synthesis of NF-M, because NGF alone did not increase NF-M synthesis and TPA alone or TPA and NGF together inhibited the synthesis of NF-M. Further, an increase in calcium/phospholipid-dependent kinase (PKC) activity resulting from the treatment of PC12 cells with NGF and TPA was observed concomitant with the increased phosphorylation of NF-M. This PKC activity was determined to be derived from the PKCα and PKCβ isozyme. Finally, when PC12 cells were rendered PKC-deficient by treatment with 1 μM TPA for 24 h, NGF maintained the ability to induce an increase in NF-M phosphorylation, though not to the level attained in cells which were not PKC-deficient. These data suggest (hat NGF with or without TPA stimulates NF-M phosphorylation as a result of a complex series of events which include PKC-in-dependent and PKC-dependent pathways.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1991.tb08222.x
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  • 55
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    Degradation of Mitochondrial Phospholipids During Experimental Cerebral Ischemia in Rats (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 57 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Changes in content of brain mitochondrial phospholipids were examined in rats after 30 and 60 min of decapitation ischemia compared with controls, to explore the degradation of the mitochondrial membrane and its relation to dysfunction of mitochondria. Activities of respiratory functions and respiratory enzymes (cytochrome c oxidase; F0F1-ATPase) decreased significantly during ischemia. Considerable decreases in cardiolipin and phosphatidylinositol content were observed after 60 min, and other phospholipids showed similar but nonsignificant decreases in content. The amount of polyunsaturated fatty acid chains, such as arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acids, was reduced in each phospholipid, in some cases significantly, after 30 and 60 min of ischemia in time-dependent manners. Degradation of mitochondrial phospholipids during ischemia associated with the deterioration of mitochondrial respiratory functions suggested the significance of such changes in phospholipid content in disintegration of cellular energy metabolism during cerebral ischemia.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1991.tb08227.x
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  • 56
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    Developmental Expression of HNK-1-Reactive Antigens in Rat Cerebral Cortex and Molecular Heterogeneity of Sulfoglucuronylneolactotetraosylceramide in CNS Versus PNS (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 57 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Monoclonal antibody HNK-1 reacts with a carbohydrate epitope present in proteins, proteoglycans, and sulfoglucuronylglycolipids (SGGLs). On high-performance TLC plates, SGGLs of the CNS from several species migrated consistently slower than those from the PNS, a result indicating possible differences in the structures. The structural characteristics of the major SGGL, sulfoglucuronylneolac-totetraosylceramide (SGGL-1), from CNS was compared with those of SGGL-1 from PNS. Although the composition, sequence, and linkages of the carbohydrate moiety of the SGGL-1 species were identical, SGGL-1 from CNS contained mainly short-chain fatty acids, 16:0, 18:0, and 18:1, amounting to 85% of the total fatty acids, whereas SGGL-1 from PNS contained large proportions (59%) of long-chain fatty acids (〉 18:0). These differences in the fatty acid composition accounted for the different migration pattern observed. The developmental expression of SGGLs and HNK-1-reactive proteins was studied in rat cerebral cortex between embryonic day (ED) 15 to adulthood. SGGLs in the rat cortex were maximally expressed around ED 19 and almost completely disappeared by postnatal day (PD) 20. This expression was contrary to their increasing expression in the cerebellum and sciatic nerve with postnatal development. Six to eight protein bands with a molecular mass of 〉 160 kDa were HNK-1 reactive in the rat cerebral cortex at different ages. The major HNK-1 reactivity to the 160-kDa protein band seen in ED 19 to PD 10 cortex decreased and completely disappeared from the adult cortex, whereas several other proteins remained HNK-1 reactive even in the adult. Western blot analyses of the neural cell adhesion molecules (N-CAMs) during development of the rat cortex with a polyclonal anti-N-CAM antibody showed that the major HNK-1-reactive protein bands were not N-CAMs. Between PD 1 and 10, 190–200-kDa N-CAM was the major N-CAM, and between PD 15 to adulthood, 180-kDa N-CAM was the only N-CAM present in the rat cortex.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1991.tb08229.x
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  • 57
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    Regional Heterogeneity of L-Glutamate and L-Aspartate High-Affinity Uptake Systems in the Rat CNS (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 57 (1991), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The high-affinity uptake of L-[3H]glutamate and L-[3H]aspartate into synaptosomes prepared from rat cerebral cortical, hippocampal, and cerebellar tissue was reduced by a number of structural analogues of L-glutamate and L-aspartate. thero-3-Hydroxy-L-aspartic acid was a more potent inhibitor of L-glutamate uptake than of L-aspartate uptake in the cerebral cortex, but not in the hippocampus or cerebellum. A similar pattern of selectivity was observed for cis-l-aminocyclobutane-1,3-dicarboxylic acid. Dihydrokainate was also more potent against L-glutamate than against L-aspartate in the cerebral cortex, but in the hippocampus, it was more potent against L-aspartate than against L-glutamate. By contrast, L-α-aminoadipate was significantly more potent in the cerebellum than in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus as an antagonist of both L-glutamate and L-aspartate. These results support other evidence that there is regional heterogeneity in acidic amino acid uptake sites and that the amino acids L-glutamate and L-aspartate may be taken up by a number of transport systems with overlapping substrate specificity but different inhibitor profiles.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1991.tb08237.x
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    Effects of Intranigral Substance P and Neurokinin A Injections on Extracellular Dopamine Levels Measured with Microdialysis in the Striatum and Frontoparietal Cortex of Rats (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 57 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Extracellular levels of dopamine (DA) and its metabolite, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), in the striatum and frontoparietal (sensorimotor) cortex in halo- thane-anesthetized rats were analyzed simultaneously using in vivo microdialysis. Basal DA levels, measured from the microdialysis perfusate, were 6.4 ± 0.8 nM (n = 15) in the striatum and 0.9 ± 0.1 nM (n = 15) in the frontoparietal cortex. Subcutaneous injections of d-amphetamine (2 mg/kg) increased DA levels 10-fold in the striatum and fivefold in the cortex. Injections of substance P (0.07 nmol/0.2 μl) into the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNR) increased DA and DOPAC levels ∼30% in the ipsilateral striatum and 50% in the ipsilateral frontoparietal cortex. Injections of neurokinin A (0.09 nmol/0.2 μl) into the SNR increased DA and DOPAC levels ∼30% in the ipsilateral striatum but did not significantly affect DA levels in the ipsilateral frontoparietal cortex, although DOPAC levels were increased by ∼50%. It is suggested that striatal and cortical DA release is regulated differently by nigral substance P and neurokinin A terminals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1991.tb08245.x
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  • 59
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    Effects of Hypoxia on the Activity of the Dopaminergic Neuron System in the Rat Striatum as Studied by In Vivo Brain Microdialysis (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 57 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The purpose of the present study is to clarify the effects of hypoxia on the activity of the dopaminergic neurons in the brain and its mechanism of action. For this purpose, the effects of hypoxia on the extracellular levels of 3,4-dihy-droxyphenylethylamine (dopamine) were examined in the rat Striatum using in vivo brain microdialysis in the presence or absence of pretreatment with either tetrodotoxin (a blocker of voltage-dependent sodium channels) or nomifensine (a blocker of dopamine reuptake). Exposure to various degrees of hypoxia (15, 10, and 8% O2 in N2) increased dopamine levels in striatal dialysates to 200, 400, and 1,100%, respectively, of the control value. On reoxygenation, dopamine levels in the dialysates rapidly returned to the control level. Reexposure to hypoxia increased the dopamine levels to the same extent as during the first exposure. After addition of tetrodotoxin (40 mUM) to the perfusion fluid or pretreatment with nomifensine (100 mg/kg, i.p.), exposure to hypoxia no longer increased the dopamine levels. These results suggest that although hypoxia induces an increase in the extracellular dopamine levels (hence, an apparent increase in the activity of the dopaminergic neurons), this increase is not the result of an increase in dopamine release itself, but rather the result of inhibition of the dopamine reuptake mechanism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1991.tb08249.x
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  • 60
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    Binding of Botulinum and Tetanus Neurotoxins to Ganglioside GT1b and Derivatives Thereof (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 57 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The ability of fragments derived from botulinum neurotoxin (BTx) serotype A to bind to GT1b-coated plastic wells was investigated and compared with the binding characteristics of the parent ∼ 150-kDa protein. Although the ∼50-kDa light chain of BTxA had a marginal binding capacity, the predominant adherence to GT1b-coated wells was exhibited by the ∼ 50-kDa carboxy-terminal half of the ∼ 100-kDa heavy chain of BTxA; the amino-terminal half of the heavy chain lacked the ability to bind. Binding to GT1b by BTxA and its fragments was compared with that of tetanus neurotoxin (TTx) and the carboxy-terminal half of its heavy chain. Binding of BTxA and the C-terminal half of the heavy chain was optimal in buffers of low ionic strength (μ≤ 0.04 and 0.06, respectively), whereas the heavy chain bound GT1b best at μ≤ 0.10. TTx and the ∼ 50-kDa C-terminal half of its ∼ 100-kDa heavy chain bound GT1b at ionic strengths similar to those of BTxA. Comparison of the binding of BTx serotypes A, B, and E to GT1b (using conditions that were found to be optimal for binding by BTxA) indicated differences in the interaction of the three serotypes with GT1b. Compared with BTxA, adherence to GT1b by serotypes B and E was reduced by ∼60 and ∼90%, respectively. Determination of the IC50 values for GT1b derivatives (molar concentration needed to reduce toxin binding to GT1b by 50%) indicated that (a) the carboxyl moiety of the sialosyl residues is recognized by BTxA and TTx, (b) the lipid segment of GT1b enhances BTxA and TTx binding, and (c) the N-acetyl groups and C(8)-C(9) on the sialosyl residues are not essential components of the binding site for BTxA and TTx.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1991.tb08253.x
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  • 61
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    High Expression of the HNK-1/L2 Carbohydrate Epitope in the Major Glycoproteins of Shark Myelin (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 57 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The major 24- and 28-kDa glycoproteins in shark PNS and CNS myelin express high levels of the adhesion-associated HNK-1/L2 carbohydrate epitope. The 28-kDa protein, but not the 24-kDa protein, cross-reacts strongly with one of two anti-bovine PO antisera not previously tested against fish myelin proteins. Shark PNS and CNS myelin also contains smaller amounts of high-molecular-weight HNK-1-positive proteins, including a prominent broad band in the 65–85-kDa range. Although myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) is well known to react with HNK-1 in some mammals, monoclonal and polyclonal anti-MAG antibodies did not react with the high-molecular-weight HNK-1-positive material in shark myelin, a result suggesting that it is not a MAG-like protein. The high expression of the HNK-1/L2 epitope in glycoproteins of shark myelin, including the major Po-related ones, suggests that this adhesion-related carbohydrate structure may have had an important role in the molecular evolution of the myelinating process.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1991.tb08260.x
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  • 62
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    Physicochemical Characterization of Recombinant Human Nerve Growth Factor Produced in Insect Cells with a Baculovirus Vector (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 57 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Recombinant human nerve growth factor (rhNGF) secreted by insect cells was purified by ion-exchange and reversed-phase chromatography to near homogeneity. The Nterminus of the secreted molecule was analogous to that of mouse salivary gland NGF. In its native conformation, the insect cell produced rhNGF molecules were homodimers consisting of 120 amino acid polypeptide chains. Mature rhNGF was found not to be significantly glycosylated (〈0.08 mol of N-acetylglucosamine/mol of protein). The rhNGF was homogeneous with regard to molecular weight and amino acid sequence. Isoelectric focusing resolved the rhNGF into one major and one minor component. Because rhNGF frominsect cells can be obtained in large quantities, purified to near homogeneity, and is similar to natural NGF with regard to physicochemical properties and biological activity, it is suitable for further evaluation in animal models as a therapeutic molecule for neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1991.tb08256.x
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    Striatal Restricted Adenosine A2 Receptor (RDC8) Is Expressed by Enkephalin but Not by Substance P Neurons: An In Situ Hybridization Histochemistry Study (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 57 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: RDC8 has been recently cloned and characterized as an adenosine A2 receptor. This receptor is expressed exclusively by medium-sized neurons of the striatum as demonstrated by in situ hybridization. We have now studied the relationship of this receptor with three major components of the rat caudate-putamen: enkephalin, substance P, and choline acetyltransferase. Our results demonstrate that the adenosine A2 receptor is expressed exclusively by the enkephalinergic striatal subpopulation but not by the substance P-containing or cholinergic neurons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1991.tb08257.x
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    Announcement (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 57 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1991.tb08264.x
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    Effect of Ethanol on γ-Aminobutyric Acid and Glycine Receptor-Coupled Cl− Fluxes in Rat Brain Synaptoneurosomes (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 57 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Chloride fluxes in Synaptoneurosomes in response to additions of γ-aminobutyric acid, glycine, and ethanol were measured using a chloride-sensitive fluorescent probe 6-methoxy-N-(3-sulfopropyl) quinolinium (SPQ). The C1− gradient was directed outward by bathing cells in a medium low in C1− concentration. The Synaptoneurosomes responded to both γ-aminobutyric acid and glycine by outflow of C1− ions, as judged from an increase in SPQ fluorescence. These effects were inhibited by picrotoxin and strychnine, respectively. Ethanol also produced an outflow of C1− ions from the Synaptoneurosomes. Both picrotoxin and strychnine inhibited this effect. When the antagonists were used together, the inhibiting effect was additive. These results indicate that ethanol affects both γ-aminobutyric acid and glycine receptor-linked chloride fluxes in the rat brain.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1991.tb03764.x
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    A Novel Synaptic Vesicle-Associated Phosphoprotein: SVAPP-120 (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 57 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Generation of antibodies and direct protein sequencing were used to identify and characterize proteins associated with highly purified synaptic vesicles from rat brain. A protein doublet of low abundance of 119 and 124 kDa apparent molecular mass [synaptic vesicle-associated phosphoprotein with a molecular mass of 120 kDa (SVAPP-120)] was identified using polyclonal antibodies. SVAPP-120 was found to copurify with synaptic vesicles and to be enriched in the purified synaptic vesicle fraction to the same extent as synapsin I. Like synapsin I, SVAPP-120 is not an integral membrane protein because it was released from synaptic vesicles by high salt concentrations. This protein was demonstrated to be brain specific, and its distribution in various brain regions paralleled the distribution of synapsin I and synaptophysin. During the postnatal development of the rat cortex and cerebellum, its expression correlated with synaptogenesis. SVAPP-120 was demonstrated to be a phosphoprotein both in vivo and in vitro. It was shown to be phosphorylated on serine and to a lesser extent on threonine residues. These results provide evidence that SVAPP-120 represents a novel synaptic vesicle-associated phosphoprotein. In addition, aldolase, a glycolytic enzyme, and αc-adaptin, a clathrin assembly-promoting protein, were identified on purified synaptic vesicles by direct protein sequencing.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1991.tb03769.x
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    Incorporation of Very-Long-Chain Fatty Acids into Sphingolipids of Cultured Neural Cells (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 57 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: We examined effects of exogenous very-long-chain fatty acids on lipids of cultured chick neurons and astrocytes. When chick neurons were incubated in chemically defined medium containing 10 μMnervonic acid (C24:1) for 7 days, it was found that a major fatty acid moiety of gangliosides and sphingomyelin was nervonic acid itself, which was not normally detected in the sphingolipid fraction. This alteration in the fatty acid composition apparently occurred in each ganglioside species. Under these experimental conditions, nervonic acid was not found in the glycerophospholipid fraction, and the amounts of triacylglycerol and free nervonic acid increased. Addition of behenic acid (C22:0) or erucic acid (C22:l) also induced changes in the fatty acid composition of gangliosides. When chick astrocytes were incubated in the presence of 10 μM nervonic acid for 7 days, no significant change was observed in the fatty acid composition of gangliosides. These studies indicate that the manipulation of the fatty acid moiety of sphingolipids in cultured neurons is possible.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1991.tb03774.x
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    Comparative Effect of Transient Global Ischemia on Extracellular Levels of Glutamate, Glycine, and γ-Aminobutyric Acid in Vulnerable and Nonvulnerable Brain Regions in the Rat (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 57 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: We evaluated whether regional differences in the magnitude of glutamate, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and glycine release could explain why some regions are vulnerable to ischemia whereas others are spared. By means of the microdialysis technique, the temporal profile of ischemia-induced changes in extracellular levels of glutamate, GABA, and glycine was compared in regions that demonstrate differing susceptibilities to a 10- and 20-min ischemic insult (dorsal hippocampus, anterior thalamus, somatosensory cortex, and dorsolateral striatum). The degree of ischemia (as established by local cerebral blood flow reduction) and the magnitude of histopathoiogical neuronal damage were also evaluated in these regions. The blood flow reduction was severe and uniform in all regions; however, the histopathoiogical outcome illustrated a different pattern. Whereas the CA1 sector of the hippocampus was severely damaged, the thalamus and cortex were relatively spared from both 10 and 20 min of ischemia. Striatal neurons were resistant to a 10-min insult but severely damaged after 20 min of ischemia. Ischemia-induced increases in glutamate and GABA content were of a similar magnitude and temporal profile in all four brain regions. A uniform increase in extracellular glycine levels was also observed in all four brain structures. The postischemic response, however, was different Glycine levels remained twofold higher than baseline in the hippocampus but fell to baseline in the cortex and thalamus after both 10- and 20-min insults. In the striatum, glycine levels returned to baseline after 10 min of ischemia but remained relatively high after a 20-min insult Although ischemic neuronal damage was not related to glutamate release, it correlated with the „excitotoxic index,” whose value was derived from the following equation: [glutamate] X [glycine]/[GABA]. No significant changes were observed in the excitotoxic index during ischemia. However, a significant increase in the index was observed in vulnerable brain regions during the early and late recirculation periods. These results suggest that the imbalance between excitation and inhibition, reflected by changes in the excitotoxic index, may account for regional vulnerability to ischemia.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1991.tb03775.x
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    Galactose-1-Phosphatase in Rat Brain (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 57 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A prominent galactose-1-phosphatase was isolated from rat brain and partially purified by chromatography on diethylaminoethyl-Sephacel, hydroxylapatite, and Sephacryl S-300 columns. The galactose-1-phosphatase was separated from alkaline phosphatase, and from two forms of glucose-1-phosphatase. The three columns gave a 10-fold increase in specific activity to 290 mol/min/mg of protein, with a yield of 15%. Of the eight sugar phosphates tested, galactose-1-phosphate was the best substrate for the purified enzyme, followed by glucose-1-phosphate, which was hydrolyzed 40% as rapidly as galactose-1-phosphate. Galactose-1-phosphatase had an optimum pH of 8.5 and a Km value of 2.5 mM for galactose-1-phosphate hydrolysis. Mg2+ was required for activity, and supported half-maximal activity at a concentration of 1.25 mM. Phosphate was the only potent inhibitor found. ATP, arsenate, and vanadate caused moderate inhibition of 10 mM levels, whereas AMP, L-homoarginine, and L-phenylalanine stimulated enzyme activity. Galactose-1-phosphatase was determined to have a Stokes radius of 30 A and a sedimentation coefficient of 4.IS. These values were used to calculate a molecular weight of 50,200 and a factional ratio showing the enzyme to be a globular protein. It is hypothesized that a similar phosphatase may play a role in reducing brain galactose-1 -phosphate concentrations in patients with galactosemia.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1991.tb03781.x
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    Measurement of Rat Brain Kynurenine Aminotransferase at Physiological Kynurenine Concentrations (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 57 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The production of the neuroinhibitory and neuroprotective metabolite kynurenic acid (KYNA) was investigated in rat brain by examining its biosynthetic enzyme, kynurenine aminotransferase (KAT). By using physiological (low micromolar) concentrations of the substrate L-kynurenine (KYN) and by determining the irreversible conversion of [3H] KYN to [3H] KYNA as a measure of KAT activity, a novel, simple, and sensitive assay was developed which permitted the detailed characterization of the enzyme. Only a single protein, which under routine assay conditions showed approximately equal activity with 2-oxoglutarate and pyruvate as the aminoacceptor, was found in rat brain. The enzyme was distributed heterogeneously between the nine brain regions studied, with the KAT-rich olfactory bulb displaying approximately five times higher activity than the cerebellum, the area with lowest KAT activity. In subcellular fractionation studies, the majority of KAT was recovered in mitochondria. In contrast to many known aminotransferases, partially purified KAT was shown to be highly substrate-specific. Thus, of the amino acids tested, only α-aminoadipate and tryptophan displayed moderate competition with KYN. Notably, 3-hydroxykynurenine, reportedly a very good substrate of KAT, competed rather poorly with KYN as well. Aminooxyacetic acid, a nonspecific transaminase inhibitor, blocked KAT activity with an apparent Ki of 5 μM. Kinetic analyses with partially purified rat brain KAT revealed a Km of 17 μMfor KYN with 1 mM 2-oxoglutarate, but a much higher Km(910 μM) with 1 mM pyruvate. Km values for 2-oxoglutarate and pyruvate were 150 and 160 μM, respectively. The cellular localization of KAT was examined in striatal homogenates obtained from rats 7 days after an intrastriatal injection of quinolinate. At that time of almost complete neuronal destruction and pronounced astrocytic proliferation, enzyme activity in the lesioned striatum was almost twice as high as in controls, suggesting a preferential astroglial localization of brain KAT. The characteristics of KAT described here are compatible with a central role of the enzyme in brain KYNA function in vivo. Abnormal KAT activity, therefore, should be considered as an etiological factor in pathological phenomena related to dysfunction of excitatory amino acid receptors in the brain.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1991.tb03783.x
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    Phosphatidylcholine Asymmetry in Electroplax from the Electric Eel: Use of a Phosphatidylcholine Exchange Protein (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 57 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Phosphatidylcholine asymmetry in the inner and outer leaflets of the plasma membrane bilayer of the innervated and noninnervated surfaces of the electroplax cell was determined, using a Phosphatidylcholine exchange protein. The exchange protein from bovine liver catalyzed the exchange of Phosphatidylcholine from small unilamellar vesicles to the outer monolayer of the plasma membrane bilayer. The exchange protein did not penetrate to the inner monolayer of the plasma membrane, did not modify the permeability of the electroplax, and did not alter the phospholipid or cholesterol content of the electroplax. In the innervated plasma membrane, 42% of the Phosphatidylcholine is in the outer leaflet, 33% is in the inner leaflet, and 25% is inaccessible to the exchange protein. Corresponding values for the noninnervated plasma membrane are 56, 26, and 18%, respectively. These results are similar to Phosphatidylcholine asymmetry in other biological membranes. This unique cell can be used as a model to test the effects on phospholipid asymmetry of compounds that act on the membrane.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1991.tb03788.x
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    Protein Kinase C (αand β) Immunoreactivity in Rabbit and Rat Retina: Effect of Phorbol Esters and Transmitter Agonists on Immunoreactivity and the Translocation of the Enzyme from Cytosolic to Membrane Compartments (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 57 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Using a monoclonal antibody against protein kinase C (PKC) that recognises the isoenzymes α, βI, and βII, positive immunoreactivity was observed throughout the cytoplasm of bipolar cells in both rat and rabbit retinas. PKC immunoreactivity was also associated with the outer segment of photoreceptors in the rabbit retina and presumed amacrine cells in the rat retina. The PKC immunoreactivity in the retina was unaffected in content or localisation in rats kept in continuous dark or light conditions over a period of 6 days. The localisation of PKC immunoreactivity in retinas was similar in 6-day-old, 16 day-old, or adult rabbits. However, the content of PKC was lowest at the youngest stage and highest in the adult rabbit retinas. Of the two active phorbol esters studied, only phorbol 12, 13-dibutyrate (PDbut) at a concentration of 1 μM caused the PKC immunoreactivity in rabbit retina bipolar cells to be „transported” from the perikarya towards the axonal terminal processes. Biochemical analyses showed that most of the cytosolic PKC was translocated to the membrane compartment following such treatment. The other phorbol ester, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, even at a concentration of 10 μM did not cause a similar transport of PKC immunoreactivity in the bipolar cells, although a partial translocation of the enzyme could be followed biochemically. Both the translocation and transport of PKC by PDbut could be reversed by simply incubating the retinas in physiological solution for 60 min. The „transport” and translocation processes were not obviously affected by the transport inhibitor colchicine or by known PKC inhibitors such as staurosporine, H-7, sphingosine, or polymyxin B. In addition, agonists known to stimulate inositol phosphates in the retina, viz., carbachol, noradrenaline, and quisqualate, or 4-aminopyridine did not cause a translocation or „transport” of PKC as observed for the phorbol esters.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1991.tb03790.x
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    Stimulatory and Inhibitory Effects of N-Methyl-D-Aspartate on 3H-Inositol Polyphosphate Accumulation in Rat Cortical Slices (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 57 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The actions of the excitatory amino acid N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) on the accumulation of 3H-inositol polyphosphate isomers in rat cerebral cortex slices have been examined over short (less than 5 min) incubation periods. NMDA caused the dose-dependent accumulation of only [3HJinositol monophosphate and [3H]inositol bisphosphate (maximal effect between 0.3 and 1 mM), with no increase in [3H]inositol trisphosphate ([3H]InsP3) and (3H]inositol tetrakisphosphate ([3H]InsP4). HPLC analysis confirmed this, showing no increases in the breakdown products of [3H]Ins(1, 3, 4, 5)P4. When present with the muscarinic agonist carbachol (1 mM), high concentrations of NMDA (1 mM) could almost totally inhibit carbachol-induced accumulation of 3H-inositol polyphosphates. In contrast, at lower concentrations of NMDA (10 γM), the inhibitory effect was replaced with a synergistic accumulation of inositol polyphosphates, especially [3H]InsP4 and [3H]InsP3. The inhibitory effects of NMDA were only apparent when extracellular Ca2+ was present, although incubation in media with no added Ca2+resulted in somewhat reduced stimulatory responses to NMDA alone, but suppressed totally the inhibitory effects of 1 mM NMDA and reduced the synergistic effects of 10 γMNMDA on carbachol responses. These studies, therefore, reveal Ca2+-dependent effects of NMDA indicative of indirect mechanisms of action and show that care must be made in interpreting the effects of NMDA on phosphoinositide metabolism unless the inositol polyphosphate composition has been fully characterised.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1991.tb03794.x
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  • 74
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    Cerebral Polyamine Metabolism in Reversible Hypoglycemia of Rat: Relationship to Energy Metabolites and Calcium (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 57 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: Thirty minutes of insulin-induced reversible hypoglycemic coma (defined in terms of cessation of EEG activity) was produced in anesthetized rats. At the end of the hypoglycemic coma or after recovery for 3, 24, or 72 h induced by glucose infusion, the animals were reanesthetized and their brains frozen in situ. Two control groups were used: untreated controls without prior manipulations, and insulin controls, which received injections of insulin followed by glucose infusion to maintain blood glucose within the physiological range. The brains of these latter animals were frozen 3, 24, or 72 h after glucose infusion. Tissue samples from the cortex, striatum, hippocampus, and thalamus were taken to measure ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity, and putrescine and spermidine levels, as well as phosphocreatine (PCr), ATP, glucose, and lactate content. In addition, 20-μm thick coronal sections taken from the striatum and dorsal hippocampus were used for histological evaluation of cell damage and also stained for calcium. Insulin in the absence of hypoglycemia produced a significant increase in ODC activity and putrescine level but had no effect on the profiles of energy metabolites or spermidine. During hypoglycemic coma, brain PCr, ATP, glucose, and lactate levels were sharply reduced, as expected. Energy metabolites normalized after 3 h of recovery. In the striatum, significant secondary decreases in PCr and ATP contents and rises in glucose and lactate levels were observed after 24 h of recovery. ODC activity, and putrescine and spermidine levels were unchanged during hypoglycemic coma. After 3 h of recovery, ODC activity increased markedly throughout the brain, except in the striatum. After 24 h of recovery, ODC activity decreased and approached control values 2 days later. Putrescine levels increased significantly throughout the brain after reversible hypoglycemic coma, the highest values observed after 24 h of recovery (p≤ 0.001, compared with controls). After 72 h of recovery, putrescine levels decreased, but still significantly exceeded control values. Reversible hypoglycemic coma did not produce significant changes in regional spermidine levels except in the striatum, where an approximately 30% increase was observed after 3 and 72 h of recovery (p≤ 0.01 and p≤ 0.05, respectively). Twenty-four hours after hypoglycemic coma, intense calcium staining was apparent in layer III of the cerebral cortex, the lateral striatum, and the crest of the dentate gyrus. After 72 h of recovery, the intense calcium staining included also cortical layer II, the septal nuclei, the subiculum, and the hippocampal CA1-subfield. Changes in polyamine metabolism thus preceded the intense calcium staining in the brain. The results indicate that reversible hypoglycemic coma induces a sharp increase in putrescine level comparable to that observed previously after cerebral ischemia. We, therefore, conclude that the increase in putrescine content is an early biochemical marker of delayed neuronal cell necrosis irrespective of the pathogenesis of this injury. The possible role of polyamines in the manifestation of neuronal necrosis following hypoglycemic coma is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1991.tb02117.x
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    Solubilization of Myelin Membranes by Detergents (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 57 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: The major proteins of myelin have classically been extracted in organic solvents. Here we investigated some of the characteristics of brain myelin solubilization in aqueous detergent solutions. At comparable molar concentrations, two nonionic detergents, i.e., octyl glucoside and Lubrol PX, proved relatively better myelin solubilizers than the detergents related to the bile salts, i.e., cholate and CHAPS. The two former detergents solubilized more protein than lipid and the two latter ones more lipid than protein from myelin membranes. All four detergents solubilized the phospholipid more efficiently than the cholesterol component of myelin. The detergent concentrations required for myelin solubilization were reduced substantially if the temperature and the salt concentration of the media were increased. As much as 3 mg of lyophilized myelin (about 1 mg of protein) were solubilized readily per milliliter of a solution containing 30 mM octyl glucoside and 0.1 M sodium sulfate in 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer, pH 6.7. Each of the detergents studied, including the above four, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), Triton X-100, and Zwittergent 3–14, had its own advantages and drawbacks as myelin protein extractors. The nonionic amphiphiles and CHAPS left a small residue mainly composed of proteins of the Wolfgram fraction, as revealed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Octyl glucoside was preferred, given its versatility as solubilizer, ultraviolet transparency, and high critical micellar concentration. Observations on possible difficulties that may be encountered are also included.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1991.tb02122.x
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    Long-Term Survival of Intrastriatal Dopaminergic Grafts: Modulation of Acetylcholine Release by Graft-Derived Dopamine (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 57 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: The nigrostriatal dopaminergic system of rats was unilaterally lesioned with 6-hydroxydopamine. Part of the animals was grafted 2 weeks later with fetal dopaminergic cells on the lesioned side; untreated rats of the same strain served as controls. Both 3 and 12–14 months after surgery the striatal dopamine (DA) content and the in vivo rotational response following injection of d-amphetamine showed significant changes in grafted as compared to lesioned animals. At 12–14 months after transplantation, the electrically evoked release of tritiated DA and acetylcholine (ACh) in slices (preincubated with [3H]DA or [3H]choline, respectively) of striata of intact, lesioned, or grafted animals was also investigated. Electrical field stimulation of striatal slices of the lesioned side did not evoke any significant [3H]DA overflow, whereas a marked [3H]DA release was observed in slices of grafted and control striata. Moreover, both DL-amphetamine (3 μM) and nomifensine (10μM) strongly enhanced basal 3H outflow in these slices. Electrically evoked [3H]ACh release was significantly reduced in slices from all striatal tissues by 0.01 μM apomorphine. In slices from denervated striata a clearcut hypersensitivity for this action of apomorphine was present, indicating super sensitivity of DA receptors on cholinergic terminals; this hypersensitivity was significantly reduced in graft-bearing striata. Furthermore, because this hypersensitivity was unchanged in slices of lesioned striata under stimulation conditions (four pulses/100 Hz) avoiding inhibition by endogenously released DA, it is concluded that lesion-induced DA receptor super sensitivity is caused by an increase in receptor density or efficacy rather than by a decreased competition between endogenous and exogenous agonists. Both reuptake blockade of DA with nomifensine (10 μM) and release of endogenous DA by DL-amphetamine (3 μM) potently reduced [3H]ACh release only in control and grafted but not in lesioned tissue. In experiments using potassium-evoked [3H]ACh release, tetrodotoxin had no effect on the inhibitory activity of amphetamine and nomifensine, indicating that the DA receptors involved in their indirect inhibitory action are located directly on the cholinergic terminals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1991.tb02124.x
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    Adenosine and Glutamate Modulate Each Other's Release from Rat Hippocampal Synaptosomes (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 57 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: In rat hippocampal synaptosomes, adenosine decreased the K+ (15 mM) or the kainate (1 mM) evoked release of glutamate and aspartate. An even more pronounced effect was observed in the presence of the stable adenosine analogue, R-phenylisopropyladenosine. All these effects were reversed by the selective adenosine A1 receptor antagonist 8-cyclo-pentyltheophylline. In the same synaptosomal preparation, K+ (30 mM) strongly stimulated the release of the preloaded [3H]adenosine in a partially Ca2+-dependent and tetrodotoxin (TTX)-sensitive manner. Moreover, in the same experimental conditions, both l-glutamate and l-aspartate enhanced the release of [3H]adenosine derivatives ([3H]ADD). The gluta-mate-evoked release was dose dependent and appeared to be Ca2+ independent and tetrodotoxin insensitive. This effect was not due to metabolism because even the nonmetabolizable isomers d-glutamate and d-aspartate were able to stimulate [3H]ADD release. In contrast, the specific glutamate agonists N-methyl-d-aspartate, kainate, and quisqualate failed to stimulate [3H]ADD release, suggesting that glutamate and aspartate effects were not mediated by known excitatory amino acid receptors. Moreover, NMDA was also ineffective in the absence of Mg2+ and l-glutamate-evoked release was not inhibited by adding the specific antagonists 2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid or 6–7-dinitroquinoxaline-2, 3-dione. The stimulatory effect did not appear specific for only excitatory amino acids, as γ-anunobutyric acid stimulated [3H]ADD release in a dose-related manner. These results suggest that, at least in synaptosomal preparations from rat hippocampus, adenosine and glutamate modulate each other's release. The exact mechanism of such interplay, although still, unknown, could help in the understanding of excitatory amino acid neurotoxicity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1991.tb02128.x
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  • 78
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    Glycine-Like Modulation of N-Methyl-d-Aspartate Receptors by a Monoclonal Antibody That Enhances Long-Term Potentiation (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 57 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: We have identified a monoclonal antibody, B6 B21, that significantly elevates long-term potentiation when applied to CA1 pyramidal cell apical dendrites in rat hippocampal slices and characterized its binding to N-methyl-d-aspartate-receptor complexes using extensively washed hippocampal membranes. Five micrograms of affinity-purified B6B21 per 100 μg of membranes gave a two-to threefold elevation in N-[1-(2-thienyl)cyclohexyl]-3,4-[3H]piperidine ([3H]TCP) binding. When [3H]TCP binding was stimulated by the combined addition of maximal concentrations of glutamate, glycine, and magnesium, B6B21 no longer stimulated [3H]TCP binding. Like glycine, B6B21 enhanced the effect of N-methyl-d-aspartate and glutamate in stimulating [3H]TCP binding. Moreover, B6B21 reversed 7-chlorokyn-urenic acid inhibition of [3H]TCP binding, but it had no effect on the inhibition of [3H]TCP binding by d-(−)-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid. B6B21 increased the rate of association and dissociation of [3H]TCP, but had no effect on equilibrium binding. Glutamate, but not glycine, however, increased B6B21-enhancement of [3H]TCP association and dissociation. B6B21 binding at strychnine-insensitive glycine sites was confirmed by direct measurement of [3H]glycine binding. These results suggest that B6B21 binds directly to N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors and displays properties similar to glycine.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1991.tb02131.x
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  • 79
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    Morphine and Cocaine Exert Common Chronic Actions on Tyrosine Hydroxylase in Dopaminergic Brain Reward Regions (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 57 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: We studied levels of tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity and phosphorylation state in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and nucleus accumbens (NAc) in an effort to understand better the mechanisms by which these brain reward regions are influenced by opiates and cocaine. In the VTA, chronic, but not acute, administration of either morphine or cocaine increased levels of tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity by 30–40%, with no change observed in the relative phosphorylation state of the enzyme. In the NAc, chronic, but not acute, morphine and cocaine treatments decreased the phosphorylation state of tyrosine hydroxylase, without a change in its total amount. In contrast, morphine and cocaine did not regulate tyrosine hydroxylase in the substantia nigra or caudate/putamen, brain regions generally not implicated in drug reward. Morphine and cocaine regulation of tyrosine hydroxylase could represent part of a common biochemical basis of morphine and cocaine addiction and craving.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1991.tb02133.x
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  • 80
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    Presynaptic Mechanism of Action of 4-Aminopyridine: Changes in Intracellular Free Ca2+ Concentration and Its Relationship to B-50 (GAP-43) Phosphorylation (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 56 (1991), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: Recently we have shown that 4-aminopyridine (4-AP), a drug known to enhance transmitter release, stimulates the phosphorylation of the protein kinase C substrate B-50 (GAP-43) in rat brain synaptosomes and that this effect is dependent on the presence of extracellular Ca2+. Hence, we were interested in the relationship between changes induced by 4-AP in the intracellular free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) and B-50 phosphorylation in synaptosomes. 4-AP (100 μM) elevates the [Ca2+]i (as determined with fura-2) to approximately the same extent as depolarization with 30 mM K+ (from an initial resting level of 240 nM to ∼480 nM after treatment). However, the underlying mechanisms appear to be different: In the presence of 4-AP, depolarization with K+ still evoked an increase in [Ca2+]i, which was additive to the elevation caused by 4-AP. Several Ca2+ channel antagonists (CdCl2, LaCl3, and diphenylhydantoin) inhibited the increase in B-50 phosphorylation by 4-AP. It is interesting that the increase in [Ca2+]i and the increase in B-50 phosphorylation by 4-AP were attenuated by tetrodotoxin, a finding pointing to a possible involvement of Na+ channels in this action. These results suggest that 4-AP (indirectly) stimulates both Ca2+ influx and B-50 phosphorylation through voltage-dependent channels by a mechanism dependent on Na+ channel activity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1991.tb03437.x
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  • 81
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    Regulation of 109Cd2+ Uptake into Isolated Neurohypophysial Peptidergic Nerve Terminals (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 57 (1991), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Cadmium (109Cd2+) uptake was studied in a preparation of isolated neurohypophysial nerve terminals. By use of a filter separation method, together with a permeabilizing agent (Triton X-100), two cellular Cd2+ pools have been distinguished. The uptake into the intraterminal pool was governed mainly by a process that displayed saturable kinetics, with a Vmax of 0.15 nmol of Cd2+/mg of protein /min and a Km of 0.18 mM, consistent with a transport system. The superficially bound Cd2+ pool (Triton insensitive), which represented 30–50% of the total Cd2+ bound to the cellular system, was very sensitive to the ionic composition of the incubation medium. Reducing the extracellular Ca2+ or Na+ concentration caused a significant increase in the size of the Triton-insensitive Cd2+ pool. Whereas Na+ did not affect Cd2+ uptake, Ca2+ induced a small, but significant, increase of Cd2+ uptake into the terminals. It is concluded that there is a significant intraterminal uptake of Cd2+, which could explain several physiological effects of this ion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1991.tb06391.x
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  • 82
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    Activation of a Microtubule-Associated Protein-2 Kinase by Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I in Bovine Chromaffin Cells (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 57 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Treatment of bovine chromaffin cells with insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) caused the activation of a protein kinase that phosphorylates microtubule-associated protein-2 (MAP-2) in vitro. Activation of MAP-2 kinase by IGF-I varied with the time of treatment (maximal at 10–15 min) and the concentration of IGF-I (maximal at 10 nM). The IGF-I-activated MAP-2 kinase was localized to the soluble fraction of chromaffin cell extracts and required Mg2+ for activity. The IGF-I-activated kinase also phosphorylated myelin basic protein, but had little or no activity toward his-tones or ribosomal S6 protein. To examine the role of protein tyrosine phosphoryiation in the activation of the MAP-2 kinase, we isolated phosphotyrosine (PTyr)-containing proteins from chromaffin cells by immunoaffinity adsorption on anti-PTyr-Sepharose beads. Anti-PTyr-Sepharose eluates from IGF-I-treated cells showed increased MAP-2 kinase activity; thus, the MAP-2 kinase (or a closely associated protein) appears to be a PTyr-containing protein. Treatment of anti-PTyr-Sepharose eluates or crude chromaffin cell extracts with alkaline phosphatase significantly decreased kinase activity toward myelin basic protein, indicating that phosphoryiation of the IGF-I-activated kinase is required for its activity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1991.tb06392.x
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  • 83
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    Age-Dependent Increase in Neuropeptide Y Gene Expression in Rat Adrenal Gland and Specific Brain Areas (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 57 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Age-dependent changes in the expression of neuropeptide Y (NPY) peptides and prepro-NPY mRNA (NPY mRNA) were studied in rat adrenal gland and brain areas by means of radioimmunoassay, immunohistochemistry, and northern blot analysis. In the adrenal gland, NPY immunoreactívity (NPY-I) increased by 80-fold, mainly in the chromaffin cells, during aging (from 7 to 33 weeks old). The increase in NPY-I was accompanied by a concomitant increase in the content of NPY mRNA (800 bases in size, by 16-fold) and putative NPY pre-mRNA, a result suggesting that this increase results from that in NPY gene expression, probably at the level of transcription. In contrast, in some brain areas, such as striatum and medulla oblongata plus pons, NPY-I decreased in an age-dependent manner, whereas NPY mRNA abundances in these areas increased by twofold with age (from 7 to 33 weeks old). The opposite changes between NPY and NPY mRNA content in specific brain areas suggested the accelerated turnover/degradation of NPY peptide in the brain areas. Furthermore, β-actin mRNA abundance did not change in rat adrenal gland and brain areas during aging. Thus, the characteristic age-related increase in NPY gene expression in rat adrenal gland and some brain areas seems to be important for physiological regulation of some neuronal functions, such as blood pressure, in aged animals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1991.tb06393.x
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  • 84
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    Evidence for Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) Synthesis and the Presence of ANP-Transducing Receptors in the Rat Olfactory Bulb (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 57 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: This study demonstrates the presence of both atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) precursor and ANP transcripts in the rat olfactory bulb (OB), a key brain structure involved in the generation of olfaction-dependent behavior. In addition to synthesizing ANP, the OB contains ANP-transducing receptors coupled to the guanylate cyclase system but it is devoid of ANP “clearance receptors.” The characterization of biologically active ANP receptors and the evidence for in situ ANP synthesis in this region of the CNS adds credence to the hypothesis that the peptide plays a putative role in olfaction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1991.tb06395.x
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  • 85
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    Stimulation of Transglutaminase Activity by GM1-Ganglioside and α-Sialylcholesterol in Superior Cervical and Nodose Ganglia Excised from Adult Rat (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 57 (1991), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Changes in transglutaminase (TG) activity in superior cervical ganglia (SCG) and nodose ganglia (NG) excised from adult rats were examined following application of selected membrane transport-altering agents, including GM1-ganglioside (GM1) and α-sialylcholesterol (α-SC). Although TG activity of freshly dissected SCG and NG was relatively low, it increased gradually during 30 min of incubation, and it stayed at this elevated level for 2 h. Addition of α-SC at its maximal effective concentration, 20 μM, stimulated TG activity more than eightfold in SCG and more than twofold in NG by 30 min. Addition of GM1 at its most effective concentration, 5 nM, had similar effects, but of lesser magnitude. Cydoheximide, a potent inhibitor of protein biosynthesis, did not affect the GM1-or α-SC-evoked increases in ganglionic TG activity, suggesting that enzyme activation rather than synthesis of new enzyme was occurring. The stimulation of TG activity in both ganglia caused by either GM1 or α-SC was associated with a decrease in Km and an increase in Vmax values. Addition of cholera toxin B. which specifically masks the oligosaccharide chain of GM1. reduced the GM1-induced increase in TG activity by approximately 60% in SCG and 88% in NG. The α-SC-induced increase in TG activity was only partially mimicked by free cholesterol. Although application of either dibutyryl cyclic AMP or dibutyryl cyclic GMP produced little change in TG activity of either ganglion, phorbol ester clearly inhibited the enzymic activity. Because TG is a calcium-dependent enzyme, we measured 45Ca2+ influx into either ganglion, and found that it was reduced by GM1 and a-SC in SCG and by α-SC in NG. The GM1-induced decrease in 45Ca2+ influx was prevented by cholera toxin B in SCG, whereas the α-SC-induced decrease was not mimicked by cholesterol in either ganglion. These results suggest that the sialic acid moiety of GM1 and α-SC is responsible for the activation of ganglionic TG and that activation may occur via a protein kinase C-regulated pathway linked with calcium ion movement.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1991.tb06394.x
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  • 86
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    Synaptic Regulation of Immediate Early Gene Expression in Primary Cultures of Cortical Neurons (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 57 (1991), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: Neuronal stimulation can rapidly activate several immediate early genes that code for transcription factors. We have used primary cortical cultures to study the regulation of four of these genes, c-fos, c-jun, jun-B, and zif268. Im-munocytochemical studies with antibodies to Jun-B, c-Jun, and c-Fos demonstrate intense staining in the nuclei of a subset of cortical neurons in mature cultures (21–25 days in vitro) but not young cultures (3–7 days in vitro). To assess whether this immunoreactivity may be induced by spontaneous synaptic activity that develops with a similar profile, we examined the effects of agents that reduce this synaptic activity. Tetrodotoxin or N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonists suppress basal immunoreactivity to Jun-B and c-Fos, but not c-Jun, indicating that the basal level of c-Jun expression is not dependent on electrical activity. Pierotoxin, an agent that increases synaptic excitation indirectly by blocking inhibitory synaptic currents mediated by γ-aminobutyric acidA receptors, markedly increases the percentage of neurons displaying immunoreactivity to c-Fos, c-Jun, Jun-B, and Zif268. Northern analysis suggests that the increases in immunostaining induced by picrotoxin are secondary to a rapid increase in mRNA for these proteins. These findings provide evidence for rapid transcriptional regulation of immediate early genes in cortical neurons by synaptic activity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1991.tb06396.x
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  • 87
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    The Cysteine Residue in the Carboxyl-Terminal Domain of the m2 Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor Is Not Required for Receptor-Mediated Inhibition of Adenylate Cyclase (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 57 (1991), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) share with many other receptors of the guanine nucleotide-binding protein-coupled receptor family a highly conserved cysteine residue in the putative cytoplasmic carboxyl-terminal region of the protein. Because elimination of this cysteine in the β2-adrenergic receptor has been reported to decrease functional responsiveness, we determined if this cysteine residue is essential for mAChR-effector coupling by replacing Cys457 of the m2 mAChR with glycine and expressing wild-type and mutant receptor in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. The mutant and wild-type receptors exhibited similar affinities for binding of muscarinic ligands. In addition, the mutation did not affect cell surface localization or receptor-mediated inhibition of adenylate cyclase. These results indicate that the cysteine residue in the carboxyl-terminal domain of the m2 mAChR is not required for ligand binding or mAChR-mediated inhibition of adenylate cyclase in CHO cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1991.tb06397.x
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  • 88
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    Expression of Heat Shock Protein 70 and Heat Shock Cognate 70 Messenger RNAs in Rat Cortex and Cerebellum After Heat Shock or Amphetamine Treatment (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 56 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: The expression of strictly inducible hsp70 mRNAs and constitutively expressed hsc70 mRNAs was compared in cerebellum and cerebral cortex of control rats, heat-shocked rats, and rats made hyperthermic with amphetamine. An hsc70-specific oligonucleotide probe identified a 2.55-kb mRNA in cerebellum and cerebral cortex of all rats. An hsp70-specific oligonucleotide probe identified a 3.05-kb mRNA and a 3.53-kb mRNA in cerebellum and cerebral cortex of heat-shocked and amphetamine-treated rats, but not in control rats. Quantitation demonstrated that both hsp70 and hsc70 mRNA levels, relative to 18S rRNA levels, were increased following each treatment. The relative levels of both mRNAs were higher in cerebellum than in cerebral cortex. In amphetamine-treated rats, hsc70 mRNA relative levels increased at body temperatures greater than 39°C, whereas hsp70 mRNA synthesis was induced at temperatures greater than 40°C. Total thermal response values and relative levels of both mRNAs were compared. The results suggested that both the transcription and turnover of hsp70 mRNAs differed between cerebellum and cerebral cortex. At equivalent total thermal response values, amphetamine-treated rats had higher relative levels of hsp70 mRNAs than heat-shocked rats, suggesting that amphetamine enhanced the induction of hsp70 mRNAs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1991.tb03467.x
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  • 89
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    Excitatory Amino Acid Receptors Coupled to the Nitric Oxide/Cyclic GMP Pathway in Rat Cerebellum During Development (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 56 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: The coupling of excitatory amino acid receptors to the formation of nitric oxide (NO) from arginine during the postnatal development of rat cerebellum was assayed in slice preparations by measuring cyclic GMP accumulation. In the immature tissue, N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and glutamate were highly efficacious agonists, whereas α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionate (AMPA) and quisqualate evoked only small responses. The effect of glutamate at all concentrations tested (up to 10 mM) was abolished by the NMDA antagonist, (+)-5-methyl-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5,10-imine maleate (MK-801). In adult slices, AMPA and quisqualate were much more effective and their effects were inhibited by 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione, an antagonist for ionotropic non-NMDA receptors, whereas the apparent efficacy of NMDA was greatly reduced. The major changes took place between 8 and 14 days postnatum and, in the case of NMDA, part of the loss of sensitivity appeared to reflect a decline in the ambient levels of glycine with age. Moreover, a component of the response to glutamate in the adult was resistant to MK-801. Cyclic GMP accumulations induced by NMDA and non-NMDA agonists alike were Ca2+-dependent and could be antagonized by competitive NO synthase inhibitors in an arginine-sensitive manner, indicating that they are all mediated by NO formation. With one of the inhibitors, L-NG-nitroarginine, a highly potent component (IC50= 6 nM) evident in slices from rats of up to 8 days old was lost during maturation, indicating that there may be a NO synthase isoform which is prominent only in the immature tissue. Cyclic GMP levels in adult slices under “basal” conditions were reduced markedly by blocking NMDA receptors, by inhibiting action potentials with tetrodotoxin, or by NO synthase inhibition, suggesting that the endogenous transmitter released during spontaneous synaptic activity acts mainly through NMDA receptors to trigger NO formation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1991.tb03468.x
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    Calendar of Events (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 56 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1991.tb03483.x
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  • 91
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    Effect of Portacaval Anastomosis on Electrically Stimulated Release of Glutamate from Rat Hippocampal Slices (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 56 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: To evaluate the effects of chronic liver failure on release of the excitatory transmitter glutamate, electrically stimulated Ca2+-dependent and Ca2+-independent release of glutamate in the absence or presence of NH4+ was studied in superfused slices of hippocampus from portacaval-shunted or sham-operated rats 4 weeks after surgery. Spontaneous and stimulation-evoked release of glutamate was higher in shunted rats in the presence of normal or low Ca2+ concentrations, and this release was depressed by 5 mM ammonium chloride. These findings suggest that portacaval shunting results in increased levels of extracellular glutamate in brain, probably due to a decreased reuptake of glutamate into perineuronal astrocytes, shown in previous studies to undergo neurqpathological changes following portacaval shunting. Changes in the inactivation of transmitter glutamate could be responsible, at least in part, for the neurological dysfunction resulting from sustained hyperammonemia and portal-systemic shunting resulting from chronic liver failure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1991.tb02041.x
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  • 92
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    Characterization of [3H]Dopamine Uptake Sites and [3H]Cocaine Recognition Sites in Primary Cultures of Mesencephalic Neurons During In Vitro Development (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 56 (1991), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: [3H]Dopamine uptake and [3H]cocaine binding sites were studied in primary cultures of ventral mesencephalon from 14-day-old rat embryos. Specific binding sites for [3H]cocaine and [3H]mazindol were detected only in intact cell cultures of ventral mesencephalon, and were absent in sonicated, washed membranes prepared from these cell cultures. [3H]Cocaine was not taken up by the cells through an active transport process because [3H]cocaine binding occurred also at 4°C. Moreover, the possibility of [3H]cocaine entering the cells by passive diffusion and ion trapping was also excluded because extensive washing failed to remove [3H]cocaine from the cells. [3H]Cocaine binding was reduced to 6% of control when cells were permeabilized with streptolysin O (0.2 U/ml, 5 min). Taken together, these results suggest that in cultured mesencephalic neurons, [3H]cocaine may enter the cell by passive diffusion and then be sequestered by a cytosolic compartment that is lost in the process of permeabilization or sonication and washing of membrane preparations. Permeabilization of cultured neurons failed to alter the storage of [3H]dopamine. When cells were permeabilized with streptolysin O (0.2 U/ml; 5 min) after [3H]dopamine was taken up, [3H]dopamine was retained by the cells and did not leak into the incubation medium, indicating that [3H]dopamine was stored in sites that could not pass through the perforated membranes. In contrast, [3H]dopamine uptake into already permeabilized cells was reduced by 33%, suggesting that a cytosolic protein that had leaked out may play a functional role in the uptake process. In contrast to striatal membrane preparations of adult rats, [3H]cocaine binding in intact mesencephalic cell cultures was Na+ independent. The expression of [3H]dopamine uptake and [3H]cocaine binding sites appeared to be developmentally linked to neuritic outgrowth, supporting the view that cocaine binding sites may be closely associated with the dopamine transporter.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1991.tb03473.x
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    Gangliosides Inhibit Glucosylceramide Synthase: A Possible Role in Ganglioside Therapy (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 56 (1991), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: Gangliosides stimulate the hydrolysis of glucosylceramide (GlcCer), their precursor, and therefore may lower the level of cellular GlcCer and exert a feedback control effect to slow the formation of gangliosides. Tests were made to see if a similar effect on GlcCer levels can be exerted by the action of gangliosides on GlcCer synthesis. Using a new assay procedure, we showed that gangliosides do inhibit the synthase in brain membranes quite effectively, the most active being those lipids with more sugar and sialic acid moieties. Mice injected with a mixture of brain gangliosides for 5 days were found to have a lower level of ceramide:UDP-Glc glucosyl-transferase activity in brain, liver, and kidney. The inhibition seems to be exerted by competition for the active site and binding to effector site(s) on the enzyme. It is possible that the reported therapeutic actions of gangliosides on the nervous system are, in part, the result of lowered levels of GlcCer. Malignant tumors shed gangliosides into the extracellular fluid, which are believed to block the generation of antibodies by the host's immunodefense system; this effect also may be due, in part, to reduction in the GlcCer level of immunogenic cells. A new finding is that a ceramide containing phytosphingosine is a markedly better substrate for GlcCer synthase than one containing the more common base.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1991.tb03475.x
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  • 94
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    Axonal Transport Reversal of Acetylcholinesterase Molecular Forms in Transected Nerve (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 57 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Reversal of anterograde rapid axonal transport of four molecular forms of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was studied in chick sciatic nerve during the 24-h period following a nerve transection. Reversal of AChE activity started ∼1 h after nerve transection, and all the forms of the enzyme, except the monomeric ones, showed reversal of transport. The quantity of enzyme activity reversed 24 h after transection was twofold greater than that normally conveyed by retrograde transport. We observed no leakage of the enzyme at the site of the nerve transection and no reversal of AChE activity transport in the distal segment of the severed nerve, a result indicating that the material carried by retrograde axonal transport cannot be reversed by axotomy. Thus, a nerve transection induces both quantitative and qualitative changes in the retrograde axonal transport, which could serve as a signal of distal injury to the cell body. The velocity of reverse transport, measured within 6 h after transection, was found to be 213 mm/day, a value close to that of retrograde transport (200 mm/day). This suggests that the reversal taking place in severed sciatic nerve is similar to the anterograde-to-retrograde conversion process normally occurring at the nerve endings.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1991.tb06403.x
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  • 95
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Announcement (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 56 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1991.tb03482.x
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  • 96
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Recombinant Cholinergic Differentiation Factor (Leukemia Inhibitory Factor) Regulates Sympathetic Neuron Phenotype by Alterations in the Size and Amounts of Neuropeptide mRNAs (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 56 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: The cholinergic differentiation factor (CDF) in heart cells is identical to leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF). Recombinant CDF/LIF was shown to alter dramatically neurotransmitter production as well as the levels of several neuropeptides in cultured rat sympathetic neurons. Here it is shown that these changes are likely to be caused by alterations in the mRNA for these proteins and peptides. Growth in 1 nM recombinant CDF/LIF induces mRNA for acetyl CoA: choline-O-acetyltransferase [EC 2.3.1.6; choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)], somatostatin (SOM), substance P, and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide while lowering mRNA levels of tyrosine hydroxylase (EC 1.14.16.2) and neuropeptide Y (NPY). In addition, the sizes of the mRNAs for ChAT, SOM, and NPY are larger after recombinant CDF/LIF treatment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1991.tb03479.x
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  • 97
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Glycosphingolipid Glycosyltransferases in Human Fetal Brain (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 56 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: The developmental pattern of gangliosides in human fetal brain should reflect the activities of the respective glycosyltransferases. LA2-synthase activity, along with that of GM3-, GD3-, GM2-, and GM1-synthases, was determined in human fetal brain at 10–22 weeks of gestation. LA2-syn-thase is the pivotal enzyme in lacto series ganglioside formation. LA2-synthase activity decreased during the study period, mirroring a similar temporal decline in levels of the lacto series, gangliosides, particularly 3′-isoLM1. The developmental profiles of the ganglio series glycosyltransferase activities demonstrate distinct changes that correspond to the ganglioside pattern between fetal weeks 10 and 22. In particular, the marked increase in GM2-synthase activity at 20 and 22 weeks of gestation and the decline in GD3-synthase activity after 15 weeks could explain the prominent expression of the a series gangliosides in this period of rapid neuronal outgrowth. However, a similar decline (two- to 2.5-fold) in GM3-synthase activity suggests a more likely conclusion, namely, that the two sialyltransferase activities are derived mainly from astroglial cells, which show a marked proliferation during the 10–15th fetal weeks. The data do not negate the hypothesis that GM3- and GD3-synthase are the critical enzymes in the regulation of ganglioside biosynthesis but do indicate a need to reevaluate the significance of GM2-synthase in expression of the a series gangliosides.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1991.tb02038.x
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  • 98
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Uptake of Endoneurial Lipoprotein into Schwann Cells and Sensory Neurons Is Mediated by Low Density Lipoprotein Receptors and Stimulated After Axonal Injury (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 57 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: During Wallerian degeneration of rat sciatic nerve, the expression of apolipoprotein E increases and apolipoprotein E-containing endoneurial lipoproteins accumulate in the distal nerve segment. In established primary cultures dissociated from dorsal root ganglia, Schwann cells and sensory neurons internalized rhodamine-labeled lipoproteins isolated from crushed rat sciatic nerve as well as low density lipoprotein (LDL) from human serum. The uptake of endoneurial lipoproteins could be inhibited by an excess of LDL or at low temperature (4°C). After transection of nerve fibers in dorsal root ganglia explant cultures, the uptake of lipoproteins was markedly stimulated in Schwann cells that were in close proximity to degenerating neurites. A specific monoclonal antibody directed to the bovine LDL receptor (clone C7) was shown to cross-react with LDL receptor preparations of rat endoneurial cells. LDL receptor immunoreactivity was expressed by cell bodies and processes of cultured Schwann cells, sensory neurons, and fibroblasts from dorsal root ganglia. Incubation of Schwann cells and neurons with the LDL receptor antibody strongly inhibited the uptake of endoneurial lipoproteins. Our results provide direct evidence for the important role of the LDL receptor-mediated pathway to internalize endoneurial lipoproteins into Schwann cells and peripheral neurons required for reuse of cholesterol and other lipids in myelin and plasma membrane biogenesis during nerve repair.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1991.tb06417.x
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synergistic Regulation of Cytosolic Ca2+ Concentration in Mouse Astrocytes by NK1 Tachykinin and Adenosine Agonists (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 57 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The effects on cytosolic Ca2+ concentration of 2-chloroadenosine and [L-Pro9]-substance P, a selective agonist of NK1 receptors, were investigated on astrocytes from embryonic mice in primary culture. Cells responded to [L-Pro9]- substance P with a transitory increase in cytosolic Ca2+ which was of shorter duration when external Ca2+ was removed. A transient response to 2-chloroadenosine alone occurred. When simultaneously applied, [L-Pro9]-substance P and 2-chloroadenosine evoked a prolonged elevation of cytosolic Ca2+ (up to 30 min). This phenomenon was dependent on the presence of extracellular Ca2+, but insensitive to dihy-dropyridines, La3+, and Co2+, excluding the implication of voltage-operated Ca2+ channels. Arachidonic acid also induced a sustained elevation of cytosolic Ca2+, but did not increase further the response evoked by [L-Pro9]-substance P and 2-chloroadenosine. The activation of protein kinase C by a diacylglycerol analogue mimicked the effect of [L-Pro9]-substance P in potentiating the 2-chloroadenosine-evoked response. Like 2-chloroadenosine, pinacidil, which hyper-polarizes the cells by opening K+ channels, prolonged the elevation of cytosolic Ca2+ concentration induced by [L-Pro9]-substance P. Conversely, depolarization with 50 mM KC1 canceled the effects of either pinacidil or 2-chloroadenosine applied with [L-Pro9]-substance P. Pertussis toxin pretreatment suppressed all the effects induced by 2-chloroadenosine.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1991.tb06418.x
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    GD3 Prevalence in Adult Rat Retina Correlates with the Maintenance of a High GD3-/GM2-Synthase Activity Ratio Throughout Development (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 57 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Unlike neurons from avian retina and other regions of avian and mammalian brain, neurons from mammalian retina not only contain gangliosides of the gangliotetraosyl ceramide series but also maintain a prevalence of GD3, a gangliosidc of the lactosylceramidc series characteristic of proliferative neural cells, when they are fully differentiated. We show here that GD3 is prevalent at all developmental periods of the rat retina from birth [50% of total gangliosidic N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu NAc)] to adult (30% of total gangliosidic Neu NAc). GD3-synthase specific activity increased about 1.5-fold from birth to day 7 and essentially plateaued thereafter. The GD3-/GM2-synthase specific activity ratio was compared in rat and chicken retina at early and late developmental stages. In chicken retina the ratio was about 0.7 at early (when GD3 is prevalent) and decreased to 0.07 at late (when GDI a is prevalent) developmental stages. In rat retina the ratio was about 13 and 6 at, respectively, early and late developmental stages. These findings suggest that the prevalence of GD3 and of other “b” pathway gangliosides in adult rat retina neurons could be due in part to the maintenance of a high GD3-/GM2-synthase activity ratio throughout development of the tissue.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1991.tb06421.x
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