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  • 1970-1974  (362)
  • 1971  (362)
  • Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy  (300)
  • Engineering General  (62)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 575-586 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A quadratic thick shell element derived from a three-dimensional isoparametric element was first introduced by Ahmad and co-workers in 1968. This element was noted, however, to be relatively inefficient in representing bending deformations in thin shell or thin plate applications. The present paper outlines a selective integration scheme for evaluating the stiffness matrix of the element, in which each component of the strain energy is evaluated separately using a different Gaussian integration grid for each contribution. By this procedure, the excessive bending stiffness of the element, which results from the use of me quadratic interpolation functions, is avoided.The improved performance of this element, as compared with the original thick shell element, is demonstrated by analyses of a variety of thin and thick shell problems. Editors' note: A similar development was outlined by O. C. Zienkiewicz and co-workers in lnt. J. num. Meth. Engng, 3, 275-290 (1971). Some important details differ between the two papers which are thus complementary.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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  • 2
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 591-591 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 591-592 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971) 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 1-2 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 3-3 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 7
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 5-11 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: It has long been recognized that permeability, compressibility and viscosity vary during the consolidation of soil. However, the introduction of these variations into consolidation theory leads to formidable difficulties due to their rendering the equations highly non-linear. Numerical methods are given herein which enable the governing equation to be solved for a variety of different non-linear laws.
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  • 8
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 13-24 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The simultaneous iteration method of obtaining eigenvalues and eigenvectors is employed for the solution of undamped vibration problems. This method is of significance when a few of the dominant eigenvalues and eigenvectors are required from a large matrix, and hence is particularly suitable for vibration problems involving a large number of degrees of freedom. It is shown that advantage may be taken of both the symmetry and the band form of the mass and stiffness matrices, thus making it feasible to process on a computer larger order vibration problems than can be processed using transformation methods. A method of allowing for body freedom is given and some numerical tests are discussed.
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  • 9
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 25-33 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The general eigenvalue problem Ax = λBx as arising from vibration problems tackled by the finite element method is often solved by the economization method in which the two matrices are reduced to a more manageable size and approximate answers are obtained.This paper analyses the method in a more mathematical way than previous accounts and leads to a definition of the optimum set of variables to be retained during the reduction. An extension to the method is suggested which allows the approximate eigenvalue to be improved and bounds are obtained on the eigenvalues of the full problem before reduction.An estimate is made of the calculation involved in the method and it is concluded, by reference to examples, that the extended method leads to a more efficient algorithm.
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  • 10
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 35-43 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A technique is described for solving the compressible flow equations in subsonic flow. The general quasi-linear equation ∇.g∇v = 0 is considered with g a function of ∇v. ∇v, and iterations of the form ∇.gn∇vn+1 = 0 are analysed, where g0 is suitably chosen and gn defined from vn for n≥1. This approach is applied to the compressible flow equations in terms of a velocity potential ø: monotonic convergence is predicted and at each iteration the error is multiplied by a factor less than the square of the greatest Mach number in the solution.Reliable convergence has been obtained in practice solving the linear equation for øn+1 by a finite difference method. The alternative of working in terms of the stream function ψ is discussed, and also discretization by the finite element method.
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  • 11
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 53-61 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A solution is presented for the computation of the transient thermoelastic stresses in a hollow cylinder with temperature boundary conditions given as a circumferential variation of surface heat transfer coefficient. The temperature distribution is solved explicitly. The problem is set up using the Airy stress function which leads to the biharmonic equation. This approach requires the satisfaction of three Michell integrals at the inner boundary in order to ensure single-valued displacements and rotation. An iterative method is described in which these integrals are all simultaneously satisfied and thus provide the necessary non-zero boundary conditions for the solution of the biharmonic equation which is rapidly solved by Gaussian elimination. Results are presented for the general case where the temperature is a function of r and θ. The computer program is checked by assuming a constant value of the surface heat transfer coefficients. In this case a closed form solution is obtained.
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  • 12
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 103-117 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The application of the finite element rank force method for the dynamic analysis of redundant structures is presented. The applied loading consists of discrete and distributed loads. Both forced and free vibrations are considered, the latter yielding latent vectors corresponding to dynamic redundancies.It is shown that the dynamic properties of an element are given by a static flexibility matrix, an inverse mass matrix, a damping parameter and a displacement vector representing the effect of the applied distributed loading.
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  • 13
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 119-129 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A stiffness matrix for a finite element having the planform of an annular segment is derived using the displacement approach. Numerical problems involved in the derivation are discussed and rapid convergence to exact solutions is demonstrated on three sample problems. It is concluded that the new element will be of great value to engineers concerned with the analysis of slabs of bridge decks curved in plan.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 14
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 145-147 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The Dynamic Relaxation (DR) method of solving a set of simultaneous linear equations requires an estimate of the spectral radius of the matrix. Dividing each equation by the corresponding row sum of moduli of the elements of the matrix gives a convenient upper bound of unity to this. This note shows that the DR method then gives a faster asymptotic rate of the convergence than the degenerate Chebyshev method which it closely resembles.
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  • 15
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 149-149 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 16
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 151-151 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 17
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 155-160 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The conventional central finite difference equations for the plane stress extension of flat plates are derived as a localized Ritz process. A dual differential-variational discretization of this type enables common classification of the finite difference and finite element methods. Also, it provides alternative methods of establishing sufficiency conditions and relative rates of convergence for discrete systems derived from a localized Ritz process, and the existence of solution bounds for discrete systems derived using difference procedures.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 18
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 161-179 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper is concerned with the development of consistent discrete models, via the concept of finite elements, of linear and non-linear electrothermomechanical behaviour of continuous bodies. In the development, general energy balances are utilized to derive equations governing electromagnetic fields over an element and coupled equations of motion and heat conduction of a typical element of the continuum. These equations make it possible to study a general class of field problems involving arbitrary geometries and boundary conditions. Sample problems are included.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 19
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 199-213 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The numerical solution of the biharmonic equation in a rectangular domain is presented in the context of continuous dynamic programming techniques. The equations are specialized to the solution of elastic rectangular plates. A suitable approximate expression of a certain functional equation containing derivatives only in one direction is used to derive equations for the stiffness and flexibility matrices of the plate. It is shown that those matrices satisfy matrix Riccati equations subject to suitable initial conditions. It is also shown that the condition of optimality in the Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman equation directly expresses a classical variational principle, i.e. the principle of complementary energy. Some numerical examples are finally presented.
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  • 20
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 181-198 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The dynamic finite element technique, which is referred to in the literature as ‘computer-analysis’, is applied to wave propagation problems occurring in finite and semi-infinite linearly elastic membranes of revolution. Both semi-infinite and finite versions of cylindrical and conical membranes are considered, and a finite membrane having a meridional curve which is parabolic is solved. The source of excitation is generally a constant velocity motion of one end of the membranes, but the results for a stress-pulse input at one end of a semi-infinite cylindrical membrane are also given. The results for the finite membranes are new, and the results for the semi-infinite problems are discussed with respect to previously published results. The two-dimensional state of stress in the membrane requires careful ordering of the calculations, and the boundary conditions for finite membranes are shown to follow logically from this ordering of the calculations. The difference in the solutions resulting from prescribing an axial or a tangential velocity excitation at the end of a conical membrane is presented, and the mesh size necessary for convergence to the solution is indicated. The graphs of the results clearly indicate regions in space and time where the membrane model should be replaced by the shell formulation to represent a realistic structure. The technique is shown to be self-contained and independent of any formal method such as the method of characteristics.
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
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  • 21
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 215-232 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The paper presents an analysis of the response of plastic spherical and cylindrical shells subjected to loads applied through a rigid boss. Special emphasis is placed on following the load-deflection behaviour of these structures after the application of the yield-point load in order to predict the appearance of any snapping action.The method of analysis assumes that upper bound calculations are applicable and that the associated velocity fields can be represented by a series of piecewise continuous polynomials. The internal dissipation of energy for the structures are then written in terms of the coefficients of these polynomials and the values appropriate to the solution are found by using a non-linear programming routine.The results of this analysis are correlated with a non-dimensional boss size parameter p and compared with the results of experimental investigations. Mention is also made of the possible effects of initial imperfections.
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  • 22
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 233-248 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A finite element technique is used to determine the natural frequencies and the mode shapes of a cantilever plate mounted on the periphery of a rotating disc. The plane of the plate is assumed to make any arbitrary angle with the plane of rotation of the disc. The distributed centrifugal force is resolved into two components - one acting in the plane of the plate and the other normal to the plate. The stresses produced in the middle surface of the plate due to the in-plane forces are first determined. The increase in the bending stiffness of the plate elements due to these in-plane stresses is obtained in a manner similar to that used in the stability analysis of plates. The component of the distributed centrifugal force normal to the plate surface is added to the inertia force.From the results of computations carried out for various values of the aspect ratio, the speed of rotation, the disc radius and the setting angle, empirical formulae are derived giving the effect of these parameters on the natural frequencies. These empirical formulae are observed to be in agreement with the corresponding known formulae for rotating cantilever beams, when the aspect ratio is high.
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  • 23
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 249-259 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper describes a search procedure for finding the unconstrained maximum or minimum of a function of many independent variables. If this function represents the volume, cost, stiffness, etc. of a structure and each of the independent variables is associated with a parameter governing the geometry of the structure then designs of optimum geometry may be made in certain cases with the assistance of this search procedure. The procedure consists of steepest gradient calculations used in conjunction with a reverse Fibonacci location process. A ridge-following technique is included to speed convergence in addition to localized exploration in the region of an optimum.The search procedure has been programmed for computer use and an outline of its structural design applications is presented together with an example of its efficiency in a specific case.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 24
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 261-273 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A study of bending of plates for small deformations by applying the finite element method is presented in this paper.A new class of displacement functions has been developed for rectangular bending elements. For the first time a method is proposed for the derivation of displacement functions in which trigonometric expressions that had apparently failed to yield satisfactory results in earlier attempts can be used along with polynomial terms.The derivation leads to conforming type of displacement functions which satisfy the convergence criterion. The approach also demonstrates how many more new displacement functions can be found.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 25
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 275-290 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The solution of plate and shell problems by an independent specification of slopes and middle surface displacements is attractive due to its simplicity and ability of reproducing shear deformation. Unfortunately elements of this type are much too stiff when thickness is reduced.In an earlier paper a derivation of such an element was presented1 which proved very successful in ‘thick’ situations. Here a very simple extension is made which allows the element to be economically used in all situations.The improved flexibility is achieved simply by reducing the order of numerical integration applied to certain terms without sacrificing convergence properties. The process is of very wide applicability in improvement of element properties.
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  • 26
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 291-292 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 27
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 293-294 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 28
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971) 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 29
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 295-296 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 30
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 317-325 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The theory of conjugate approximations1 is used to obtain consistent approximations of stress fields in finite element approximations based on displacement assumptions. These consistent stresses are continuous across interelement boundaries and involve less mean error than those computed by the conventional approach.
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  • 31
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 299-315 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A system of finite element shell analysis codes, called SABOR/DRASTIC, is used to analyse a complex two-layered shell of revolution under static and dynamic asymmetric loads. The dynamic analysis is compared with experimentally measured response. In this linear elastic analysis, emphasis is placed on the inherent flexibility of the finite element method in modelling the complex structural geometry of a given test specimen. Static studies, which involve variations in important shell parameters, and dynamic studies, which provide a successful correlation with experiment, are used to illustrate both the detail and the generality with which shell analyses may now be performed with confidence.
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  • 32
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 327-347 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Many of the known finite elements are based on a variational procedure in a functional basis of monomials. The present paper attempts to formulate completely a finite element procedure which is non-variational on a functional basis which is left to the choice of the user.
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  • 33
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 349-360 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A computer program is described for the analysis of plates in extension using the equivalent plane-framework idealization. The conjugate gradient method is adopted to solve the resulting large number of simultaneous equations. Performance figures are quoted for the program when used on an ICL KDF9 machine with a restriction of 18K on the available core store. The method is generally shown to provide a satisfactory solution to a heavy computational task and thus permits the solution of very large structural systems on a small computer.
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  • 34
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 379-388 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A very simple equation solver of very large capacity is developed. The method described here does not require a very large in-core memory; however, a fast random access device like a magnetic disk drive is required.
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  • 35
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 445-446 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 36
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 447-448 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 37
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    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Organic Magnetic Resonance 3 (1971) 
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 38
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    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Organic Magnetic Resonance 3 (1971), S. 1-5 
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The configuration of the insecticidal and medicinal lipid ‘affinin,’ N-isobutyldeca-trans-2, cis-6, trans-8-trienamide, may be assigned in an unequivocal manner by NMR spectroscopy. The spectral data and the advantages of the multiple irradiation methods are presented and discussed.
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  • 39
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    Organic Magnetic Resonance 3 (1971), S. 7-22 
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The spectra of Δ3- and Δ4-pyrrolin-2-one were analysed and the sign of all the coupling constants determined by tickling and triple resonance experiments. A positive allylic interaction (Jxz in 2) is reported and four-bond couplings are discussed in particular. Deuterium exchange affords evidence for the tautomeric equilibrium between 1 and 2.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 40
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Assignment of all 13C chemical shifts of perezone (1) and some derivatives was possible using time averaged 25·15 MHz spectra with the aid of proton noise modulated and CW decoupling. Rapid interconversion of tautomeric forms of 2,5-dihydroxy-1,4-benzoquinones is deduced from the 13C spectra.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 41
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    Organic Magnetic Resonance 3 (1971), S. 31-36 
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The proton resonance spectra of some methyl-, acetyl-and benzoyl-derivatives of the polysaccharides amylose and dextrane as well as of α-D-glucose and β-maltose have been analysed. The configuration and conformation of the monomer units and the kind of glycosidic bonding may be determined from the relative signal positions and the coupling constants.
    Notes: Die Protonenresonanzspektren einiger Methyl-, Acetyl- und Benzoylderivate der Polysaccharide Amylose und Dextran sowie der α-D-Glucose und β-Maltose wurden analysiert. Aus den relativen Signallagen und den Kopplungskonstanten der Ringprotonen kann die Konfiguration und Konformation des Monomerbausteins sowie die Art der glycosidischen Bindung bestimmt werden.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 42
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    Organic Magnetic Resonance 3 (1971), S. 37-43 
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The preparation of 4-phenyl-1, 3-oxathian, 6-methyl-1, 3-oxathian, and some of their 2-substituted derivatives is described. Significant features of their NMR spectra are discussed with particular reference to the influence of the heteroatoms on the coupling constants of adjacent protons.
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  • 43
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    Organic Magnetic Resonance 3 (1971), S. 45-74 
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: We have studied the temperature dependence of NMR spectra of six spirophosphoranes of the general formula: Experimental data show intramolecular isomerism which was explained by pseudo-rotation mechanism (Berry, Lit. 1).In all cases except one we also observed tautomerism between spirophosphorane and phosphite forms.
    Notes: Nous avons étudié la variation, en fonction de la température, des spectres de RMN de six spirophosphoranes des types: Les résultats expérimentaux indiquent l'existence d'une isomérie intramoléculaire que nous avons interprétée en adoptant le mécanisme de pseudo-rotation proposé par Berry.1Dans tous les cas, sauf un, le déplacement de l'équilibre tautomère spirophosphorane ⇌ phosphite s'ajoute an phénomène d'isomérie observé.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
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  • 44
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    Organic Magnetic Resonance 3 (1971) 
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 45
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    Organic Magnetic Resonance 3 (1971), S. i 
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 46
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The NMR-spectrum of 7·7-difluoro-benzo-cyclopropene (2) has been analysed to obtain chemical shifts and spin, spin-coupling constants: δAA′ = 7·6026, δBB′ = 7·4834 ppm; JAB = 6·86, JAA′ = 7·45, JAB′ = 0·34 and JBB′ = 1·89 Hz. Heteronuclear double resonance experiments have been used to establish a positive sign for 4J(H—F) (3.64 Hz) and a negative sign for 5J(H—F) (-0·33 Hz) in this molecule. The results are discussed with reference to the structure of 2 and the NMR data found for benzo-cyclopropene.
    Notes: Das NMR-Spektrum von 7,7-Difluor-benzo-cyclopropen (2) wurde zur Bestimmung der chemischen Verschiebungen und Spin, Spin-Kopplungskonstanten analysiert: δAA′ = 7,6026, δBB′ = 7,4834, ppm; JAB = 6,86, JAA′ = 7,45, JAB′ = 0,34 und JBB′ = 1,89 Hz. Mit Hilfe heteronuklearer Doppelrresonanz-Experimente wurde ein positives Vorzeichen für 4J(H—F) (3,64 Hz) und ein negatives Vorzeichen für 5J(H—F) (-0,33Hz) in diesem Molekül sichergestellt. Die Ergebnisse werden im Hinblick auf die Struktur von 2 und die NMR-Daten, die für Benzo-cyclopropen gefunden wurden, diskutiert.
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  • 47
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    Organic Magnetic Resonance 3 (1971), S. 279-281 
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The 2J(13C—CH) couplings involving the formyl proton of α-halogeno-aldehydes have been found to decrease with increasing halogen electronegativity. This trend may be rationalised in terms of inductive withdrawal and a conformation dependent hyperconjugative effect. The direct J(13CH) couplings are also anomalous.
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  • 48
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: NMR solvent effects induced by benzene on several N- and O-alkyl oximes are reported. Both shielding and deshielding effects are observed and are accounted for by the geometry of the solute-solvent ‘complex’. Good Hammett plots of solvent shifts for various types of protons are obtained.
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  • 49
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    Organic Magnetic Resonance 3 (1971), S. 353-360 
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Peracetyl derivatives of oligo- and polysaccharides showed their own characteristic acetate-methyl signals in the NMR spectra measured in chloroform-d, which are useful for the identification and conformational analysis of oligo- and polysaccharides in solutions. An acetate-methyl signal in the lowest field among three acetate-methyl signals appeared in the NMR spectra of amylose acetate and was assigned to the acetate-methyl signal at C6 on the basis of acetate-methyl signals of peracetylated derivatives of 6-O-tosylamylose and xylan. Monosaccharide moieties in oligo- and polysaccharides examined were found in the C1 (D) conformation.
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  • 50
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    Organic Magnetic Resonance 3 (1971), S. 373-377 
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: High resolution fluorine magnetic resonance spectra have been obtained for poly(vinyl fluoride) at elevated temperature. Proton noise-decoupling and time-averaging techniques have given new tacticity and sequence information.
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  • 51
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    Organic Magnetic Resonance 3 (1971), S. 379-381 
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Chemical polarization of protons was observed in methyl benzoate formed during the thermal decomposition of dimethyl ester of peroxydiphthalic acid. The polarization pattern of methyl benzoate aromatic protons was very different in this case from that observed during the thermal decomposition of acetyl benzoyl peroxide. The unpolarized products formed from the methoxy radical, CH2O and CH3OH, were found in the mixture of decomposition products of this peroxide and were identified by means of PMR spectroscopy.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 52
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    Organic Magnetic Resonance 3 (1971), S. 405-416 
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Infinite dilution data for six sulphur heterocycles have been obtained from second order analyses of their NMR spectra in CS2, CDCl3, CD3COCD3, or C6D6. Use of LAOCOON3 leads to accurate chemical shifts, but substantial errors remain in some of the coupling constants. Evidence is presented of specific association of chloroform with the sulphur heterocycles and of the interaction of acetone with the sulphur atom. An apparently anomalous geometry for the complex of benzene with thiophen and with other solutes is discussed. Dilution effects are considered in relation to the formation of solute dimers.
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  • 53
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Proton spin-spin coupling values measured for a wide range of tetrasubstituted tetrahydropyran ring-systems obtained from aldopentopyranose sugars have been correlated with values calculated from a generalized version of the Karplus equation which takes into account the electronegativities of the various atoms in the molecule and the configurations of these substituents. Minor discrepancies between observed and calculated values can be attributed to slight flattening of the tetrahydropyran ring as a result of steric interactions of the substituents. The magnitude of the geminal coupling J5e,5a of these aldopentopyranose derivatives provides a rough measure of the conformational population; when H-4 is axial [Cl(D) or 1C(L) conformation] J5e,5a is ∼10.9 Hz, and is ∼13.4 Hz when H-4 is equatorial [1C(D) or Cl(L) conformation].
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  • 54
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    Organic Magnetic Resonance 3 (1971), S. 433-449 
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The compound 2,4-dichloro-1-pentene-1-d1 (1) was synthesized starting from and CH≡CNa. In the last stage of the synthesis on activated carbon-HgCl2 catalyst), (3) were formed together with (1).The NMR parameters of (1), its cis and trans isomers and (2) were obtained in C6D6 solution at 100 MHz. Theoretical spectra of (1) at 60 MHz were simulated with the aid of a computer, using as input the NMR parameters obtained at 100 MHz and good agreement with the experiment was obtained.
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  • 55
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    Organic Magnetic Resonance 3 (1971), S. 429-432 
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The methylene protons of dibenzyl sulphoxide are magnetically equivalent in low dielectric and non-equivalent in high dielectric constant solvents, while for diphenacyl sulphoxide this behaviour is reversed. In both cases, the variation in the magnitude of the non-equivalence reflects a greater downfield shift of one methylene proton than the other on passing from non-polar to polar solvents. By contrast, the chemical shift difference between the benzyl methylene protons or between the phenacyl methylene protons of benzyl phenacyl sulphoxide varies only slightly with solvent polarity.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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  • 56
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    Organic Magnetic Resonance 3 (1971), S. 451-462 
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: NMR spectra of disubstituted ethers with the formula (X—CH2—CH2)2O, X = Cl, Br, I, have been studied. Spectra of neat liquids at ambient temperature and spectra of these compounds in CS2 at different temperatures have been analysed. It has been possible to assign the chemical shifts. In each case, the more populated rotamers have been determined. Additionally, for these three compounds dissolved in CS2, it is shown that the gauche form becomes more stable with cooling. The authors propose a procedure, using spectral decomposition, which allows the analysis of AA′BB′spectra almost degenerated in A2B2 cases.
    Notes: Les spectres RMN d′éthers disubstitués de formule (X—CH2—CH2)2O avec X = Cl, Br, I, d′une part, à température ambiante et à l′état pur et, d′autre part, en solution dans CS2 et à différentes températures, ont été analysés avec précision. Les déplacements chimiques de chacun des groupements CH2 ont pu ětre attribués. Les rotaméres prépondérants ont été déterminés à l′état pur et à différentes températures. De plus, il est montré que pour ces trois halogénures dissous dans CS2, les formes gauches relatives à chaque branche deviennent plus stables en refroidissant. Les auteurs ont mis au point une procédure permettant, par décomposition de raies, de traiter les spectres de type AA′BB′ ayant l′aspect de spectres de type A2B2.
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  • 57
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    Organic Magnetic Resonance 3 (1971), S. 463-473 
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The 1H and 19F NMR spectra of the CH2FCHF group in FCH2CHFCO2C2H5 were analysed on the basis of an ABCXY spin system. The non-equivalence of the methylene protons is discussed in terms of rotational isomerism. It is concluded that the dominant rotamer is probably considerably distorted from a perfectly staggered orientation. The variation of 3JHF with substituent electronegativity is reviewed.
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  • 58
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    Organic Magnetic Resonance 3 (1971), S. 475-477 
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Some shielding and deshielding effects by an adjacent cyclopropyl ring and the effect of the ring on geminal coupling constants α- to the ring are reported and discussed.
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  • 59
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    Organic Magnetic Resonance 3 (1971), S. 479-483 
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Proton magnetic resonance chemical shifts and coupling constants for some 5-substituted dihydrofurans, dihydrofuran and dihydrothiophene fused rings are reported, the substituents being methyl, ethyl and phenyl.The observed coupling constants are consistent with buckled rings, in which it appears that a conformation with pseudo-equatorial substituents is predominant.
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  • 60
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    Organic Magnetic Resonance 3 (1971), S. 495-501 
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 61
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    Organic Magnetic Resonance 3 (1971), S. 503-504 
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 62
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    Organic Magnetic Resonance 3 (1971), S. i 
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 63
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    Organic Magnetic Resonance 3 (1971), S. 485-494 
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The 1H-NMR spectra of symmetric compounds with two phosphorus atoms of the type R—X—P—Y—P—X—R, R = CH3, C2H5, X =  - , O, NCH3, NCH2 - , Y = NCH3, have been determined. After elimination of eventual couplings within the alkyl protons these spectra always show triplets in the case of trivalent phosphorus and doublets in the case of pentavalent phosphorus atoms. Since this paper establishes an unequal coupling between the alkyl protons and the two phosphorus nuclei, it is concluded that these compounds show a degenerate, however deceivingly simple, coupling: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \begin{array}{l} J(P,\,\,P) \gg J(P,R) \to {\rm triplet} \\ J(P,\,\,P) \ll J(P,R) \to {\rm doublet}{\rm .} \\\end{array} $$\end{document}The spectra of symmetric diorgano diphosphines can be interpreted via the same mechanism. Calculations to substantiate these findings are reported.
    Notes: Es wurden 1H-NMR Spektren symmetrisch aufgebauter, zwei Phosphorkerne enthaltender Verbindungen vom Typ R—X—P—Y—P—X—R, R = CH3, C2H5, X =  - , O, NCH3, NCH2—, Y = NCH3, gemessen. Die Spektren der Protonen aus den Resten R ergaben (nach Elimination etwaiger Kopplungen zwischen den R-Protonen) im Falle dreiwertigen Phosphors stets Triplett-Signale, im Falle fünfwertigen Phosphors Dublett-Signale. Da gleiche Kopplungen von R zu beiden Phosphorkernen ausgeschlossen werden konnten, muß eine entartete, täuschend einfache Kopplung vorliegen, die in der vorliegenden Arbeit geklärt wird: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \begin{array}{l} J(P,\,\,P) \gg J(P,R) \to {\rm Triplett,} \\ J(P,\,\,P) \ll J(P,R) \to {\rm Doublet}{\rm .} \\\end{array} $$\end{document}Auch in den bisher vermessenen symmetrischen Diorgano-diphosphinen dürfte dieses Kopplungs-system vorliegen. Die Berechnungen dieses Systems werden mitgeteilt.
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  • 64
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    Organic Magnetic Resonance 3 (1971) 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 65
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    Organic Magnetic Resonance 3 (1971), S. 505-507 
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A new method for the interpretation of NQR spectra is described. The indentification of multiple lines belonging to different transitions \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \frac{1}{2} \to \frac{3}{2}{\rm and}\frac{3}{2} \to \frac{5}{2} $\end{document}is carried out by using the ‘seizure’ of the corresponding low or high frequency transitions in a two-frequency pulse experiment.
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  • 66
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    Organic Magnetic Resonance 3 (1971), S. 509-513 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Electron spin resonance in some charge-transfer complexes of 7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) with sulphanilamides and antibiotics has been investigated.The ESR spectra are caused by two types of paramagnetic centres: the impurity type and the thermally excited type (Wannier spin excitons).
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  • 67
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    Organic Magnetic Resonance 3 (1971), S. 655-659 
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A number of organotin compounds have been studied using the heteronuclear double resonance H1-{Sn119}. The tin chemical shifts have been tabulated and discussed on the basis of the concept of electronegativity. The highfield displacement is found attributable to the filling of the 5d-orbitals of the tin atom.
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  • 68
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    Organic Magnetic Resonance 3 (1971), S. 661-677 
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Coupling constants of 35 substituted pyridines are discussed and related to the electronic properties of the substituents and to the mechanism of coupling. A calculation of J is performed using Pople and Santry's theory and mutual polarizabilities obtained by CNDO/2 or Hoffmann methods. The influence of bicentric integrals on the theoretical values of J is examined.
    Notes: Les constantes de couplages relatives à un ensemble de 35 pyridines substituées sont discutées en relation avec les propriétés électroniques des substituants et le mécanisme du couplage. Un calcul de J est réalisé, sur la base de la théorie de Pople, à l′aide des valeurs de polarisabilités mutuelles obtenues par la méthode CNDO/2 et la méthode d'Hoffmann. L'influence d′une inclusion des intégrales bicentriques est examinée.
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  • 69
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    Organic Magnetic Resonance 3 (1971), S. 689-691 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The structure elucidation of some isomeric imidazo(1,2-a)pyrimidones by NMR spectroscopy is described. The tautomerism of the compounds with non-substituted nitrogen is also discussed.
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  • 70
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    Organic Magnetic Resonance 3 (1971), S. 679-687 
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The carbon-13 chemical shifts of monosubstituted cyclohexane derivatives are compared with those of aliphatic compounds. The polar substituents exert a similar influence on the α-, β- and γ-carbons in both series of compounds. The δ-effect is shown to be characteristic mainly to the cyclic compounds, however. The appearance of a δ-effect is discussed as a possible consequence of electron delocalization in alicyclic molecules. A correlation of these δ-effects with inductive parameters of the substituents is presented.
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  • 71
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    Organic Magnetic Resonance 3 (1971), S. 703-711 
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The interaction of triethylaluminium, diethylaluminium chloride and ethylaluminium dichloride with some methyl-substituted pyridines has been investigated in 1,2-dichloroethane or dichloromethane by means of NMR spectroscopy. 2,6-Dimethyl- and 2,4,6-trimethyl-pyridine have been found to form three types of complexes with diethylaluminium chloride and ethylaluminium dichloride in solution. In addition, the configurations of the complexes in solution have been estimated from proton NMR chemical shifts of the methyl-substituted pyridines and the conductivity measurements.
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    Organic Magnetic Resonance 3 (1971), S. 721-723 
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The temperature or the nature of the solvent selectively affects the NMR equivalence of the protons at C-2 and C-4 in 1.
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  • 73
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    Organic Magnetic Resonance 3 (1971), S. 713-720 
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: meso and dl Dimers (ArCHOR)2 where R is Me, Et, iPr, tBu, cyclohexyl and 1-adamantyl may readily be differentiated by their NMR spectra; the benzylic protons of the meso isomer always absorb at a slightly higher field than those of the dl isomer in each of the solvents used. Differences in chemical shift are discussed in terms of preferences in conformer distribution. The formation of equal amounts of both dimers from the corresponding radical ArCHOR shows that steric and polar factors are not important in influencing the dimerization. Magnetic non-equivalence due to the presence of asymmetric centres was found in some of the compounds discussed above.
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  • 74
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    Organic Magnetic Resonance 3 (1971), S. 725-732 
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The complete analysis of the NMR spectrum of CH2Cl.CFBr.CH3 in CCl4 and acetone is given. The long range 4JHH couplings in this molecule differ considerably and surprisingly are both positive. An analysis of the solvent dependence of the couplings enables the rotamer couplings and energies to be obtained. The rotamer energies and their variation with solvent are in accord with quantitative predictions and results from similar halogenated ethanes. The values of the 4JHH couplings can be rationalised in terms of substituent electronegativity effects.
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  • 75
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Evidence is presented which shows, contrary to the opinion expressed by Moriarty et al., that for electronic reasons internal rotation is substantially more hindered in thioamides than in amides.
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  • 76
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Complete proton resonance spectra-including all observable 13C—H-couplings of a series of substituted cyclobutenes, methylene-cyclobutenes and bismethylene-cyclobutenes have been observed and assigned. The results are discussed with respect to bonding properties in complex-stabilized cyclobutadiene.
    Notes: Die vollständigen Protonenresonanz-Spektren - einschließlich aller beobachtbaren 13C—H-Kopplungen wurden für eine Reihe substituierter Cyclobutene, Methylen-cyclobutene und Bismethylen-cyclobutene aufgenommen und zugeordnet. Die Meßergebnisse werden im Hinblick auf die Bindungsverhältnisse im durch Komplexbildung stabilisierten-Cyclobutadien diskutiert.
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  • 77
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: PMR spectra of d-aldosterone, its acetylated derivatives and related compounds were studied using 60 and 100 MHz spectrometers at various temperatures, in CDCI3, DMSO-d6, CD3OD and D2O.The aldehyde form (1) was not found. The solutions of d-aldosterone and aldosterone-21 acetate contain a mixture of the cyclic forms with one (11-18) hemi-ketal bridge (2) and two (11-18, 18-20) hemi-ketal bridges (3).Preliminary results concerning modifications of the relative concentration of 2 and 3 obtained by varying solvents and temperature are given. Aldosterone-diacetate exists in only one form, most likely form 2.There is restricted rotation of the group at C-21 in d-aldosterone and in form 3 of aldosterone 21-acetate.One molecule of water is probably bound to d-aldosterone.
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  • 78
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    Organic Magnetic Resonance 3 (1971), S. 797-799 
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Proton chemical polarization was observed in methyl butyrate, γ-butyrolactone and in some other products of the dimethyl perdiglutarate decomposition reaction. The polarization pattern of the α-CH2 and β-CH2 groups in butyrolactone is just as one would expect in the products of the CH3OCH2CH2ĊH2 radical which has left the pair of identical radicals. Thus butyrolactone is formed from the CH3OCH2CH2ĊH2 radical by means of intramolecular cyclization and elimination of the methyl radical.
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  • 79
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    Organic Magnetic Resonance 3 (1971) 
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 80
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    Organic Magnetic Resonance 3 (1971), S. 1-23 
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 81
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    Organic Magnetic Resonance 3 (1971) 
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 82
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    Organic Magnetic Resonance 3 (1971), S. 1-12 
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 83
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 5 (1971), S. 453-461 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Surface reactions of aldehydes and nitriles induced by high electric fields have been studied mass spectrometrically. Some general phenomena are demonstrated for the case of surface reactions of crotonaldehyde. The field ionization (FI) mass spectra of polar substances depend strongly on whether the organic micro needles on the FI emitter have a tight or a porous structure. Proton transfer reactions are observed with most of the polar substances. They can be reduced if the emitter surface is covered with a strongly adsorbed substance which does not react with the polar substance. The originally dense micro needle structure may change to a porous structure. The FI mass spectra of polar substances may then change drastically with time because of capillary condensation or multilayer formation.Raising the emitter temperature decreases the intensity of the fragment and dimeric ions of polar substances which form multilayers on the emitter surface. Thermal desorption of the multilayers reduces the number of reactions occurring therein. Even at high temperatures (750°C) the reduction of fragment intensities due to the multilayer removal is more pronounced than the increase of fragment intensities due to thermal bond rupture, provided that the C,N,O-skeleton of the molecules is composed of strong bonds like conjugated double bonds, or that it has a cyclic structure.It is shown that the FI mass spectra of benzonitrile are much simpler than those of some aliphaticnitriles, and that the mechanisms of field polymerization are different in both cases.
    Notes: Oberflächenreaktionen von Aldehyden und Nitrilen bei hoher elektrischer Feldstärke wurden rnassenspektrometrisch untersucht. Einige allgemeine Erscheinungen werden für den Fall von Oberflächenreaktionen von Crotonaldehyd aufgezeigt. Die Feldionisations Massenspektren (FI) polarer Substanzen hängen stark davon ab, ob die organischen Mikronadeln auf dem FI-Emitter eine dichte oder eine poröse Struktur hahen. Protonentransfer-Reaktionen werden mit den meisten polaren Substanzen beobachtet. Sie können reduziert werden, wenn die Emitteroberfläche mit einer stark adsorbierten Substanz bedeckt wird, die nicht mit der polaren Substanz reagiert. Die ursprünglich dichte Struktur der Mikronadel kann sich zu einer porösen Struktur wandeln. Die FI-Massenspektren polarer Substanzen können sich dann im Laufe der Zeit wegen Kapillarkondensation oder der Bildung von Multischichten drastisch verändern.Die Erhöhung der Emittertemperatur verringert die Intensität der Fragment- und dimeren Ionen der polaren Substanzen, die Multischichten auf der Emitteroberfläche bilden. Thermische Desorption der Multischichten verringert die Anzahl der in ihnen vorkommenden Reaktionen. Selbst bei hohen Temperaturen (750° C) ist die Reduzierung von Fragmentintensitäten infolge des Abbaus der Multischichten ausgeprägter als diezunahmevon Fragmentintensitäten infolge thermischer Bindungsbrüche, vorausgesetzt daß das C, N, O-Gerüst der Moleküle entweder aus starken Bindungen, wie konjugierten Doppelbindungen zusammengesetzt ist, oder da13 es eine zyklische Striktur hat.Es wird gezeigt, daß die FI-Massenspektren der Benzonitrile wesentlich einfacher sind als die einiger aliphatischer Nitrile, und daß die Mechanismen der Feldpolyrnerisation in beiden Fällen verschieden sind.
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  • 84
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 5 (1971), S. 483-485 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 85
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 5 (1971), S. 573-597 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The electron impact (EI) and field ionization (FI) mass spectra of some representative underivatized cardenolides have been studied together for the first time, with the objective of assessing the structural and in particular the sequence information afforded by this promising analytical method. Two series of cardenolides have been examined, each consisting of a mono-, di- and trisaccharide glycoside. The first was based on the aglycone digitoxigenin and comprised neriifolin, thevebioside and cerberoside; the second was based on the genin strophantidin and included cymarin, K-strophantin-β and K-strophantoside. Other cardiac glycosides investigated and discussed include digitoxin and helveticoside. Important and structurally diagnostic fragmentations have been uncovered, especially in FI mode. In addition, the EI and FI spectra of individual components of the cardenolides have been recorded, e.g. the genins digitoxigenin and strophantidin, and the mono-saccharides L-thevetose, D-cymarose and D-glucose.
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  • 86
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The mass spectral decomposition modes of hydantoin and derivatives containing alkyl and phenyl substituents have been investigated using isotopic labeling techniques. The loss of carbon monoxide from the molecular ions of these compounds was shown to preferentially involve the C-4 carbonyl group. Other fragmentation processes characteristic of the hydantoin ring system and the effect on this of alkyl and phenyl substitution are described.
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  • 87
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 5 (1971), S. 599-604 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The vapor phase reactions of various metal alkyl and alkoxy ions are discussed. Ions produced from suitable precursors can react with neutral molecules which contain an electronegative site. It appears that ions containing a positively charged silicon, tin, germanium or mercury center are more reactive than corresponding carbonium ions.
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  • 88
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 5 (1971), S. 605-613 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The mass spectra of all three monochloro-, seven of the dichloro- and two of the trichloro-substituted benzophenones are reported. The major fragments in the spectra are due to α-fission to oxonium ions followed by the well-known subsequent fragmentations. The ring bearing the greater number of chlorine atoms appears to cleave more readily, with 2-chloro substituents enhancing this tendency. There is evidence for the formation of the biphenylene ion in all monochloro and all dichloro compounds studied and for the formation of the chloro biphenylene ion in both trichloro compounds studied. In the case of 2,2′-, 2,4- and 3,4-dichlorobenzophenones evidence exists for hydrogen transfer between rings.
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  • 89
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 5 (1971), S. 615-618 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Examination of the mass spectra of a series of substituted oxazol-5-ones and other related heterocycles showed no evidence of electron-impact induced isomerism. The electron-impact fragmentations of these compounds were characterized by a single dominant fragmentation process.
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  • 90
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 5 (1971), S. 623-624 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 91
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 5 (1971) 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 92
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 5 (1971), S. 619-621 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The mass-spectra of 1:12, 2:3, 4:5, 6:7, 8:9, 10:11-hexabenzocoronene and the isomer 1:2, 3:4, 5:6, 7:8, 9:10, 11:12-hexabenzocoronene have been examined. The former is typically that of an aromatic conjugated hydrocarbon and is sparse, the latter is more intense. It is conjectured that the former may be found in interstellar space.
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  • 93
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 5 (1971), S. 625-632 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The mass spectra of a series of hippuric esters have been determined. A variety of novel rearrangements induced by the presence of a formed benzyl carbonium ion has been rationalized with the aid of high resolution measurements and isotopic and substituent labeling. An eight centered rearrangement is proposed for the observed transfer of oxygen from a nitro group to a double bond.
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  • 94
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 5 (1971), S. 633-649 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The mass spectra of the Al(III), Cr(III), Fe(III) and Co(III) complexes of the anions of hexafluoroacetylacetone (hfac) trifluoroacetylacetone (ttac), benzoyltrifluoroacetone (btac) and thenoyltrifluoroacetone (ttac) have been determined and are discussed here. Emphasis is placed on discerning which of the observed reactions may properly be attributed to the influence of the metal in the complex and those which may be thought of as arising from the nature of the ligand. The most important influence of the coordinated metal is related to its ability to be reduced2; however, the presence of the metal serves to prohibit or facilitate certain rearrangement reactions relative to the free protonated ligand. Since essentially all fragmentation occurs within or by loss of a ligand, the nature of the ligand determines the nature of the observed fragments. Where intramolecular com-petition of fragment types is possible (tfac, btac and ttac complexes), the most probable fragment of a given class, odd electron or even electron, is easily determined. The most commonly eliminated fragments are CF3and CF2. Certain metastable peaks are associated with consecutive decomposition in the field free region. Such a phenomenon appears to be common for molecules of the type studied here.
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  • 95
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 5 (1971), S. 651-662 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A study of the low and high-resolution mass spectra of caprolactam (I), 1-methylcaprolactam (II), 3-methylcaprolactam (III), 4-methylcaprolactam (IV), 5-methylcaprolactam (V), 6-methylcaprolactam (VI), 7-methylcaprolactam (VII) and deuterium labelled compounds has facilitated the proposal of some principal fragmentation mechanisms of ionized molecules of these compounds.The base peaks in the spectra of all compounds studied (except 3-methylcaprolactam) are the ions m/e 30 and m/e 44 respectively formed through the cleavage of the C6-C7 bond and the C2-N bond with simultaneous transfer of a hydrogen atom.It has been proved that the fragmentation of molecular ions leading to ions with the structure of cyclopentanone 2-methylcyclopentanone and 3-methylcyclopentanone respectively (according to the position of methyl group) is the general feature of the fragmentation of caprolactam and its methyl derivatives.
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  • 96
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 5 (1971), S. 777-783 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The various fragmentations of the o-nitrobenzanilide molecular anion have been studied by labelling procedures and substituent effects. The loss of HO· from the molecular anion is a specific proximity effect, involving the oxygen of the nitro group and the hydrogen of the amide moiety. The losses of NO· from variously substituted nitrobenzenes are considered in depth and it is suggested that the nitro→ nitrite rearrangement is a radical reaction. Negative-ion mass spectrometry may be used for the structure determination of sulphonamides and nitrophenylhydrazones.
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  • 97
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The methylene groups in 2-(1-azulyl)ethyl tosylate are largely scrambled prior to formation of fragment ions in the mass spectrometer. This process also occurs in the 3-nitro analog, where it is dependent on sample residence time in the source and independent of electron energy. It could not be observed with the isomeric 6-substituted tosylates, the 1-substituted acetates or alcohols, or with 2-(p-anisyl)ethyl tosylate. Scrambling occurs in the neutral molecule prior to ionization and a mechanism involving absorption onto the metal surface and formation of a complexed ethylenazulonium ion is suggested.
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  • 98
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 5 (1971), S. 763-775 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The mass spectral fragmentation patterns of 1,3-oxathiane and several of its alkyl derivatives have been recorded. Of the nine possible modes of ring cleavage yielding fragments containing two to four atoms, only six modes were actually observed and, moreover, two of them clearly predominated. The modes of fragmentation of 1,3-oxathianes differ from those of 1,3-dioxanes, but resemble closely those observed for 1,3-oxathiolanes when the different ring sizes are taken into account.
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  • 99
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Requirements for trimethylsilyloxy group interaction and rearrangement are discussed. It is evident that formation of the m/e 147 ion is a function of the stereochemistry, steric hindrance and separation of the trimethylsilyloxy groups and reflects the stereochemistry of the steroid itself. It is postulated that ring cleavage is not necessarily a prerequisite for the formation of this ion. The occurrence of the m/e 147 ion can be structurally informative in trimethylsilyl derivatives of steroidal alcohols.
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  • 100
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 5 (1971), S. 801-815 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A calculation method has been developed to enhance the effect of deuterium labeling in the mass spectra of linear vicinal dideuterioalkanes (LVDA). Individual LVDA can be identified from these enhanced spectra. Single carbon-number mixtures of LVD nonanes and LVD decanes have been analyzed successfully using matrices derived from spectra of standards. In addition, enhanced mass spectra have been predicted for all of the LVD heptadecanes and LVD nonadecanes. Matrices have been constructed from the predicted spectra, and preliminary tests of these matrices have been conducted. All identifications and analytical results on the LVDA studied can be used to identify the precursor olefins.
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