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  • 2015-2019
  • 1980-1984  (14)
  • 1970-1974  (8)
  • 1960-1964  (4)
  • 1890-1899
  • 1880-1889
  • 1850-1859
  • Catalysis
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 23 (1984), S. 539-556 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Cycloaddition ; Synthetic methods ; Cobalt catalysts ; Catalysis ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Dicarbonyl (η5-cyclopentadienyl)cobalt functions as a matrix on which a variety of unsaturated organic substrates undergo mutual bond formation. In this way α,ω-diynes cocyclize with monoalkynes to give annelated benzenes, while o-diethynylbenzenes furnish biphenylenes, and α,ω-enynes lead to the formation of complexed bi-and tricyclic dienes. Nitriles cocyclize with two alkynyl groups to give pyridines and other heterocycles, isocyanates allow access to annelated 2-pyridones, and incorporation of carbon monoxide provides complexed cyclopentadienones. In many cases remarkable chemo-, regio-, and stereoselectivity are observed, partially facilitated by use of the trimethylsilyl substituent as a controlling group. The scope and level of maturity of the method are demonstrated by the synthesis of a series of hitherto inaccessible, novel, and theoretically interesting molecules, and by its utilization in several unique approaches to a variety of natural products, e.g. protoberberines, steroids, vitamin B6, and camptothecin.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 23 (1984), S. 579-586 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Rearrangement ; Synthetic methods ; Mercury ; Palladium ; Catalysis ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Mercury(II) and palladium(II) salts have found broad applications as catalysts for [3,3]-sigmatropic rearrangements leading to formation of C—O, C—N, C—S, and C—C σ bonds. Increases in reaction rate are often very large (1010 - 1014 at 1 M catalyst concentration) and allow many previously difficult transformations to be conducted at or near room temperature, often with attendant increases in stereoselectivity and decreases in by-product formation. The mechanism of these catalyzed transformations is briefly discussed, and evidence is summarized to suggest that many follow a cyclization-induced rearrangement mechanism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 23 (1984), S. 570-578 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Asymmetric catalysis ; Catalysis ; Enantioselectivity ; Reduction ; Ketones ; Synthetic methods ; Biotechnology ; Alcohols ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Microbial asymmetric reduction of ketones is a method widely used for the preparation of chiral alcohols. The present progress report deals with the basic concepts that govern enantioselectivity of enzymes and intact cells. Strategies to control the stereochemical course of microbial reductions of carbonyl compounds and the relationship of substrate structure to enantioselectivity are considered.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 23 (1984), S. 782-794 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Chiral macrocycles ; Macrocycles ; Catalysis ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Ionophores, whether of natural or synthetic origin, encapsulate their ionic “guests” using noncovalent bonding. This encapsulation process resembles, at least superficially, the bonding of a substrate by an enzyme-active site. The analogy to enzymes can be extended further if the ionophore is provided with functional groups that can react with a suitable guest molecule bound in the cavity of the ionophore. We have embedded in the periphery of a macrocycle a 1,4-dihydropyridine, a mimic of the coenzyme NADH. The macrocycle, in addition to having (weak) ionophoric properties, is chiral. The strategy has led to compounds that react as artificial hydrogenases and which are capable of distinguishing, in a predictable fashion, between the prochiral faces of suitable carbonyl substrates. Ancillary developments from this approach have been many. A remarkably general method for the preparation of a wide variety of macrocycles has been developed which depends on some remarkable chemical idiosyncrasies of the cesium ion. In attempts to exploit the chemical possibilities of these macrocycles, unusual chemistry, possibly relevant to the action of the enzyme, 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde dehydrogenase, has been uncovered. In a similar vein, study of macrocycles has led to variants of the aldol condensation on chiral templates. Finally, catalytic CC bond formation mediated by transition metals is revealed to be an area in which chiral macrocycles can play a useful role by acting as chiral ligands for the transition metal.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 22 (1983), S. 135-148 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Catalysis ; Cluster compounds ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Molecular metal clusters form a very large and diverse family. They present the opportunity of modeling the intermediates involved in surface mediated catalytic reactions, of providing a source of very reactive mononuclear metal fragments, and of effecting catalytic cycles in which the cluster remains intact. The last mentioned aspect is the subject of this review article. The state-of-the-art of cluster catalysis is critically analyzed. The possibilities offered by molecular metal catalysts of performing catalytic reactions at multimetal atom sites are also discussed.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 22 (1983), S. 897-907 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Rhodium catalysts ; Catalysis ; Enantioselectivity ; Hydrosilylation ; Asymmetric catalysis ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Following a survey of the asymmetric hydrogenation of prochiral olefins with transition metal/phosphane catalysts, the problem of chirality transfer from the optically active ligands of the catalyst to the substrate is discussed. A new concept for this chirality transfer is introduced; the conformational analysis of model compounds as well as the development of catalysts for enantioselective hydrosilylation demonstrate the usefulness of this concept.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 18 (1982), S. 351-353 
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: HCN ; HCN Oligomers ; Chemical Evolution ; Primitive Earth ; Formaldehyde ; Cyanohydrins ; Catalysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Formaldehyde and other simple carbonyl compounds are known to react rapidly with HCN in aqueous solution to produce the corresponding cyanohydrin compounds. We have observed that these cyanohydrins markedly accelerate the rate of HCN oligomeri-zation, both in homogeneous solution as well as in the frozen state. These results, for which a tentative mechanism is suggested, significantly extend the possible range of conditions for HCN oligomerization on the prebiotic Earth.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 21 (1982), S. 117-130 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Fischer-Tropsch synthesis ; Catalysis ; Cluster compounds ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis counts among the industrial-scale processes having a versatile and broad product range, and has for decades offered the most attractive possibility for the use of coal as a source of heating oil and fuels. This conceivably simple reaction, the catalytic hydrogenation of carbon monoxide, generally leads to simple hydrocarbons as well (i.e. short chain olefins) that have been sought as chemical feedstocks since the oil crisis of the seventies, but fails to provide the large-scale, economic process required, due in large part to the minimal selectivity of traditional Fischer-Tropsch processes. In an effort to solve this problem current research in this sector is concerned not only with the optimization of old and the development of new catalytic systems, but also increasingly with the elucidation of numerous relevant reaction mechanisms. This article will discuss, from the viewpoint of an organometallic chemist, the significance of typical model reactions, both with regard to some fundamental aspects of synthesis gas chemistry, and in comparison with previous views concerning the mechanism of the Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis. The importance of various unique classes of complexes that have been studied in the context of Fischer-Tropsch chemistry is also evaluated with regard to their importance in the synthesis of hydrocarbons from carbon monoxide and hydrogen. It emerges that the primary steps of the reductive oligomerization of carbon monoxide are best described by the carbide/methylene mechanism, as originally proposed by Hans Fischer and Franz Tropsch.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Electron transfer catalysis ; Electrocatalysis ; Reaction mechanisms ; Catalysis ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The concept of electron transfer catalysis (ETC), or more specifically “Double Activation Induced by Single Electron Transfer” (DAISET) gives an opportunity to connect experimental facts never previously correlated. The first activation results from the transfer of an electron to (or from) a molecular species; the second activation results from the build-up of a reaction chain able to reproduce the species formed in the first step. The starting point of this review is the SRN1 mechanism where principle and experimental diagnostic criteria are critically discussed. The thermal and photochemical exchange and substitution reactions of PtIV complexes are then reviewed together with the exchange reaction [AuCl4]-/Cl-, reactions with Grignard reagents and other organometallic reagents, as well as the redox behavior of electronically excited organic compounds. Photochemical applications, including solar energy conversion are discussed. New aspects are also presented for the mechanistic problem “SN2 reaction or SET process?” Moreover, the concept has significance for SH2 reactions at metal centers, molecule-induced homolyses, reactions of complexes, as well as electrochemical processes.-Unless otherwise specified, only double activation (DAISET) processes will be discussed in this article.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Medical & biological engineering & computing 19 (1981), S. 617-626 
    ISSN: 1741-0444
    Keywords: Activated carbon ; Adsorption ; Catalysis ; Competitive adsorption ; Haemoperfusion ; Intraparticle diffusivity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Thein vitro measurement of adsorption isotherms and intraparticle diffusivities for three types of activated carbon and four exogenous and endogenous toxins is described. Complications due to the chemical breakdown of creatinine and paracetamol in the presence of activated carbon are discussed. Three methods are compared for the estimation of intraparticle diffusivity from the kinetic data. The simplest method is also used to reinterpret literature data comparing diffusivity values using plasma or HSA solution as opposed to buffer as the solvent. The adsorption isotherms and intraparticle diffusivities comprise the fundamental data used to validate the mass transfer model of a haemoperfusion column developed in Part 2.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 11
    ISSN: 1434-4475
    Keywords: Arginine ; Catalysis ; Kinetics ; Mechanism ; Oxidation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Oxidation erfolgt sowohl mit als auch ohne Cu(II)-Katalysator in erster Ordnung bezüglich des Oxidationsmittels und des Substrats; inverse Ordnung wird bezüglich der Alkalikonzentration beobachtet. Bis zu einer Cu(II)-Konzentration von≤2×10−5 M ist die Geschwindigkeitskonstante der Katalysatorkonzentration proportional; darüber wird eine konstantbleibende Geschwindigkeit beobachtet, die nun von der Cu(II)-Konzentration unabhängig ist. Neutralsalze haben keinen Effekt auf die Geschwindigkeitskonstante. Es wird für den katalysierten und unkatalysierten Reaktionsablauf ein Mechanismus vorgeschlagen und ein mathematischer Ansatz präsentiert.
    Notes: Abstract The kinetics of uncatalysed and Cu(II) catalysed oxidation of arginine monohydrochloride was investigated. Both reactions follow a singular order dependence each in oxidant and substrate. An inverse order dependence is reported with the alkali concentration. A plot of observed rate constant versus Cu(II) concentrations Cu(II)≤2.0×10−5 M is linear; from the intercept the rate constant for the uncatalysed pathway was calculated. However, at high copper ion concentrations i.e. Cu(II)〉2.0×10−5 M a fixed value of rate constant was found for all catalyst concentrations. Added neutral salts show an insignificant effect on the reaction rate. Mechanisms were proposed for both cases and rate expressions were derived by applying steady state assumptions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 16 (1980), S. 279-290 
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Catalysis ; Clay ; Histidyl-histidine ; Oligopeptide ; Protoenzyme ; Autocatalysis ; Prebiotic
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The condensation of glycine to form oligoglycines during wet-dry fluctuations on clay surfaces was enhanced up to threefold or greater by small amounts of histidyl-histidine. In addition, higher relative yields of the longer oligomers were produced. Other specific dipeptides tested gave no enhancement, and imidazole, histidine, and N-acetylhistidine gave only slight enhancements. Histidyl-histidine apparently acts as a true catalyst (in the sense of repeatedly catalyzing the reaction), since up to 52 nmol of additional glycine were incorporated into oligoglycine for each nmol of catalyst added. This is the first known instance of a peptide or similar molecule demonstrating a catalytic turnover number greater than unity in a prebiotic oligomer synthesis reaction, and suggests that histidyl-histidine is a model for a primitive prebiotic protoenzyme. Catalysis of peptide bond synthesis by a molecule which is itself a peptide implies that related systems may be capable of exhibiting autocatalytic growth.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 19 (1980), S. 178-183 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Intermediates ; Hydroformylation ; Rhodium catalysts ; Catalysis ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The reaction of olefins with carbon monoxide and hydrogen to give aldehydes is referred to as hydroformylation (oxo reaction). As catalyst for this reaction rhodium is about three to four orders of magnitude more active than the more commonly employed cobalt. With special rhodium compounds, e.g. di-ν-chlorobis(ν-1,5-cyclooctadiene)dirhodium [RhCl(C8H12)]2, in the presence of chiral phosphanes, even asymmetric hydroformylations can be achieved; however, the enantiomeric purity of the products (20-30%) is not high enough for industrial-scale syntheses.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 19 (1980), S. 362-375 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Trimethylphosphane complexes ; Phosphane ligands ; Homogeneous catalysis ; Catalysis ; Cobalt ; Nickel ; Iron ; P ligands ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: One of the greatest achievements of organometallic chemistry in the last ten years has been the experimental proof that transition metal-to-carbon bonds are thermodynamically about as stable as those between main group elements and carbon. The present contribution demonstrates how simply constituted alkylnickel, -cobalt, and -iron complexes are obtained by means of a kinetic stabilization using suitable neutral ligands and what information these model compounds can provide with respect to the course of processes in homogeneous catalyses.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 13 (1974), S. 170-179 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Phase-transfer catalysis ; Catalysis ; Synthetic methods ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Quaternary ammonium and phosphonium salts catalyze reactions between substances located partly in an aqueous and partly in an organic phase. Use of such phase-transfer catalysts simplifies and accelerates numerous reactions traditionally conducted in nonaqueous media. These reactions include carbene reactions, nucleophilic substitutions, alkylations of ketones and nitriles, Wittig and Darzens reactions, formation of ethers and esters. Other reactions such as hydrolysis and oxidation can be accelerated.
    Additional Material: 5 Tab.
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 12 (1973), S. 954-964 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Asymmetric synthesis ; Catalysis ; Homogeneous catalysis ; Transition metals ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The progress made in the field of homogeneous catalysis during the last five to six years has led, inter alia, to the development of highly selective catalysts for asymmetric syntheses. Homogeneous asymmetric hydrogenation, using well defined transition metal catalysts, may be achieved with optical yields of 85 to 90% or more. Catalytic reactions, in which the chiral centers are generated by C—C bond formation, can result in optical yields of 70 to 80%. The hydrogenation catalysts consist primarily of rhodium(I) complexes containing “Homer phosphanes”, phosphanes with chiral C atoms, or optically active amides. Catalysts which induce optical activity through the formation of C—C bonds have been developed from π-allylnickel halides, Lewis acids, and phosphanes containing chiral C atoms. The results obtained signify a breakthrough in an area of catalysis previously restricted to syntheses involving enzymes.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 17
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Cyclooligomerization ; Transition metals ; Catalysis ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: This report is concerned not only with the syntheses of new ring systems and the preparation of derivatives of known rings but also with new types of catalysts based upon, e. g., nickel, iron, molybdenum, manganese, and palladium. The broad applicability of the methylene insertion reaction as a method for identifying mono- and di-methyl-substituted eight-, ten-, and twelve-membered rings is also demonstrated. A further section is concerned with the possible mechanism of C—C bond formation in transition metal complexes; several earlier suggestions have been revised in the light of new experimental data. In addition, experimental results are discussed which indicate that the reactivity and selectivity of the complexes formed by the nickel-ligand catalyst and olefins or alkynes depend upon the structure of the ligands.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 11 (1972), S. 249-260 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Carrier-bound biologically active substances ; Enzymes ; Immobilization ; Catalysis ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Stable catalysts can be obtained by fixation of enzymes on suitable supports. The principal methods for their preparation and their properties are described. The use of supported enzymes in routine biochemical analysis as “insoluble reagents” for automatic analyzers and for enzyme electrodes appears particularly interesting. For preparative transformations and syntheses, the supported enzymes offer the advantage that many processes that were formerly operated batch-wise can be run continuously to give protein-free products. The use of supported proteinases as specific adsorbents provides a simple method for the isolation of various naturally occurring inhibitors. This principle, which is the basis of affinity chromatography, has now also been adapted to the purification of enzymes and other biologically active substances on suitable supported effectors.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 7 (1971), S. 277-289 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Calcification ; Collagen ; Catalysis ; Inhibition ; Tendon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les propriétés d'inhibition de la calcification réticulaire et des réactions d'échanges de H32PO4 et45Ca2+, induites par la matrice calcifiée de tendon de boeuf, ont été étudiées pour divers produits. L'inhibition des deux types de réaction, par la méthylènediphosphonate et une fraction dérivée de l'urine humaine peut être diminuée en augmentant la proportion de la phase minérale liée. Mg2+ n'inhibe pas les réactions d'échanges, mais l'inhibition de la calcification réticulaire peut être inversée en augmentant la concentration en Ca2+ de la phase soluble; mais une telle réaction ne peut être obtenue ni par le phosphate inorganique, ni en augmentant la proportion du minéral lié. Le phosphono-acétate inhibe la calcification réticulaire, mais non les réactions d'échanges, et l'inhibition n'est diminuée ni en augmentant la concentration en Ca2+ ou HOP4 2−, ni en augmentant la proportion du minéral lié. Les actions d'inhibition peuvent s'expliquer par leur interaction avec la matrice insoluble, bien que l'affinité pour le méthylènediphosphonate et l'inhibiteur urinaire soit plus grande que pour les autres produits testés. Un mécanisme catalytique hétérogène et multifonctionnel est proposé pour la calcification matricielle du tendon. Selon ce mécanisme, la calcification matrieielle est catalysée par une entité macromoléculaire, sensible à l'urée, qui contient un minimum de trois régions actives. La première est une région sensible au Mg et capable de se lier avec Ca2+, qui facilite la réaction avec HPO4 2− de la phase soluble pour constituer un complexe Ca−P au niveau d'une deuxième région sensible au phosphonoacétate. Le complexe Ca−P réagit ensuite avec une troisième région matricielle pour la formation de la phase minérale et la croissance cristalline. Les agrégats Ca−P, qui sont présents au niveau des régions en voie de croissance, fournissent les ions mobiles qui participent aux réactions d'échanges45Ca et H32PO4 2− et qui constituent aussi les zones de liaison pour le méthylènediphosphonate, ainsi que pour les inhibiteurs sériques et urinaires de la calcification.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Hemmeigenschaften von verschiedenen Substanzen in bezug auf effekte Verkalkung sowie die45Ca2+ und H32PO4 2− Austauschreaktionen, hervorgerufen durch verkalkte Rindersehnenmatrix, wurden untersucht. Die Hemmung beider Reaktionen durch Methylendiphosphonat und durch eine aus menschlichem Urin gewonnene Fraktion kann bei Erhöhung der Menge der gebundenen Mineralphase herabgesetzt werden. Mg2+ hemmt die Austauschreaktionen nicht; die Hemmung der effektiven Verkalkung durch Mg2+ kann jedoch aufgehoben werden, indem die Konzentration von Ca2+ in der löslichen Phase erhöht wird; dies gilt nicht, wenn anorganisches Phosphat zugefügt oder die Menge des gebundenen Minerals erhöht wird. Phosphonoacetat hemmt die effektive Verkalkung, nicht aber die Austauschreaktionen. Dabei wird die Hemmung weder durch Erhöhung der Konzentration von Ca2+ oder HPO4 2−, noch durch Erhöhung der Menge gebundenen Minerals vermindert. Die Hemmwirkungen können durch ihre Wechselwirkung mit der unlöslichen Matrix erklärt werden, obwohl die Affinität für Methylendiphosphonat und den Urin-Hemmkörper größer ist als für die anderen Substanzen. Ein polyfunktioneller, heterogener, katalytischer Mechanismus für die Sehnenmatrixverkalkung wird vorgeschlagen. Nach diesem Schema wird die Matriverkalkung durch einen Harnstoff-empfindlichen, makromolekulären Stoff katalysiert, der im Minimum drei aktive Zentren enthält. Das erste ist ein Mg-empfindliches, Ca2+-bindendes Zentrum, welches das zusammenwirken der löslichen Phase mit HPO2 2− erleichtert, um einen Ca−P-Komplex an einem zweiten, Phosphonoacetat-empfindlichen Zentrum zu bilden. Dieser Ca−P-Komplex reagiert darauf mit einem dritten Zentrum auf der Matrix, um die Bildung der Mineralphase auszulösen und das Kristallwachstum anzuregen. Die an den Wachstumsstellen vorliegenden Ca−P-Aggregate liefern jene mobilen Ionen, welche an den45Ca und H32PO4 2− Austauschreaktionen teilnehmen; diese bilden auch die Bindungsstellen für Methylendiphosphonat sowie für die Serum- und Urinverkalkungshemmer.
    Notes: Abstract The inhibitory properties of several compounds with respect to net calcification and the45Ca2+ and the H32PO4 exchange reactions induced by calcified bovine tendon matrix have been investigated. The inhibition of both reactions by methylenediphosphonate and a fraction derived from human urine can be decreased by increasing the amount of the bound mineral phase. Mg2+ does not inhibit the exchange reactions but the inhibition of net calcification by Mg2+ can be reversed by increasing the concentration of Ca2+ of the soluble phase but not by inorganic phosphate or by increasing the amount of bound mineral. Phosphonoacetate inhibits net calcification but not the exchange reactions and the inhibition is decreased neither by increasing the concentration of Ca2+ or HPO4 2− nor by increasing the amount of bound mineral. The inhibitory effects can be explained by their interaction with the insoluble matrix, although the affinity is greater for methylene diphosphonate and the urine inhibitor than for the other compounds. A polyfunctional heterogeneous catalytic mechanism for tendon matrix calcification is proposed. According to this scheme, matrix calcification is catalyzed by a urea-sensitive macromolecular assembly that contains a minimum of three reactive sites. The first is a Mg-sensitive, Ca2+-binding site that facilitates the interaction with HPO4 2− of the soluble phase to form a Ca−P complex at a phosphonoacetate-sensitive second site. This Ca−P complex then reacts with a third matrix site for mineral phase initiation and crystal growth. The Ca−P aggregates present in the growth sites provide those mobile ions which participate in the45Ca and H32PO4 2− exchange reactions and which also constitute the binding sites for methylenediphosphonate as well as the serum and urine calcification inhibitors.
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 10 (1971), S. 105-115 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Transition metals ; Catalysis ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The reaction of a covalently σ-bonded ligand (alkyl group, hydrogen) with a molecule (olefin, CO) attached to the transition metal by a coordinate bond is the essence of many catalytic processes. The influence of the other ligands in the complex on this reaction is discussed in the present article. Various ways in which the ligands can act, e.g. by electronic effects via the σ and π electron systems of the complex and by steric effects, are first described separately and then illustrated by examples.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 10 (1971), S. 172-181 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Contact elimination ; Elimination ; Reaction mechanisms ; Catalysis ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The current ideas of organic chemists based on the work of Ingold and his school are applied to heterogeneous catalytic eliminations (mostly from haloalkanes and aliphatic alcohols). It is deduced from the activity of the catalysts, the reactivity of the substrates (reactants), and the primary product distribution that these eliminations proceed by a heterolytic mechanism similar to that involved in the liquid phase. The activity of the catalysts (salts and oxides) increases with increasing charge and decreasing radius of the cations and with increasing basicity of the anions. The reactivity of the substrates behaves in much the same manner as in the liquid phase. In contrast with the liquid-phase reaction, the cis-olefins are frequently favored as primary products. The stereospecificity of the reaction is determined from the relative strengths of the interactions between the catalyst cation and the leaving group X-, and between the catalyst anion and the leaving proton. Only trans elimination has so far been found in the concerted mechanism.
    Additional Material: 11 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 10 (1971), S. 776-786 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Polymerization ; Polyethylene ; Vanadium ; Chromium ; Catalysis ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: In the present progress report literature data concerning homogeneous catalyst systems based on vanadium and chromium are reviewed and complemented by a combined study of the magnetic properties and the polymerization activity of such systems. The results show that vanadium forms active species as V (III) and as V (II), but chromium only as Cr (II); models are suggested for the polymerization process.  -  A comparison with heterogeneous systems (Phillips catalyst) allows the establishment of some general principles concerning the activity of the catalyst and the properties of the polymers.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 23
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Proton transfer ; Catalysis ; Enzyme catalysis ; Hydrolysis ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The proton occupies a special position as a promoter and mediator in chemical reactions occurring in solution. Many reactions in organic chemistry are catalysed by acids or bases; likewise, most enzymes contain active groups which promote acid-base catalysis. To understand the reaction mechanisms involved, it is necessary to identify the elementary steps as well as their course in time. Systematic investigation of these elementary steps as well as their course in time. Systematic investigation of these elementary steps has become possible only with the development of new methods for studying very fast reactions. The present paper reviews the information obtained in this type of investigation. The result is a relatively complete picture of the elementary proton transfer mechanisms and a comprehensive description of the modes and laws of acid-base and enzymatic catalysis.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 3 (1964), S. 93-101 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Organometallic catalysts ; Catalysis ; Reaction mechanisms ; Lithium ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Kinetic investigations of the polyreaction of isoprene with organolithium compounds as initiators in n-heptane as solvent indicate the following sequence of reactions: 1. formation of an adduct between a monomeric form of the organolithium compound and the isoprene and 2. reaction of this adduct with an associated form of the organolithium compound with insertion of the isoprene. The adduct formation is considered to be due to chemisorption, and proof of such chemisorption of a monomer (ethylene) is also demonstrated for a homogeneous Ziegler-type catalyst. All the reactions can be formulated in the form of cyclic structures with electron-deficient character. Postulation of such ring structures explains the surprising values obtained for the frequency factors and equilibrium constants.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 3 (1964), S. 185-191 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Coordination modes ; Catalysis ; Cyclooctatetraenes ; Reppe chemistry ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The relationship between the structure and the catalytic activity of nickel(II) complexes in the synthesis of cyclooctatetraene by the method of W. Reppe is discussed. The cyclotetramerization of acetylene takes place within labile Ni(II)-acetylene π-complexes. Inhibition tests have made it probable that four molecules of acetylene are grouped around the nickel ion in the transition state, in a configuration which favors the formation of the eight-membered ring.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 1 (1962), S. 80-88 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Oxidation ; Palladium ; Catalysis ; Alkenes ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The oxidation of olefins to carbonyl compounds with palladium compounds, especially the oxidation of ethylene to acetaldehyde, is at present carried out on a technical scale. The reaction takes place via a palladium-olefin complex, the formation of which is inhibited by halide ions. Hydrolysis to the carbonyl compound is inhibited by hydrogen ions. The knowledge gained by studying the reaction of olefins with pure solutions of palladium salts allows important conclusions to be drawn concerning the action of technical catalyst solutions containing copper and palladium chloride.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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