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  • 2000-2004  (32)
  • 1955-1959  (5,259)
  • 1880-1889  (50)
  • Polymer and Materials Science  (3,775)
  • Cell & Developmental Biology  (1,513)
  • Engineering General
  • somaclonal variation
  • somatic hybridization
  • transformation
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  • 1
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: Fe–Cr–Al alloy ; oxidation ; molybdenum ; breakaway oxidation ; transformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Thin foils of Fe–20Cr–5Al alloys are susceptible to breakawayoxidation once the aluminum content of the substrate has fallen below somecritical value. The combined addition of 0.1 wt.% lanthanum and 0, 1, or 2wt% molybdenum has a beneficial effect on the high-temperature oxidation ofsuch foils. Lanthanum has the well-known reactive-element effect on adhesionof the protective alumina scale, thereby increasing the time to onset ofbreakaway oxidation, while, for alloys containing molybdenum, breakawayoxide spreads relatively slowly over the specimen in comparison to alloysthat contain no molybdenum. In particular, molybdenum-containing alloys areable to develop a protective Cr2O3 layer at the breakawayoxide–substrate interface. Conversely, molybdenum-free alloys form aninternal-oxide zone in the substrate adjacent to this interface, rather thana Cr2O3 layer, so breakaway oxide spreads rapidly. A martensitic phase isobserved in the substrate adjacent to the breakaway oxide formed on Fe–20Cr–5Al–La specimens, which means that theα-phase has transferred to the γ -phase at the temperature ofthe oxidation test (1150°C). Conversely, α-phase is retained inthe molybdenum-containing alloy, even after breakaway takes place, sincemolybdenum, which is a strong ferrite former, is enriched in the alloyadjacent to areas of breakaway oxide. The diffusion rate of chromium isslower in the γ than in the α-phase so a continuouschromium-rich oxide layer, which is effective in inhibiting breakawayoxide from spreading, cannot be established at the breakawayoxide–substrate interface for the molybdenum-free alloys.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: tuber soft rot ; 2n gametes ; sexual hybridization ; somatic hybridization ; germplasm exploitation ; potato
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The resistance to tuber soft rot caused byErwinia carotovora ofSolanum tuberosum x S. tarijense andS. tuberosum (+) S. commersonii hybrids and their backcrosses is reported. A number of resistant diploid sexual hybrids and tetraploid/hexaploid somatic hybrids were selected. Backcross progenies were obtained through 2x×4x crosses involving a resistant diploid hybrid and tetraploidS. tuberosum, and through 4x×4x crosses between a resistant somatic hybrid andS. tuberosum. The hybrids showed high variability interms of resistance to tuber soft rot. The resistance of progeny from 2x×4x backcrosses was similar to that of the parental sexual hybrid. By contrast, the resistance of genotypes deriving from 4x×4x backcrosses was reduced compared with the resistant somatic hybrid. In general, tuber characteristics of the backcross hybrids improved considerably as compared with their parents, and tuber yield per plant was good.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1573-9368
    Keywords: Hyoscyamus muticus ; particle bombardment ; transformation ; tropane alkaloids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We report an efficient whole plant transformation system for Hyoscyamus muticus, an important medicinal plant of the Solanaceous family. We developed a system using a plasmid carrying the nptII and gusA genes, which was delivered into leaf explants by particle bombardment. Ten percent of bombarded leaf explants formed kanamycin-resistant callus, from which putative transgenic plants were recovered. The nptII gene conferring kanamycin resistance was found to be incorporated into the genome of all transgenic plants screened. Over 50% of the kanamycin resistant plants showed strong expression of the non-selected gusA gene. The majority of transgenic plants reached maturity, could be self pollinated, and produced fertile seed. A simple and efficient whole plant transformation system for this medicinal plant is an important step in furthering our understanding of tropane alkaloid production in plants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1573-9368
    Keywords: inheritance ; Rubisco small subunit promoters ; sonication ; sulphur nutrition ; sunflower albumin ; transformation ; white clover
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract With the aim of increasing the rumen-protected level of the sulphur amino acids cysteine and methionine in Trifolium repens, we introduced the coding sequence of the sunflower seed albumin (SSA) into T. repens by Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. The SSA gene was modified such that the protein would be localised to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Four different T-DNA constructions all containing the SSA gene driven by either the promoter of a gene encoding the small subunit of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase (Rubisco) from Arabidopsis thaliana (A ssu), the promoter of the gene encoding the small subunit of Rubisco of Medicago sativa (L ssu), or the Cauliflower Mosaic Virus 35S promoter (CaMV35S), were transferred to T. repens cv. Haifa. Transgenic T 0-plants and inter-transgenic hybrids were analysed for the level of SSA accumulation in the leaves by western blotting. The highest observed level of SSA accumulation was 0.1% of total extractable leaf protein. We observed that the promoter had a substantive effect on the level of SSA accumulation with A ssu〉CaMV35S〉L ssu. Results from the inter-transgenic hybrids showed that the capacity to synthesise SSA was inherited. However the level of SSA accumulation in the leaves generally appears not to be additive with extra transgenic loci. During this work, we attempted to improve the efficiency of A. tumefaciens-mediated transformation of T. repens using the SAAT-method (Sonication Assisted Agrobacterium-mediated Transformation) on cotyledons of T. repens. T-DNA transfer was in general not enhanced by sonication compared to traditional A. tumefaciens-mediated transformation. Furthermore, Southern blot analyses of plants regenerated from the same cotyledon after A. tumefaciens treatment and under selection, indicated that multiple shoots were usually derived from the same transformation event. We concluded from these results that only one plant from each A. tumefaciens-treated cotyledon should be taken to avoid transgenic clones.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Transgenic research 9 (2000), S. 405-415 
    ISSN: 1573-9368
    Keywords: Manihot esculenta ; transformation ; Agrobacterium tumefaciens ; mannose ; hygromycin ; selection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In order to improve the efficiency of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) transformation, two different selection systems were assessed, a positive one based on the use of mannose as the selective agent, and a negative one based on hygromycin resistance encoded by an intron-containing hph gene. Transgenic plants selected on mannose or hygromycin were regenerated for the first time from embryogenic suspensions cocultivated with Agrobacterium. After the initial selection using mannose and hygromycin, 82.6% and 100% of the respective developing embryogenic callus lines were transgenic. A system allowing plant regeneration from only transgenic lines was designed by combining chemical selection with histochemical GUS assays. In total, 12 morphologically normal transgenic plant lines were produced, five using mannose and seven using hygromycin. The stable integration of the transgenes into the nuclear genome was verified using PCR and Southern analysis. RT-PCR and northern analyses confirmed the transgene expression in the regenerated plants. A rooting test on mannose containing medium was developed as an alternative to GUS assays in order to eliminate escapes from the positive selection system. Our results show that transgenic cassava plants can be obtained by using either antibiotic resistance genes that are not expressed in the micro-organisms or an antibiotic-free positive selection system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Transgenic research 9 (2000), S. 471-486 
    ISSN: 1573-9368
    Keywords: Arabidopsis thaliana ; Agrobacterium tumefaciens ; floral spray ; SOD ; transformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In this study, floral spray and floral dip were used to replace the vacuum step in the Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of a superoxide dismutase (SOD) gene into Arabidopsis. The transgene was constructed by using a CaMV 35S promoter to drive a rice cytosolic CuZnSOD coding sequence in Arabidopsis. The transgene construct was developed in binary vectors and mobilized into Agrobacterium. When Arabidopsis plants started to initiate flower buds, the primary inflorescence shoots were removed and then transformed by floral spray or floral dip. More than 300 transgenic plants were generated to assess the feasibility of floral spray used in the in planta transformation. The result indicates that the floral spray method of Agrobacterium can achieve rates of in planta transformation comparable to the vacuum-infiltration and floral dip methods. The floral spray method opens up the possibility of in planta transformation of plant species which are too large for dipping or vacuum infiltration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1573-4986
    Keywords: Cancer ; caveolae ; caveolin ; cholesterol ; glucosylceramide ; multidrug resistance ; rafts ; transformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The carcinogenic process involves a complex series of genetic and biochemical changes that enables transformed cells to proliferate, migrate to secondary sites and, in some cases, acquire mechanisms that make cancer cells resistant to chemotherapy. This phenomenon in its most common form is known as multidrug resistance (MDR). It is usually mediated by overexpression of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) or other plasma membrane ATPases that export cytotoxic drugs used in chemotherapy, thereby reducing their efficacy. However, additional adaptive changes are likely to be required in order to confer a full MDR phenotype. Recent studies have shown that acquisition of MDR is accompanied by up-regulation of lipids and proteins that constitute lipid rafts and caveolar membranes, notably glucosylceramide and caveolin. These changes may be related to the fact that in MDR cells a significant fraction of cellular P-gp is associated with caveolin-rich membrane domains, they may be involved in drug transport and they could have an impact on drug-induced apoptosis and on the phenotypic transformation of MDR cancer cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1572-9788
    Keywords: Choline oxidase ; glycinebetaine ; transformation ; Brassica juncea ; salt stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The codA gene for biosynthesis of glycinebetaine from Arthrobacter globiformis was used for transforming Brassica juncea cv. Pusa Jaikisan (which lack any means to synthesize glycinebetaine) through Agrobacterium mediated transformation. The stable insertion of the codA gene in the shoots obtained on medium with kanamycin and hygromycin was confirmed by PCR analysis of the nptII gene. Southern hybridization with a codA probe further demonstrated its successful integration. Immunoblot analysis revealed the presence of choline oxidase demonstrating that the bacterial codA gene had been successfully transcribed and translated. The seeds of transgenic lines showed enhanced capacity to germinate under salt stress as compared to that of the wild type. Further, the seedlings of transgenic plants that expressed codA gene showed significantly higher growth than that of the wild type under salt stress conditions. These results demonstrated that the introduction of a biosynthetic pathway for glycinebetaine into Brassica juncea significantly enhanced their salt tolerance. Hence, homozygous genotypes of selected transformed lines can be exploited for improving the salt tolerance of the desirable cultivars of Brassica juncea through breeding programmes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1572-9788
    Keywords: antisense DNA ; co-transformation ; nucleocapsid gene ; pathogen-derived resistance ; somatic embryogenesis ; transformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) lines transgenic for the antisense nucleocapsid (N) gene of a Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) strain isolated from peanut were generated by microprojectile-mediated transformation of repetitive somatic embryos of cultivars VC1 and AT120. The selectable marker (hygromycin resistance) and the N gene were on separate plasmids. A total of 207 VC1 and 120 AT120 hygromycin-resistant lines were produced. Of all the VC1 plants recovered 71% were cotransformed with the N gene (N+), but all plants were sterile. For AT120, 48 of the transgenic cell lines converted into plants. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) screening showed 15 of the lines were transgenic for the N gene (N+), and two of these lines were fertile. A field test was conducted in 1998 at Ashburn, GA, using seeds from each fertile line, along with segregated and non-transgenic controls. Plants from four randomly selected field plots were examined for symptoms and analyzed by double-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay and PCR at 10 and 14 weeks after planting. At 14 weeks, 76% of the N+ plants were symptomless, while 2% were severely symptomatic or dead. In contrast, only 42% of the plants lacking the N gene were symptomless and 50% were severely symptomatic or dead. Northern blot analysis of selected field-resistant plants detected transgene RNA, and the transcript level appeared undiminished after viral exposure.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1572-9788
    Keywords: bar ; cry3A ; Eucalyptus ; transformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Transgenic Eucalyptus camaldulensis containing both the insecticidal cry3A gene and the bar gene (conferring tolerance to the herbicide glufosinate ammonium) have been produced by Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of seedling explants. Transgenic plants from two lines tested were resistant to first instars of chrysomelid beetles that are important pests of commercial Australian eucalypt plantations. Both lines also exhibit tolerance to the broad-spectrum herbicide Liberty® at 6 l/ha (1.2 kg active ingredient per hectare), twice the field application rate. Transgenic insect- and herbicide-resistant eucalypts like these are likely to provide better insect and weed control options in plantations, particularly during the vulnerable establishment phase, provided that any adverse ecological impacts of releasing transgenic trees into the environment can be assessed and minimized.
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  • 11
    ISSN: 1572-9788
    Keywords: choline oxidase ; glycinebetaine ; Japanese persimmon ; salt tolerance ; transformation ; woody plant
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This report describes the first successful genetic engineering of tolerance to salt in an agriculturally important species of woody plants by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation with the codA gene of Arthrobacter globiformis. This gene encodes choline oxidase, which catalyzes the oxidation of choline to glycinebetaine. The binary plasmid vector pGC95.091, containing a kanamycin-resistance gene (nptII), a gene for β-glucuronidase (gusA) and the codA gene in its T-DNA region, was used with a disarmed strain of Agrobacterium tumefaciens, EHA101, to transform Japanese persimmon (Diospyros kaki Thunb. `Jiro') by the leaf disk transformation method. The pRS95.101 plasmid that included only nptII and gusA in the T-DNA region was used as a control. We selected eight transgenic lines with one or two copies of the T-DNA after transformation with pGC95.091 (PC lines) and three lines after transformation with pRS95.101 (PR lines). The eight PC lines produced choline oxidase and glycinebetaine whereas neither was found in untransformed `Jiro' and in the control PR lines. Transgenic plants grew normally, resembling wild-type plants both in vitro and ex vitro. The activity of photosystem II in leaves of the transgenic Japanese persimmon plants under NaCl stress was determined in terms of the ratio of the variable (F v) to the maximum (F m) fluorescence of chlorophyll (F v/F m). The rate of decline in (F v/F m under NaCl stress was lower in the PC lines than in the control PR lines. These results demonstrated that genetic engineering of Japanese persimmon, which allowed it to accumulate glycinebetaine, enhanced the tolerance to salt stress of this plant.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Molecular breeding 6 (2000), S. 185-194 
    ISSN: 1572-9788
    Keywords: Agrobacterium ; transformation ; pea ; Pisum sativum L. ; PCR analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Factors influencing the efficiency of Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of pea were tested using highly efficient, direct regeneration system. The virulence of three Agrobacterium strains (octopine LBA 4404, nopaline C58C1 and succinamopine, hypervirulent EHA 105) clearly varied giving 1 transgenic plant per 100 explants for LBA 4404, 2.2 for C58C1 and 8.2 for EHA 105. To test the efficacy of selection agents we used the hypervirulent EHA 105 strain carrying pGPTV binary vector with one of four different selection genes: nptII, hpt, dhfr or bar. The mean number of transgenic, kanamycin-resistant plants for two cultivars tested was 4.2 per 100 explants and was slightly higher than the number of phosphinothricin-resistant plants (3.6 plants per 100 explants). The proportion of transgenics among kanamycin-selected plants was also higher than among phosphinothricin-resistant plants (35% and 28% respectively). There was no regeneration on hygromycin or methotrexate media (transformation with hpt and dhfr genes). Acetosyringone had no apparent influence on efficiency of transformation with hypervirulent EHA 105 strain, however it did affect the rate of transformation when moderately virulent C58C1 was used. Recovery of transgenic plants was enhanced after application of 5-azacytidine. The presence of integrated T-DNA was checked by PCR and confirmed by Southern hybridization. T-DNA was stably transmitted to the next generation.
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  • 13
    ISSN: 1572-9788
    Keywords: heterologous protein accumulation ; phytate phosphorus digestibility ; phytase ; phytic acid ; transformation ; Triticum aestivum L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The Aspergillus niger phytase-encoding gene (phyA) has been constitutively expressed in wheat. Transgenic wheat lines were generated by microprojectile bombardment of immature embryos, using the bar-Bialaphos selection system. The bar and the phyA gene expression were controlled by the maize ubiquitin-1 promoter. To ensure secretion and glycosylation of the microbial phytase, an expression cassette was designed (Ubi-SP-Phy) where an α-amylase signal peptide sequence was inserted between the promoter and the phytase coding region. A similar cassette was constructed without the signal peptide sequence (Ubi-Phy). Five lines of fertile wheat transformed with the Ubi-SP-Phy were generated and two lines with the Ubi-Phy construct. The inheritance of the phyA gene was monitored through three generations. Western blotting of leaf and seed derived protein revealed the presence of an immunoreacting polypeptide of the size expected for the Aspergillus phytase. Up to 25 days after pollination, the heterologous phytase was exclusively present in the pericarp-seed coat-aleurone fraction. Thereafter, it accumulated in the endosperm in amounts exceeding that found in the seed coat and aleurone. The phyA mRNA and derived protein could at no stage be detected in the embryo. The Ubi-SP-Phy transgenic seeds exhibited up to 4-fold increase of phytase activity while up to 56% increase was found in Ubi-Phy plants. It is concluded that a functional Aspergillus phytase can be produced in significant amounts in wheat grains. This may be of relevance for improving the phytate-phosphorus digestibility when wheat grains are used for non-ruminant animal feed.
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pituitary 3 (2000), S. 117-122 
    ISSN: 1573-7403
    Keywords: Cushing's disease ; silent ; pituitary ; tumour ; macroadenoma ; transformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Silent pituitary adenomas occur in 25–40% of all clinically apparent pituitary tumours. However, the subsequent development of florid Cushing's disease in a patient with a previous non-functioning tumour is extremely rare. We describe a 47 year-old woman presenting initially with a large, invasive and recurrent, non-functioning pituitary tumour. Histopathologic study of the initial tissue did not stain for any hormones. Six years after the initial presentation, she manifested florid ACTH dependent Cushing's syndrome. A recurrent invasive pituitary macroadenoma necessitated a third transphenoidal surgery. The resected specimen, in this instance, revealed positive staining for ACTH, FSH, prolactin, and growth hormone on immunocytochemistry. An incomplete response to surgical, radiation and medical therapy necessitated a bilateral adrenalectomy to control the hypercortisolism, which resulted in remarkable clinical improvement. We also review five previous case reports from the revision literature of similar transformations from non-secreting pituitary adenomas to Cushing's disease. This subset of patients may represent yet another entity in the widening spectrum of Cushing's syndrome.
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Systemic practice and action research 13 (2000), S. 475-501 
    ISSN: 1573-9295
    Keywords: reflection ; transformation ; self-society dynamics ; critical systems thinking ; systemic intervention ; critical self-reflection ; ideology-critique ; critical appreciation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Sociology
    Notes: Abstract This paper sets out to uncover some relationships between reflection, discourse and action. By challenging and synthesizing some polemical arguments concerning the creation, maintenance, and transformation of self and society, a model of self-society dynamics that operates through reflection, discourse, and action is developed. The model of self-society dynamics brings together aspects of self-reflection and ideology-critique (explored in the paper), which it is suggested are required for any intervention (transformative action) to be grounded in locally meaningful ways. By creating a dialog community in which self- and group assumptions can be subjected to validation through discourse, it is proposed that a dynamic balance between individual needs and broader societal aims may be achieved. If individuals can be open to such discourse (i.e., they can become critically self-reflective), then it is argued that possibilities for achieving sustainable change will be significantly enhanced.
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  • 16
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: conifers ; salgareño pine ; tissue culture ; transformation ; transient gene expression ; uidA expression ; vir gene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Cotyledons from dissected sterile embryos of salgareño pine (Pinus nigra Arn. ssp. salzmannii (Dunal) Franco) were inoculated with different disarmed Agrobacterium tumefaciens strains harbouring the binary vector p35SGUSint. The transient expression of a β-glucuronidase gene (uidA) was studied, using a histochemical staining procedure. Nineteen days after inoculation, the activity of β-glucuronidase was detected in epidermal and subepidermal layers of cotyledonary explants. The EHA105 strain harbouring a disarmed agropine-type Ti-plasmid (pTiBO542) was the most effective for gene transfer of the uidA gene. The effects of exudates and extracts from 0-day-old embryos on induction of vir gene expression in A. tumefaciens were also examined. The results of this study showed that salgarño pine embryo exudates contain a substance(s) that induce vir gene expression, in similar way to that observed with 100 μM acetosyringone (AS).All these findings suggest that T-DNA processing and transfer might take place when Agrobacterium infects suitable tissues of salgareño pine.
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  • 17
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: banana ; embryogenic cell suspension ; micropropagation ; Musa ; somaclonal variation ; somatic embryogenesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Growth and yield characteristics of two different clones of banana plants (Musa AAA cv. Grande naine) originating from four months old embryogenic cell suspensions were studied. These characteristics were compared with those plants produced by the conventional in vitro budding multiplication method. Two types of variants were observed during the acclimatization phase among 500 embryogenic cell suspension derived plants. The first type related to banana plants with `variegated or deformed leaves' were also observed in in vitro budding derived plants. The second type concerned `fasciated-leafed' plants. During the field growth, these two variant types produced plants morphologically similar to the other plants. Thus, none of the cell suspension derived plants exhibited off-type traits in the field. A Fisher block model was used to compare the field performances of the two clones produced through the two in vitro propagation techniques. The analysis of variance showed that there were no significant differences between the plants produced by either micropropagation techniques for the plant height and circumference, the length of the reference leaf, the number of nodal clusters of the inflorescence and of fruits, the bunch weight, the period of time between planting and flowering, and between planting and harvesting. This study showed that banana plants with an agronomical behaviour similar to those produced by the conventional in vitro budding method could be regenerated from embryogenic cell suspension.
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  • 18
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: cell suspension ; monocotyledon ; selection ; somatic embryogenesis ; transformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The successful application of plant biotechnology to Alstroemeria improvement will largely depend on the availability of an efficient regeneration/transformation system. Regeneration in Alstroemeria is accomplished from nodular embryogenic callus initiated from zygotic embryos. Histological studies of embryogenic callus initiation from 4-weeks old cultured ovules revealed that the outermost layers of the protoderm of the embryogenic nodules divided to form either a new nodule or aproembryo. Transient gene expression after particle bombardment of nodular embryogenic callus was optimized using DNA of pAHC25. The highest β-glucuronidase expression was found when the GUS gene was under control of the maize ubiquitin promoter, the target tissue was placed 5 cm below the microcarrier launch assembly and when the rupture disc-breakage point was between 650–900 psi. Kanamycin blocked regeneration of somatic embryos, however, did not block growth of nodular embryogenic callus. With phosphinothricin both callus growth and regeneration were blocked. Bombardment of nodular embryogenic callus with DNA of pAHC25 combined with selection on medium containing phosphinothricin resulted in putative transgenic chimeric. Friable calli were selected from nodular embryogenic callus and used to initiate suspensions. These cell suspensions were subjected to transformation by particle bombardment using DNA of pAHC25 and resulted in a stable transformed friable callus line after selection based on luciferase activity. Even after 2 years of maintenance this callus line was luciferase positive and the Polymerase Chain Reaction analysis demonstrated the presence of the introduced gene in this friable callus line.
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  • 19
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: alfalfa ; cell division cycle ; somatic embryogenesis ; transformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Two simple, rapid and efficient protocols for theregeneration of transformed tetraploid lines ofalfalfa (Medicago falcata L.) have beendeveloped and compared. Leaf explants fromembryogenic lines 47/1-150 and 47/1-5 were inoculatedwith Agrobacterium tumefaciens containingconstructs carrying the nptII selectable markergene and promoter:gusA gene fusions under thecontrol of the CaMV 35S or Arabidopsis cdc2a,CycB1 and CycA2 promoters. In the firstregeneration system (the MSH system), inoculated leafexplants were incubated on MS medium supplemented with2,4-D and kinetin and then subcultured onto plantgrowth regulator-free MS medium in order to inducedirect somatic embryogenesis. In the secondregeneration system (the B5h system), the inoculatedexplants were incubated on B5h medium to induceindirect production of somatic embryos viaembryogenic callus. In both systems, an effectivekanamycin selection regime was employed and wasmaintained when the embryos were subcultured onto arecovery medium (Boi2Y) to promote further embryodevelopment. The use of Boi2Y medium was particularlyimportant for shortening the regeneration time andpromoting a higher frequency of healthy plantletproduction from the somatic embryos. The maturesomatic embryos were finally transferred to plantgrowth regulator-free MS medium for plantletformation. Transgenic plantlets were produced within10–14 weeks in the MSH system and 12–16 weeks in theB5h system. The MSH system appears to be the fastesttransformation system reported for leguminous speciesto date. Confirmation of transformation was obtainedusing a re-callusing assay on kanamycin and subsequentSouthern blot hybridisation and PCR analysis. Theability to induce expression of GUS activity in leafexplants containing the cell division cycle genepromoter:gusA constructs by 2,4-D treatment alsoproved to be a reliable indicator of transformation.
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 43 (2000), S. 179-188 
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: DNA methylation ; mutagenesis ; somaclonal variation ; tissue culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Somaclonal variation is manifested as cytological abnormalities, frequent qualitative and quantitative phenotypic mutation, sequence change, and gene activation and silencing. Activation of quiescent transposable elements and retrotransposons indicate that epigenetic changes occur through the culture process. Epigenetic activation of DNA elements further suggests that epigenetic changes may also be involved in cytogenetic instability through modification of heterochromatin, and as a basis of phenotypic variation through the modulation of gene function. The observation that DNA methylation patterns are highly variable among regenerated plants and their progeny provides evidence that DNA modifications are less stable in culture than in seed-grown plants. Future research will determine the relative importance of epigenetic versus sequence or chromosome variation in conditioning somaclonal variation in plants.
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  • 21
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Agrobacterium tumefaciens ; sorghum ; transformation ; transgenic plants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Agrobacterium tumefaciens was used to genetically transform sorghum. Immature embryos of a public (P898012) and a commercial line (PHI391) of sorghum were used as the target explants. The Agrobacterium strain used was LBA4404 carrying a `Super-binary' vector with a bar gene as a selectable marker for herbicide resistance in the plant cells. A series of parameter tests was used to establish a baseline for conditions to be used in stable transformation experiments. A number of different transformation conditions were tested and a total of 131 stably transformed events were produced from 6175 embryos in these two sorghum lines. Statistical analysis showed that the source of the embryos had a very significant impact on transformation efficiency, with field-grown embryos producing a higher transformation frequency than greenhouse-grown embryos. Southern blot analysis of DNA from leaf tissues of T0 plants confirmed the integration of the T-DNA into the sorghum genome. Mendelian segregation in the T1 generation was confirmed by herbicide resistance screening. This is the first report of successful use of Agrobacterium for production of stably transformed sorghum plants. The Agrobacterium method we used yields a higher frequency of stable transformation that other methods reported previously.
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  • 22
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    GeoJournal 52 (2000), S. 253-262 
    ISSN: 1572-9893
    Keywords: map sheets ; GIS ; seamless spatial database ; transformation ; computational procedure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography
    Notes: Abstract Map sheets have been often used as a basic spatial unit for managing spatial data produced from paper maps. This often results in incompatibility between adjacent map sheets, because spatial objects do not cross the boundaries smoothly and even the boundaries themselves do not match their neighbors exactly. To solve the problem this paper proposes a computational procedure for joining separate map sheets to obtain seamless spatial data. Line objects digitized separately in different map sheets are considered, which are frequently used to represent road networks, gas pipelines, and boundaries of polygon objects. The procedure consists of three steps: (1) extraction of end nodes, (2) detection of matching nodes, and (3) transformation of the map sheet. Each step goes interactively so that unexpected errors can be avoided by human observation. To test the validity of the procedure, map sheets are combined containing the road network data of Tokyo 23-ku area, Japan.
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  • 23
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    GeoJournal 50 (2000), S. 97-100 
    ISSN: 1572-9893
    Keywords: disease ; health ; morbidity ; mortality ; pollution ; transformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography
    Notes: Abstract In general, the health of Poles improved markedly in the thirty years after the Second World War, but there was some deterioration after 1989 before improvement resumed. Only in the case of cancer is there an upward trend and so Poles are now healthier than they have been at any time in the past. However there are sharp regional variations well exemplified by the incidence of tuberculosis, where there appears to be some correlation with poorer housing and atmospheric pollution. High death rates in Lodz (consistently the highest in the country at the voivodship level between 1989 and 1996), may also be linked with environmental pollution as well as the ageing of the population. Variations between town and country are small, but Poland shows up in a poor light when compared with other European countries. These are important issues for the administration and financing of the welfare services.
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  • 24
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    GeoJournal 50 (2000), S. 151-155 
    ISSN: 1572-9893
    Keywords: demography ; experts ; rural ; Romania ; rural development ; social issues ; transformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography
    Notes: Abstract There is no standard model of transformation for post- socialist countries and each country encounters specific problems rooted in the geographical characteristics of the areas concerned. The human resources are of the greatest importance because it really matters how people (especially the decision-makers) perceive system change and continually reformulate their expectations and strategies; so investigations into the views of people caught up in the transformation can provide a deeper understanding of the background to structural change. Working the national, regional level and local levels in Romania, experts were asked to consider the advantages and disadvantages arising out of the transformation, the most important problems and constraints for future rural development and the policies needed. The paper examines the responses on demographic and social issues. It emerges the most detailed responses were supplied by local-level representatives while respondents at the regional level steered a middle course between the need to address local problems and the prime importance of stimulating the Romanian economy so as to generate resources for welfare programmes (with the latter issue the overriding concern of interviewees at national level). There was general agreement on the importance of foreign investment and European integration for economic development, with local actors taking only small steps in line with the existing opportunities.
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  • 25
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Barley ; Hordeum vulgare ; transformation ; particle bombardment ; particle gun
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Immature embryos of the spring barley variety GoldenPromise, were bombarded with three different particledelivery systems and both transient and stabletransformation examined. In addition, a range oftechniques for the preparation of the DNA coated goldparticles was examined. Fertile transgenic barleyplants were obtained using three particle preparationtechniques which differed in the amount of gold andDNA used for each bombardment. However, only one ofthe particle delivery systems, the PDS 1000/He device,appeared to be effective in yielding transformedbarley plants.
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  • 26
    ISSN: 1573-6776
    Keywords: casein hydrolysate ; Coleus forskohlii ; forskolin ; transformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Casein hydrolysate at 2.0 g l−1 significantly enhanced forskolin content (2.3 mg g−1 cell dry wt) in a rhizogenic tumourous line, GCO-RCH-2 of Coleus forskohlii. In rooty teratoma line, RC-ST-2/4, forskolin content enhanced to 1.7 mg g−1 cell dry wt in presence of 2.5 g l−1 casein hydrolysate. Unlike untransformed calli and rhizogenic/root cultures, all the forskolin yielding transformed cultures of C. forskohlii have been maintained for over 5 years.
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  • 27
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    Applied mathematics and mechanics 21 (2000), S. 1423-1431 
    ISSN: 1573-2754
    Keywords: nonlinear differential equations ; transformation ; algorithm ; analytical solution ; O175.29
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Mathematics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The idea of AC=BD was applied to solve the nonlinear differential equations. Suppose that Au=0 is a given equation to be solved and Dv=0 is an equation to be easily solved. If the transformation u=Cv is obtained so that v satisfies Dv=0, then the solutions for Au=0 can be found. In order to illustrate this approach, several examples about the transformation C are given.
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  • 28
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    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 16 (2000), S. 177-182 
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Conjugation ; metal resistance ; plasmid DNA ; transformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Heavy metal concentrations in soil treated with industrial wastewater of Aligarh City (U.P.), India were determined. The analysis of test samples revealed high levels of Fe, Zn, Ni and Cu. A total of 45 Pseudomonas spp. were isolated from soil and were characterized on the basis of morphological, cultural and biochemical characteristics. MICs of Hg2+, Cd2+, Cu2+, Cr3+, and Zn2+ for each isolate were determined. Eighty percent of the strains isolated from soil harboured resistance to copper, whereas 73.3% of the isolates exhibited resistance to cadmium, 71.1% to chromium and zinc and 48.8% to mercury. A maximum MIC of 200 μg/ml for mercury and 1600 μg/ml for other metals was observed. Metal resistance was found to be plasmid mediated as evidenced by transformation studies. Further, the transmissible nature of chromium resistance was confirmed by conjugation. Agarose gel electrophoresis using the miniprep method for plasmid isolation revealed that these isolates harboured plasmids of molecular weights (45 & 47 kb) using EcoRI and HindIII digests of λDNA and undigested λDNA as standard markers.
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  • 29
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    Journal of applied psychoanalytic studies 2 (2000), S. 109-115 
    ISSN: 1573-3459
    Keywords: James Joyce ; “The Dead” ; fiction ; reading ; transformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Psychology
    Notes: Abstract The author offers a personal reading of James Joyce's “The Dead.” She focuses on how the sounds of the language are used to portray the main character's deadness and his beginning to come to life once the barriers to inner self and self-knowledge are broken.
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  • 30
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    Chemistry of natural compounds 36 (2000), S. 137-139 
    ISSN: 1573-8388
    Keywords: 1,1′,6,6′,7,7′-hexahydroxy-3,3′-dimethyl-5,5′-diisopropyl-2,2′-dinaphthylidene-8,8′-dibarbituric acid ; transformation ; DMSO
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Transformations of 1,1′,6,6′,7,7′-hexahydroxy-3,3′-dimethyl-5,5′-diisopropyl-2,2′-dinaphthylidene-8,8′-dibarbituric acid (batridene) in DMSO are studied.
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  • 31
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    Biologia plantarum 43 (2000), S. 157-160 
    ISSN: 1573-8264
    Keywords: apical dominance ; in vitro flowering ; regeneration ; somaclonal variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The morphogenetic responses of cotyledonary nodal explants of Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper cv. VBN1 cultured on the same Murashige and Skoog's medium, B5 vitamins, and 13.31 µM N6-benzylaminopurine showed variations in the pattern of multiple shooting and morphology of leaves in dependence on initial explants (presence/absence of cotyledons). The regenerated shoots elongated in the initial medium and most of them rooted in the presence of 2.41 µM indole-3-butyric acid, and flowered in vitro. Rooted plants could be transferred to the field after hardening.
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  • 32
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    Biologia plantarum 43 (2000), S. 161-165 
    ISSN: 1573-8264
    Keywords: grain legumes ; pea ; regeneration in vitro ; somaclonal variation ; variant phenotype
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A sterile mutant of pea (Pisum sativum L. line HM-6) with a number of morphological alterations was found after plant regeneration via somatic embryogenesis. Embryogenic callus was derived from the whole immature zygotic embryo on medium with 2.26 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. Morphological changes included altered leaflet shape, one pair of leaflets only, altered stipule morphology, shortened internodia, irregular or opposite leaf position on the stem, shortened flower stalk, and aborted flowers resulting in complete sterility. If the isolation of the shoot apex and axillary buds from evidently sterile plant and their culture in vitro resulted in morphologically normal and fertile regenerated plants, the chimaeric nature of R0 mutant is considered.
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  • 33
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 34
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 35
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    Journal of Morphology 104 (1959), S. 441-478 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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  • 36
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    Journal of Morphology 105 (1959), S. 55-104 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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  • 37
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    Journal of Morphology 105 (1959), S. 293-315 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    Journal of Morphology 105 (1959) 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 39
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    Journal of Morphology 105 (1959), S. 389-399 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Additional Material: 5 Tab.
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Journal of Morphology 105 (1959) 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 45
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    Journal of Morphology 105 (1959), S. 401-426 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 47
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    Journal of Morphology 104 (1959) 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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  • 48
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    Journal of Morphology 104 (1959), S. 159-179 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    Journal of Morphology 104 (1959), S. 269-306 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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    Journal of Morphology 105 (1959) 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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  • 52
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    Journal of Morphology 104 (1959), S. 527-560 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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    Journal of Morphology 104 (1959), S. 143-157 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    Journal of Morphology 104 (1959), S. 181-203 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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    Journal of Morphology 104 (1959), S. 359-375 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    Journal of Morphology 104 (1959) 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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  • 60
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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    Journal of Morphology 105 (1959), S. 241-291 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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  • 62
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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  • 64
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 65
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 10 (1959), S. 624-630 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: The mechanism of anaerobic microbiological corrosion of metals in soilIn order to investigate the mechanism of anaerobic micro-biological corrosion of iron in the soil, the authors have carried out electro-chemical model tests. These showed that the cathodic depolarisation is accompained by an anodic depolarisation, which has been investigated in detail as to its cause and progress, and its effect on the formation of the protective layers. Moreover, since a potential is set up between those parts of the surface which are affected by anaerobic bacteria and those which are not, long-distance currents are generated which give rise to strong local corrosion at ferrous building components in the soil. Finally, the corrosion of metals in the soil is also decisively influenced by the alternation of oxidizing and reducing conditions and by the mutually complementary activities of oxidizing and reducing micro-organisms.
    Notes: Zur Aufklärung des Mechanismus der anaeroben mikrobiologischen Korrosion des Eisens im Erdreich führten die Verfasser elektrochemische Modellversuche durch. Diese ergaben, daß gleichzeitig mit der kathodischen Depolarisation auch eine anodische Depolarisation auftritt, deren Ursache, Verlauf und Auswirkung auf die Ausbildung von Schutzschichten eingehend verfolgt wurden. Da weiter zwischen Oberflächenpartien, die unter dem Einfluß anaerober Bakterien stehen und solchen, die frei von diesen Bakterien sind, Potentiale entstehen, treten Langstreckenströme auf, die zu starken örtlichen Anfressungen an eisernen Bauteilen im Erdreich führen. Schließlich übt auch der zeitliche Wechsel der oxydierenden und reduzierenden Bedingungen und die einander ergänzende Lebenstätigkeit oxydierender und reduzierender Mikroorganismen einen entscheidenden Einfluß auf die Korrosion der Metalle im Erdreich aus.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 10 (1959), S. 661-661 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 67
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 10 (1959), S. 662-663 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 10 (1959), S. XXVI 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 10 (1959), S. 666-668 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Kinetics of the dissolution of copper, and graphic presentation of its performance by means of corrosion current pH diagramsThe dissolution of electrolylic copper in electrolytes has been investigated by observing the corrosion current io. The dissolution rate in 0,25 n-NaCl and 0,25 nKH2PO4 is governed by the exponential relationships io = 0,20·t1,67 and io = 0,08 · t0,695, respectively. The dissolution rate in 0,5 n-KNO, is governed by the linear relation io = 0,08 · t, where t is the duration of the test. Thc present paper is exclusively concerned with the graphic presentation of the performance af electrolytic copper and brass 70 in the form of the corrosion current/PH diagram.
    Notes: Der Auflösungsvorgang des Elektrolytkupfers in Elektrolyten wurde anhand des Korrosionsstroms i0 verfolgt. Für die Auflösungsgeschwindigkeit in 0,25 n-NaCl und 0,25 n-KH2PO4 gelten die exponentiellen Beziehungen: i0 = 0.20 . t1.67, bzw. i0 = 0.08 . t0.695, und in 0.5 n-KNO3 gilt die lineare Beziehung i0 = 0.08 . t, wobei t die Versuchsdauer bedeutet.Der vorliegende Beitrag bringt die graphische Darstellung der Korrosion des Elektrolytkupfers und Messings M 70 in Form des Korrosionsstrom-pH-Diagramms.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 10 (1959), S. 779-780 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 71
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 10 (1959), S. 564-572 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Laboratory Equipment mode of High-Stability PlatinumIn an effort to improve the mechanical resistance and dimensional stability of platinum laboratory equipment without impairing its chemical resistance, platinum has been alloyed with a few per cent of gold. In the annealed condition, this alloy, known as “Crucible Platinum II”, has twice the tensile strength of normal crucible platinum, not only at room temperature but even at temperatures as high as 1000°C. Practical experience, extending over several years, with crucibles and dishes in numerous analytical laboratories has shown that equipment made of “Crucible Platinum II”, has excellent shape stability, without being in any way inferior to normal crucible platinum as for as its chemical resistance is concerned. By means of statistical data, the weight constancy of the new alloy is compared with that of normal crucible platinum, after being used for normal analytical ignition and fusing tests, and after exposure to acids.
    Notes: In dem Bestreben, die mechanische Widerstandsfähigkeit und Formbeständigkeit von Laboratoriumsgeräten aus Platin zu verbessern unter voller Erhaltung ihrer chemischen Beständigkeit, wurden dem Platin einige Prozent Gold zulegiert. Dieses “Geräteplatin II” besitzt im geglühten Zustand nicht nur bei Raumtemperatur, sondern auch noch bei 1000°C eine doppelt so hohe Festigkeit als normales Geräteplatin. Während mehrjähriger Erprobung von Tiegeln und Schalen in zahlreichen analytischen Laboratorien hat sich erwiesen, daß Geräte aus dem neuen “Geräteplatin II” eine ausgezeichnete Formbeständigkeit haben und dabei hinsichtlich ihrer chemischen Beständigkeit dem normalen Geräteplatin nicht nachstehen. Es wurden vergleichende Daten für die Gewichtskonstanz von Geräten aus normalem und aus formbeständigem Geräteplatin bei den üblichen analytischen Glüh- und Schmelzoperationen sowie bei der Einwirkung von Säuren mitgeteilt.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 10 (1959), S. 589-589 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 10 (1959), S. 596-596 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 10 (1959), S. 654-654 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 10 (1959), S. 663-664 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 10 (1959) 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 10 (1959), S. XXXI 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 10 (1959), S. 800-800 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 10 (1959), S. 186-194 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 10 (1959), S. 152-158 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Fissile and Construction Metals in Atomic ReactorsWithout any undervaluation of previously achieved success, the beginning of the world wide commercializing of nuclear technics may be considered as to coincide with the first Geneva conference. Considering the first conference as a initial balance sheet of nuclear fission, the second conference would have been that of nuclear fusion. Using the same metaphor, all the following international meetings on those items will be interim balances demonstrating to which extent the ideas of 1955 and 1958 will have been realised and applied to the modern supply of energy without fossile fuels.Both the Geneva conferences showed the decisive importance of metallurgy for the future development of nuclear technics. It has to deal with the problem how to construct dependable and competitive devices within the range of our technical possibilities which comply with the requirements of theoretical physics.This and the following papers contain treatments on the materials under key words or headlines as follow: Summary of the materials used in atomic reactors, absorption of neutrons as a material constant, the geology of uranium and thorium, the chemistry and metallurgy of reactor materials and industrial isotope technics.
    Notes: Ohne die vorher erreichten Erfolge gering einschätzen zu wollen, fällt der eigentliche Beginn einer weltweiten Kommerzialisierung des Atoms mit der 1. Genfer Atomkonferenz zusammen. Wurde 1955 eine Art Eröffnungsbilanz' der Kernspaltung gegeben, hatte die 2. Konferenz des Jahres 1958 alle Merkmale einer Eröffnungsbilanz der Kernverschmelzung. Alle weiteren internationalen Veranstaltungen zum Thema Atom werden dann  -  um im Bilde zu bleiben  -  jeweils als Zwischenbilanzen demonstrieren, was von den 1955 und 1958 gesteckten Zielen im weltweiten Rahmen realisiert und in eine neue Energieversorgung ohne fossile Brennstoffe eingebaut werden konnte.Auf beiden Genfer Konferenzen trat die entscheidende Bedeutung der Metallurgie für die zukünftige nukleare Weiterentwicklung offen zutage. Ihr ist die Aufgabe gestellt, die von der theoretischen Physik oft weit vorausgesteckten Ziele auf dem Boden technischer Realitäten in betriebssichere und wettbewerbsfähige Konstruktionen umzuwandeln.In der vorliegenden und den folgenden Abhandlungen werden die werkstofflichen Perspektiven, soweit sie in Genf erkennbar waren, zur Darstellung kommen, und zwar unter folgenden Stichworten, die gleichzeitig Abschnittsüberschritte sind: Werkstoffbilanz der Atomreaktoren, Neutronenabsorption als Materialkonstante, Geologie des Urans und Thoriums, Chemie und Metallurgie der Reaktorwerkstoffe, industrielle Isotopentechnik.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 10 (1959), S. 195-195 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 10 (1959), S. 255-259 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 84
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: With the aid of a voltage diagram, definite ranges of potential differences can be determined each of them characterising special corrosion conditions for this metal. Above the minimum corrosion potential, titanium can be rendered chemically inactive by coating with a layer of titanium-hydride (hydride-passive condition). This condition is reached normally in the presence of strong cathodic polarisation only. Exceeding a critical potential difference, the metal becomes chemically active. Corrosion and hydrogen generation take place (normal corrosion in non-oxidising acids). Exceeding the critical P.D for passivity the metal is covered with an oxide layer which again renders it inactive, (oxide-passive condition). This is the condition responsible for the excellent corrosion-resisting properties of titanium in oxidising media. With relatively high potential differences which occur only by anodic polarisation and not in oxidising media, activation is again encountered in halogenide solutions(trans-passive condition). Titanium is attacked in the forms of scars. In solutions free from halides there is no corrosion at strong anodic polarisations. The different corrosion conditions on titanium in various ranges of P.D. are explained by characteristic examples.
    Notes: Es lassen sich für Titan verschiedene Potentialbereiche an Hand eines Strom-Spannungsdiagramms festlegen, innerhalb derer ein für das Metall jeweils charakteristisches Korrosionsverhalten besteht. Oberhalb des Immunitätspotentials wird Titan durch Bedeckung mit einer Titanhydridschicht passiv (hydrid passiver Zustand). Der hydridpassive Zustand wird normalerweise nur bei starker kathodischer Polarisation erreicht. Bei Überschreiten eines kritischen Potentials wird das Metall aktiv. Es tritt Korrosion unter Wasserstoffentwicklung ein (normale Korrosion in nichtoxydierenden Säuren). Bei Überschreiten des kritischen Passivierungspotentials wird das Metall von einer Oxydschicht bedeckt und dadurch erneut passiv (oxydpassiver Zustand). Der oxydpassive Zustand ist für die ausgezeichnete Korrosionsbeständigkeit des Titans gegenüber oxydierenden Medien verantwortlich. Bei relativ hohen Potentialen, die nur durch anodische Polarisation, nicht hingegen durch Oxydationsmittel erreicht werden, tritt in halogenidhaltigen Lösungen erneut Aktivierung ein (transpassiver Zustand). Titan wird narbenförmig angegriffen. In halogenidfreien Lösungen dagegen tritt bei starker anodischer Polarisation keine Korrosion ein. An Hand einer Reihe von charakteristischen Beispielen wird das unterschiedliche Korrosionsverhalten des Titans in den verschiedenen Potentialbereichen erklärt.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 10 (1959), S. 274-274 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 10 (1959), S. 275-276 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 10 (1959), S. VII 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 10 (1959), S. 281-304 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Fluates as binding media in the production of chemically resistant and capillary-tight cement and concrete1According to a new theoretical conception of the author, a clearer picture of the processes of hydration and hydraulic hardening in mortar was obtained as a result of obtaining an attack-resisting binder of the cement lime by means of a planned chemical transformation with fluates, and also through the clarification of their reaction mechanism; and this indicates new ways of determining the factors which influence chemical attack on concrete. By these means it was proved that the conventional view of these processes is not correct and must be critically re-examined.2Fluates contained in the mixing water cause a change in the mortar-like properties of the cement and improve working quality, strength capillary density and resistance to attack. Fluates are thus suitable ingredients for the production of resistant, dense cement-mortar and concrete; they influence its useful life and applications range.3Results of laboratory experiments are confirmed by manifold practical experience over long periods of observation. In view of this agreement of results the new knowledge is of fundamental practical and theoretical importance in the solution of the problem of attack on cement.
    Notes: 1Nach einer neuen zementtheoretischen Anschauung des Verfassers wurde durch die aggressionsbeständige Bindung des Kalkhydrats des Zements mittels einer gezielten chemischen Umsetzung durch Fluate und die Aufklärung ihres Reaktionsmechanismus eine vertiefte Vorstellung über die Vorgänge der Hydratation und der hydraulischen Erhärtung im Mörtelbett gewonnen und damit neue Wege zur Feststellung der die Betonaggression bestimmenden Einflußfaktoren aufgezeigt. Es konnte dadurch nachgewiesen werden, daß die bisherigen Anschauungen Über diese Vorgänge nicht zutreffen und einer kritischen Überprüfung unterzogen werden müssen.2Fluate im Anmachewasser bewirken eine Veränderung der mörteltechnischen Eigenschaften des Zements und verbessern dadurch Verarbeitbarkeit, Festigkeit, Kapillardichte und Aggressionsbeständigkeit. Demnach sind Fluate Zementwirkstoffe zur Herstellung von aggressivbeständigem, kapillardichtem Zementmörtel und Beton, wodurch deren Gebrauchsdauer und Anwendbarkeit entscheidend beeinflußt wird.2Laboratoriumsmäßige Untersuchungsergebnisse werden durch vielseitige praktische Erfahrungen nach langen Beobachtungszeiten bestätigt. Im Hinblick auf diese Übereinstimmung sind die neuen Erkenntnisse für die Lösung des Problems der Betonaggression theoretisch und praktisch von grundlegender Bedeutung.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 10 (1959), S. 332-335 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 10 (1959), S. 335-336 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 10 (1959), S. 458-460 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 10 (1959), S. 464-467 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 10 (1959), S. 467-469 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 10 (1959), S. 469-469 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 10 (1959), S. 469-470 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 10 (1959), S. 470-470 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 10 (1959), S. 475-475 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 10 (1959), S. XVI 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 10 (1959), S. 477-489 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Protective Coats of Sprayed SchandauNumerous examples show that especially zinc and aluminium covers as well as composite double covers have proved good in anti-rust protection. By additional, especially selected coats of paint their protective effect could be increased. The values of applied and lost quantities of sprays depend functionally on the largeness of the surface to be metallized. There is a description of a stratum-meter. The scattering of the thickness of sprayed layers on large surfaces as well as some spraying - procedure effects are discussed. To achieve sprayed covers of uniform thickness the spraying gun led by hand must be replaced by a mechanism. These things are demonstrated by some practical examples. Further development is supposed to follow some specific suggestions of the author.
    Notes: Für den Schutz gegen Verrostung haben sich besonders Zink- und Aluminium-, aber auch Halbundhalb-Doppelschichten aus beiden Metallen bewährt, wie an zahlreichen Beispielen gezeigt wird. Deren Rostschutzwirkung kann beträchtlich verstärkt werden durch zusätzliche Deckanstriche, die für den Zweck ausgesucht sein müssen. Bestimmungen des Spritzgutverbrauchs und -verlustes zeigten die funktionelle Abhängigkeit von der Größe der zu metallisierenden Flächen, wonach die Spritzgutverluste im Prinzip um so größer und die Ausbeuten um so kleinere Flächen und Teilverbände auflösen.Für Schichtdicke-Messungen in Betracht kommendes Gerät wurde beschrieben. Die Streuung der Schichtdicke innerhalb von Großflächen wurde nebst beeinflussenden Varianten des Spritzvorganges erörtert. Um mit Sicherheit gleichmäßige Schichtdicken spritzen zu können, muß die z. Z. noch überwiegende Führung der Spritzpistolen per Hand durch Mechanisierung abgelöst werden. Hierfür wurden Beispiele aus der Spritzpraxis genannt und die zukünftige notwendige Weiterentwicklung durch entsprechende Anregungen angedeutet.
    Additional Material: 24 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 100
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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