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  • 1
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Schlagwort(e): 1β-Methylcarbapenems ; Palladium ; Ruthenium ; Catalysis ; Cyclizations ; Stereoselective hydrogenation ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: -An efficient diastereoselective multi-step synthesis of bicyclic 1β-methylcarbapenem antibiotic precursors has been developed, starting from the commercially available 4-acetoxyazetidin-2-one 4. Chiral ruthenium catalysts are used in the hydrogenation step to control the β-stereochemistry at the 1-position, and a π-allylpalladium ring-closure strategy is used to form the functionalized carbapenem skeleton.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1999 (1999), S. 1137-1141 
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Schlagwort(e): Cyclocarbonylation ; Alkynes ; Catalysis ; Palladium ; Vinyl triflates ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: -o-Ethynylphenols react with vinyl triflates, in the presence of tetrakis(triphenylphosphane)palladium(0) and under carbon monoxide, to form 3-alkylidene-2-coumaranones in good yield.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Schlagwort(e): Chirality ; Catalysis ; Amino acids ; Crown ethers ; Heterocyclic compounds ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The enantioselectivity exerted by a new series of chiral catalysts containing N,O-heterocycles of different sizes has been checked in the addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde, which was used as a model reaction. The catalysts were derived from natural amino acids, following a relatively simple procedure, and in several cases excellent ee values were obtained. The results were complementary since ee's ranged from 98% (R) to 94% (S) excesses of the final 1-phenylpropan-1-ol. Molecular mechanics calculations suggested that the production of the R alcohol may be explained by a mechanism similar to that described by Noyori, in which ZnEt2 interacts solely with the N-C-C-OH fragment, whereas the formation of the S enantiomer needed the direct participation of the lateral chain of the parent amino acid and the N,O-heterocycle.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Schlagwort(e): Cerium(III) chloride heptahydrate ; Catalysis ; 1,3-Dicarbonyl compounds ; Enones ; Michael reactions ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: -Cerium(III) chloride heptahydrate in the presence of sodium iodide catalyses the Michael addition of 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds to α,β-unsaturated ketones and α,β-unsaturated aldehydes with extraordinary efficiency. The very mild conditions allow high chemoselectivity as shown by the absence of the typical side reactions, which can be observed in the conventional base-catalyzed processes. More interestingly, when at least one of the starting materials is liquid at room temperature, the reaction can also be performed without solvents. The CeCl3· 7 H2O/NaI catalyst system can be easily separated from the reaction mixture and it can be reused without an appreciable loss of activity. Advantages of the present procedure, which utilizes cheap and “friendly” reagents, over the previously reported ones, are discussed.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Schlagwort(e): Hydroaminomethylation ; Rhodium ; Catalysis ; Carbonylation ; Heterofunctionalised allylic compounds ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: -Heterofunctionalised allylic ethers 1, silanes 5, and amines 9 are hydroformylated in the presence of primary or secondary amines 2 to form the corresponding γ-amino- and δ-amino-functionalised compounds. The rhodium(I)-catalysed reaction sequence proceeds by aldehyde formation and subsequent reductive amination to generate the corresponding functionalised secondary or tertiary amines. This selective one-pot hydroaminomethylation procedure establishes access to γ-amino- and δ-amino-functionalised ethers, amines or silanes with potential biological activity.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1999 (1999), S. 1767-1770 
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Schlagwort(e): Baeyer-Villiger reaction ; Lactones ; Methyltrioxorhenium ; Catalysis ; Oxidations ; Cyclobutanones ; Ketones ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: γ-Butyrolactones were obtained in good yields and high regioselectivity by a Baeyer-Villiger oxidation with H2O2 catalysed by methyltrioxorhenium. The lactonization was chemoselective in the presence of double bonds, aromatic rings, and chlorine substituents. A trimethylsiloxy-substituted ketone was converted directly into a hydroxylated lactone in good yield and regioselectively.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Schlagwort(e): Amino alcohols ; Polymers ; Enantioselective reagents ; Catalysis ; Merrifield resins ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Starting from simple amino acid esters and Merrifield resins, a small library of polymer-bound chiral-β-amino alcohols can be prepared. By reaction with LiALH4 the corresponding chiral reducing agents are obtained, having structural variations at both the α and β positions. All supported reagents are able to reduce acetophenone to 1-phenylethanol. Enantioselectivity is observed when the steric hindrance in the chiral fragment is increased. Best results are obtained for the supported derivative of α,α-diphenyl phenylalaninol.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 8
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1999 (1999), S. 2219-2230 
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Schlagwort(e): Retrodisproportionation ; Arenes ; EPR spectroscopy ; Thermochemistry ; Coal liquefaction ; Catalysis ; Hydrogen transfer ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The transfer of hydrogen from excess 9,10-dihydroanthracene (DHA) to acceptors such as α-methylstyrene is catalyzed, i.e. occurs at temperatures in the range 200-260 °C instead of 280-320 °C, when hydrocarbons with weaker C-H bonds than DHA, e.g. 6H-benzo[cd]pyrene (4), 7H-dibenzo[a,kl]anthracene (5), 4-methyl-7H-benzo[de]naphthacene (6) or 8H-dibenzo[b,fg]pyrene (7), are added to the reaction mixture. The reactions are initiated by bimolecular H-atom transfer from 4-7 to the acceptor (retrodisproportionation) and proceed by nonchain radical mechanisms. This is supported by isotopic labelling and kinetic isotope effects, substituent and solvent effects, EPR spectroscopy of intermediate radicals, and by a comparison of the thermochemical and kinetic characteristics of these reactions.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Schlagwort(e): Carbene complexes ; Catalysis ; Metallahexatrienes ; Vinyl cyclopentadienes ; Transmetallation ; Rhodium ; Tungsten ; Chromium ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: We report on the first example of a transition metal-catalyzed cyclization reaction of a Fischer carbene complex. It comprises the generation of vinyl- and divinyl cyclopentadienes under exceedingly mild conditions at 20 °C by condensation of (1-amino-1,3-butadien-2-yl)carbene complexes (= cross-conjugated metallahexatrienes) (CO)5M=C(OEt)C(=CHNR2)CR1=CHR23 (M = Cr, W) with alkynes R3C≡CH 4 (R3 = Ph, cyclohex-1-enyl, isopropenyl, methoxymethyl, 1-trimethylsiloxycyclohex-1-yl) in the presence of catalytic amounts of [(COD)RhCl]2. The starting compounds 3 are accessible in high yields by addition of enamines (E)-R2NCH=CHR22 to (1-alkynyl)carbene complexes (CO)5M=C(OEt)C≡CR11 (M = Cr, W; R1 = Ph, cyclohex-1-enyl).
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 10
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1999 (1999), S. 1421-1426 
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Schlagwort(e): Anhydrides ; Coupling reaction ; Enols ; Palladium ; Tin ; Catalysis ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: -A new three-step synthesis of diarylmaleic anhydrides 6, starting from 3-aryl-2-hydroxybut-2-enedioates 2, is reported.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 11
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Schlagwort(e): Alkenes ; Epoxidation ; Manganese ; Porphyrins ; Catalysis ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: A series of MnIII porphyrins progressively halogenated in the β-pyrrolic positions was employed to catalyse the epoxidation of cis-stilbene by iodosylbenzene, and to study the role of the electronic effects on the stereoselectivity of this process. A gradual improvement in the stereoselectivity on increasing the number of β-halogen atoms was observed. The role of steric effects upon the epoxidation was also investigated by placing ortho-substituents in the meso-phenyl rings, and it was found that steric effects are more important than electronic effects toward the stereoselectivity of this process. These results can be rationalised by proposing a competition between a nonstereoselective electrophilic pathway of addition and a stereospecific pathway of oxygen insertion, the former being disfavoured by electron-withdrawing substituents. Alternatively, the formation of an open intermediate between the MnV oxene and the substrate could be suggested, where the stereoselectivity ought to be determined by the competition between closure of the epoxide ring and rotation around the C-C bond. In this case, the enhanced stereoselectivity given by our polyhalogenated porphyrins might be attributed to an acceleration of the epoxide ring closure caused by the electron-withdrawing effect of the halogen substituents.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 12
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Reaction kinetics and catalysis letters 65 (1998), S. 75-81 
    ISSN: 1588-2837
    Schlagwort(e): Catalysis ; polypeptides ; p-nitrophenyl acetate
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The hydrolysis kinetics ofp-nitrophenyl acetate by basic polypeptides with a variety of amino acid residues were analyzed. The results suggest that the tertiary structure of microenvironment brought about by random coil assembly is more important as a binding site than the number of basic residues (catalytic sites).
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  • 13
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 1998 (1998), S. 155-157 
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Schlagwort(e): Bite angle ; Catalysis ; P ligands ; Palladium ; Cross-coupling ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The effect of the natural bite angle (βn) of diphosphane ligands on catalyst selectivity and activity in the palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling of sec-butyl magnesium chloride with bromobenzene was investigated. The calculated natural bite angles range from 78° for dppe (1,2-bisdiphenylphosphanoethane) to 110° for Xantphos. The natural bite angle of diphosphane ligands has a large effect on catalyst selectivity and activity. Both rate and selectivity of the cross-coupling reaction increase with increasing bite angle and reach a maximum value with DPEphos (βn = 102.7° ). Larger bite angles of the diphosphane ligands result in a decreased selectivity and activity.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 14
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 1998 (1998), S. 1269-1281 
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Schlagwort(e): Oxidation ; Catalysis ; Phthalocyanine ; Iron ; Anthracene ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Iron(III) tetrasulfophthalocyanine (FePcS) was shown to catalyze the oxidation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by H2O2. Benzo[a]pyrene and anthracene were converted to the corresponding quinones while biphenyl-2,2′-dicarboxylic acid was the main product of phenanthrene oxidation. The mechanism of the anthracene oxidation by H2O2 in the presence of FePcS or by KHSO5 with iron(III) meso-tetrakis(3,5-disulfonatomesityl)porphyrin (FeTMPS) (see Figure 1 for catalyst structures) has been investigated in details by using kinetic isotope effects (KIEs) and 18O labeling studies. KIEs measured on the substrate consumption in the competitive oxidation of [H10]anthracene and [D10]anthracene by FePcS/H2O2 and FeTMPS/KHSO5 were essentially the same, 0.75 ± 0.02 and 0.76 ± 0.06, respectively. These inverse KIEs on the first oxidation step can be explained by the sp2-to-sp3 hybridization change during the addition of an electrophilic oxoiron complex to the sp2 carbon center of anthracene to form a σ adduct (this inverse KIE being enhanced by stronger stacking interactions between the perdeuterated substrate with the macrocyclic catalyst). Although the first oxidation step seems to be the same, different distribution of the oxidation products of anthracene and very different 18O incorporation into anthrone and anthraquinone in catalytic oxidations performed in the presence of H218O suggested that different active species should be responsible for anthracene oxidation in both catalytic systems. All the results obtained are compatible with an involvement of TMPSFeV=O (or TMPS+FeIV=O), having two redox equivalents above the iron(III) state of the metalloporphyrin precursor, while PcSFeIV=O (one redox equivalent above FeIII state of FePcS) was proposed to be the active species in the metallophthalocyanine-based system.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 15
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Schlagwort(e): Heck reaction ; Cross coupling ; Palladium ; Catalysis ; 6π-Electrocyclization ; Cyclohexa-1,3-dienes ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: 1,6-Disubstituted (E, Z, E)-1,3,5-hexatrienes (4 and 5) were prepared by vicinal twofold Heck coupling reactions from 1,2-dibromocyclopentene (1), 1,2-dibromocyclohexene (2), 1,2-diiodocyclopentene (8), 1,2-diiodocyclohexene (9), 1-bromo-2-trifluoromethanesulfonyloxycyclohex-1-ene (11), or 1-chloro-2-nonafluorobutanesulfonyloxycyclohex-1-ene (19) with alkenes 3, e. g. methyl, tert-butyl, menthyl, 8-phenylmenthyl acrylate, styrene, and alkenylsilanes, respectively, in moderate to mostly good and very good yields (20-92 %). The coupling of alkenylsilanes 3f-k could only be achieved with the 1,2-diiodocycloalkenes 8 and 9, respectively. The corresponding hexatrienes 5 with two different substituents in the 1- and 6-positions were prepared by a sequence of two coupling reactions with different alkenes from 1-chloro-2-nonafluorobutanesulfonyloxycyclo-hex-1-ene (19) or by Wittig-Horner-Emmons olefination of 2-bromocyclohexene-1-carbaldehyde (24) and subsequent Heck reaction of the resulting (E,Z)-bromodienes 25. Several of the hexatrienes (4aa, ee, 5aa, ee, al, am, el) readily underwent a 6π-electrocyclization upon heating in an inert atmosphere to give the 5- or 6-ring-annelated cis-5,6-disubstituted cyclohexadienes 26, 27 (50-95 %). Starting from 5am 2,3-disubstituted tetrahydronaphthalene 28am was formed under oxidative conditions (air) in the reaction and in the work-up procedure. The bissilyl-substituted derivatives 4ff, jj, 5ff did not cyclize under thermal conditions, apparently due to the steric demand of the two silyl substituents which would have to end up cis with respect to each other in the cyclohexadiene products.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 16
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 1998 (1998), S. 1835-1846 
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Schlagwort(e): Clusters ; Catalysis ; Carboxylato complexes ; Hydrogenations ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: A strategy of using functionalized clusters as ligands for cationic metal centers facilitates the construction of designed transition metal cluster assemblies. Examples of cluster metal carboxylates with conventional as well as novel structures are given and an application of these large molecular species to the generation of heterogeneous hydrogenation catalysts with unusual activities and selectivities is described.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 17
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Schlagwort(e): Arene complexes ; Catalysis ; Diazadiene complexes ; Iron ; Metal vapour ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Two different routes to novel [(diene)(η6-2,6-dimethylpyridine)Fe] complexes are reported, both of which utilize metal vapour reactions. The presence of two small substituents on the 2,6-position of pyridine is essential for the η6-coordination of the heterocycle. Investigations on the reactivity and stability of the [(diene)(η6-arene)Fe] complexes are presented, including those of the benzene, phosphinine, and pyridine derivatives. These investigations give some hints to the relevant factors for determining the interaction between an iron atom and a π-coordinated neutral arene ligand, and their modification by a nitrogen or a phosphorus atom. Selective substitution of the 1,5-cyclooctadiene (COD) ligand of [(COD)(η6-arene)Fe] complexes by some 1,4-diaza-1,3-diene (DAD) derivatives is possible in the case of the benzene or phosphinine arene ligands, and [(DAD)(η6-arene)Fe] complexes are formed, but all DAD derivatives tested so far cause the complete disintegration of [(COD)(η6-2,6-dimethylpyridine)Fe]. [(DAD)(η6-arene)Fe] complexes exhibit a catalytic potential, which was evaluated by experiments on the catalytic cyclodimerization of 1,3-butadiene in the presence of [(Et2AlOEt)2] as a co-catalyst. This reaction yields up to 92% of 1,5-cyclooctadiene, and an almost quantitative butadiene conversion is possible in the presence of less than 0.1% of the catalyst. Structural investigations on [(N,N′-bis(cyclohexyl)ethylenediimine)(η6-toluene)Fe] 5a reveal some details of the Fe-DAD interaction. An effective electron back-donation from occupied iron d-orbitals into the π*-LUMO of the DAD is indicated.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 18
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 1998 (1998), S. 275-281 
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Schlagwort(e): Molybdenum ; Peroxo complexes ; Hydrogen bonds ; Catalysis ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The ring-opening reaction of epoxycyclohexane with 2-[3(5)-pyrazolyl]pyridine results in the formation of racemic trans-2-[3-(2-pyridyl)-1-pyrazolyl]cyclohexanol (1). Kinetic resolution with lipase B from candida antarctica gives the (1S,2S) enantiomer of 1, the solid-state structure of which was determined by X-ray crystallography, as an enantiomerically pure tridentate ligand. Investigation by NMR spectroscopy of the corresponding oxodiperoxomolybdenum complex 2, where 1 acts as a bidentate chelate, proves the formation of a weak intramolecular MoVI(O2)····HO-C bridge in CHCl3 solution. This H bonding is broken by solvents such as acetone, THF or DMF, which are capable of forming hydrogen bonds to alcohols. Intermolecular hydrogen bonds between the OH groups and molybdenum peroxo moieties are also found in the solid-state structure of 2, leading to a helical arrangement of the peroxo complexes.
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  • 19
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 1998 (1998), S. 1163-1168 
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Schlagwort(e): Chelates ; P,N ligands ; Phosphaferrocene ; Catalysis ; Heterocycles ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The new pyridyl-substituted phosphaferrocene ligands 3 and 6 are prepared by addition of lithiated pyridine or α-picoline to 2-formyl-3,4-dimethylphosphaferrocene (1). The ligands 3 and 6 react with [Cp*RuCl]4 in THF to give the P,N-chelate complexes [Cp*RuCl·3] (9) and [Cp*RuCl·6] (10) with high diastereoselectivity. Addition of monodentate ligands like CO or PPh3 to the complexes leads by displacement of the Ru-bound pyridyl group to the respective carbonyl or phosphane complexes with monodentate P-coordinated phospha-ferrocene ligands. Reaction of the ligand 6 with [(C3H5)PdCl]2 and NH4PF6 gives the seven-membered chelate complex [(C3H5)Pd·6]PF6 (13) which was characterized by X-ray diffraction. The ligands 3 and 6 were tested in the palladium-catalyzed asymmetric alkylation of 1,3-diphenylallyl acetate.
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  • 20
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 1998 (1998), S. 1673-1675 
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Schlagwort(e): Ruthenium ; Copper ; Oxidations ; Catalysis ; Alcohols ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The oxidation of allylic and benzylic alcohols to aldehydes can be carried out at room temperature with molecular oxygen, in the presence of the bifunctional ruthenium-copper system (nPr4N)(RuO4)-CuCl acting as the catalyst.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 21
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1998 (1998), S. 1867-1872 
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Schlagwort(e): Catalysis ; Metal ion catalysis ; Kinetics ; 3-Acetyl-2,5-dimethylfuran ; 2-Acetylselenophene ; Enolisation reaction ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Rate constants for the enolisation reactions of title compounds have been measured by their rates of halogenation at 25 °C in water, in several buffers, in dilute hydrochloric acid, in dilute sodium hydroxide, and in the presence of some metal ion salts. The results have been compared with those previously obtained from the corresponding reactions of acetophenone and a number of other acetyl heterocycles. Electronegativity of the heteroatoms and the “π-excessive” nature of the heterocyclic rings appear to be the main factors determining the relative reactivities in the acid-catalysed reactions. Brønsted β values and isotope effects, kH/kD, point to a more symmetrical transition state for the investigated acetyl heterocycles than that for acetophenone in the general base-catalysed reaction. Metal-activating factors (MAF), i.e. the catalytic constant for metal-ion (Cu2+, Zn2+, and Ni2+) catalysis, kM, relative to that for proton catalysis, kH, are discussed as an empirical measure of the “hard or soft” character of the carbonyl groups in acyl heterocycles.
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  • 22
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 1998 (1998), S. 1867-1870 
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Schlagwort(e): Vanadium ; Amidinate ; Ethene Polymerization ; Catalysis ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: A new type of amidinate ancillary ligand has been prepared, which incorporates a pendant tertiary amine functionality. The crystal structure of a vanadium(III) derivative, [SiMe3NC(Ph)NCH2CH2NMe2]VCl2(THF) (1), shows that the ligand can adopt a facial geometry, with an unusual distortion of the amidinate nitrogen bearing the pendant functionality. With AlEt2Cl cocatalyst the compound 1 produces a single-site catalytic system for the polymerization of ethene.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 23
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 1998 (1998), S. 729-731 
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Schlagwort(e): Catalysis ; Oligomerization ; Organometallics ; Oligopeptides ; Ruthenium complexes ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Consecutive addition of one-equivalent portions of glycine ethyl ester to [(p-cymene)Ru(GGGOMe-H+)Cl] leads to considerable amounts of (tetra- to nonapeptide)ruthenium complexes in a one-pot reaction, in which the (p-cymene)RuCl fragment acts as a catalyst. The analogous reaction with alanine methyl ester affords AGGG and AAGGG complexes as the main products. The course of these metal-catalyzed peptide oligomerizations has been followed by mass spectrometry. The synthesis and characterization of the pentapeptide complex [(C6Me6)Ru(GGGGGOMe-H+)] is reported.
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  • 24
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1998 (1998), S. 1123-1134 
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Schlagwort(e): Asymmetric synthesis ; Catalysis ; Hydroformylations ; Rhodium compounds ; Catalyst-directing groups ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Introducing ortho-diphenylphosphanyl benzoyl as a substrate bound catalyst directing group (CDG) allows an efficient substrate-directed diastereoselective hydroformylation of acyclic homomethallylic alcohols 5, making use of 1,3-asymmetric induction. The corresponding anti-aldehydes 10 were obtained as the major diastereomer in all cases, with diastereomer ratios of ca. 91:9 (anti:syn). Supporting evidence could be obtained for the ability of the o-DPPB group to act as a catalyst-directing group (CDG) via a reversible catalyst coordination. Finally, a model has been devised that rationalizes the origin of the 1,3-asymmetric induction. This model is based on a conformational analysis (NMR studies, MACROMODEL/MM3 calculations) of the homomethallylic substrates and indicates a relationship between the preferred substrate conformation and the experimentally determined stereoselectivities. In agreement with this model was the predicted significant improvement in stereoselectivity upon hydroformylation of the anti-homomethallylic alcohol derivative 15 (→ 21).
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  • 25
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1998 (1998), S. 2301-2304 
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Schlagwort(e): Five-membered rings, formation of ; Electrocyclic reactions ; Cyclopentane derivatives, sterically crowded ; Lewis acids ; Catalysis ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The annelation of five-membered rings onto the bridges of [2.2]paracyclophane-1,9-diene (1) can be achieved via Nazarov cyclization. Depending on the reaction conditions, bis([2.2]paracyclophane-1,9-dienyl) ketone (4) yielded the cy-clopentenone 8 or the α-substituted cyclopentanones 3-7 with two annelated [2.2]paracyclophane units. The synthesis of 1:2-(1:2-[2.2]paracyclophane-1,9-dieno)-4:5-(9:10-[2.2]paracyclophane-1-eno)cyclopenta-1,4-diene (10) from 8 as a potential ligand for metallocene complexes and generation of its anion 11 is also described.Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2046/1998/98200_s.pdf or from the author.
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  • 26
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Schlagwort(e): Cyclopropanation ; Chromium ; Catalysis ; Carbene complex ; Diazo compounds ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The [2 + 1] cycloaddition reaction of electron-rich alkenes such as enol ethers with 9-diazo-9H-fluorene (1) is efficiently catalyzed by pentacarbonyl(η2-cis-cyclooctene)chromium(0) (2). This cyclopropanation reaction shows a pronounced preference for electron-rich C=C bonds, as demonstrated by the regioselective reactions of allyl vinyl ether and 2-vinyloxyethyl acrylate; the [2 + 1] cycloaddition proceeds via the carbene complex intermediate 13, which has been detected by 13C-NMR spectroscopy in the course of the reaction. (Z)-Propenyl benzyl ether yields spirocyclopropane 21 with retention of the configuration of the former olefinic double bond. Whereas diazo compounds 22 and 23 react with ethyl vinyl ether to give low yields of cyclopropanes, the dibenzocycloheptenylidene and diarylcarbene precursors 24 and 25 afford moderate yields of olefin metathesis products 29-31. The competition between cyclopropanation and olefin metathesis reflects the propensity of the carbene complex intermediates to undergo decarbonylation.
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  • 27
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1998 (1998), S. 1259-1266 
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Schlagwort(e): Catalysis ; Carbonyl compounds ; Lanthanides ; Michael reaction ; Transition metals ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Transition-metal catalysis of the Michael reaction of 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds with acceptor-activated alkenes is introduced as a valuable alternative to the classic base catalysis of this reaction. Owing to the mild, neutral reaction conditions, the chemoselectivity of these processes is superior to that offered by the base catalysis, since the latter suffers from various unwanted side- and subsequent reactions, such as aldol cyclizations and ester solvolyses. The most efficient transition-metal catalysts do not require inert or anhydrous conditions, even solvents are unnecessary in some cases, and quantitative conversions can be achieved at room temperature. Furthermore, the development of transition-metal catalysts on solid supports has allowed very simple work-up procedures. Despite the extraordinary chemoselectivity, in terms of diastereoselectivity transition-metal catalysis gives better results than base catalysis only in a very few special cases. Also, in terms of enantioselectivity, results recently achieved with basic rare-earth metal catalysts cannot be reproduced by transition metals. Nevertheless, with transition-metal catalysis, even new reactivities can be observed, which have hitherto been unknown for base-catalyzed systems. For example, Michael donor molecules have been found to react in an unprecedented vinylogous fashion.
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  • 28
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1998 (1998), S. 1077-1084 
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Schlagwort(e): Carbohydrates ; Catalysis ; General base ; Macrocycles ; Molecular recognition ; Hydrogen bond ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Selectivity enhancements in the base-catalyzed acylation of polyols (1,2- or 1,3-alkanediol, partially protected glucoside) have been found with (bi)macrocyclic pyridines 2 and 9 as catalysts. The different selectivities obtained for concave pyridines of varying ring sizes (1 vs. 2) are probably caused by their different geometries as a number of X-ray analyses (1a, 1b, 2a, 2b, 2e, 9) indicate. The methyl glucoside 7 can selectively be acylated in 2-position.
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  • 29
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1998 (1998), S. 759-761 
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Schlagwort(e): Catalysis ; Carbonyl compounds ; Iron compounds ; Michael reactions ; Tautomerism ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: A double acceptor-activated cycloalkene 1 reacts in an FeCl3 · 6 H2O catalysed Michael reaction surprisingly as a donor. The constitution of the product 2 results from a reaction of 1 in the γ-position, thus the Michael reaction is vinylogous with respect to the donor. A tautomerism between the enone 1 and the dienol 4 is found to be a precondition for this reactivity.
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  • 30
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 1998 (1998), S. 25-27 
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Schlagwort(e): Bite angle ; Catalysis ; P ligands ; Palladium ; Allylic alkylation ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The effect of the natural bite angle (βn) of diphosphane ligands on catalyst selectivity and activity in the palladium-catalyzed allylic alkylation was investigated. The selectivity and rate of the reaction are mainly determined by steric hindrance induced by the diphosphane ligands. The steric hindrance at the palladium center increases as the natural bite angle of the ligand becomes larger. This results in an increasing selectivity at larger bite angles, but at very large bite angles the rate of the reaction drops. The ligand with the largest calculated bite angle, Xantphos, induced 100% selectivity but the reaction rate became low.
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  • 31
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 1998 (1998), S. 29-35 
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Schlagwort(e): Catalysis ; Palladium ; C-C coupling ; Metallacycles ; Trisubstituted olefins ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The coupling reaction of 1,1-disubstituted olefins (α-methylstyrene, n-butyl methacrylate) with various aryl bromides (Heck reaction) has been studied as a new concept to synthesize trisubstituted olefins. Surprisingly, the nature of the base dramatically influences the product distribution. Thus, a systematic investigation on the role of base in Heck reactions of 1,1-disubstituted olefins was performed. Less coordinating bases like NaOAc, NaOBz or Na2CO3 yield a statistical distribution of regioisomers with the terminal olefin 10 as the major product. However, by using amines like Bu3N or diisopropylethylamine (DIPEA) as base internal olefins can be synthesized with high selectivities. With phosphapalladacycle 3 as catalyst precursor, we were able to obtain catalyst turnover numbers up to 1000, while Pd(OAc)2/2PPh3 was one order of magnitude less active. Analysis of the reaction profile by kinetic investigations led to the postulation of a reduction and subsequent oxidative addition of the catalyst precursor 3 to form 12 as catalytically active intermediate.
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  • 32
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 12 (1998), S. 401-408 
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Schlagwort(e): Metallocene ; Ziegler-Natta ; Polypropylene ; α-Olefins ; Catalysis ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The polymerization of propylene using a mixture of racemic metallocenes and Ziegler-Natta catalysts was investigated. The polypropylene was obtained as a mixture of a fine powder and beads, with the powder being absorbed partially on the beads. The relative amount of the powder can be controlled by the concentration of the metallocene. The compatibility between the components of the mixed catalytic systems and the effect of the components on the rate of polymerization and on the properties of the new polymers were studied. The metallocene system dramatically affects the melt viscosity, isotacticity and molecular weight of the polymers. The two catalytic systems are able to act jointly, producing different polymers, for which separate melting and crystallization temperatures are obtained. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 33
    ISSN: 1434-4475
    Schlagwort(e): Decarboxylation ; Enantioselectivity ; Catalysis ; β-Ketoacid ; Aminoalcohol ; Circular dichroism
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Katalytische Mengen von enantiomerenreinen Aminoalkoholen beschleunigen die Decarboxylierung von 2-Carboxy-2-methyl-1-tetralon. Es werden Enantiomerenüberschüsse von bis zu 35% erzielt. CD-Spektroskopie erlaubt eine schnelle Abschätzung der Effizienz von Aminoalkoholen und anderen Verbindungen als Katalysatoren für asymmetrische Reaktionen.
    Notizen: Summary Catalytic amounts of enantiopure aminoalcohols assist the decarboxylation of 2-carboxy-2-methyl-1-tetralone to 2-methyl-1-tetralone affording enantiomeric excesses of up to 35%. A rapid screening of the efficiency of various potential inductors of enantioselectivity has been carried out using circular dichroism spectroscopy.
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  • 34
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 130 (1997), S. 13-22 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Carbamates ; Catalysis ; Substituted nitrobenzenes ; Palladium ; Reductive carbonylation ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The palladium-catalyzed reductive carbonylation of ortho and para-substituted nitrobenzenes has proven to be an attractive route for the synthesis of functionalized carbamates. For the Pd(1, 10-phenanthroline)2(triflate)2 catalyst system, the scope of the reaction has been studied. Substrates with electron-donating substituents at the para position were found to decrease the catalytic activity, most probably as a result of their relatively low oxidizing capacity. the selectivity towards the desired carbamate, however, was increased for these substrates. Under the influence of electron-withdrawing substituents the azoxybenzene and azobenzene derivatives became important side products. Introduction of large steric hindrance at the ortho position of the nitro substrates gave rise to an interesting side reaction, viz. methoxylation of the aromatic ring. The methoxylation reaction appeared to occur on an intermediate species in the catalytic cycle. Several functionalities have shown to be resistant to the reaction conditions required for the conversion ot the nitro group. Especially with 4-nitrobenzoic acid, an extremely high activity and selectivity was found, thus yielding a very convenient synthesis for N-protected amines containing carboxylic acid function.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 35
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Arene complexes ; Ruthenium compounds ; Electrophilic substitution ; Lithiation ; Catalysis ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Chiral or achiral (arene)(COD)Ru complexes can be made by replacing the η6-ligands of (η4-1,5-COD)(η6-1,3,5-cyclooctatriene)Ru (1) or (η4-1,5-COD)(η6-naphthalene)Ru (2) by a suitable arene. This well known reaction has been extended to mono- and dibromoarenes and we report a novel route to substituted (arene)(COD)Ru species, utilizing (bromoarene)-(COD)Ru as starting materials. These facilitate a rapid bromine-lithium exchange reaction with nBuLi at low temperatures and the lithiated species react readily with alkyl chloroformates as electrophiles. By using chiral electrophiles [alkyl = (-)-menthyl] enantiomerically pure or diastereomeric complexes containing CO2R* groups are formed, depending on the symmetry of the original complex. A diastereomeric 1:1 mixture was separated by recrystallization. All (arene)-(COD)Ru complexes tested so far are useful as catalysts for the hydrogenation of simple alkenes at room temperature.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 36
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 130 (1997), S. 1021-1027 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Zinc ; Chirality ; Cross-coupling ; Phosphorylations ; Catalysis ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: This Microreview on the chemistry of organozinc reagents starts by briefly showing the methods of preparation of organozinc compounds and then discusses the considerable synthetic utility of zinc organometallics for the formation of new carbon-carbon bonds in the presence of transition-metal catalysts. Finally, the use of organozinc chemistry for the preparation of polyfunctional and chiral phosphanes is described.
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  • 37
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 130 (1997), S. 453-462 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Cycloadditions ; Catalysis ; 1-Oxa-1,3-dienes ; Molybdenum ; stereoselectivity ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Molybdenum-mediated [6 + 2]-cycloaddition reactions of unsaturated ketones to cyclotri- or -tetraenes, e.g. cyclohepta-1,3,5-triene or cyclooctatetraene, proceed under very mild conditions, in high yields and with excellent stereoselectivity starting from the appropriate dicarbonylbis[π4-(1-oxa-1,3-diene)]molybdenum complexes. The stereochemistry of the product arising from the reaction of dicarbonylbis[π4-(5-methylhex-3-en-2-one)]molybdenum with cyclohepta-1,3,5-triene allows one to deduce a stepwise mechanism for this addition. The reactants are fused, as would be expected from an exo-type approach, thus indicating an intermolecular attack of the cycloheptatriene. Tungsten oxadiene complexes are effective in analogous reactions at somewhat reduced reaction rates. Catalytic cycloadditions are observed in several cases when 1-5 mol% of the highly reactive dicarbonylbis[π4-(R-(+)-pinocarvone)]molybdenum is employed as the catalyst. Cycloadducts are formed diastereospecifically in most cases. When cyclooctatrienes are employed as reactants, a sequence of electrocyclization of the triene and subsequent [4 + 2]-cycloadditon occurs with high selectivity and efficiency, leading to a pentacyclic ketone. The product structure reveals an endo-type approach of the polyene in this case.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 38
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Bis(triphenylmethoxy)hydroborane ; Naphtho[2,3-d], -1,3,2-dioxaborolane ; Naphtho[1,8-de]-1,3,2-dioxaborinane ; Phenanthro[9,10-d]-1,3,2-dioxaborolane ; Dibenzol[d,g]-1,3,2-dioxaborocine ; Bis(diphenylmethoxy)borane ; Tetrachlorobenzo-1,3,2-dioxaboraolen ; Hydroborations ; Boron ; Catalysis ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: New and stable bis(organyloxy)boranes, 1,3,2-dioxaborolanes and 1,3,2-dixoaborinanes have been prepared (i) from the corresponding diol and BH3·THF and (ii) from 1,2-diketones and BH3·THF. They were characterized by spectroscopic techniques. The BH stretching frequency seems to be a measure of ring strain and Lewis acidity. The compounds have been qualitatively tested in the transition-metal-catalysed hydroboration of cyclopentene, and the dioxaborinane 11 proved to be superior to the 1,3,2-dioxaborolanes 9 and 18.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 39
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 130 (1997), S. 1655-1658 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Catalysis ; Oxidations ; Transition metals ; Sodium percarbonate ; 1, 2-Dichloroethane ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The screening of metal chlorides and metal acetylacetonates as catalysts for the oxidation of 1-indanol by sodium percarbonate (at reflux in 1,2-dichloroethane in the presence of small amounts of Adogen 464) has been carried out. The efficiency of the process depended on the nature of the transition metal and its oxidation state but, except for iron, was not greatly influenced by the nature of the ligands. Good conversions and yields have been obtained using PdCl2, RhCl3, RuCl3 and, particularly, MoO2(acac)2 as catalysts.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Tab.
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  • 40
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 130 (1997), S. 1393-1403 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Tripod ligands ; Phosphane oxides ; Cobalt ; Oxidation ; Catalysis ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The reactivity of complexes of triphos [CH3C(CH2PPh2)3] and CoCl2 towards dioxygen has been investigated. Reaction of the pseudo-tetrahedral complex (η2-triphos)CoCl2 (1) with dioxygen yields after work-up the mixed phosphane/phosphane oxide ligands triphosO and triphosO2. The novel ligand triphosO2 can be obtained in quantitative yield using catalytic amounts of 1. In order to gain some insight into the catalytic dioxygen activation reaction, experiments with various triphos/Co/Cl species, in different solvents and at several concentrations have been carried out. A mechanism involving two separate reaction pathways is proposed. Complexes of triphosO and triphosO2 with CoCl2, [η2-(P, P)-triphosO]CoCl2 (4), and [η2-(P, O)-triphosO2]CoCl2 (5), which are present as intermediates in the oxygenation reaction, have been isolated and fully characterized including X-ray structural analyses.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 41
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Zinc complexes ; Alkyl carbonate complexes ; CO2 fixation, reversible ; Catalysis ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The zinc hydroxide complexes Tp*Zn-OH with TpCum,Me = tris(3-cumenyl-5-methylpyrazolyl)borate and TptBu,Me = tris(3-tert-butyl-5-methylpyrazolyl)borate can be converted to the alkyl carbonate complexes Tp*Zn-OCOOR by reaction with dialkyl dicarbonates or with alcohol and CO2. An alternative formation reaction is the treatment of the pyrazolyl borate with zinc perchlorate and potassium carbonate in alcohol. The interconversion between TpCum,MeZn-OH and TpCum,MeZn-OCOOMe in methanol-containing solution can be repeatedly performed in both directions by bubbling either CO2 or N2 through the solution. The alkyl carbonate complexes show a variable sensitivity towards hydrolytic destruction with reformation of the hydroxide complexes. The complexes TptBu,MeZn-OCOOR (R = Me, Et) release CO2 under high vacuum to form the alkoxide complexes TptBu,Me-Zn-OR, which could not be obtained pure due to their extreme water sensitivity. Indirect evidence for their existence is also obtained by the reaction between TpCum,MeZn-OCOOMe and methyl iodide, forming TpCum,MeZn-I and dimethyl ether. The Zinc hydroxide complexes catalyse the formation of diethyl carbonate from ethanol and CO2.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 42
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Alkynes ; Allenes ; Furans ; Palladium ; Catalysis ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: By making the choice of either PDCl2(MeCN)2 or PTH rac-4 as catalyst, the allenyl ketones 1 could be preferentially cycloisomerized/dimerized to either 2,4-disubstituted furans 3 or preferentially cycloisomerized to the monosubstituted furans 2. Since the PTH catalyst tolerates functional groups like terminal alkynes, α-halogen ketones, and alkyl halides that inhibit the silver catalysis, the latter method is an important extension of Marshall's Ag1-catalyzed isomerization of 1 to 2. Some of these latter reactions also showed exciting chemoselectivities, e.g. with allenyl ketones, such as 1c and 1d, which also also possess a 1,6-enyne substructure, no enynecyclization was observed. This is also the first reported example of catalysis by a PTH.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 43
    ISSN: 0948-1907
    Schlagwort(e): Silicon nitride filaments ; CVD ; Catalysis ; Kinetics ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau
    Notizen: Catalyzed chemical vapor deposition of α-silicon nitride filaments from silicon subhydrides and ammonia was studied using calculation of nitrogen solubility in selected catalysts (silicon-containing iron alloys), both in the solid and liquid-state, by filament deposition experiments with catalysts of various composition and size, and by variation of the flow rates and partial pressures of precursor gases, the silicon subhydrides and ammonia. The results show that neither nitrogen solubility in, nor nitrogen diffusion through the catalyst plays a determining role in the deposition kinetics, as has been previously suggested. Instead, the deposition rate is determined by the partial dissociation of ammonia, which can be accelerated by adding diluent gases with a sufficiently high collision cross section. The catalyst material has an additional, strongly accelerating effect. The present state of research suggests that nitrogen is the preferred diluent gas and chromium an optimum alloying element.
    Zusätzliches Material: 10 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 44
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1997 (1997), S. 637-647 
    ISSN: 0947-3440
    Schlagwort(e): Combinational libraries ; Molecular recognition ; Receptors ; Ligands ; Catalysis ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Combinatorial libraries offer a new powerful tool for gathering empirical information about host/guest interactions and for developing catalysts for organic reactions. Combinatorial approaches to molecular recognition are discussed, i.e. screening of libraries of ligands with synthetic receptors and libraries of synthetic receptors with the ligands for which selective binding is desired. Recent achievements in the development of new catalysts for organic synthesis using combinatorial approaches are also reviewed.
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  • 45
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 623 (1997), S. 997-1005 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Schlagwort(e): Amine Alcohol Ligands ; Catalysis ; DMSO Reductases ; Molybdenum Complexes ; Oxygen Atom Transfer ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Synthesis, Structure, and Oxygen Atom Transfer Reactions for Dioxomolybdenum(VI) Complexes with Multidentate Amine AlcoholsThe trivalent, pentadentate amine alcohol ligands l,l-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-4-(2-hydroxybenzyl)-l,4-diazabutane (H3hebab) and N-salicylidene-2-(bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino)-ethylamine (H3sabhea) react with [MoO2(acac)2] in methanol solution to yield the cis-dioxomolybdenum(Vl) complexes [MoO2(Hsabhea)] (1) und (MoO2(Hhcbab) (2). The complexes have been characterized by 1H and 13C NMR, vibrational (IR, Raman), and UV/Vis spectroscopy as well as crystal structure analyses (1: monoclinic space group P21/c, a = 1583.6(5), b = 681.2(3), c = 1332.8(5) pm, β = 101.42(3)°, Z = 4; 2: monoclinic space group P21/c, a = 2096.5(4), b = 755.5(1), c = 2000.4(4) pm, β = 112.26(1)°, Z = 8), For both complexes the molybdenum center possesses a distorted octahedral environment with the oxo ligands oriented trans to the nitrogen donor centers of the respective ligand system. In the case of 1 this leads to a sterically strained facial coordination of the imine-chelate fragment established by the phenolate oxygen and imine as well as tertiary amine nitrogen donors. This is in contrast to the usually prefered meridional coordination of such an imine-chelate fragment. The catalytic activity of the complexes 1 and 2 toward oxygen atom transfer is investigated for the model reaction between DMSO and triphenylphos-phane. Both complexes catalyse the oxidation of triphenylphos-phane by DMSO, with the marked contrast that 1 is the much more efficient catalyst. This observations can be explained on the bases of the structural differences between the complexes 1 and 2.
    Notizen: Die dreibasigen, fünfzähnigen Aminoalkohole l,l-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-4-(2-hydroxybenzyl)4,4-diaza-butan (H3hebab) und N-Salicyliden-2-(bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-amino)ethylamin (H3sabhea) reagieren mit [MoO2(acac)2] in Methanol als Lösungsmittel zu den cis-Dioxomolybdän(VI)-Komplexen [MoO2(Hsabhea)] (1) und [MoO2(Hhebab)] (2). Die Komplexe wurden mit Hilfe von 1H-NMR-, 13C-NMR-, Schwingungs- (IR, Raman) und UV/Vis-Spektroskopie sowie Kristallstrukturanalysen (1): monokline Raumgruppe P21/c; a = 1583,6(5); b = 681,2(3); c = 1332,8(5) pm; β = 101,42(3)°; Z = 4; 2: monokline Raumgruppe P21/c; a = 2096,5(4); b = 755,5(1); c = 2000,4(4) pm; β = 112.26(1)°; Z = 8) charakterisiert. In beiden Komplexen besitzt das Molybdän(VI)-Zentrum eine verzerrt oktaedrische Umgebung, dabei sind die Oxo-Liganden jeweils trans-ständig zu den beiden Stickstoffdonorzentren der Ligandgerüste. Für 1 führt dies zu einer sterisch gespannten facialen Koordination der üblicherweise meridional koordinierten Imino-Chelateinhcit des Ligandgerüsts, bestehend aus Phenolatsauerstoff- bzw. Imin- und tertiärem Aminstickstoffdonor. Die Reaktivität der Komplexe 1 und 2 bezüglich der Sauerstoffübertragung wird am Beispiel der Modellreaktion zwischen DMSO und Triphenylphosphan untersucht. Beide Komplexe katalysieren diese Reaktion, wobei 1 jedoch deutlich reaktiver ist. Die beobachtete Reaktivitätsabstufung läßt sich im wesentlichen auf die strukturellen Unterschiede der Komplexe 1 und 2 zurückführen.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 46
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Monatshefte für Chemie 127 (1996), S. 1005-1011 
    ISSN: 1434-4475
    Schlagwort(e): Catalysis ; Rate constant ; Activation energy ; Active sites
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Es wurde gefunden, daß katalytische Reaktionen mit verschiedenen Geschwindigkeitskonstanten und Aktivierungsenergien verlaufen können. Der Wechsel der Geschwindigkeitskonstante tritt periodisch bei bestimmten Substratmengen auf, besonders wenn zu Beginn der Reaktion die Substratmenge gegenüber der Katalysatormenge hoch ist. Der Unterschied in der Molzahl zwischen aufeinanderfolgenden Änderungen der Geschwindigkeitskonstante wurde als Maß für die effektive Katalysatorkonzentration (in homogenen Systemen) oder für die Zahl der aktiven Zentren an der Katalysatoroberfläche (in heterogenen Systemen) vorgeschlagen.
    Notizen: Summary It has been observed that catalytic reactions can proceed according to several rate constants andArrhenius activation energies. Changes of rate constants occurs periodically with increasing numbers of moles of substrate, especially when the number of moles of substrate at the initial state is high compared with the amount of catalyst. It has been suggested that the difference in the mole number between two consecutive changes of a rate constant can be used as a measure of the effective catalyst concentration in homogeneous systems or of the number of active site on the surface of a catalyst in heterogeneous systems.
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  • 47
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Amino acids 11 (1996), S. 259-268 
    ISSN: 1438-2199
    Schlagwort(e): Amino acid ; Catalysis ; Strecker synthesis ; Diketopiperazine
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary A novel cyclic dipeptide —cyclo[(S)-His-(S)-NorArg] — has been prepared which catalyzes an enantioselective version of the Strecker amino acid synthesis. The catalyst, when present in 2 mol % quantity in methanol solution, catalyzes the addition of hydrogen cyanide toN-alkylimines to affordα-amino nitriles in high yield and high enantiomeric excess. Furthermore, acid hydrolysis ofN-benzhydryl-α-amino nitriles afforded the correspondingα-amino acids directly. This methodology affords a variety of arylglycines in exceptionally high enantiomeric excess, but aliphatic amino acids were obtained with low enantioselectivity. Current efforts are underway to expand the scope of this reaction, as well as to elucidate the mechanism of catalysis and the roles played by substrate and catalyst in determining the stereochemical outcome of the reaction.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 48
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Monatshefte für Chemie 127 (1996), S. 1305-1308 
    ISSN: 1434-4475
    Schlagwort(e): Carbonyl compounds ; Catalysis ; Sulfated zirconia ; Thioacetalization
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung ZrO2/SO 2− 4 katalysiert die Reaktion von Carbonylverbindungen mit 1,2-Ethandiol oder Thiophenol zu den als Organoschwefelsynthonen wertvollen entrsprechenden Dithioacetalen. Ein wichtiges Merkmal der Methode ist die einfache Isolierung der Produkte in guten Ausbeuten durch Filtration und Entfernung des Lösungsmittels.
    Notizen: Summary Sulfated zirconia effectively catalyzes the reaction of carbonyl compounds with 1,2-ethanedithiol or thiophenol to afford the corresponding dithioacetals as useful organosulfur synthons. Isolation of pure products in high yields by simple filtration and evaporation is an important feature of this method.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 49
    ISSN: 1432-1327
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Nitrogenase ; Analogs ; Function ; Catalysis ; Reduction
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract  Reactivity studies of clusters that contain the MFe3S4 cores (M = Mo, V) with catecholate, multicarboxylate (or DMF) ligands coordinated to the Mo (or V) atoms, and Cl ligands coordinated to the Fe atoms have been carried out. These studies show the M/Fe/S single cubane clusters to be effective catalysts in the reduction of nitrogenase substrates such as hydrazine, acetylene and protons to give ammonia, ethylene and dihydrogen respectively. The same molecules do not activate or catalyze the reduction of dinitrogen. The results indicate that the observed catalyses are occurring at the Mo (V) sites by a process that, in the case of hydrazine, involves substrate protonation prior to reduction. The facile catalytic reduction of hydrazine by clusters that contain coordinatively saturated polycarboxylate-bound Mo atoms is rationalized in terms of a possible protonation/proton delivery function of the coordinated polycarboxylate ligands. The reactivity characteristics of the M/Fe/S clusters (structurally quite similar to the nitrogenase cofactor) have led to the suggestion that the Mo (V) atoms may be involved in the reduction of hydrazine in the later stages of dinitrogen reduction.
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  • 50
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of computer-aided materials design 3 (1996), S. 56-60 
    ISSN: 1573-4900
    Schlagwort(e): Catalysis ; Computer simulation ; Electronic structure techniques
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 51
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of computer-aided materials design 3 (1996), S. 265-266 
    ISSN: 1573-4900
    Schlagwort(e): Catalysis ; Quantum chemistry ; Zeolites ; Transition metals
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 52
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 129 (1996), S. 575-580 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Molybdenum complexes ; Peroxo complexes ; Catalysis ; Olefin epoxidation ; Proton transfer ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: NMR studies of the reaction of complexes of the type (L-L)MoO(O2)2 (L - L= bidentate ligand) with strong Brønsted and Lewis acids prove that protons are transferred preferentially to an η2-peroxo and not to the oxo ligand. This behavior in proton transfer reactions is one critical point of the catalytic activity of such complexes in olefin epoxidation. EH calculations on the model complex (NH3)2MoO(O2)2 support the spectroscopic investigations.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 53
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 129 (1996), S. 607-613 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Arene complexes ; Chromium compounds ; Alkynes ; Catalysis ; Coupling reactions ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The palladium-copper-catalyzed coupling of the tricarbonyl-chromium-complexed chlorobenzene 1 with (trimethylsilyl)-acetylene gives tricarbonyl{η6-[(trimethylsilyl)ethynyl]-benzene}chromium(0) (2) in high yield. After desilylation of 2 tricarbonyl[η6-(ethynylbenzene)]chromium(0) (3) is obtained quantitatively. Using the palladium-copper-catalyzed methodology, we can readily introduce Cr(CO)3-complexed phenylethynyl units by a multifold coupling of 3 with iodobenzene, 1,2-, 1,3-, 1,4-di- and 1,3,5-tiiodobenzene (4a-e) or 1 to give polynuclear Cr(CO)3-complexed (phenylethynyl)benzenes 5a-e and doubly Cr(CO)3-complexed tolane 6 in good to moderate yield. The crystal structure analyses of μ3-{η6:η6:η6[1,3,5-benzenetriyltris(2,1-ethynediyl)]tris(benzene)}tris[tricarbonylchromium(0)] (5e) and μ-{η6:η6-[1,2-ethynediylbis(benzene)]}bis[tricarbonylchromium(0)] (6) reveal that the tricarbonylchromium tripods in the same molecule are arranged in antiparallel syn-eclipsed conformations. The Eglington coupling of 3 affords a doubly Cr(CO)3-complexed diphenylbutadiyne 7 in excellent yield.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 54
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Thianthrene 5-oxide ; Peroxide, bis(trimethylsilyl) ; Hydroperoxide, tert-butyl ; Oxygen transfer ; Peroxo complexes ; Catalysis ; Vanadium ; Molybdenum ; Tungsten ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Bis(trimethylsilyl) peroxide (BTSP) and tert-butyl hydroperoxide (tBuOOH) were activated by various oxo and peroxo complexes of molybdenum, tungsten, and vanadium as catalysts for the sulfoxidation of thianthrene 5-oxide (SSO). A screening of a number of phosphane oxide and amine oxide ligands revealed that BTSP was most efficiently activated by the [MoO5(OPtBu3)] complex. The best results for tBuOOH as oxygen source were achieved with the vanadates [VO(OR)3] (R = tBu, iPr). Comparative selectivity and rate data for the stoichiometric and catalytic sulfoxidations of SSO mediated by the MoO5L complex (L = OPtBu3, OPnOct3, ONnBu3, ONnOct3) suggest that the bisperoxo metal complex is the active oxygen transfer species.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 55
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Domino coupling reactions ; Pentafulvenes ; Catalysis ; Palladacycles ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Annelated pentafulvenes 2, 10, 13, and 14 are efficiently accessible by a palladium-catalyzed domino coupling process of aryl substituted vinylic bromides 1, 9, 11, and 12, 5-Membered palladacycles 3 are discussed as key intermediates.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 56
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Thietane ; Catalysis ; Tungsten ; Macrocycle ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The following four compounds have been synthesized: M(CO)5L (3 and 4, where M = Cr and W, and L = H2), W(CO)5(12S3) (5, where 12S3 = 1,5,9-trithia-cyclododecane), and [W(CO)5]2(12S3) (6). The molecular structures of 4 and 5 were established by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses. Both compounds contain a W(CO)5 group coordinated to one of the sulfur atoms of the hetero-cycle. The ability of the compounds M(CO)6, 1 and 2 (M = Cr and W), and 3 - 5 to catalytically produce ring opening cyclooligomerization (ROC) of thietane into 12S3 and 24S6, (24S6 = 1,5,9,13,17,21-hexathiacyclotetracosane) has been investigated. Compounds 1 - 3 have relatively low activity. Compounds 4 and 5 have the highest activity and selectivity for 12S3 formation. Crystal Data for 4: space group = P212121, a = 12.906(2) Å, b = 13.730(4) Å, c = 6.427(1) Å, Z = 4, 1306 reflections, R = 0.033; for 5: space group = P1¯, a = 12.703(1) Å, b = 13.510(2) Å, c = 5.833(1) Å, α = 101.75(1)°, β = 97.54(1)°, γ = 101.70(1)°, Z = 2, 2225 reflections, R = 0.023.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 57
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Palladium ; Phosphanes ; Catalysis ; Cyclopalladation reaction ; Metallacycles ; CH activation ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: In order to synthesize chiral palladacycles for stereoselective C-C coupling reactions we studied the cyclopalladation of P-chiral phosphanes 2 and 3. New palladium complexes of the type L2PdX2 (6, 8) and LXPd-μ-X2-PdXL (5, 9, X = Cl; L = 2, 3) were isolated. A detailed study of the reactivity of all intermediates towards cyclopalladation proved the mechanism of cyclometalation reactions of o-tolylphosphanes for the first time. Different deuteration experiments clearly demonstrated the higher reactivity of dimeric palladium complexes towards metalation compared to monomeric species. In agreement with this observation only 5 and 9 gave the cyclopalladated products 4 and 10 as revealed by FAB mass spectrometric investigations. Under the described reaction conditions the synthesis of the corresponding palladacycles 4, 10 is not possible because cyclometalation is a reversible process with LXPd-μ-X2-PdXL as thermodynamic more stable products. The results demonstrate the importance of free coordination sites on the metal atom for cyclometalation reactions or more general CH activation processes.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 58
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Reaction kinetics and catalysis letters 59 (1996), S. 3-8 
    ISSN: 1588-2837
    Schlagwort(e): Catalysis ; ultrahigh vacuum ; surface roughening ; morphology ; platinum ; surface defects
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The thermal treatment of Pt foil model catalysts under UHV conditions leads to an enhanced activity for H2-D2 exchange. For the enhanced activity, the UHV atmosphere, a temperature of 1073 K and a Cl-impurity are essential. This was identical with the surface roughening behavior of Pt foils upon the UHV treament reported previously (Ref. [7]). These results indicate that the UHV treatment brought about a roughening of the surface and the rough surface resulted in an enhanced activity.
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  • 59
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Reaction kinetics and catalysis letters 57 (1996), S. 207-215 
    ISSN: 1588-2837
    Schlagwort(e): Catalysis ; energetics ; nuclear ; renewable enert, y sources ; nontraditional energy sources
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The presentation gives an overview of modern trends in developing new catalytic technologies to use nuclear, nontraditional and renewable sources of energy, to produce mechanical or electrical energy from chemical energy carriers, as well as to recover middle or low potential heat wastes and temperature gradients.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 60
    ISSN: 0947-3440
    Schlagwort(e): Phosphate esters ; DNA ; Hydrolysis ; Catalysis ; Lanthanoid cosubstrates ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Attempts are described to enhance the catalytic activity of lanthanide ions by providing cosubstrates with an increasing number of nucleophilic groups or by attaching corresponding polyols covalently to stronger metal-binding centers like diazacrown ethers. Although the kinetic effects on the hydrolysis of bis(4-nitrophenyl) phosphate (BNPP) and of super-coiled plasmid DNA are only moderate, their dependence on cosubstrate structure and polyol configuration unambiguously demonstrates that these are involved in the slow step of the reactions. Thus, addition of gluconic acid to a LaCl3 solution leads to a marked increase of DNA cleavage from 20 to 71%. Naphthyl units covalently bound to the diazacrown show little effect on BNPP hydrolysis, but enhance DNA hydrolysis again from e.g. 38% (RF II) to 60%. Preliminary affinity measurements with calf thymus DNA, using a fluorimetric assay with ethidium bromide, show for polyamines a dependence on the number of ligand charges as observed earlier. The naphthyl compound is characterized by a high affinity; preliminary NMR data indicate that the naphthyl units intercalate into DNA.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 61
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1996 (1996), S. 1501-1509 
    ISSN: 0947-3440
    Schlagwort(e): Aminolysis ; Esters ; Pyridones ; Catalysis ; Calculations, ab initio ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Various pathways for the reaction of methylamine with methyl acetate catalyzed by 2(1H)-pyridone have been investigated at the Becke3LYP/6-31G**/HF/6-31G** level of theory. The most favorable pathway consists of a one-step reaction, in which all bond-forming and -breaking processes occur in concert. These modeling studies also show the pyridone to function as an acid, which led to the investigation of several substituted pyridones. 4-Cyano-, 3-cyano-6-methyl-, and 3-cyano-2(1H)-pyridone have indeed been shown to provide better catalysis in the ester aminolysis reaction by ab initio modeling at the Becke3LYP/6-31G**/HF/3-21G level. In order to verify the theoretical results, the catalytic activities of various substituted 2-pyridones in the reaction of n-butylamine with p-nitrophenyl acetate in chlorobenzene solution have been determined. The observed catalytic rate constants are indeed in agreement with the theoretical predictions. Other catalyst characteristics such as solubility and state of aggregation are, however, also of paramount importance in this reaction.
    Zusätzliches Material: 8 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 62
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1996 (1996), S. 1511-1522 
    ISSN: 0947-3440
    Schlagwort(e): Aminolysis ; Esters ; Catalysis ; Calculations, ab initio ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Model systems for the reaction of amines with esters were investigated with ab initio methods. Ammonia and methylamine were used as models for primary amines, and formic acid, methyl acetate, phenyl acetate, and p-nitrophenyl acetate were chosen to represent typical esters. Geometry optimizations were performed for all systems with the HF/6-31G** method, and relative energies were evaluated by using MP2/6-31G** single-point energies. The lowest barriers are found for the reaction of methylamine with p-nitrophenyl acetate. Reaction occurs in this case according to a direct displacement pathway, in which all bond formation and breaking occurs in a single step. Complexation of the transition structures by dimethyl ether or dimethoxyethane leads to much the same changes as observed for variation of the leaving group. Based on the ab initio data a force field for the calculation of transition state-catalyst complexation was developed. This force field as well as ground state complexation energies were employed to predict catalytic activities for a number of polyethers, polyalcohols, and pyrans, which in part, were also investigated experimentally.
    Zusätzliches Material: 12 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 63
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Schlagwort(e): Catalysis ; Diphosphanes ; 1,2-di-t-butyl-1,2-dimethyldiphosphane ; 1,2-di-t-butyl-1-chloro-2-methyl-diphosphane ; 1,2-di-t-butyl-1,2-dichloro-diphosphane ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: The CuCl-catalyzed Reaction of Trimethylsilyl(t-butyl)chlorophosphane with Dimethylzirconocene: An Example for Tandem Catalysist-BuP(SiMe3)Cl was prepared from t-BuP(SiMe3)2 and hexachloroethane and reacted in situ with Cp2ZrMe2 in the presence of catalytic amounts of copper(I) chloride yielding t-Bu(Me)P—P(Cl)t-Bu (1) (2 : 1 reaction) or t-Bu(Me)P—P · (Me)t-Bu (2) (1 : 1 reaction) and Cp2ZrCl(Me). To understand the course of reaction, the reaction of dimethylzirconocene with CuCl and the decomposition of t-BuP(SiMe3)Cl in the presence of CuCl and tetrachloroethene were studied. The results suggest that CuCl reacts with t-BuP(SiMe3)Cl in the presence of C2Cl4 to give t-Bu(Cl)P—P(Cl)t-Bu (3); simultaneously, CuCl reacts with Cp2ZrMe2 with formation of methylcopper, which reacts with 3 to give 1 or 2, respectively.
    Notizen: In situ aus t-BuP(SiMe3)2 und Hexachlorethan erzeugtes t-BuP(SiMe3)Cl reagiert mit Cp2ZrMe2 in Gegenwart katalytischer Mengen an Kupfer(I)-chlorid unter Bildung von t-Bu(Me)P—P(Cl)t-Bu (1) (2 : 1-Reaktion) oder t-Bu(Me)P—P(Me)t-Bu (2) (1 : 1-Reaktion) und Cp2ZrCl(Me). Zur Interpretation des Reaktionsverlaufs wurden die Umsetzung von Dimethylzirconocen mit CuCl sowie die Zersetzung von t-BuP(SiMe3)Cl im Gegenwart von CuCl und Tetrachlorethen untersucht. Demnach reagiert CuCl mit t-BuP(SiMe3)Cl in Gegenwart von C2Cl4 zu t-Bu(Cl)P—P(Cl)t-Bu (3); gleichzeitig bildet CuCl mit Cp2ZrMe2 Methyl-Kupfer, das mit 3 je nach Stöchiometrie zu 1 oder 2 reagiert.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 64
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 35 (1996), S. 386-403 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Schlagwort(e): alkylations ; catalysis cobalt compounds ; iron compounds ; Alkylation ; Catalysis ; Cobalt ; Iron ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Alkyl transition metal reagents are being increasingly used for alkylations in organic synthesis. They have various advantages over alkyllithium and alkyl-magnesium reagents including higher selectivity, lower basicity, and - as long as the transition metal is not in its highest oxidation state - their willingness to undergo oxidative addition with electrophiles. Alkyl derivatives of FeII and CoII, which are not stabilized by special ligands but still can be easily handled, are in many cases superior to the well-known alkyl-CuI and -MnII reagents and can also undergo unexpected reactions. The introduction of alkyl-cyanoate complexes of FeII and CoII, the cyanide ligands of which (in contrast to neutral π-acidic ligands) do not reduce the reactivity, has led to further advances. Reaction mechanisms will be discussed and comparisons will be made with alkylating reagents containing CuI, MnII, NiII, or TiIV as well as with Pd-catalyzed coupling reactions. Furthermore, it will be shown that super-ate FeII complexes are almost certainly the reactive species in highly selective catalytic alkylations.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 65
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 35 (1996), S. 2024-2055 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Schlagwort(e): catalysis ; enzymatic catalysis ; metallohydrolases ; Catalysis ; Enzyme catalysis ; Metalloenzymes ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Numerous studies, both in enzymatic and nonenzymatic catalysis, have been undertaken to understand the way by which metal ions, especially zinc ions, promote the hydrolysis of phosphate ester and amide bonds. Hydrolases containing one metal ion in the active site, termed mononuclear metallohydrolases, such as carboxypeptidase. A and thermolysin were among the first enzymes to have their structures unraveled by X-ray crystallography. In recent years an increasing number of metalloenzymes have been identified that use two or more adjacent metal ions in the catalysis of phosphoryl-transfer reactions (R-OPO3 + R′-OH → R′-OPO3 + R-OH; in the case of the phosphatase reaction R′-OH is a water molecule) and carbonyl-transfer reactions, for example, in peptidases or other amidases. These dinuclear metalloenzymes catalyze a great variety of these reactions, including hydrolytic cleavage of phosphomono-, -di- and -triester bonds, phosphoanhydride bonds as well as of peptide bonds or urea. In addition, the formation of the phosphodiester bond of RNA and DNA by polymerases is catalyzed by a two-metal ion mechanism. A remarkable diversity is also seen in the structures of the active sites of these di- and trinuclear metalloenzymes, even for enzymes that catalyze very similar reactions. The determination of the structure of a substrate, product, stable intermediate, or a reaction coordinate analogue compound bound to an active or inactivated enzyme is a powerful approach to investigate mechanistic details of enzyme action. Such studies have been applied to several of the metalloenzymes reviewed in this article; together with many other biochemical studies they provide a growing body of information on how the two (or more) metal ions cooperate to achieve efficient catalysis.
    Zusätzliches Material: 34 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 66
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Schlagwort(e): asymmetric syntheses ; asymmetric catalysis ; enantiomeric resolution ; metallocenes ; sandwich complexes ; Asymmetric catalysis ; Asymmetric synthesis ; Chiral resolution ; Sandwich complexes ; Catalysis ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The development of catalytic processes that effect enantioselective bond formation under mild conditions is an important and challenging task in modern chemical synthesis. In this connection, chiral C2-symmetric ansa-metallocenes (bridged metallocenes) have found notable applications as catalysts. This article discusses the chemistry of this class of chiral metallocene complexes with regard to their utility in catalytic and enantioselective C—C and C—H bond formation reactions. In addition, where applicable, a brief comparison with other related catalytic enantioselective processes is offered. Many of the reactions effected with high levels of enantioselectivity by catalytic amounts of these complexes are of great significance to the preparation of new materials and in the synthesis of therapeutic agents. For example, zirconocene complexes readily catalyze the enantioselective addition of alkylmagnesium halides to alkenes, and cationic zirconocene complexes may promote the highly stereoregulated copolymerization of terminal alkenes. Furthermore, the related chiral titanocenes are involved in an impressive range of useful asymmetric catalytic reactions, including the enantioselective hydrogenation of olefins and reduction of imines or ketones. This review attempts to bring together the practical aspects of the use of [(ebthi)M] complexes of Group 4 transition metals (catalyst synthesis and resolution), outline the manner in which the C2-symmetric chiral ligands are believed to initiate stereoselective bond formation, and highlight the aspects of this chemistry that are less well understood and require further research.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 67
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Monatshefte für Chemie 126 (1995), S. 971-982 
    ISSN: 1434-4475
    Schlagwort(e): Pyridinologous tripyrrole ; Pyridinologous tetrapyrrole ; Metal complexes ; X-ray crystallography ; Catalysis
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Die Cu(II)-Komplexe eines pyridinologen Tri- und Tetrapyrrolliganden, für welche katalytische Aktivität nachgewiesen worden war, wurden zusammen mit den (Ni(II)-, Co(II)- und Zn(II)-Komplexen des erstgenannten Liganden röntgenstrukturanalytisch untersucht. Diese Liganden zeigten ein erstaunlich variables Komplexierungsverhalten, welches auf einzigartige Weise die Anpassung des Liganden an die spezifischen Bedürfnisse des Ligandfeldsystems eines bestimmten Metallions erlaubt. Dieses Verhalten scheint eine ideale Voraussetzung für katalytisch aktive Systeme zu sein.
    Notizen: Summary The Cu(II) complexes of a pyridinologous tri- and tetrapyrrole ligand which have recently been shown to be catalytically active were investigated by X-ray crystallography together with the Ni(II), Co(II), and Zn(II) complexes of the first ligand. These ligands displayed an astonishingly variable complexation behavior which uniquely allows to accommodate specific ligand field demands of a certain metal ion. This behavior seems to be an ideal prerequisite to provide catalytically active systems.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 68
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Biology and philosophy 10 (1995), S. 389-417 
    ISSN: 1572-8404
    Schlagwort(e): Catalysis ; chance ; determinism ; emergence of life ; evolution ; non-equilibrium thermodynamics ; panspermia ; protometabolism ; reduction ; RNA world ; self-organization
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Philosophie
    Notizen: Abstract This paper calls attention to a philosophical presupposition, coined here “the continuity thesis” which underlies and unites the different, often conflicting, hypotheses in the origin of life field. This presupposition, a necessary condition for any scientific investigation of the origin of life problem, has two components. First, it contends that there is no unbridgeable gap between inorganic matter and life. Second, it regards the emergence of life as a highly probable process. Examining several current origin-of-life theories. I indicate the implicit or explicit role played by the “continuity thesis” in each of them. In addition, I identify the rivals of the “thesis” within the scientific community — “the almost miracle camp.” Though adopting the anti-vitalistic aspect of the “continuity thesis”, this camp regards the emergence of life as involving highly improbable events. Since it seems that the chemistry of the prebiotic stages and of molecular self-organization processes rules out the possibility that life is the result of a “happy accident,” I claim that the “almost miracle” view implies in fact, a creationist position.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 69
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 128 (1995), S. 1021-1028 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Synthesis, stereoselective ; Catalysis ; Tetrahydrofurans ; Dialkylzinc reagents ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: 1,4-Diol derivatives 4a-i were synthesized stereoselectively by either reagent- or catalyst-controlled routes using the addition of functionalized diorganozinc reagents to aldehydes. The stereoselectivities along the reagent-controlled synthetic path were in the range between 80:20 and 95:5. The stereoselectivities along the catalyst route exceeded 95:5. The 1,4-diol derivatives 4 thus obtained were transformed into enantiomerically pure cis- and trans-2,5-disubstituted tetrahydrofurans (16-20) by means of an intramolecular Williamson reaction.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 70
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 128 (1995), S. 953-956 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Molybdenum oxadiene complex ; Cycloaddition ; Catalysis ; Stereoselectivity ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The pentacyclic unsaturated ketone 3 is obtained as the sole product by the reaction of pinocarvone (1) with cycloocta-triene in the presence of catalytic amounts of dicarbonyl-bis(η4-pinocarvone)molybdenum (2). Compound 3 formally resulting from a [4 + 2] cycloaddition reaction of bicy-clo[4.2.0]octa-2,4-diene with the alkene fragment of pinocarvone was characterised by means of spectroscopy (1H, 13CNMR, IR, MS) as well as by X-ray crystal structure analysis. A mechanism is proposed involving rigid molybdenum complexes as intermediates in order to explain the stereospecificity of the reaction.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 71
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Schlagwort(e): Gas chromatography ; Reversed-flow technique ; Catalysis ; Ring opening
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Summary Kinetic parameters for the ring opening of cyclohexane over modified ZSM-5 zeolites can be measured simultaneously under non-steady state conditions using reversed-flow gas chromatography. At relatively low temperatures, the main product detected and measured was propene. The mathematical relations used for the calculation of adsorption-desorption rate constants, surface reaction rate constants and adsorption equilibrium constants for the reactant cyclohexane are different from previously studied catalytic reactions, owing to the different experimental arrangement for feeding the catalytic bed. The diffusion bands obtained experimentally for reactant or product are described by the sum of two or three exponential functions of time, respectively. From the exponential coefficients of time and the pre-exponential factors, all determined by simple PC programs, the above kinetic parameters are calculated.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 72
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1995 (1995), S. 677-683 
    ISSN: 0947-3440
    Schlagwort(e): Reductions ; Meerwein-Ponndorf-Verley reaction ; Catalysis ; Zirconium tetra-tert-butoxide ; β-Hydride shift ; Kinetics ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: A new variation of the Meerwein-Ponndorf-Verley reduction based on mechanistic considerations is presented. Under optimized conditions 1-(4-dimethylaminophenyl)ethanol was used as the reducing alcohol (2-4 equiv.), Zr(O-tBu)4 as the catalyst (0.2 equiv.), and toluene or cyclohexane as the solvent. Aldehydes and ketones (if not extremely sterically hindered) were reduced to the corresponding alcohols at room temperature mostly within 2-4 h in essentially quantitative yield. α,β-Unsaturated carbonyl compounds cleanly react in a 1,2-mode to afford the corresponding allylic alcohols.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 73
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Electroanalysis 7 (1995), S. 471-475 
    ISSN: 1040-0397
    Schlagwort(e): Oxygen ; Sensor ; Catalysis ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The electrochemical reduction of O2 was studied at Ni-Cu alloy electrodes in aqueous alkaline solution (0.1-6.0 M KOH) and in unbuffered neutral solution (0.1-2.0 M KCl) using the rotating disk electrode technique. Voltammetric measurements showed that the overall O2 reduction process at the electrodes containing 70-90% Cu is transport-limited at cathodic potentials, and that they can be used as indicator electrodes for galvanic-type oxygen sensors. An industrially produced Ni-Cu alloy “melhior”, which contains ∼ 30% Ni, was also studied, and this alloy proved to be an excellent O2 reduction catalyst. Melhior electrodes were utilized as indicator electrodes for oxygen sensors, and showed high output current stability and a long lifetime (exceeding one year).
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 74
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1995 (1995), S. 1347-1351 
    ISSN: 0947-3440
    Schlagwort(e): Reduction ; Meerwein-Ponndorf-Verley reduction ; Catalysis ; Zirconium tetra-tert-butoxide ; Stereochemistry ; Diastereoselectivity ; Felkin-Ahn model ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The new variation of the Meerwein-Ponndorf-Verley reduction using 1-[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]ethanol (DMAPE) (6) or 1-tetralol (12) (3 equiv.) as the reducing alcohols and Zr(O-tBu)4 as the catalyst (0.2 equiv.) is kinetically controlled and highly stereoselective. Preferential axial attack is achieved with the sterically less bulky alcohol 6 in the case of 4-tert-butyl- and 3-methylcyclohexanones (1a → 96% axial and 3a → 93% axial attack). The combination tetralol (12)/Zr(O-tBu)4 behaves as a very bulky reducing agent, and the thermodynamically less stable alcohols 2c (80%) and 4c (92-96%) are formed preferentially in the reduction of 2a and 4b. The fused bicyclic systems 1-methyl-2-tetralone (14a) and flavanone (15a) and the steroids 16a-18a are reduced with high stereoselectivity to the corresponding cis alcohols 14b and 15b and the (β-alcohols 16b-18b. The stereochemical outcome is in agreement with the Felkin-Ahn model.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 75
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Schlagwort(e): alkenes ; catalysis ; metallocenes ; polymerizations ; Catalysis ; Metallocenes ; Polymerization ; Polyolefins ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Current studies on novel, metallocenebased catalysts for the polymerization of α-olefins have far-reaching implications for the development of new materials as well as for the understanding of basic reaction mechanisms responsible for the growth of a polymer chain at a catalyst center and the control of its stereoregularity. In contrast to heterogeneous Ziegler-Natta catalysts, polymerization by a homogeneous, metallocene-based catalyst occurs principally at a single type of metal center with a defined coordination environment. This makes it possible to correlate metallocene structures with polymer properties such as molecular weight, stereochemical microstructure, crystallization behavior, and mechanical properties. Homogeneous catalyst systems now afford efficient control of regio- and stereoregularities, molecular weights and molecular weight distributions, and comonomer incorporation. By providing a means for the homo- and copolymerization of cyclic olefins, the cyclopolymerization of dienes, and access even to functionalized polyolefins, these catalysts greatly expand the range and versatility of technically feasible types of polyolefin materials.For corrigendum see DOI:10.1002/anie.199513681
    Zusätzliches Material: 10 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 76
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Schlagwort(e): Proton transfer ; Catalysis ; Enzyme catalysis ; Hydrolysis ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The proton occupies a special position as a promoter and mediator in chemical reactions occurring in solution. Many reactions in organic chemistry are catalysed by acids or bases; likewise, most enzymes contain active groups which promote acid-base catalysis. To understand the reaction mechanisms involved, it is necessary to identify the elementary steps as well as their course in time. Systematic investigation of these elementary steps as well as their course in time. Systematic investigation of these elementary steps has become possible only with the development of new methods for studying very fast reactions. The present paper reviews the information obtained in this type of investigation. The result is a relatively complete picture of the elementary proton transfer mechanisms and a comprehensive description of the modes and laws of acid-base and enzymatic catalysis.
    Zusätzliches Material: 12 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 77
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 3 (1964), S. 93-101 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Schlagwort(e): Organometallic catalysts ; Catalysis ; Reaction mechanisms ; Lithium ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Kinetic investigations of the polyreaction of isoprene with organolithium compounds as initiators in n-heptane as solvent indicate the following sequence of reactions: 1. formation of an adduct between a monomeric form of the organolithium compound and the isoprene and 2. reaction of this adduct with an associated form of the organolithium compound with insertion of the isoprene. The adduct formation is considered to be due to chemisorption, and proof of such chemisorption of a monomer (ethylene) is also demonstrated for a homogeneous Ziegler-type catalyst. All the reactions can be formulated in the form of cyclic structures with electron-deficient character. Postulation of such ring structures explains the surprising values obtained for the frequency factors and equilibrium constants.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 78
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 3 (1964), S. 185-191 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Schlagwort(e): Coordination modes ; Catalysis ; Cyclooctatetraenes ; Reppe chemistry ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The relationship between the structure and the catalytic activity of nickel(II) complexes in the synthesis of cyclooctatetraene by the method of W. Reppe is discussed. The cyclotetramerization of acetylene takes place within labile Ni(II)-acetylene π-complexes. Inhibition tests have made it probable that four molecules of acetylene are grouped around the nickel ion in the transition state, in a configuration which favors the formation of the eight-membered ring.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 79
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 1 (1962), S. 80-88 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Schlagwort(e): Oxidation ; Palladium ; Catalysis ; Alkenes ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The oxidation of olefins to carbonyl compounds with palladium compounds, especially the oxidation of ethylene to acetaldehyde, is at present carried out on a technical scale. The reaction takes place via a palladium-olefin complex, the formation of which is inhibited by halide ions. Hydrolysis to the carbonyl compound is inhibited by hydrogen ions. The knowledge gained by studying the reaction of olefins with pure solutions of palladium salts allows important conclusions to be drawn concerning the action of technical catalyst solutions containing copper and palladium chloride.
    Zusätzliches Material: 9 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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