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  • 2000-2004  (9)
  • 1955-1959  (4)
  • 1890-1899
  • genetic engineering
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Engineering the Escherichia coli outer membrane protein OmpC for metal bioadsorption (2000)
    Springer
    Biotechnology letters 22 (2000), S. 623-629 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6776
    Keywords: Escherichia coli ; genetic engineering ; metal-binding ; OmpC ; protein engineering
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract The outer membrane protein, OmpC, from Escherichia coli was used to display metal-binding poly-histidine peptides on the surface of this bacterium. SDS-PAGE analysis of outer membrane protein preparations confirmed the expression of the metal-binding epitopes inserted in position 162 of the mature OmpC protein. Display of these epitopes was confirmed by epifluorescence microscopy of cells bound to Ni2+-NTA-agarose beads and metal adsorption experiments. The cells harboring one or two copies of the metal binding epitope were able to adsorb 3 to 6 times more Zn2+ (13.8 μmol g−1 cell), Fe3+ (35.3 μmol g−1 cell), and Ni2+ (9.9 μmol g−1 cell) metallic ions than control cells expressing the wild-type OmpC.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005637920766
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cadmium, lead, and zinc removal by expression of the thiosulfate reductase gene from Salmonella typhimurium in Escherichia coli (2000)
    Springer
    Biotechnology letters 22 (2000), S. 1331-1335 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6776
    Keywords: bioremediation ; genetic engineering ; heavy metal ; hydrogen sulfide ; thiosulfate reductase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract The thiosulfate reductase gene (phsABC) from Salmonella typhimuriumwas expressed in Escherichia coliin order to produce sulfide from inorganic thiosulfate and precipitate metals as metal sulfide complexes. The sulfide-engineered strain removed significant amounts of heavy metals from the medium within 24 h: 99% of zinc up to 500 μM, 99% of lead up to 200 μM, 99% of 100 μM and 91% of 200 μM cadmium. In a mixture of 100 μM each of cadmium, lead, and zinc, the strain removed 99% of the total metals from solution within 10 h. Cadmium was removed first, lead second, and zinc last. These results have important implications for removal of metals from wastewater contaminated with several metals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005611331948
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Labeling Products of Biotechnology: Towards Communication and Consent (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of agricultural and environmental ethics 12 (2000), S. 319-330 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-322X
    Keywords: biotechnology ; consumer sovereignty ; genetic engineering ; informed consent ; product labeling ; risk communication
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract Recently, both consumers and producers ofbiotechnology products have insisted thatcommunication between the two be improved. The formerdemand more democratic participation in the riskassessment process of biotechnology products. Thelatter seek to correct misinformation regardingalleged risks from these products. One way to resolvethese concerns, I argue, is through the use ofbiotechnology labels. Such labeling fosters consumerautonomy and moves toward more participatory decisionmaking, in addition to ensuring that informed consentfrom consumers is maintained. Furthermore, althoughvoluntary biotech-free labeling in lieu of biotechlabels may uphold consumer sovereignty, the latterremains a more effective strategy for achievingethical communication between consumers and producersof biotechnology products.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009551131536
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetic Engineering and the Dignity of Creatures (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of agricultural and environmental ethics 13 (2000), S. 43-51 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-322X
    Keywords: genetic engineering ; inherent value ; moral obligation ; Swiss constitution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract The Swiss expert report suggests thatthe inherent dignity of a living being be identifiedwith its inherent value. But the phrase ``inherentvalue of a living being'' seems to connote two conceptsof inherent value. One has a morally obligatingcharacter but is counterintuitive because of itsegalitarianism. The other is one of non-moral value.It is more compatible with considered intuitions butinsufficient for substantiating the expert report'sclaim that human beings have moral duties towardsanimals and plants. The paper discusses theseconcepts. Consideration is then given to the problemof how discursive support can be generated for theexpert report's claim that human beings have the moralduty to abstain from impairing those functions andabilities of a non‐uman being that members of itsspecies as a rule can practice.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009503412364
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Two Concepts of Dignity for Humans and Non-Human Organisms in the Context of Genetic Engineering (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of agricultural and environmental ethics 13 (2000), S. 7-27 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-322X
    Keywords: dignity ; Swiss Constitution ; nonhuman inherent value ; genetic engineering
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract The 1992 incorporation of an article by referendum in the SwissConstitution mandating that the federal government issue regulations onthe use of genetic material that take into account the dignity ofnonhuman organism raises philosophical questions about how we shouldunderstand what is meant by ``the dignity of nonhuman animals,'' andabout what sort of moral demands arise from recognizing this dignitywith respect to their genetic engineering. The first step in determiningwhat is meant is to clarify the difference between dignity when appliedto humans and when applied to nonhumans. Several conceptions of humandignity should be rejected in favor of a fourth conception: the rightnot to be degraded. This right implies that those who have it have thecognitive capacities that are prerequisite for self-respect. In the caseof nonhuman organisms that lack this capacity, respecting their dignityrequires the recognition that their inherent value, which is tied totheir abilities to pursue their own good, be respected. This value isnot absolute, as it is in the case of humans, so it does not prohibitbreeding manipulations that make organisms more useful to humans. But itdoes restrict morally how sentient animals can be used. In regard togenetic engineering, this conception requires that animals be allowedthe uninhibited development of species specific functions, a positionshared by Holland and Attfield, as opposed to the Original Purposeconception proposed by Fox and the Integrity of the Genetic Make-upposition proposed by Rolston. The inherent value conception of dignity,as here defended, is what is meant in the Swiss Constitution article.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009536230634
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetic Engineering in Agriculture: Who Stands to Benefit? (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of agricultural and environmental ethics 13 (2000), S. 313-327 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-322X
    Keywords: Agri-biotech companies ; agriculture ; biotechnology ; existing technologies ; farmers ; farm crisis ; genetic engineering ; hunger ; poverty ; productivity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract The use of genetic engineering inagriculture has been the source of much debate. Todate, arguments have focused most strongly on thepotential human health risks, the flow of geneticmaterial to related species, and ecologicalconsequences. Little attention appears to have beengiven to a more fundamental concern, namely, who willbe the beneficiaries of this technology? Given the prevalence of chronic hunger and thestark economics of farming, it is arguable thatfarmers and the hungry should be the mainbeneficiaries of agricultural research. However, theapplication of genetic engineering appears unlikely tobenefit either of these two groups. This technology islargely controlled by the private sector, and itscontinued development hinges on its profitability.Thus, the only likely beneficiaries of the applicationof genetic engineering in agriculture are companieswith the capacity to use it.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009551609832
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Environmental Risks of Pesticides Versus Genetic Engineering for Agricultural Pest Control (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of agricultural and environmental ethics 12 (2000), S. 279-303 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-322X
    Keywords: environment ; genetic engineering ; biotechnology ; pesticides ; agriculture ; pest control ; risks
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract Despite the application of 2.5 million tons ofpesticides worldwide, more than 40% of all potentialfood production is lost to insect, weed, and plantpathogen pests prior to harvest. After harvest, anadditional 20% of food is lost to another group ofpests. The use of pesticides for pest control resultsin an estimated 26 million human poisonings, with220,000 fatalities, annually worldwide. In the UnitedStates, the environmental and public health costs forthe recommended use of pesticides total approximately$9 billion/yr. Thus, there is a need for alternativenon-chemical pest controls, and genetic engineering(biotechnology) might help with this need. Diseaseand insect pest resistance to various pests has beenslowly bred into crops for the past 12,000 years;current techniques in biotechnology now offeropportunities to further and more rapidly improve thenon-chemical control of disease and insect pests ofcrops. However, relying on a single factor, like theBacillus thuringiensis toxin that has beeninserted into corn and a few other crops for insectcontrol, leads to various environmental problems,including insect resistance and, in some cases, athreat to beneficial biological control insects andendangered insect species. A major environmental andeconomic cost associated with genetic engineeringapplications in agriculture relates to the use ofherbicide resistant crops (HRC). In general, HRCtechnology results in increased herbicide use but noincrease in crop yields. The heavy use of herbicidesin HRC technology pollutes the environment and canlead to weed control costs for farmers that may be2-fold greater than standard weed control costs. Therefore, pest control with both pesticides andbiotechnology can be improved for effective, safe,economical pest control.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009571131089
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Human Dignity and the Dignity of Creatures (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of agricultural and environmental ethics 13 (2000), S. 29-42 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-322X
    Keywords: dignity of creatures ; genetic engineering ; human dignity ; inherent value ; Swiss Constitution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract In their report for the Swiss government onthe notion of the dignity of creatures, PhilippBalzer, Klaus-Peter Rippe, and Peter Schaber analyzethe relationship between human dignity and the dignityof creatures, taking them as two categoricallydifferent concepts. Human dignity is defined as the``moral right not to be humiliated,'' whereas thedignity of creatures is taken to be ``the inherentvalue of non‐human living beings.'' To my mind there isno need to draw a categorical distinction between thetwo concepts. Both notions could be brought togetherunder an all-encompassing concept of the inherentvalue of living beings, humans and non-humans alike,a concept one could name ``the dignity of livingbeings.'' Indeed, this very notion underlies theposition taken in the report, although this is notmade explicit by the authors themselves. As the aim of the paper is only to clarify theconcepts used, I do not go beyond this ``internal''critique of their position, i.e., I don't assess howthe claims articulated via these concepts – theclaim that humans and/or creatures have an inherentvalue consisting in a supposed intrinsic good – areto be justified, although I myself would be ratherskeptical that this might be successfully done.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009535129202
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ethical Judgements in Genetic Engineering: The Implications for Technology Education (2000)
    Springer
    International journal of technology and design education 10 (2000), S. 239-254 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1804
    Keywords: contexts ; critical reflection ; environment ; ethics ; genetic engineering ; impacts ; values
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Art History , Education , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Design and technology education aims to prepare young people for living in a rapidly changing technological society which will involve them in making many value judgements, some with complex ethical dimensions. Key aspects of the ethical judgements in relation to genetic engineering are examined: the hidden assumptions, the inevitable unpredictability when dealing with living processes highly interactive with the surroundings, the commercial and political pressures, and the underlying `world-views' and values. It is argued that responsible judgements therefore require wide consultation, sensitivity to social, cultural and moral issues, acknowledgement of the political and economic context, and above all, critical reflection on the beliefs and commitments that are shaping the vision and the drive. Teaching and learning strategies are needed that highlight the social and environmental context of technological activity, that encourage pupils to consider what determines the quality of their own lives and those of others, and that stimulates reflection on the values and beliefs which influence the priorities when value judgements are being made.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008964405014
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetic manipulation in plant breeding — prospects and limitations (1955)
    Springer
    Euphytica 85 (1955), S. 1-12 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: genetic engineering ; gene targets ; mapping ; markers ; transformation ; QTLs
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023925
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetic engineering of Indica rice in support of sustained production of affordable and high quality food in developing countries (1955)
    Springer
    Euphytica 85 (1955), S. 441-449 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; Indica-type rice ; genetic engineering ; vitamin A endosperm ; insect resistance ; virus resistance ; fungus resistance ; essential amino acids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Indica-type rice provides the staple food for two billion people in Third World countries. Several problems involved in the stable and sustained production of high quality food cannot be solved by traditional breeding. Methods have been established for gene transfer to Indica rice breeding lines to study possible contributions from genetic engineering. Experiments are in progress on the development of transgenic resistance towards Yellow Stem Borer, resistance towards Rice Tungro Virus, accumulation of provitamin A in the endosperm, increase of essential amino acids in the endosperm such as lysine, cysteine and methionine and resistance towards fungal pests such as Rice Blast and Sheath Blight. Transgenic clones from Indica rice breeding lines have been recovered from several of the approaches mentioned, some of which have been regenerated to plants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023978
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Potato germplasm enhancement for resistance to biotic stresses at CIP. Conventional and biotechnology-assisted approaches using a wide range of Solanum species (1955)
    Springer
    Euphytica 85 (1955), S. 457-464 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: genetic engineering ; introgression ; molecular markers ; potatoes ; resistances ; Solanum ; technology mansfer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Potato genetic improvement has been facilitated using new knowledge of potato reproductive biology and new techniques. Many wild diploid species as well as landrace cultivars have been used in breeding at the diploid level, a strategy which is supported by 1) 2n gametes and 2) haploids from tetraploid cultivars. Different categories of wild species which have been under-utilized are now being exploited further in more systematic enhancement programmes using semi-conventional and biotechnological methods. Molecular maps of the potato genome are used actively to achieve marker-assisted introgression and improved selection among the germplasm collections to facilitate the use of valuable wild genetic resources. As an alternative method to incorporate a high level of fesistance, genetic engineering has been employed to facilitate the initial breeding process using various gene constructs for controlling major biotic stresses in the world.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023980
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The application of chemical mutagenesis and biotechnology to the modification of linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) (1955)
    Springer
    Euphytica 85 (1955), S. 317-321 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Linum usitatissimum ; linseed ; mutation breeding ; somaclonal variation ; fatty acids ; genetic engineering
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary In the early 1980s the phenomenon of somaclonal variation induced by cell culture was exploited to produce genetic variation in linseed. The linseed variety Andro, derived from the widely grown Canadian variety McGregor, was selected in saline culture and was released for production in Canada. ‘Andro’ possesses traits very different from its parent, such as increased seedling vigour and tolerance to heat stress. Additional stable somaclonal variation in characters such as yield, days to maturity, seed weight and oil content were subsequently induced in ‘McGregor’. However, despite extensive screening of the somaclonal variants, no significant variation in the fatty acid profile was found. Chemical mutagenesis using ethyl methanesulphonate was, however, succesful in modifying the fatty acid profile of McGregor. Initial screening of M2 seed by the thiobarbituric acid colourimetric procedure was followed by gas chromatography to select half-seeds with atypical fatty acid profiles. Two independent, partially dominant genes were identified that were responsible for reducing the linolenic acid (18 : 3) from 50% to 2% while increasing linoleic acid (18 : 2) to 70%. A single, partially dominant gene, inherited independently of the linolenic acid genes, increased palmitic acid (16 : 0) from 7% to 30% and palmitoleic acid (16 : 1) from trace amounts to 4%. Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of linseed has also been successful. Herbicide tolerance genes for glyphosate, sulfonylurea and phosphinothricin have been incorporated into Canadian varieties. Commercially useful levels of tolerance to sulfonylurea herbicides have been achieved with no adverse agronomic affect. It is expected that a transgenic variety containing this resistance will be registered for commercial production in Canada in 1994. Standard breeding techniques, the application of antisense technology and the overexpression of fatty acid synthesis genes are being used to further modify the fatty acid profile of linseed, as well as for the transfer of abiotic stress-related genes identified in bromegrass.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023961
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