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  • 1980-1984  (29)
  • 1960-1964  (1,196)
  • 1915-1919
  • 1800-1809
  • Industrial Chemistry  (1,184)
  • Alkenes
  • Catalysis
  • Polymerization
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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Evolution ; Gene family ; Balbiani ring genes ; Repetitive sequences ; Structural proteins ; Protein conformation ; Polymerization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The large, repetitive Balbiani ring (BR) genes, BR 1, 2, and 6, inChironomus tentans originated from a short ancestral sequence and have all evolved according to analogous amplification schemes. We analyzed the structures of the BR-encoded secretory proteins and defined the parts that have been conserved during the evolutionary process. The BR products show striking similarities, with the BR 1 and BR 2 products being more similar to each other than to the BR 6 product. In the constant (C) region of the repeat units, 7 of the 30 amino acid residues are strictly conserved; 4 of these are the cysteine residues. The subrepeat (SR) regions of all the BR products are dominated by repeated tripeptide elements rich in proline and charged amino acid residues. Most of the amino acid replacements in both regions are conservative. Secondary structure predictions suggested that the C regions of the BR 1 and BR2 products have several elements of secondary structure: an α-helix, a β-strand, and one or two reverse turns, as in “globular structures.” The prediction for the C region of the BR 6 product is similar but lacks a β-strand. The predictions for the intervening SR regions appear less conclusive, but are clearly different from those for the C regions, and suggest regular structures not differing in their conformational elements. The SR regions evolved from an ancestor sequence similar to the C region; thus, the BR products seem to represent an example of evolution from one structure to two differently folded products. It is proposed that the alignment and polymerization of the long BR proteins could be promoted by the repetitive structure of the molecules, due to the possibility of forming disulfide bridges between half-cystine residues and electrostatic interactions between the charged residues of the SR regions. The divergence among the BR products is discussed in relation to possible functional differences among the members of the BR gene family.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 23 (1984), S. 539-556 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Cycloaddition ; Synthetic methods ; Cobalt catalysts ; Catalysis ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Dicarbonyl (η5-cyclopentadienyl)cobalt functions as a matrix on which a variety of unsaturated organic substrates undergo mutual bond formation. In this way α,ω-diynes cocyclize with monoalkynes to give annelated benzenes, while o-diethynylbenzenes furnish biphenylenes, and α,ω-enynes lead to the formation of complexed bi-and tricyclic dienes. Nitriles cocyclize with two alkynyl groups to give pyridines and other heterocycles, isocyanates allow access to annelated 2-pyridones, and incorporation of carbon monoxide provides complexed cyclopentadienones. In many cases remarkable chemo-, regio-, and stereoselectivity are observed, partially facilitated by use of the trimethylsilyl substituent as a controlling group. The scope and level of maturity of the method are demonstrated by the synthesis of a series of hitherto inaccessible, novel, and theoretically interesting molecules, and by its utilization in several unique approaches to a variety of natural products, e.g. protoberberines, steroids, vitamin B6, and camptothecin.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 23 (1984), S. 579-586 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Rearrangement ; Synthetic methods ; Mercury ; Palladium ; Catalysis ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Mercury(II) and palladium(II) salts have found broad applications as catalysts for [3,3]-sigmatropic rearrangements leading to formation of C—O, C—N, C—S, and C—C σ bonds. Increases in reaction rate are often very large (1010 - 1014 at 1 M catalyst concentration) and allow many previously difficult transformations to be conducted at or near room temperature, often with attendant increases in stereoselectivity and decreases in by-product formation. The mechanism of these catalyzed transformations is briefly discussed, and evidence is summarized to suggest that many follow a cyclization-induced rearrangement mechanism.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 23 (1984), S. 570-578 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Asymmetric catalysis ; Catalysis ; Enantioselectivity ; Reduction ; Ketones ; Synthetic methods ; Biotechnology ; Alcohols ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Microbial asymmetric reduction of ketones is a method widely used for the preparation of chiral alcohols. The present progress report deals with the basic concepts that govern enantioselectivity of enzymes and intact cells. Strategies to control the stereochemical course of microbial reductions of carbonyl compounds and the relationship of substrate structure to enantioselectivity are considered.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 23 (1984), S. 782-794 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Chiral macrocycles ; Macrocycles ; Catalysis ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Ionophores, whether of natural or synthetic origin, encapsulate their ionic “guests” using noncovalent bonding. This encapsulation process resembles, at least superficially, the bonding of a substrate by an enzyme-active site. The analogy to enzymes can be extended further if the ionophore is provided with functional groups that can react with a suitable guest molecule bound in the cavity of the ionophore. We have embedded in the periphery of a macrocycle a 1,4-dihydropyridine, a mimic of the coenzyme NADH. The macrocycle, in addition to having (weak) ionophoric properties, is chiral. The strategy has led to compounds that react as artificial hydrogenases and which are capable of distinguishing, in a predictable fashion, between the prochiral faces of suitable carbonyl substrates. Ancillary developments from this approach have been many. A remarkably general method for the preparation of a wide variety of macrocycles has been developed which depends on some remarkable chemical idiosyncrasies of the cesium ion. In attempts to exploit the chemical possibilities of these macrocycles, unusual chemistry, possibly relevant to the action of the enzyme, 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde dehydrogenase, has been uncovered. In a similar vein, study of macrocycles has led to variants of the aldol condensation on chiral templates. Finally, catalytic CC bond formation mediated by transition metals is revealed to be an area in which chiral macrocycles can play a useful role by acting as chiral ligands for the transition metal.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 261 (1983), S. 40-44 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Polymerization ; Acrylamide ; Methacrylamide ; Peroxydiphosphate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The kinetics of aqueous polymerization of acrylamide and methacrylamide initiated by potassium peroxydiphosphate has been investigated. The kinetic orders with respect to peroxydiphosphate and monomer were close to 0.5 and 1 respectively. Overall activation energies were computed and a suitable kinetic scheme suggested. Comparison with kinetic studies of the analogous acrylamide polymerization by peroxydisulphate shed doubt on the cage effect interpretation of the complex order with respect to monomer.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 261 (1983), S. 188-189 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Polymerization ; kinetics ; redox polymerization ; acrylamide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of statistical physics 31 (1983), S. 363-378 
    ISSN: 1572-9613
    Keywords: Polymerization ; coagulation equation ; RA f model ; A gRBf−g model ; random polycondensation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract This paper gives the equilibrium distribution of polymer sizes for Flory'sA g RB f−g model of polymerization. In this model, the polymers are composed of structural units withg functional groups of the typeA and (f-g) functional groups of the typeB. Reaction is subject to three conditions: (1) Functional groups of the typeA react only with those of typeB, and vice versa. (2) Intramolecular reactions do not occur [and therefore only branched-chain (noncyclic) polymers and formed]. (3) Subject to conditions (1) and (2), all functional groups are equally reactive. The derivation employs Stockmayer's statistical mechanical method (first used on Flory'sRA f model), coupled with a recursion giving the number of distinct polymers which may be assembled fromk units of theA g RB f−g type. We also give distributions for a limiting case of theA g RB f−g model, the so-calledA g RB ∞ model. This paper completes the solution of the Smoluchowski coagulation equation (monodisperse case) for the kernelsa ij =A + B(i +j)+ Cij. The proof will be given in another publication.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 22 (1983), S. 135-148 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Catalysis ; Cluster compounds ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Molecular metal clusters form a very large and diverse family. They present the opportunity of modeling the intermediates involved in surface mediated catalytic reactions, of providing a source of very reactive mononuclear metal fragments, and of effecting catalytic cycles in which the cluster remains intact. The last mentioned aspect is the subject of this review article. The state-of-the-art of cluster catalysis is critically analyzed. The possibilities offered by molecular metal catalysts of performing catalytic reactions at multimetal atom sites are also discussed.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 22 (1983), S. 440-455 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Initiation ; Addition ; Polymerization ; Alkenes ; C-C coupling ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Spontaneous addition and polymerization reactions of alkenes of different electron-densities result in a wide variety of small organic molecules and high polymers. Tetramethylenes are proposed as key intermediates, i.e. resonance hybrids of 1,4-diradical and zwitterionic limiting structures. Their character is determined by the substituents at the terminals: Zwitterionic character is favored by strong donors, such as alkoxy and dialkylamino groups, at the carbenium center and strong acceptor group such as diesters and cyano-esters, at the acceptor end, and aryl and vinyl groups as donors. Zwitterionic tetramethylenes initiate ionic homopolymerization, while diradical tetramethylenes initiate alternating copolymerization, thus providing an extremely sensitive technique for the detection and characterization of these intermediates. The effects of the donor and acceptor substituents can be arranged as an “Organic Chemist's Periodic Table”, wherein the areas of mechanistic change clearly emerge and which provides predictive capability. - This unifying concept of bondforming initiation is extended to spontaneous addition and polymerization reactions of heteroatom acceptor molecules and 7,7,8,8-tetrasubstituted quinodimethanes and of compounds possessing labile σ-bonds, such as halogens and peroxides. Radical-ion pairs, charge-transfer complexes and adventitious impurities are excluded as significant initiators.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 22 (1983), S. 753-764 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Addition ; Free radicals ; Alkenes ; C-C coupling ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: There are many reactions in which CC bonds are formed by addition of free radicals to alkenes. Information about the mechanism is important for the synthesis of specific target molecules. The rate of addition of alkyl radicals to alkenes is controlled by steric and polar effects. The stabilities of the educts and products are of only limited importance, since the transition states for these exothermic reactions occur very early on the reaction coordinate. Variations in reactivity and selectivity can be described using frontier orbital theory: for nucleophilic radicals the dominant interactions are those between SOMO's and LUMO's, and for electrophilic radicals those between SOMO's and HOMO's. The large differences in the steric effects of α - and β- substituents of alkenes can be explained by postulating an unsymmetrical transition state -  the radical approaches one of the C atoms preferentially. Regioand stereoselectivities can be predicted and are determined, in general, by steric effects.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 22 (1983), S. 897-907 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Rhodium catalysts ; Catalysis ; Enantioselectivity ; Hydrosilylation ; Asymmetric catalysis ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Following a survey of the asymmetric hydrogenation of prochiral olefins with transition metal/phosphane catalysts, the problem of chirality transfer from the optically active ligands of the catalyst to the substrate is discussed. A new concept for this chirality transfer is introduced; the conformational analysis of model compounds as well as the development of catalysts for enantioselective hydrosilylation demonstrate the usefulness of this concept.
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 18 (1982), S. 351-353 
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: HCN ; HCN Oligomers ; Chemical Evolution ; Primitive Earth ; Formaldehyde ; Cyanohydrins ; Catalysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Formaldehyde and other simple carbonyl compounds are known to react rapidly with HCN in aqueous solution to produce the corresponding cyanohydrin compounds. We have observed that these cyanohydrins markedly accelerate the rate of HCN oligomeri-zation, both in homogeneous solution as well as in the frozen state. These results, for which a tentative mechanism is suggested, significantly extend the possible range of conditions for HCN oligomerization on the prebiotic Earth.
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 132 (1982), S. 14-21 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Kraft lignin ; Phanerochaete chrysosporium ; Inocula ; Biodegradation ; Polymerization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Bioalteration of the organic-soluble ether-insoluble fraction of Kraft pine lignin (KL-O) was studied. Various types of inocula ofPhanerochaeta chrysosporium were compared using a standing mode of cultivation under nitrogen limitation. Pellet inoculated and mycelial cultures required a period of about 10 days to become ligninolytically active. When spores were used as inoculum the bioalteration of lignin commenced earlier but the rate was considerably less. The total decrease in absorbance measured amounted to 61% within 20 days after addition of lignin to active mycelial cultures. This corresponded to a reduction of 50% in Klason lignin. Further reduction was possible only when the free lignin was extracted from the culture, purified and mixed with new active cells. Elemental analysis, Klason lignin content, absorptivity coefficient, molecular weight distribution and the presence of saccharides and proteins for free and “cell recovered” lignin were compared with KL-O. Microscopic observation showed the formation of new out-growths in the form of short hyphae appearing concurrently with ligninolytic activity.
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 260 (1982), S. 771-775 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Polymerization ; Acrylonitrile ; Methylmethacrylate ; Peroxydiphosphate-Thioglycollic acid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The kinetics of the aqueous polymerization of acrylonitrile and methyl methacrylate initiated by the peroxydiphosphate-thioglycollic acid redox system was investigated at 40, 45, 50, 55, and 60 °C. The rates of polymerization were measured at different concentrations of oxidant, activator and monomer. From the results, it was concluded that the polymerization reaction is initiated by an organic free radical arising from the peroxydiphosphate-thioglycollic acid system and termination by mutual type. On the basis of experimental observations of the dependence of the rate of polymerization,R p on various variables, a suitable kinetic scheme has been proposed.
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  • 16
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Alkenes ; Gas-solid chromatography ; Ion exchangers ; Alkene separation ; Selectivity ; Specific interactions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The gas chromatographic selectivity of K+, Zn2+, Ag+, Ni2+, and Cd2+ forms of a cation exchange packing have been determined for a set of 44 C2 to C8 alkenes. The retention characteristics of each ion are broken down into electronic (charge-transfer) and steric effects associated with the alkene sub-populations of each carbon number. Almost every pair of alkenes tested can be separated on at least one of these packings. Retention is much stronger on the ion exchangers than on metal-ion containing packings in gas-liquid chromatography, even with shorter columns and higher temperatures.
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 21 (1982), S. 117-130 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Fischer-Tropsch synthesis ; Catalysis ; Cluster compounds ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis counts among the industrial-scale processes having a versatile and broad product range, and has for decades offered the most attractive possibility for the use of coal as a source of heating oil and fuels. This conceivably simple reaction, the catalytic hydrogenation of carbon monoxide, generally leads to simple hydrocarbons as well (i.e. short chain olefins) that have been sought as chemical feedstocks since the oil crisis of the seventies, but fails to provide the large-scale, economic process required, due in large part to the minimal selectivity of traditional Fischer-Tropsch processes. In an effort to solve this problem current research in this sector is concerned not only with the optimization of old and the development of new catalytic systems, but also increasingly with the elucidation of numerous relevant reaction mechanisms. This article will discuss, from the viewpoint of an organometallic chemist, the significance of typical model reactions, both with regard to some fundamental aspects of synthesis gas chemistry, and in comparison with previous views concerning the mechanism of the Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis. The importance of various unique classes of complexes that have been studied in the context of Fischer-Tropsch chemistry is also evaluated with regard to their importance in the synthesis of hydrocarbons from carbon monoxide and hydrogen. It emerges that the primary steps of the reductive oligomerization of carbon monoxide are best described by the carbide/methylene mechanism, as originally proposed by Hans Fischer and Franz Tropsch.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 18
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Electron transfer catalysis ; Electrocatalysis ; Reaction mechanisms ; Catalysis ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The concept of electron transfer catalysis (ETC), or more specifically “Double Activation Induced by Single Electron Transfer” (DAISET) gives an opportunity to connect experimental facts never previously correlated. The first activation results from the transfer of an electron to (or from) a molecular species; the second activation results from the build-up of a reaction chain able to reproduce the species formed in the first step. The starting point of this review is the SRN1 mechanism where principle and experimental diagnostic criteria are critically discussed. The thermal and photochemical exchange and substitution reactions of PtIV complexes are then reviewed together with the exchange reaction [AuCl4]-/Cl-, reactions with Grignard reagents and other organometallic reagents, as well as the redox behavior of electronically excited organic compounds. Photochemical applications, including solar energy conversion are discussed. New aspects are also presented for the mechanistic problem “SN2 reaction or SET process?” Moreover, the concept has significance for SH2 reactions at metal centers, molecule-induced homolyses, reactions of complexes, as well as electrochemical processes.-Unless otherwise specified, only double activation (DAISET) processes will be discussed in this article.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Monatshefte für Chemie 112 (1981), S. 287-292 
    ISSN: 1434-4475
    Keywords: Activation energy ; Kinetics ; Methyl-vinyl ketone ; Polarography ; Polymerization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The homogeneous polymerization of methyl-vinyl ketone in diluted methanol solutions in presence of proton donors is studied using the polarographic method. The effect of the cation of the indifferent electrolyte is investigated as well as the influence of small quantities of H2O. Suggestions were made about the possible mechanisms of these influences in the general scheme of the process proposed byHolleck et al.
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European biophysics journal 7 (1981), S. 195-203 
    ISSN: 1432-1017
    Keywords: Association ; High pressure ; Hydrophobic interactions ; Polymerization ; Tobacco mosaic virus protein
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Tobacco mosaic virus protein in phosphate buffer pH 6.5–7.0 (I=0.1 M) shows endothermic polymerization accompanied by water release of the capsomers. At protein concentrations c ∼ 2 mg/ml the transition temperature is T *=20 ± 1
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Medical & biological engineering & computing 19 (1981), S. 617-626 
    ISSN: 1741-0444
    Keywords: Activated carbon ; Adsorption ; Catalysis ; Competitive adsorption ; Haemoperfusion ; Intraparticle diffusivity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Thein vitro measurement of adsorption isotherms and intraparticle diffusivities for three types of activated carbon and four exogenous and endogenous toxins is described. Complications due to the chemical breakdown of creatinine and paracetamol in the presence of activated carbon are discussed. Three methods are compared for the estimation of intraparticle diffusivity from the kinetic data. The simplest method is also used to reinterpret literature data comparing diffusivity values using plasma or HSA solution as opposed to buffer as the solvent. The adsorption isotherms and intraparticle diffusivities comprise the fundamental data used to validate the mass transfer model of a haemoperfusion column developed in Part 2.
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  • 22
    ISSN: 1434-4475
    Keywords: Arginine ; Catalysis ; Kinetics ; Mechanism ; Oxidation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Oxidation erfolgt sowohl mit als auch ohne Cu(II)-Katalysator in erster Ordnung bezüglich des Oxidationsmittels und des Substrats; inverse Ordnung wird bezüglich der Alkalikonzentration beobachtet. Bis zu einer Cu(II)-Konzentration von≤2×10−5 M ist die Geschwindigkeitskonstante der Katalysatorkonzentration proportional; darüber wird eine konstantbleibende Geschwindigkeit beobachtet, die nun von der Cu(II)-Konzentration unabhängig ist. Neutralsalze haben keinen Effekt auf die Geschwindigkeitskonstante. Es wird für den katalysierten und unkatalysierten Reaktionsablauf ein Mechanismus vorgeschlagen und ein mathematischer Ansatz präsentiert.
    Notes: Abstract The kinetics of uncatalysed and Cu(II) catalysed oxidation of arginine monohydrochloride was investigated. Both reactions follow a singular order dependence each in oxidant and substrate. An inverse order dependence is reported with the alkali concentration. A plot of observed rate constant versus Cu(II) concentrations Cu(II)≤2.0×10−5 M is linear; from the intercept the rate constant for the uncatalysed pathway was calculated. However, at high copper ion concentrations i.e. Cu(II)〉2.0×10−5 M a fixed value of rate constant was found for all catalyst concentrations. Added neutral salts show an insignificant effect on the reaction rate. Mechanisms were proposed for both cases and rate expressions were derived by applying steady state assumptions.
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 16 (1980), S. 279-290 
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Catalysis ; Clay ; Histidyl-histidine ; Oligopeptide ; Protoenzyme ; Autocatalysis ; Prebiotic
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The condensation of glycine to form oligoglycines during wet-dry fluctuations on clay surfaces was enhanced up to threefold or greater by small amounts of histidyl-histidine. In addition, higher relative yields of the longer oligomers were produced. Other specific dipeptides tested gave no enhancement, and imidazole, histidine, and N-acetylhistidine gave only slight enhancements. Histidyl-histidine apparently acts as a true catalyst (in the sense of repeatedly catalyzing the reaction), since up to 52 nmol of additional glycine were incorporated into oligoglycine for each nmol of catalyst added. This is the first known instance of a peptide or similar molecule demonstrating a catalytic turnover number greater than unity in a prebiotic oligomer synthesis reaction, and suggests that histidyl-histidine is a model for a primitive prebiotic protoenzyme. Catalysis of peptide bond synthesis by a molecule which is itself a peptide implies that related systems may be capable of exhibiting autocatalytic growth.
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 125 (1980), S. 233-237 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Laccase ; Thioglycolic acid ; Lignin degradation ; Polymerization ; Coniferyl alcohol ; Catechol ; Fomes annosus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract 1. Thioglycolic acid, a Cu-chelating agent, totally inhibited extracellular laccase activity without affecting growth and morphology of Fomes annosus. 2. In the presence of thioglycolic acid Fomes annosus cleaved high molecular weight lignosulfonate with a molecular weight range of 2×106 to 1000. In the absence of thioglycolic acid the polymerizing activity of laccase prevented the detection of lignosulfonate breakdown products. 3. Oxidative polymerization of a lignin monomer, coniferyl alcohol, occurred in the presence but not in the absence of laccase activity. 4. Catechol and guaiacol added to the medium at a concentration of 2 mmol, are normally oxidized by fungal laccase and strongly inhibit growth. Presence of thioglycolic acid prevented the oxidation of these phenols and simultaneously permitted normal growth.
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  • 25
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Alkenes ; mercuration-demercuration ; methoxyethers ; mass spectrometry ; insect hydrocarbons ; honeybee
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The positions of double bonds in olefins can be readily determined by a sodium borohydride reduction of their methoxymercuration products followed by mass spectrometry. Fragmentation of the methoxy derivative in the mass spectrometer results in cleavage on either side of the methoxy group to give intense fragment ions which are characteristic of each isomer. This simple and convenient microanalytical technique was applied to several synthetic standards and insect derived olefins, including the alkenes from the cuticular lipids of the honeybeeApis mellifera L.
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  • 26
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Enzymatic Peptide Synthesis ; Papain ; Methionine ; Polymerization ; α-Amino Acid Ester ; Peptides ; Sulfoxide ; Sulfone ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Water-insoluble oligomers were synthesized from L-methionine ethyl ester with papain as the catalyst. L-Oligomethionine was obtained in yields of 50% when synthesis was carried out in highly concentrated citrate buffer at pH 5.5. Yields of up to 85% were obtained when the enzymatic synthesis proceeded in distilled water at pH 6.5, the pH being strictly maintained. The insoluble polymer was converted to highly water-soluble sulfoxide and sulfone derivatives, which consist mainly of an octamer with low amounts of heptamer or hexamer. Most of the carboxyl terminals still contained the ethyl ester group, only a minor part being present in the free acid form. The potential of the enzymatic approach for the synthesis of optically pure and monodisperse oligomers of α-amino acids is discussed.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 27
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Stereospecific polymerization ; Polymerization ; Propylene ; History of chemistry ; Tacticity ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: In 1955 Natta and his co-workers from the Istituto di Chimica Industriale del Politecnico di Milano reported the properties of highly crystalline polypropylene and other poly-α-olefins[1] which posses, at least in long sections of the main chain, asymmetric carbon atoms of the same absolute configuration (isotactic poly-α-olefins). The discovery of the new crystalline polymers was judged at that time “revolutionary in its significance”[2] and heralded a new era in polymer science and technology. Indeed, crystalline polypropylene, because of its relatively high melting point and its outstanding mechanical properties, has found very extensive application in the field of plastics films and fibers. - 25 years after this publication, it is worthwhile examining the further developments following this discovery which has had such a great scientific and industrial impact, and the problems which are still open concerning the structure of the catalytic centers and the mechanisms by which practically completely stereoregular polypropylenes are formed.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 28
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 19 (1980), S. 178-183 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Intermediates ; Hydroformylation ; Rhodium catalysts ; Catalysis ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The reaction of olefins with carbon monoxide and hydrogen to give aldehydes is referred to as hydroformylation (oxo reaction). As catalyst for this reaction rhodium is about three to four orders of magnitude more active than the more commonly employed cobalt. With special rhodium compounds, e.g. di-ν-chlorobis(ν-1,5-cyclooctadiene)dirhodium [RhCl(C8H12)]2, in the presence of chiral phosphanes, even asymmetric hydroformylations can be achieved; however, the enantiomeric purity of the products (20-30%) is not high enough for industrial-scale syntheses.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 29
    Electronic Resource
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 19 (1980), S. 362-375 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Trimethylphosphane complexes ; Phosphane ligands ; Homogeneous catalysis ; Catalysis ; Cobalt ; Nickel ; Iron ; P ligands ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: One of the greatest achievements of organometallic chemistry in the last ten years has been the experimental proof that transition metal-to-carbon bonds are thermodynamically about as stable as those between main group elements and carbon. The present contribution demonstrates how simply constituted alkylnickel, -cobalt, and -iron complexes are obtained by means of a kinetic stabilization using suitable neutral ligands and what information these model compounds can provide with respect to the course of processes in homogeneous catalyses.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 30
    Electronic Resource
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 36 (1964), S. 1163-1164 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 31
    Electronic Resource
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 36 (1964), S. 1171-1175 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 32
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 36 (1964), S. 1169-1170 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 33
    Electronic Resource
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 36 (1964) 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 34
    Electronic Resource
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 36 (1964), S. 1254-1256 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 35
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 36 (1964), S. 1272-1275 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 36
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 36 (1964), S. 1253-1254 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 37
    Electronic Resource
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 36 (1964), S. 1264-1272 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 38
    Electronic Resource
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 36 (1964), S. 1276-1285 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 39
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 36 (1964), S. 1315-1319 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 40
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 36 (1964), S. 1348-1348 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 41
    Electronic Resource
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 36 (1964), S. 23-28 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Bei der Zellstoff-Gewinnung aus Holz fallen Ablaugen mit hohem Lignin- und Salzgehalt an. Um diese Chemikalien zurückzugewinnen und die Abwässer möglichst rein zu halten, werden die Ablaugen nach dem Eindüsen mit Druckluft in einem Generator bei etwa 1000°C unter Zusatz von Öl teilweise verbrannt und reduzierend vergast. Die Schmelzen werden wie üblich aufgearbeitet, während die Abgase zur Dampferzeugung ausgenützt werden. Je nach Anordnung des Laugen-Vergasers im Fließschema der Zellstoff-Fabrik ergeben sich wirtschaftliche Vorteile. Als solche bieten sich an: Trennung der Chemikalien-Rückgewinnung von der Energie-Erzeugung, Reinhaltung der Kessel und Überhitzer sowie ein Turbinenbetrieb mit hohen Dampftemperaturen.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 42
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 36 (1964), S. 15-23 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Durch strahlenchemische Prozesse lassen sich endotherme chemische Reaktionen erzwingen, in denen die Strahlenenergie teilweise in chemische Energie umgewandelt wird. Dadurch lassen sich aus einfachen Ausgangsstoffen wertvollere Produkte gewinnen. Als wirtschaftliche Strahlenquellen kommen hierfür nur Kernreaktoren (Chemie-Kernreaktoren) in Frage. Da jedoch nur wenige Prozente der gesamten Reaktorenergie als chemische Energie gebunden werden, muß auch die verbleibende Reaktorenergie genützt werden. Ein Chemie-Kernreaktor wird nur dann wirtschaftlich arbeiten, wenn der Wert des erzeugten chemischen Produktes mit dem Wert der erzeugten Energie mindestens vergleichbar ist.Die unvermeidlichen radioaktiven Verunreinigungen der erzeugten chemischen Verbindungen dürften der großtechnischen Anwendung von Chemie-Kernreaktoren enge Grenzen ziehen.Nach einer Betrachtung der Grundlagen chemonuclearer Prozesse werden die technischen Möglichkeiten und die wirtschaftlichen Aussichten der Synthese von Glykol aus Methanol und von Stickoxyden aus Luft diskutiert.
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  • 43
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 36 (1964), S. 28-35 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Die immer stärkere Bevorzugung der kontinuierlichen Anlagen hat zu einer Umwälzung in der Instandhaltungstechnik mit der Einführung neuer Arbeitsmethoden und Planungstechniken geführt. Hierüber wird zusammenfassend berichtet.
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  • 44
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 36 (1964), S. 148-157 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 45
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 36 (1964), S. 175-185 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Mit mehr als einer Schneckenwelle arbeitende Systeme erweitern den Anwendungsbereich bekannter Einwellen-Schnecken erheblich. Je nach der Geometrie der zusammenarbeitenden Teile sind diese Geräte mehr zur Förderung von Gasen und Flüssigkeiten oder mehr zur thermischen und mechanischen Bearbeitung zäher, plastischer oder gekörnter Güter geeignet. Auf die Schubgeschwindigkeit der Schnecken bezogene Stoffgeschwindigkeiten lassen eine Kennzeichnung und Ordnung typischer Vorgänge zu. Maschinen mit auswechselbaren Arbeitselementen können sehr verschiedenen verfahrenstechnischen Aufgaben angepaßt werden.
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  • 46
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 36 (1964), S. 169-174 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Die Qualität vieler Polymerisate hängt sehr stark von den bei der Polymerisation herrschenden physikalischen Bedingungen ab. Dem Konstrukteur von Polymerisations-kesseln stellt sich deshalb die Aufgabe, die bei der Versuchspolymerisation im Technikum ermittelten Bedingungen möglichst genau in den technischen Maßstab zu übertragen. Es soll hier erläutert werden, welcher Grad an Übereinstimmung zwischen dem kleinen und großen System erzielt werden kann, wenn man dabei die Prinzipien der Ähnlichkeitstheorie verwendet.
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  • 47
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 36 (1964), S. 185-191 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Die Anwendungsmöglichkeiten von Dosierpumpen in der Verfahrenstechnik werden durch Fördermedium, Druck, Temperatur und Fördermenge bestimmt. Das Förderverhalten oszillierender Verdrängerpumpen ist vor allem von der Kompressibilität, der Viscosität und dem Dampfdruck des Fördermediums abhängig. Untersuchungen zur Ermittlung der Dosiergenauigkeit bei verschiedenen Bedingungen zeigen, daß Dosierpumpen bei geeigneter Ausführung und passenden Randbedingungen genau arbeiten. Für die Gewährleistung der Dosiergenauigkeit sind Maßnahmen erforderlich, um den Verschleiß niedrig zu halten. Besondere Anforderungen stellen Entwicklung und Bau von Dosierpumpen für Drucke bis 3000 at.
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  • 48
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Die üblichen Berechnungsvorschriften für die obengenannten Bauteile beruhen teils auf theoretischen Überlegungen, teils auf Erfahrung und Versuchsergebnissen. Tiefere Einblicke in das Festigkeitsverhalten derartiger Teile konnten aber erst gewonnen werden, nachdem es möglich war, mit Hilfe von neueren Meßmethoden, z. B. mit elektrischen Dehnstreifen, die Formänderungen an den kritischen Stellen genügend genau zu erfassen. Durch Versuche wurden bereits vorhandene Berechnungsvorschriften bestätigt oder es konnte deren Ergänzung bzw. Umarbeitung vorgeschlagen werden, wobei eine erhöhte Wirtschaftlichkeit bei genügender Sicherheit erstrebt wurde.
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  • 49
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Die Trägerdampf-Destillation ist zwar der Vakuum-Destillation in wärmetechnischer und zum Teil auch in apparativer Hinsicht unterlegen; dennoch gibt es spezielle Fälle, für die sie besondere Vorteile bietet. So ist es z. B. günstig, nach der Veresterung Dimethylterephthalat mit Methanol als Trägerdampf zu rektifizieren, da dieses ohnehin im Reaktionsprodukt enthalten ist. Auf diesen Prozeß wird nach Erarbeitung der verfahrenstechnischen Grundlagen ausführlich eingegangen.
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  • 50
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Zur Berechnung einer wirtschaftlich optimalen Füllkörperkolonne werden Kostenfunktionen für die verwendeten Materialien, Kühl- und Heizmittel aufgestellt, die dann von einer digitalen, elektronischen Rechenmaschine für verschiedene Rücklaufverhältnisse ausgewertet werden. Dabei werden auch die Zusammenhänge zwischen Überreißgeschwindigkeit, Füllkörperart und Stoffwerten berücksichtigt. Neben Ergebnissen, die der technischen Auslegung der Kolonne dienen, werden die über eine Amortisationsrechnung ermittelten, stündlichen Gesamtkosten als Funktion des Rücklaufverhältnisses tabelliert, deren Minimum das wirtschaftliche Optimum darstellt.
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  • 51
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Wendelförmige Austauschelemente nach Kloß werden zur Vakuumrektifikation benutzt. Zahlreiche Messungen an Betriebskolonnen, die mit diesen Austauschelementen versehen waren, zeigten zwar die gute Trennwirkung der Elemente, ließen aber nur schwer den Einfluß der wesentlichen Betriebsbedingungen auf die Trennwirkung erkennen, da die Betriebsbedingungen und Gemische der untersuchten Kolonnen sehr unterschiedlich waren. In Laboratoriumsversuchen wurde deshalb systematisch der Einfluß untersucht, den die Belastung, der Betriebsdruck und die geometrischen Abmessungen der Austauschwendeln auf die Trennwirkung ausüben. Zugleich konnte der Druckverlust der Austauschelemente bestimmt werden. Als Testgemisch diente n-Hexan/Benzol bei Drucken von 760 und 400 Torr und n-Decan/trans-Dekalin bei Drucken zwischen 5 und 200 Torr. Es werden die Versuchsergebnisse besprochen und Einzelheiten der Versuchsanlage beschrieben.
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  • 52
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 36 (1964), S. 221-227 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Dixon-Ringe sind Füllkörper aus Drahtgewebe. Die Eigenschaften solcher Füllringe beim Rektifizieren werden an Hand von Meßwerten diskutiert. Sodann wird über Erfahrungen bei der Verwendung in technischen Kolonnen berichtet.
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  • 53
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 54
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 36 (1964), S. 241-246 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Um das geeignetste Filtermittel zur Abtrennung von Kalisalzen aus wäßrigen technischen Lösungen mit Trommelzellenfilter zu ermitteln, wurden Filtergewebe in Vorversuchen und im Betrieb erprobt. Ferner wurde der Einfluß verschiedener Betriebsbedingungen auf die Filterleistung untersucht und eine Kostenanalyse aufgestellt.
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  • 55
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Das kleinste Bauvolumen läßt sich bei quer angeströmten Rohrbündeln dann erreichen, wenn in Strömungsrichtung Rohr an Rohr anliegt, wenn also das Längsteilungsverhältnis der Rohre 1 ist. Die hierbei möglichen Anordnungsformen werden besprochen und Ergebnisse für den Strömungswiderstand und den Wärmeübergang mitgeteilt. Am günstigsten verhält sich dabei die kreuzgitterförmige Rohranordnung.
    Additional Material: 27 Ill.
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  • 56
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Bei bindemittellos gepreßten Briketts oder Tabletten wird die Bindung vorwiegend durch van der Waals-Kräfte bestimmt. Adsorptionsschichten beeinflussen die Haftung. Diese beiden Bindemechanismen wurden experimentell untersucht. Als Modellsubstanz diente Schwerspatpulver, das in einer für Hochvakuumversuche eingerichteten 50-t-Unterstempelpresse brikettiert wurde. Bei den drei Versuchsreihen war der Preßdruck dabei in drei Stufen zwischen 2,1 und 5,4 t/cm2 verändert worden. Die Festigkeit der Briketts aus sorptionsfreiem Pulver war am geringsten. Adsorptionsschichten am Aufgabegut erhöhten die Festigkeit. Die Ursachen werden diskutiert. Auf Grund verschiedener Modellbetrachtungen läßt sich ein mittlerer Abstand zwischen den granulatbildenden Teilchen und eine mittlere Haftkraft je Berührungsstelle abschätzen.
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  • 57
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 36 (1964), S. 269-273 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Es wird durch sehr genaue Messungen die Überlegung erhärtet, daß eine exakte Analogie zwischen Wärmeübergang und gleichzeitigem Wärmeß und Stoffübergang im allgemeinen nicht erwartet werden kann. Die üblichen Korrekturfaktoren, durch welche die beiden Transportvorgänge hinsichtlich ihrer Ähnlichkeit ineinander überführt werden sollten, ergeben keine befriedigende Übereinstimmung.
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  • 58
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 36 (1964), S. 261-268 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Es werden im folgenden zwei Probleme aus dem Gebiet der Wärmetauscher mit Phasenänderung behandelt. Das erste Problem betrifft ein hydraulisches Analogieverfahren, das erlaubt, den Einfluß des Druckverlustes der Dampfströmung an den wärmeübertragenden Elementen auf die Wärmeübertragung in einem Kondensator für niedergespannten Dampf zu bestimmen. Sodann wird eine wirtschaftlich interessante Möglichkeit diskutiert, den Irreversibilitätsgrad bei der Wärmeübertragung zu verringern, wobei das Heiz- bzw. Kühlmittel keine Phasenänderung erfährt.
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  • 59
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 36 (1964), S. 273-276 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An den Beispielen der O2-Umsetzung in einer Schicht körniger Aktivkohle und der katalytischen CO-Oxydation an einem Trägerkontakt wird die Erscheinung der „Brennzonen“ erläutert und der Mechanismus ihrer Wanderung analog der Wärmetheorie der Flammenfortpflanzung skizziert. In geeigneten apparativen Anordnungen lassen sich mit exothermen katalytischen Gasreaktionen auch stehende (stationäre) Brennzonen erzeugen. Sie bilden in der Katalysatorschüttung annähernd Halbkugelschalen konstanter Brenngeschwindigkeit, wie man sie auch mit den Brennflächen von Bunsenflammen im Feld einer Potentialströmung erhalten kann. Ähnlich wie umgekehrte Flammenkegel können innerhalb bestimmter Stabilitätsbereiche auch „umgekehrte“ Brennzonen erzeugt werden.  -  Auf Möglichkeiten zur Anwendung stationärer Brennzonen für spezielle Umsetzungen wird hingewiesen.
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  • 60
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Nicht-Newtonsche Flüssigkeiten, für die die Fließkurve, d. h. der Zusammenhang zwischen Schubspannung und Deformationsgeschwindigkeit ausreichende Informationen über das Verhalten in technischen Apparaten liefert, werden vielfach gleichzeitig durch mehrere, in den Voraussetzungen grundverschiedene Gleichungen beschrieben. Die Verbreitung von Forschungsergebnissen und deren Beachtung bei der Konstruktion verfahrenstechnischer Anlagen scheinen hierdurch im großen Maße fraglich; eine einheitliche Darstellung ist dringend erwünscht. Die bekanntesten Gesetzmäßigkeiten zur Beschreibung strukturviscosen Verhaltens beispielsweise sind das Potenzgesetz von Ostwald und de Waele, die Prandtl-Eyring-Beziehung und die von Oldroyd entwickelten Gleichungen. Eine Diskussion der Vor- und Nachteile dieser Beziehungen zeigt, daß zumindest für die Technologie nicht-Newtonscher Flüssigkeiten das sinh-Gesetz von Prandtl und Eyring das Optimum darstellt.
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  • 61
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 36 (1964), S. 303-309 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 62
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Es wird ein Überblick gegeben über den heutigen Stand unserer Kenntnisse über die Stabilität von Flüssigkeitsfilmen, Blasen und Tropfen unter dem Einfluß des Stofftransportes durch die Grenzfläche. Insbesondere werden die quantitativen Effekte auf Stoff- und Wärmeaustausch und auf die Koaleszenz von Tropfen besprochen; dabei wird auch ihre Bedeutung für die Praxis angegeben.
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  • 63
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 36 (1964), S. 283-290 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Es wird der üblichen Helmholtz-Gouyschen Theorie der Elektrokinetik die Theorie der Aufladung schlecht leitender Flüssigkeiten in turbulenter Strömung gegenübergestellt. Bei den schlecht leitenden Flüssigkeiten verteilt sich die freie Ladung über den ganzen Rohrquerschnitt, und die Aufladung wird verursacht durch einen Diffusionsmechanismus der Ionen durch die Grenzschicht. Die diesbezügliche Rechnung ist eine Vereinfachung der von Koszman und Gavis gegebenen. Praktische Folgerungen, um bei schlecht leitenden Flüssigkeiten die statische Elektrizität zu beseitigen, werden besprochen.
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  • 64
    ISSN: 0009-286X
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In die Formel zur Beurteilung der Mischgüte gehen u. a. die mittleren Korngewichte γ der Mischungskomponenten und ihre Standardabweichungen σ (bzw. ihre Variationszahlen C) ein. Es wird gezeigt, wie man diese (auf die Kornzahl bezogenen) Parameter aus den Siebdurchgangslinien der Komponenten findet. Für solche Siebdurchgangslinien, die im Rosin-Rammler-Netz durch gerade Linien angenähert werden können, gewinnt man die genannten Parameter aus vorausberechneten Nomogrammen.
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  • 65
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 36 (1964), S. 310-313 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 66
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 36 (1964), S. 314-316 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 67
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 36 (1964), S. 316-316 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 68
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 36 (1964), S. 321-324 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 69
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 36 (1964), S. 325-330 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Verschiedene Bauformen von Wasch- und Säuretürmen mit tragender Ummantelung oder vollkeramischer Wandung werden behandelt. Die Aufteilung des Wascherraumes durch waagerechte und senkrechte Einbauten, die Ausführung von Tragwerken für die Füllkörpersäule und die Abschlußdecken werden erörtert. Schadensfälle und Betriebserfahrungen haben gezeigt, welche Gesichtspunkte beim Bau der Türme zu beachten sind.
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  • 70
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 36 (1964), S. 330-338 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Säurebau-Mauerwerke werden in zahlreichen Zweigen der chemischen Industrie verwendet. Um eine möglichst hohe Lebensdauer einer säurefesten Ausmauerung zu erreichen, muß man die Eigenschaften der verwendbaren Materialien, insbesondere die chemische Beständigkeit, kennen. Die Methoden zur Prüfung der Baustoffe werden beschrieben und kritisch verglichen. Zerstörungsfreie Prüfverfahren gewinnen an Bedeutung. Die Anwendungstechnik hat die Aufgabe, die technischen Probleme des Säureschutzbaues zu lösen.
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  • 71
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 36 (1964), S. 343-346 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Die zahlreichen Bautypen für Chemie-Öfen sind durch die Art der chemischen Prozesse bedingt, die in diesen durchgeführt werden. Es werden Richtlinien für die Ausbildung und den Bau der Öfen, die Werkstoffauswahl für Gehäuse und Ausmauerung sowie den Betrieb der Öfen aufgezeigt.
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  • 72
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 36 (1964), S. 339-343 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In ausgemauerten stählernen Behältern, die durch höhere Temperatur und Druck beansprucht werden, entstehen infolge der verschiedenen Ausdehnungskoeffizienten der verwendeten Werkstoffe oft schädliche Spannungen, die unter ungünstigen Bedingungen zur Zerstörung des Behälters führen. Durch richtige Wahl der Werkstoffe bezüglich ihrer Wärmeleitfähigkeit, Wärmeausdehnung und Elastizität sowie günstige Formgebung und entsprechende Wanddicke lassen sich Schäden weitgehend vermeiden. vor allem, wenn man die Apparate nicht raschem Temperaturwechsel oder einseitigen Beanspruchungen aussetzt.
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  • 73
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 36 (1964), S. 347-354 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Zeitweise heißgehende Säureschornsteine müssen nicht nur chemisch resistent sein, sondern auch wechselnde Temperaturbeanspruchungen ertragen können; sie müssen bei großer Bauhöhe ohne Minderung der Sicherheit hohen statischen Beanspruchungen genügen. Je nach der Bauweise und den verwendeten Baustoffen sowei der Ausbildung der Bauelemente (Schaft, Kopf, Innenrohr) kann den Anforderungen genügt werden.
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  • 74
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 36 (1964), S. 354-362 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Kanäle für häusliche und industrielle Abwässer sind chemischen, physikalischen und statischen Einflüssen ausgesetzt. Je nach den verwendeten Werkstoffen wird diesen Bedingungen in verschiedenem Maße genügt. In den letzten Jahren werden immer mehr Rohre und Kanäle aus Kunststoffen verlegt oder Betonrohre mit Kunststoffen beschichtet. Die besten Verhältnisse dürften wohl Kombinationen von Kunststoffen mit herkömmlichen Baustoffen schaffen, wobei auch der Fugendichtung wesentliche Beachtung geschenkt werden muß.
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  • 75
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 36 (1964), S. 363-366 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Plötzliche einseitige Temperaturänderungen an einseitig emaillierten Grobblechen aus Stahl verursachen ein Temperaturgefälle über den Querschnitt des emaillierten Blechs. Dadurch entstehen in der Email-Schicht Zug- oder Druckbeanspruchungen. Es hängt von der Richtung des Temperaturgefälles ab, ob die für die Emaillierung gefährlichen Zugbeanspruchungen oder ungefährliche Druckbeanspruchungen auftreten. Druck im Innenkessel oder im Doppelmantel emaillierter Autoklaven kann die durch einen plötzlichen Temperaturwechsel erzeugten Spannungen vergrößern oder vermindern. Aus diesen Erkenntnissen wurden Folgerungen für den praktischen Betrieb emaillierter Apparate gezogen.
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  • 76
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 36 (1964), S. 371-377 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Die Anwendungstechnische Abteilung der BASF für Farbstoffe sowie Hilfs- und Veredelungsmittel für die Textil-, Leder- und Pelz-, Druckfarben-, Lack-, Zellstoff- und Papierindustrie wurde in einem neuerrichteten Gebäudekomplex zusammengefaßt. Bei der Planung standen Gesichtspunkte für eine leichte Anpassung der Laboratorien und Technika an das Produktionsprogramm im Vordergrund.  -  Aufbau und Einrichtungen der neuen Abteilung werden beschrieben.
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  • 77
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 36 (1964), S. 408-410 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 36 (1964), S. 411-414 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 36 (1964), S. 414-416 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 36 (1964) 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 81
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 36 (1964), S. 1179-1181 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 36 (1964), S. 1187-1207 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 25 Ill.
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 36 (1964), S. 1219-1223 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 36 (1964), S. 1208-1218 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 36 (1964), S. 1232-1235 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 36 (1964), S. 1243-1248 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 36 (1964), S. 1285-1292 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 36 (1964), S. 1309-1315 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 36 (1964), S. 1325-1328 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 36 (1964), S. 1339-1342 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 36 (1964), S. 1344-1344 
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 36 (1964), S. 1343-1343 
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 36 (1964), S. 1345-1348 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 36 (1964) 
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  • 95
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    Notes: Es wird ein neues Verfahren zur Trennung von Stoffgemischen durch multiplikatives Verteilen beschrieben, das durch laufende Gemischzugabe und Stoffaustausch bei Gegeneinanderführung endlicher Mengen der einen und infinitesimaler Mengen der anderen Phase gekennzeichnet ist. Die inneren Zusammenhänge der Wirkungsweise der alten Verteilungsverfahren und des neuen, sowie ihre Beziehungen zueinander werden entwickelt. In diesem Zusammenhang wird der Versuch gemacht, zur Klärung der verworrenen Situation bei der Begriffsbildung auf diesem Gebiet durch schäriere Definitionen beizutragen. In zwei Schlußkapiteln werden kurz die Phasenumkehr und die „Verdrängungsverteilung“, ein weiteres neues Verteilungsverfahren, behandelt.
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    Notes: Es wird gezeigt, daß durch Zusatz verschiedener Legierungselemente in wechselnden Mengen zu Chrom- und Chrom-Nickel-Stählen die verschiedenen Korrosionsarten spezifisch beeinflußt werden; dabei wird unterteilt in eine gleichmäßig abtragende, eine selektive sowie eine Lochfraß und Spannungsrisse erzeugende Korrosion. Der Aufsatz versucht einen Überblick zu geben, in dem er vom allgemein bekannten bis zu dem neuesten Stand führt.
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 36 (1964), S. 157-160 
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 36 (1964), S. 165-167 
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 36 (1964), S. 163-165 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 36 (1964) 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
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