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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Association between a restriction fragment length polymorphism at the liver/islet cell (GluT 2) glucose transporter and familial Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus (1991)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 34 (1991), S. 734-736 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Genetics ; diabetes mellitus ; restriction fragment length polymorphism ; glucose-transport ; familial
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Patients with Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus and a strong family history of the disease may represent a sub-group where genetic factors play a pree-minent role in transmission of the disease. A defect in the liver/islet cell glucose transporter (GluT 2) could explain many of the pathophysiological features of the disease. In order to test the hypothesis that genetic variation at the GluT 2 locus contributes genetic susceptibility to Type 2 diabetes, 60 unrelated Caucasian diabetic patients with at least one affected sibling were genotyped for a Taq 1 restriction fragment length polymorphism marker. Hybridisation with a cDNA GluT 2 probe identified two alleles of sizes 13 kilobase (T1) and 19 kilobase (T2). The allele frequencies in the diabetic group with a family history were significantly different from those in a racially-matched control population of 122 subjects with no personal or family history of the disease (diabetic patients T1=0.96, T2=0.04, control subjects T1=0.89, T2=0.11, p〈 0.03). However, when the study was repeated with 54 diabetic patients with indeterminate family history, statistical significance was not reached although the allele frequencies showed a similar trend. The findings of this study support the hypothesis that a genetic variant of the liver/islet cell glucose transporter may contribute to familial susceptibility in Type 2 diabetes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00401519
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Shared genetic susceptibility of Type 1 (insulin-dependent) and Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus: contributions of HLA and haptoglobin (1991)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 34 (1991), S. 350-355 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Genetics ; Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus ; Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus ; HLA ; haptoglobin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Epidemiologic data suggest that having a parent with Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus increases the risk for Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes in siblings of a Type 1 diabetes proband. This increase in risk is consistent with a shared genetic susceptibility between Type 1 diabetes and Type 2 diabetes. We contrast genetic risk factors in three sets of families, consisting of (1) a single Type 1 diabetic child (proband) and non-diabetic parents, (2) multiple Type 1 diabetic siblings and non-diabetic parents, and (3) at least one Type 1 diabetic child and at least one Type 2 diabetic parent. Previous studies have demonstrated that HLA region genes, which elevate the risk in Type 1 diabetes, have no significant effect with respect to the risk for developing Type 2 diabetes. An earlier report cited a contribution by the haptoglobin locus to genetic susceptibility for Type 2 diabetes. We provide evidence that a high risk HLA antigen (HLA-DR3) is decreased to a greater extent in Type 1 patients with a Type 2 parent than in Type 1 patients in which the parents are not diabetic. The role of HLA-DR4 is maintained in these families, with an unexpectedly significant increased rate of transmission of the HLA-DR4 allele from Type 2 parent to Type 1 offspring. The role of haptoglobin in these families does not appear to be important, either with respect to association with diabetes or with respect to linkage with a secondary susceptibility locus. These results indicate that families with a Type 2 parent and Type 1 child, heavily determined by HLA-DR4 linked factors, may represent a homogeneous subset of diabetes susceptibility.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00405008
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genes encoding ribulosebisphosphate carboxylase and phosphoribulokinase are duplicated in Pseudomonas carboxydovorans and conserved in carboxydotrophic bacteria (1991)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 157 (1991), S. 92-96 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Carboxydotrophic bacteria ; Ribulosebis-phosphate carboxylase ; Phosphoribulokinase ; Hybridization ; Plasmids ; Genetics ; CO2 fixation ; Alcaligenes eutrophus ; Pseudomonas carboxydovorans ; Rhodospirillum rubrum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Heterologous gene probes derived from cfxLp and cfxPp genes of Alcaligenes eutrophus H16 revealed the presence of structural genes encoding ribulosebisphosphate carboxylase (Rubisco) and phosphoribulokinase (PRK) on the genome of carboxydotrophic bacteria. The two genes were found to be rather conserved. In Pseudomonas carboxydovorans OM5 cfx genes reside on the plasmid pHCG3 and the chromosome as well, indicating that they are duplicated. Also in all plasmidharboring carboxydotrophic bacteria cfxL and cfxP structural genes were found to be plasmid-coded. Our results extend the list of carboxydotrophy structural genes residing on the plasmid pHCG3 and strongly support the idea that the components essential for the chemolithoautotrophic utilization of CO by Pseudomonas carboxydovorans OM5 are plasmid-coded. A cfxL gene probe from Rhodospirillum rubrum did not detectably hybridize with DNA from any of the carboxydotrophic bacteria examined.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00245342
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genotype differences in catecholamine concentrations in hypothalamus, intramedial hyperstriatum ventrale, and optic tectum of newly hatched chicks (1991)
    Springer
    Neurochemical research 16 (1991), S. 105-112 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6903
    Keywords: Genetics ; catecholamine ; brain ; imprinting ; development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This study was designed to compare catecholamine concentrations among three brain areas of four pureline populations of visually isolated chicks. The purelines used were a commercial male line, a fertility selected line, an unselected fertility control line, and unselected White Jersey Giants. In general, male chicks had significantly larger brain weights than females. Six catecholamine-related compounds (norepinephrine, epinephrine,l-DOPA, dopamine, DOPAC, and MHPG) were measured via HPLC-ECD. No significant differences in neurochemical concentration were observed for any line or brain area due to sex of the chick. The hypothalamus (HT) contained the greatest concentration of catecholamines in all lines, followed by the intramedial hyperstriatum ventrale (IMHV) and optic tectum (OT). The HT exhibited consistent lateralization in all lines with the right HT containing ca. 30% more catecholamines than the left HT. While no consistent lateralization was observed among the other brain areas, the IMHV exhibited significantly different degrees of lateralization among the populations. Neuronal activity, as measured by MHPG:NE and DOPAC:DA ratio varied by line within each brain area. There were line differences for MHPG:NE in the HT, IMHV, and OT, while line differences for DOPAC:DA were observed in the HT. Since differences among purelines have been demonstrated in this study, care must be given to precisely define the genotype of chicks used in behavioral and neurochemical research.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00965696
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hemochromatosis and pyruvate kinase deficiency (1991)
    Springer
    Annals of hematology 62 (1991), S. 188-189 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0584
    Keywords: Hemochromatosis ; Pyruvate kinase deficiency ; Hereditary anemia ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Hemochromatosis has been reported in several patients with chronic hemolytic anemia due to pyruvate kinase deficiency. We describe here a further patient with such an association and review the literature on the subject. We hypothesize that iron overload may occur in patients with pyruvate kinase deficiency who are also carriers of the hereditary hemochromatosis gene.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01703147
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of size at birth, maturation threshold and genetic differences on the life-history of Daphnia magna (1991)
    Springer
    Oecologia 86 (1991), S. 243-250 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Daphnia ; Life-history ; Genetics ; Variation ; Maturation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Life-history traits of 101 clones from two populations of Daphnia magna were measured under controlled environmental conditions in the laboratory. Some individuals had four juvenile instars, others had five. This depended on their length at birth and on the population they came from. Females in the group with five juvenile instars were smaller at birth but larger and older at maturity than those with four juvenile instars. Within groups of females with equal numbers of preadult instars (instar groups) age and size at maturity increased with size at birth. This relationship differed significantly among instar groups for both age and size at maturity. Significant differences in age and size at maturity between two populations became non-significant when size at birth was used as a covariable in AN-COVA. Within populations, size at birth depended on the clone and on the parity of the clutch. First-clutch offspring were considerably smaller than those from later clutches. The results suggest that variability in life-history traits is common within and between clones, but that most of this variation can be accounted for by size at birth and the number of pre-adult instars.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00317537
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetic differences in the effects of competitive and non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonists on locomotor activity in mice (1991)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 104 (1991), S. 17-21 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: MK-801 ; Phencyclidine ; Ketamine ; CGP 39551 ; CGS 19755 ; NPC 12626 ; Locomotor activity ; Genetics ; NMDA/glutamate receptor complex ; Mice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effects of non-competitive (MK-801, phencyclidine, and ketamine) and competitive (CGP 39551, CGS 19755, and NPC 12626) N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists on locomotor activity in inbred CBA and C57, and in outbred NMRI mice were examined. Administration of the non-competitive NMDA antagonists produced a dose-dependent increase in well-coordinated locomotor activity at lower doses, followed by a bizarre behavioral syndrome (head weaving, body rolling, rotations, ataxia) after higher doses. The pharmacological profile of the competitive antagonists CGP 39551, CGS 19755, and NPC 12626 was more complex. CGP 39551 dose-dependently inhibited locomotor activity, whereas CGS 19755 and NPC 12626 displayed a biphasic action, that is low doses inhibited locomotor activity, whereas higher doses produced mild behavioral stimulation. The behavioral effects of NMDA antagonists appear to be genetically determined, since CBA animals were most sensitive to both noncompetitive and competitive antagonists, followed by NMRI and C57 animals. The differential effects of NMDA antagonists in various strains of mice suggest that the observed behavioral differences may be due to genetic differences in the NMDA/glutamate receptor channel complex.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02244548
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Clinical polydiagnostic studies in a large Swedish pedigree with schizophrenia (1991)
    Springer
    European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience 240 (1991), S. 188-190 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-8491
    Keywords: Families ; Genetics ; Polydiagnostic approach ; Schizophrenia ; Swedish family complex
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A polydiagnostic computerized diagnostic system for psychosis was used in a Swedish family complex, and 51 patients with psychiatric symptomatology were examined with eight main diagnostic systems for schizophrenia and three systems for schizophrenic subgroups. All patients fulfilled the criteria for schizophrenia according to Taylor et al., 50 according to Carpenter, 41 according to RDC, and 31 of the 51 according to DSM-III and DSM-III-R. The hypothesis that the patients in the Swedish family complex differ from other phenotypes of schizophrenia must be refuted based on the data of the present study.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02190762
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetic analysis of rye (Secale cereale L.) Genetics of male sterility of the G-type (1991)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 82 (1991), S. 761-764 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Rye ; Male sterility ; Genetics ; Gene location ; Trisomies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The genetics and relationships between the genes in rye located in the nucleus and cytoplasm of the male sterility of the G-type were investigated. A factor inducing male sterility was found in the cytoplasms or rye cv Schlägler alt and rye cv Norddeutscher Champagner. Monogenic inheritance was observed in linkage tests. Using primary trisomies of rye cv Esto, the nuclear gene ms1 was found to be located on chromosome 4R. Modifying genes, probably masked in normal cytoplasm but expressed in male-sterility-inducing cytoplasm together with gene ms1, were located on chromosomes 3R (ms2) and 6R (ms3). Mono-, di-, and trigenic inheritance types were found in backcross progenies of trisomies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00227322
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    α-Amylase structural genes in rye (1991)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 82 (1991), S. 771-776 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Secale cereale ; RFLP ; α-Amylase ; Genetics ; Isozymes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Rye α-Amy1, α-Amy2, and α-Amy3 genes were studied in the cross between inbred lines using wheat α-amylase cDNA probes. The α-Amy1 and α-Amy2 probes uncovered considerable restriction fragment length polymorphism, whereas the α-Amy3 region was much more conserved. The numbers of restriction fragments found and the F2 segregation data suggest that there are three α-Amy1 genes, two or three α-Amy2 genes, and three α-Amy3 genes in rye. These conclusions were supported by a simultaneous study of α-amylase isozyme polymorphism. The F2 data showed the three individual α-Amy1 genes to span a distance of 3cM at the locus on chromosome 6RL. The genes were mapped relative to other RFLP markers on 6RL. On chromosome 7RL two α-Amy2 genes were shown to be separated by 5 cM. Linkage data within α-Amy3 on 5RL were not obtained since RFLP could be detected at only one of the genes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00227324
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Molecular heterogeneity and genetics of Vicia faba seed storage proteins (1991)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 81 (1991), S. 50-58 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Vicia faba ; Legumin ; Vicilin ; Structure ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Legumin and vicilin were purified from seeds of Vicia faba L. var. Scuro, characterized in different electrophoretic systems, and used to produce polyclonal antibodies in rabbits. Two-dimensional electrophoretic studies showed a wide range of heterogeneity in the subunits of both legumin and vicilin. Legumin was found to be composed of 29 disulphide-linked subunit pairs with different molecular weight and/or isoelectric point. Western blot analysis of legumin of several mutants revealed molecular polymorphism based on a corresponding gene family. Three different α-major legumin patterns were found, and inheritance studies showed that the 34.3-kD legumin polypeptide is the product of one locus, Lg-1α, which is the first legumin genetic locus described in Vicia faba. Vicilin was found to be composed of as many as 59 subunits distributed in a molecular weight range of 65.7 to 42.8 kD (major polypeptides) and 37.2 to 15.2 kD (minor polypeptides), with different isoelectric points. A model is proposed that explains the possible formation of the minor subunits and the major subunits of 48.2 and 46 kD molecular weight (MW) from proteolytic cleavages and/or glycosilation of precursor polypeptides. Ten different vicilin electrophoretic patterns were observed among the analyzed accessions, which showed large molecular polymorphism that proved to be under genetic control.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00226111
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetic architecture of growth curve parameters in chickens (1991)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 83 (1991), S. 24-32 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Genetics ; Growth curve ; Body weight ; Chickens
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Genetic improvement in growth of poultry has traditionally proceeded via selection for body weight at a fixed age. Due to increased maintenance costs and reproductive problems of adult broiler breeders, the potential for genetic manipulation of the growth curve has been receiving increased interest. Research of both male and female progeny of a three-way diallel cross was used to investigate the inheritance of growth curve parameters. The Laird form of the Gompertz equation was used to determine growth curve parameters, and was suited to the juvenile growth data frequently collected from meat-type chickens. Growth rate exhibited significant heterosis due to both autosomes and the sex chromosomes. Age at inflection point also exhibited significant average heterosis, though only among females. Growth rate was also influenced by average line effects, as was age at inflection point. Maternal effects had no influence on growth curve parameters, while additive sex linkage was observed for growth rate. Phenotypic and genetic correlations were calculated among the growth curve parameters and suggest that specific breeding programs could alter the growth trajectory of the contemporary broiler chicken. Moderate heritabilities were observed for the growth curve parameters and support the hypothesis that the growth curve could be altered via genetic manipulation of early postnatal growth, especially during the first 14 days post-hatch.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00229222
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evidence that genetic differences in habituation and GABAergic mechanisms may be related to sensitivity to ethanol and development of ethanol tolerance in mice (1991)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 105 (1991), S. 13-21 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Habituation ; GABA ; Ethanol sensitivity ; Ethanol tolerance ; Genetics ; Mice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Habituation to a test environment following daily exposure for 5 days was examined in three genetically different strains of mice. C57 animals showed significant habituation to the new environment already on the second day. The habituation of NMRI mice was significant on the third day, whereas CBA mice showed no habituation at all during the experimental period. There was no difference between the animal strains in learning capacity in a passive avoidance test, but CBA mice displayed a significant increase in latency in their performance. When tested for sensitivity to the convulsant actions of GABAergic antagonists, picrotoxin produced seizures at lower doses in CBA as compared to NMRI and C57 mice, whereas there was no difference between the strains in the seizure activity produced by the specific GABA receptor antagonist bicuculline. When the animals were tested for sensitivity to ethanol in a horizontal wire test, ethanol (2 g/kg, IP) produced muscle relaxation in CBA mice whereas the performance of NMRI and C57 was not affected. A large dose of ethanol (4 g/kg, IP) produced a significantly longer sleeping time in CBA mice as compared to NMRI and C57 animals. Ethanol-produced hypothermia was, however, similar in all animals. Environment-dependent development of tolerance to ethanol following daily injections of ethanol for 4 days was examined. C57 mice showed the most rapid development of tolerance towards ethanol's hypnotic actions, whereas CBA mice showed no tolerance to this effect of ethanol. No difference between the strains to the development of tolerance to ethanol's hypothermic effects was observed. The present findings indicate that sensitivity to ethanol and ethanol tolerance are complex phenomena which cannot be adequately characterized by measuring only one single functional response to ethanol. The possibility that a genetically determined perturbation in the functions of the GABA receptor-coupled chloride channel, noted as variable sensitivity to picrotoxin, may be of importance for the observed disturbance in habituation to a new environment, for the different sensitivity to ethanol, and for the different rate of development of ethanol tolerance is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02316858
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immunoglobulin allotypes are not associated with HLA-antigens, autoantibodies and clinical symptoms in systemic lupus erythematosus (1991)
    Springer
    Rheumatology international 11 (1991), S. 179-182 
    Details
    ISSN: 1437-160X
    Keywords: Immunoglobulin allotypes ; Systemic lupus erythematosus ; Genetics ; Gm ; Km ; HLA-antigens ; Autoantibodies ; Clinical symptoms
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Immunoglobulin heavy chain (G1m, G2m, G3m, A2m) and kappa light chain (Km) allotype and phenotype frequencies of 323 central European Caucasian patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) were examined and correlated with various genetic, serologic and clinical markers of SLE. No significant associations were found between immunoglobulin allotypes or phenotypes and all 20 parameters tested (nephritis, vasculitis, arthralgias, photosensitivity, discoid lesions, central nervous system disease, Raynaud's phenomenon, sex, anti-Ro, anti-La, anti-nRNP, HLA-DR1-DR7, HLA phenotypes B8-DR3, B7-DR2). It could therefore be assumed that Gm, A2m and Km allotypes were not associated with HLA-antigens and had no influence on the serologic and clinical expression of SLE.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00332558
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Variation between strains of the flour beetle Tribolium castaneum in relative performance on five flours (1991)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 60 (1991), S. 173-182 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Genetics ; evolution ; host adaptation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract When populations are exposed to different environments, evolutionary processes can lead either to genetically differentiated strains or to the appearance of increased generalism at the individual level. For evolution to occur, genetic variability in performance in different environments is required. Here, intraspecific genetic variation across environments was estimated in the flour beetle Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) by comparing the responses of two strains of T. castaneum to different flour types. Replicated groups from each strain were allowed to develop on either the standard whole wheat medium or on one of four novel flours (wheat, rice, corn and oat). In several of the novel flours, clear differences in mean development time or population size of one or both strains were seen relative to performance in the standard medium. Moreover, the strains differed significantly in their phenotypic responses to the flours. One strain did particularly poorly on oat flour. Reduced oviposition, reduced larval survivorship and increased larval cannibalism were examined as possible causes of the low productivity on oat flour. These three factors accounted for about 70% of the reduction in population size when this strain oviposited and developed in oat flour. The difference between these two outbred strains in response to these five flours suggests that genetic variation in resource use is present within T. castaneum and may also be present within strains and natural populations in grain storage facilities. Such variation would permit an evolutionary response to selection in multiple environments (flours). This process has agricultural implications when several types of grain are stored in a single location because it could eventually lead to the evolution of highly generalized populations of T. castaneum, an important pest of stored products.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00177038
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Molecular analysis of iron transport in plant growth-promotingPseudomonas putida WCS358 (1991)
    Springer
    BioMetals 4 (1991), S. 36-40 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8773
    Keywords: Iron transport ; Siderophores ; Pseudomonas putida ; Genetics ; Receptors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Root-colonizingPseudomonas putida WCS358 enhances growth of potato in part by producing under iron-limiting conditions a yellow-green, fluorescent siderophore designated pseudobactin 358. This siderophore efficiently complexes iron(III) in the rhizosphere, making it less available to certain endemic microorganisms, including phytopathogens, thus inhibiting their growth. At least 15 genes distributed over five gene clusters are required for the biosynthesis of pseudobactin 358. High-affinity iron(III) transport in strain WCS358 is initiated by an 86-kDa outer membrane receptor protein (PupA) which appears to be specific for ferric pseudobactin 358. PupA shares strong similarity with TonB-dependent receptor proteins ofEscherichia coli, which suggests a TonB-like protein in strain WCS358 is required for iron(III) transport. Strain WCS358 possesses a second uptake system for ferric pseudobactin 358 and structurally diverse ferric siderophores produced by other microorganisms. A second receptor gene (pupB) responsible for iron transport from pseudobactin BN7 or pseudobactin BN8 has been identified. The production of this and certain other ferric siderophore receptor proteins requires that strain WCS358 be grown in the presence of these siderophores. An apparent regulatory gene required for the expression ofpupB is located adjacent topupB. Two positive regulatory genes have been identified which can independently activate, under low-iron(III) conditions, transcription of genes coding for the biosynthesis of pseudobactin 358.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01135555
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease among libyan jews (1991)
    Springer
    European journal of epidemiology 7 (1991), S. 490-493 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7284
    Keywords: Creutzfeldt-Jakob diseases ; Prion disease ; Jews ; Libya ; Genetics ; Pathophysiology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The focus of CJD among Jews of Libyan origin has been recognized for two decades, but the reasons underlying it were unknown. Prevailing views suggested transmission from sheep infected with scrapie. However, recent data show that in fact CJD in this ethnic group is a genetically determined disease due to a point mutation on the codon 200 of the prion protein gene. The clinical characteristics of CJD in this group, and particularly the less common periodic activity in the EEG, are reviewed. New findings include peripheral neuropathy of the demyelinating type in two cases, presumably due to involvement of Schwann cells. The pathophysiology of the disease includes, presumably, a focal post-translational modification of the prion protein, (predisposed by the mutation). Later, the disease progresses through cell-to-cell transmission.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00143127
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Inheritance of stalk rot resistance in cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. Botrytis L.) (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 57 (1991), S. 93-96 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Brassica oleracea ; Cauliflower ; Stalk rot ; Screening ; Genetics ; Resistance ; Sclerotinia sclerotiorum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The inheritance of resistance in cauliflower to stalk rot (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary) was investigated in population from six generations of six crosses. Disease incidence was recorded on 4 parents, 6 Fs 1, 6 Fs 2 and 12 back-crosses in a screenhouse under artificially created epiphytotic conditions. Resistance to stalk rot in this set of parents was found to be polygenic and under the control of recessive genes and due primarily to additive gene action. A breeding strategy emphasizing recurrent selection should lead to improvement in resistance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023065
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mutants of Nicotiana plumbaginifolia with specific resistance to auxin (1991)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 228 (1991), S. 361-371 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Plant ; Hormone ; Genetics ; Hypocotyl ; Development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have isolated nine independent auxin-resistant mutants of Nicotiana plumbaginifolia by culturing M2 seedlings in the presence of indole-3-acetic acid ethyl ester or 1-naphthaleneacetic acid at concentrations which significantly inhibit hypocotyl elongation of the wild type. The mutations were induced by treating seed with ethyl methanesulphonate and were found in the course of screening 10 000 individual M2 families. Auxin resistance was in all cases the result of a mutation at a single, nuclear locus. The dominance relationships of two of the mutants could be defined as recessive or dominant; all other mutants showed partial dominance. In contrast to previously described mutants of Arabidopsis and N. plumbaginifolia, all of the present mutants were specifically resistant to auxin; the mutants were cross-resistant to several auxins, but showed no increased resistance to cytokinin, abscisic acid, ethylene or 1-amino-cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid. The importance of the choice of the selection criterion for the isolation of specific resistance traits is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00260628
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    Masthead (1991)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 12 (1991) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020120501
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  • 21
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    Sequence of swallow, a gene required for the localization of bicoid message in Drosophila eggs (1991)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 12 (1991), S. 333-341 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Maternal effect gene ; DNA sequencing ; protein ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We report the sequence of the Drosophila maternal effect gene swallow, one of the genes whose product is required for the localization of bicoid message during Drosophila oo-genesis. The inferred swallow protein contains a domain that is predicted to be an amphipathic α-helix similar to those implicated in protein:protein associations in other systems. Another part of the predicted protein appears to be a diverged RNA-binding motif. We discuss these structural features in light of the function of the swallow protein in the bicoid message localization process.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020120502
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    Erratum (1991)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 12 (1991), S. 380-380 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020120507
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    Morphological abnormalities, neonatal mortality, and reproductive abnormalities in mice transgenic for diphtheria toxin genes that are driven by the promoter for adipocyte lipid binding protein (1991)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 12 (1991), S. 371-379 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Genetic ablation ; congenital abnormalities ; transgenic mice ; cell death ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Transgenic mice were used in an experiment that was designed to serve as a model of a possible approach to reducing the amount of carcass fat in meat animals. The objective was to reduce the number of adipocytes in transgenic mice thereby restricting the capacity to accumulate lipid. Our approach employed the technique of genetic ablation. The promoter for the adipocyte lipid binding protein gene was used in an attempt to direct expression of diphtheria toxin genes specifically to adipocytes. Three diphtheria toxin genes were used; they encode, respectively, an extremely cytotoxic wild type toxin, a less toxic attenuated toxin, and a nonfunctional toxin. While it was not possible to accurately assess effects of the transgenes on lipid accumulation, several informative observations were noted. A large percentage of transgenic founder mice that harbor either wild type or attenuated toxin genes are morphologically abnormal, die as neonates, or exhibit reproductive abnormalities including sterility or failure to transmit the transgene to offspring. In contrast, mice that harbor the nonfunctional toxin gene or are nontransgenic rarely have these same abnormalities. These results suggest that the trans-genic mice are expressing the transgenes in cells other than adipocytes and that the aberrant production of functional toxin is responsible for the congenital abnormalities. The production of morphological and reproductive abnormalities in transgenic animals should be useful for investigating normal developmental processes.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020120506
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    Adoptive transfer of the hematopoietic system of trisomic mice with limited life span: Stem cells from six different trisomies are capable of survival (1991)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 12 (1991), S. 415-422 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Trisomic mice ; fetal liver cell transplantation ; radiation chimeras ; trisomic hematopoiesis ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The life span of murine trisomies is limited to the fetal or early postnatal period. However, rescue of the hematopoietic system of fetal mice with trisomies (Ts) 12, 13, 14, 16, 18, and 19 is possible by transplanting hematopoietic stem cells from the liver into lethally irradiated adult hosts. Thus, radiation chimeras with permanent and almost complete trisomic hematopoietic and lymphocytopoietic systems were constructed. The longest documented survival of a trisomic graft was 12 months in Ts 19 chimeras. Blood counts in trisomic chimeras reveal a marked anemia in Ts 16 chimeras; lymphocytopenia in Ts 12, Ts 16, and Ts 19 chimeras; and granulocytopenia in Ts 18 chimeras. Survival rates of Ts 12, Ts 18, and Ts 19 chimeras were not different from those of the respective controls, whereas survival rates of chimeras with Ts 13 and Ts 16 hematopoiesis were markedly reduced and that of Ts 14 chimeras only slightly reduced. These results indicate that transplanted hematopoietic stem cells from Ts 13, Ts 14, and Ts 16 fetuses exhibit relevant genetically determined defects, resulting in a reduced restoration capacity of hematopoietic organs and/or deficiencies of differentiated blood cells. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020120606
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    Mosaicism of tyrosinase-locus transcription and chromatin structure in dark vs. light melanocyte clones of homozygous chinchilla-mottled mice (1991)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 12 (1991), S. 393-402 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Clonal variation ; gene expression ; DNAase I hypersensitive sites ; matrix-associated regions ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The chinchilla-mottled (cm) mutation at the mouse tyrosinase-encoding locus leads to a transversely striped pattern of dark- and light-grey coat colors in homozygotes. The same basic pattern occurs in various other genotypes and has previously been found to represent the clonal developmental history of melanocytes. In a homozygote such as cm/cm, cis-acting mechanisms would be expected to account for the color differences. To search for these mechanisms, the genomic structure of the mutation was examined and compared with the wild-type, and its function was compared in cultured melanocyte clones of the respective colors. Evidence from restriction mapping indicated that the coding region of the mutant gene resembles that of the fully and uniformly pigmented wild-type. However, the upstream sequences are rearranged in the mutation. The rearrangement begins 5 kb 5′ of the transcription initiation site and is estimated to encompass at least 30 kb of distal upstream sequence. At least two stable functional states of the cm gene were detectable: Light-cell clones have low levels of tyrosinase-specific transcription, reduced DNAase I sensitivity of tyrosinase chromatin, and no detectable hypersensitive sites near the gene; dark-cell clones have higher (but subnormal) levels of transcription, greater sensitivity of chromatin to DNAase I, and a hypersensitive site in the promoter region. The changed relation between the structural gene and its upstream region may separate it from cis-acting control elements, resulting in reduced and variable ability to achieve the appropriate chromatin configuration near the time of melanocyte determination; differences in expression among clonal initiator cells are then mitotically perpetuated. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020120604
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    Catalase and superoxide dismutase gene expression and distribution during stem development in maize (1991)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 12 (1991), S. 423-430 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Zea mays ; superoxide dismutase ; differential gene expression ; stem lignification ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The temporal and spatial patterns of expression of the Cat and Sod genes encoding the multiple catalases and superoxide dismutases in maize have been examined throughout stem development. Three stages of stem development have been defined based upon catalase activity profiles and stem internode elongation. At stage 1, catalase activity is low and internodes remain short; at stage 2, catalase activity dramatically increases and internodes rapidly elongate; and at stage 3, catalase activity decreases to levels intermediate to stage 1 and 2, and internode elongation ceases. Zymogram analysis and immunoassays show that only the CAT-3 catalase isozyme is present in the stem, even though both Cat1 and Cat3 mRNAs accumulate throughout stem development. Cat2 mRNA is not detectable in the developing stem. In full-grown stems catalase is localized primarily in the sclerenchyma beneath the epidermis and around the vascular bundles and may possibly play a role in lignification. Unlike catalase, all the superoxide dismutase (SOD) isozymes and transcripts are present in the developing stem. Thus, these two major antioxidant gene-enzyme systems show differential patterns of expression during stem development in maize. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020120607
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    Signal transduction and gene expression in Dictyostelium discoideum (1991)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 12 (1991), S. 2-5 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020120103
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  • 28
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    Regulation of protein phosphorylation in Dictyostelium discoideum (1991)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 12 (1991), S. 14-18 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: GDP-dependent ; chemotactic receptor ; CAR-kinase ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We have examined the phosphorylation of the cyclic adenosine 3′:5′ monophosphate (cAMP) cell surface chemotactic receptor and a 36 kDa membrane-associated protein (p36) in Dictyostelium discoideum. The activity of CAR-kinase, the enzyme responsible for the phosphorylation of the cAMP receptor, was studied in plasma membrane preparations. It was foud that, as in intact cells, the receptor was rapidly phosphorylated in membranes incubated with [γ32P] adenosine triphosphate (ATP) but only in the presence of cAMP. This phosphorylation was not observed in membranes prepared from cells which did not display significant cAMP binding activity. cAMP could induce receptor phosphorylation at low concentrations, while cyclic guanosine 3′:5′ monophosphate (cGMP) could elicit receptor phosphorylation only at high concentrations. Neither ConA, Ca2+, or guanine nucleotides had an effect on CAR-kinase. It was also observed that 2-deoxy cAMP but not dibutyryl cAMP induced receptor phosphorylation. The data suggest that the ligand occupied form of the cAMP receptor is required for CAR-kinase activity. Although the receptor is rapidly dephosphorylated in vivo, we were unable to observe its dephosphorylation in vitro. In contrast, p36 was rapidly dephosphorylated. Also, unlike the cAMP receptor, the phosphorylation of p36 was found to be regulated by the addition of guanine nucleotides. Guanosine diphosphate (GDP) enhanced the phosphorylation while guanosine triphosphate (GTP) decreased the radiolabeling of p36 indicating that GTP can compete with ATP for the nucleotide triphosphate binding site of p36 kinase. This was verified using radiolabeled GTP as the phosphate donor. Competition experiments with GTPγS, ATP, GTP, CTP, and uridine triphosphate (UTP) indicated that the phosphate donor site of p36 kinase is relatively non-sepcific. The mechanism(s) by which GDP functions to alter p36 phosphorylation and the physiological significance of this event are currently under investigation.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020120105
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  • 29
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    cDNA sequence of cyclophilin from Dictyostelium discoidem (1991)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 12 (1991), S. 50-53 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Dictyostelium ; protein folding ; pepti-dyl-prolyl isomerase ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A cDNA encoding a protein homologous to cyclophilins from other species has been isolated from a Dictyostelium discoideum cDNA library. From the deduced amino acid sequence a protein with a molecular mass of 19 kD and 64% identity with human cyclophilin is predicted. Southern blot analysis indicates that there is one cyclophilin gene in the D. discoideum genome. The mRNA is present in all developmental stages.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020120110
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  • 30
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    Cell-cell contact mediates cAMP secretion in Dictyostelium discoideum (1991)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 12 (1991), S. 54-62 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Adenylyl cyclase ; bacteria ; membrane skeleton ; development ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Cyclic adenosine 3′:5′ monophosphate (cAMP) and cell-cell contact regulate developmental gene expression in Dictyostelium discoideum. Developing D. discoideum amoebae synthesize and secrete cAMP following the binding of cAMP to their surface cAMP receptor, a response called cAMP signaling. We have demonstrated two responses of developing D. discoideum amoebae to cell-cell contact. Cell-cell contact elicits cAMP secretion and alters the amount of cAMP secreted in a subsequent cAMP signaling response. Depending upon experimental conditions, bacterial-amoebal contact and amoebal-amoebal contact can enhance or diminish the amount of cAMP secreted during a subsequent cAMP signaling response. We have hypothesized that cell-cell contact regulates D. discoideum development by altering cellular and extracellular levels of cAMP. To begin testing this hypothesis, these responses were further characterized.The two responses to cell-cell contact are independent, i.e., they can each occur in the absence of the other. The responses to cell-cell contact also have unique temperature dependences when compared to each other, cAMP signaling, and phagocytosis. This suggests that these four responses have unique steps in their transduction mechanisms.The secretion of cAMP in response to cell-cell contact appears to be a non-specific response; contact between D. discoideum amoebae and Enterobacter aerogenes, latex beads, or other amoebae elicits cAMP secretion. Despite the apparent similarities of the effects of bacterial-amoebal and amoebal-amoebal contact on the cAMP signaling response, this contact-induced response appears to be specific. Latex beads addition does not alter the magnitude of a subsequent cAMP signaling response. A mutant, DV212, does not alter the magnitude of its cAMP signaling response following bacterial-amoebal contact but alters the magnitude of its cAMP signaling response following amoebal-amoebal contact. Thus, amoebae can differentiate between bead-amoebal contact, bacterial-amoebal contact, and amoebal-amoebal contact.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020120111
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    Induction of gene expression in Dictyostelium by prestarvation factor, a factor secreted by growing cells (1991)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 12 (1991), S. 82-87 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: PSF ; discoidin I ; growth ; development ; gene regulation ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: During growth, Dictyostelium cells continuously secrete a factor, PSF, that accumulates in proportion to cell density. At sufficient concentration, it triggers the production of discoidin I and certain lysosomal enzymes. Our earlier studies demonstrated these effects of PSF on protein and enzyme levels [Clarke et al., Differentiation 34:79-87, 1987; Clarke et al., Dev Genet 9:315-326, 1988]. In the present study, we have examined whether PSF induces increased mRNA levels. By Northern blot analysis, we have found that discoidin I mRNA accumulates in exponentially growing NC4 cells as the cells reach high density; significant levels of mRNA are detectable in cells growing either on plates or in suspension, beginning about four generations before the end of exponential growth. High levels of discoidin I mRNA are also found in low-density cells grown in the presence of buffer conditioned by high-density cells. These results indicate that PSF induces the accumulation of discoidin I mRNA. Other “early developmental” genes, pCZ22 and the early I genes (16, 18, and 111), are also expressed in exponentially growing cells at high density or in the presence of conditioned buffer. We conclude that several genes previously found to be preferentially expressed very early in development are actually induced during late exponential growth by PSF.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020120115
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  • 32
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    Multiple genes for cell surface cAMP receptors in Dictyostelium discoideum (1991)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 12 (1991), S. 6-13 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Signal transduction ; G-proteins ; adenylyl cyclase ; gene expression ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We have cloned and characterized three genes (CAR1, CAR2, CAR3) encoding potential cell surface, cyclic adenosine 3′:5′ monophosphate (AMP) receptors from Dictyostelium discoideum. The three proteins are predicted to be substantially similar in amino acid sequence throughout most of their transmembrane (TM) and loop domains but are distinctly different in their carboxyl terminal segments. In addition, all three genes possess an intron which interrupts an equivalent codon of TM3.CAR1 is expressed early in development when the cAMP relay system is being established. As development proceeds multiple size forms of CAR1 RNA are detected which apparently result from differences in their 5′-untranslated regions. Late in development levels of CAR1 RNA decrease. In contrast, CAR2 encodes a single sized RNA which is expressed only during postaggregative development. CAR3 expression is ∼10% of CAR1 during early development, is maximal during tight aggregate formation but declines thereafter. Only one size class of CAR3 mRNA is detected throughout development.Because RNA for each of the three genes is present in postaggregative cells, it was of interest to determine the cell type distribution of each RNA. Gene-specific probes were hybridized to RNAs isolated from cells of Percoll gradient-enriched prespore and prestalk fractions and relative levels of hybridization compared. CAR1 and CAR3 show approximately the same pattern of accumulation; a 3-4 fold enrichment in prestalk cells. CAR2, however, is highly enriched in prestalk cells, more than 10 fold relative to prespore cells.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020120104
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    Several testis-expressed genes in the mouse t-complex have expression differences between wild-type and t-mutant mice (1991)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 12 (1991), S. 318-332 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: t/complex ; gene expression ; testis ; in situ hybridization ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The t-complex of the mouse occupies the proximal half of chromosome 17 and cantains genes which have profound effects on spermatogenesis. Mutations of several loci in the t-complex appear to interact to cause male sterility or transmission ratio distortion (TRD).By cDNA screening or chromosomal walking we have identified seven genes, which are expressed in the germ cells of testis and map to various regions of the t-complex. These genes were named t-complex testis-expressed (Tctex) genes. An analysis of their expression patterns in testes from +/+, +/t, and t/t mice was done by in situ hybridization and by northern blotting. Six genes begin to be expressed at the pachytene stage: Three of them are more abundant at pachytene stage, while three others are more abundant at postmeiotic stages. One gene is expressed at all the stages of spermatogenesis. Interestingly, four Tctex genes show differences in the amount of transcript between wild-type and t-mutant testes. The chromosomal location and expression pattern imply that Tctex genes might be candidate genes for sterility or TRD.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020120409
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    Phenotypic consequences and genetic interactions of a null mutation in the Drosophila posterior Sex Combs gene (1991)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 12 (1991), S. 349-361 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Psc gene ; polycomb group gene ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The Posterior Sex Combs (Psc) gene of Drosophila is a member of the Polycomb (Pc) group of transregulatory genes. Previous analyses of the function of this gene in Drosophila em-bryogenesis have been hampered by the lack of a null mutation. We recently isolated a mutation that deletes the 5′ end of the Psc gene. This allele appears to be a null mutation, and we have used it to determine the Psc zygotic null phenotype and to look at the interactions of a null allele of Psc with five other Pc group mutations. We find evidence for transformations along both the anterior-posterior and dorsal-ventral axes in embryos of a variety of genotypes that include a null mutation in Psc. The phenotypes of embryos that are doubly mutant for a null allele of Psc and a mutation in a second Pc group gene show dramatic synergistic effects, but in their specifics they are dependent on the identify of the second Pc group gene. This is different from the relatively uniform phenotypes seen among double mutants that contained the allele Psc1, which has both gain and loss of function properties. The differences in the phenotypes of the doubly mutant embryos allow us to eliminate one class of molecular models to explain the dramatic synergism seen with mutations in this group of genes.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020120504
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    Masthead (1991)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 12 (1991) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020120601
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    Structure, expression, and regulation of members of the developmentally controlled V and H gene classes from Dictyostelium (1991)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 12 (1991), S. 88-97 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Developmental regulation ; ribosomal protein genes ; spore germination ; promoter structure ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We have examined the expression and structure of vegetative specific genes belonging to the V and H gene classes. Both classes of genes are deactivated at the onset of development by a reduction in the rate of transcription. Thus, the genes must be reactivated when the terminally differentiated spores germinate and the resulting amebae return to the vegetative state. During germination, activation of expression of most members of the V gene class was found to parallel the emergence of amaebae from the spore coats. The activation of the V genes did not occur when protein synthesis was inhibited. The timing of activation of the H genes was more heterogeneous and did not parallel emergence. H gene activation occurred even when protein synthesis was inhibited. V4 was found to be the only vegetative specific gene that was responsive to the presence of bacteria. V4 expression was induced by 25-100 fold via transcriptional activation when bacteria were added to amebae growing axenically. Isolation and sequence analysis of the corresponding genomic clones revealed that two V genes, V18 and V1, encode ribosomal proteins. Promoter analysis has delineated the sequences necessary for expression and regulation for several of the V and H genes. In all cases, expression was determined by sequences within the first several hundred base pairs of the transcription start site. For V18 and V14, a positive constitutive element was identified in addition to the sequences involved in regulation. Finally, all of the characterizations and findings are discussed in terms of postulated models for V and H gene expression and regulation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020120116
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    Masthead (1991)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 12 (1991) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020120301
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  • 38
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    Kinase activity and genetic characterization of a growth related antigen of Drosophila (1991)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 12 (1991), S. 188-195 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Protein kinase ; serine-threonine kinase ; cDNA cloning ; gene location ; deficiency mapping ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The Drosophila developmental antigen recognized by the monoclonal antibody F7D6 is expressed in dividing embryonic and imaginal cells but is lost from all differentiating fissues except electrogenic cells of the nervous system and spontaneously contracting muscles. The 63 kDa antigen is associated with the inner surface of plasma membranes and is expressed in several classes of fumorous mutants of Drosophila. The monoclonal antibody was used for immunoprecip-itating the antigen for biochemical characterization and for screening expression vector cDNA libraries. Here we report that this oncodevelopmental antigen is a phosphoprotein and a serine-threonine specific protein kinase. A 1.6 kb cDNA isolated by immunological screening of an ovarian library hybridized to a single band on polytene chromosomes, localizing the gene to 72F on the left arm of the third chromosome. Immunofluorescence assays of deficiency stocks in the region confirmed the location of the gene and identity of the cDNA clone, and mapped the gene between the left breakpoints of Df(3L) st1100.62 and Df(3L) sti7, i.e., between 72F3-7 and 73A1-2. The biochemical and genetic properties indicate that this is a novel growth-related kinase of Drosophila.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020120303
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    Regulatory elements near the Drosophila hsp 22 gene required for ecdysterone and heat shock induction (1991)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 12 (1991), S. 212-218 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: DNA regulatory elements ; transfection-competition experiments ; transcription ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A transient expression assay was used to localize cis-acting DNA regulatory elements near the Drosophila heat shock protein (hsp) 22 gene, that are involved in heat shock expression and in ecdysterone-induced expression. The results identify a region between positions -320 and -232 that is essential for ecdysterone control, but not for heat-induced expression, and a sequence between -199 and -56, which, when deleted, leads to the loss of heat shock induction. To investigate the function of these DNA sequences, transfection-competition experiments were carried out. The evidence suggests that the DNA regulatory sequences identified by transient expression studies contain binding sites for transacting transcription factors.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020120306
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    Announcement (1991)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 12 (1991), S. 253-253 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020120310
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    Expression and regulation of lectin genes in cereals and rice (1991)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 12 (1991), S. 255-260 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Chitin-binding ; plant defense ; gramineae lectins ; tissue-specific expression ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020120402
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    Cellular morphogenesis in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell cycle: Localization of the CDC11 gene product and the timing of events at the budding site (1991)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 12 (1991), S. 281-292 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Actin function ; cell wall ; cytoskeleton ; fusion proteins ; mating ; 10 nm filaments ; yeast ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The Saccharomyces cerevisiae CDC3, CDC10, CDC11, and CDC12 genes encode a family of homologous proteins that are not closely related to other known proteins [Haarer BK, Ketcham SR, Ford SK, Ashcroft DJ, and Pringle JR (submitted)]. Temperature-sensitive mutants defective in any of these four genes display essentially identical pleiotropic phenotypes that include abnormal cell-wall deposition and bud growth, an inability to complete cytokinesis, and a failure to form the ring of 10 nm filaments that normally lies directly subjacent to the plasma membrane in the neck region of budding cells. We showed previously that the CDC3 and CDC12 gene products localize to the region of the mother-bud neck and are probably constituents of the ring of 10 nm filaments. We now report the generation of polyclonal antibodies specific for the CDC11 product (Cdc11p) and the use of these antibodies in immunofluorescence experiments with wild-type and mutant cells. The results suggest that Cdc11p is also a constituent of the filament ring, and thus support the hypothesis that the S. cerevisiae 10 nm filaments represent a novel type of eukaryotic cytoskeletal element. Cdc11p and actin both localize to the budding site well in advance of bud emergence and at approximately the same time, and both proteins also remain localized at the old budding site for some time after cytokinesis. Cdc11p also localizes to regions of cell-wall reorganization in mating cells and in cells responding to purified mating pheromone. Surprisingly, most preparations of affinity purified Cdc11p-specific antibodies also stained the nuclear and cytoplasmic microtubules. Although this staining probably reflects the existence of an epitope shared by Cdc11p and some microtubule-associated protein, the possibility that a fraction of the Cdc11 p is associated with the microtubules could not be eliminated.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020120405
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    The relative importance of transcriptional and post transcriptional regulation of Drosophila chorion gene expression during oogenesis (1991)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 12 (1991), S. 196-205 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Run-on transcription ; developmentally regulated gene expression ; follicle cell nuclei ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: To determine the relative roles of transcriptional and post-transcriptional events in establishing the temporal pattern of chorion gene expression in Drosophila, we have examined chorion gene transcription, RNA accumulation, and protein synthesis in follicles of selected pre-early- and late-choriogenic stages. Chorion gene transcription was assayed in follicle cell nuclei by nuclear run-on reactions. For the s 15, s 16, s 18, s36, and s38 chorion genes, the periods of intense transcription are as predicted from the dynamics of RNA accumulation and protein synthesis, indicating that these genes are primarily regulated at the transcriptional level. In contrast, gene s19 appears subject to post-transcriptional control at stage 14, when transcription rates are substantially higher than predicted from the observed RNA levels.Transcription of regions between the clustered and tandemly oriented chorion genes was also examined. In contrast to many RNA polymerase II transcribed genes, for the s18 and s36 chorion genes run-on transcription appears to terminate within about 100 base pairs downstream of the polyadenylation sites, corroborating previous reports based on electron microscopy of s36 [Osheim et al., EMBO J 5:3591-3596, 1986].
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020120304
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    Elevated paraquat resistance can be used as a bioassay for longevity in a genetically based long-lived strain of Drosophila (1991)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 12 (1991), S. 362-370 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Aging ; genetics of aging ; biomarkers ; free radicals ; catalase ; Drosophila ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A long-lived (L) strain of Drosophila melanogaster, derived from a normal-lived (R) strain by artificial selection, has a significantly different adult longevity. Previous work has shown that (1) the two strains age in the same manner, (2) the major genes responsible for much of the L strain's extended longevity are located on the 3rd chromosome, and (3) the extended longevity phenotype is significantly modulated by the larval environment. In this report, we investigate the resistance of the L and R strains to the lethal effects of dietary paraquat. We show that, within the limitations of our described chromosomal and environmental manipulations, the extended longevity phenotype always accompanies the phenotype of elevated paraquat resistance. In addition, reversed selection applied to the L strain results in the simultaneous decrease of both life span and paraquat resistance. Thus, the presence or absence of the latter phenotype may be used as a bioassay for the presence or absence of the extended longevity phenotype, without any necessary implication of causality. Use of this bioassay should greatly speed up the genetic analysis of this system by allowing us to identify long-lived animals at a young age. Finally, we show that the age-related loss of elevated paraquat resistance in both strains precedes all the other age-related functional decrements which we have previously noted in this system.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020120505
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    Announcement (1991)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 12 (1991), S. 381-381 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020120602
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    Masthead (1991)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 12 (1991) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020120101
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    Distinct developmental regulatory mechanisms for two members of the aldolase gene family (1991)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 12 (1991), S. 431-436 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Regulatory mechanisms ; mRNA ; al-dolase ; post-transcriptional control ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The aldolase isozyme family is composed of three members, A, B, and C, which are encoded by separate genes. The proteins are expressed in a tissue-restricted manner during development and in the adult. To elucidate the regulation of aldolose mRNA in the mouse liver, we analyzed its expression by a number of methods including Northern blot, RNA dot blot, and nuclear run-on assays. Our experiments demonstrate that the expression of aldolase A in the liver is primarily regulated by post-transcriptional control. In contrast, we found that changes in the level of aldolase B mRNA are due to changes in the rate of initiation of transcription. In addition, we examined the regulation of aldolase expression in the adult kidney. We found that although the kidney has eight times more aldolase B than the live, the rate of initiation of transcription is similar in both tissues. Also, the rate of initiation of transcription of aldolase A is the same in the adult kidney and liver although there is 40 times more steady state aldolase A mRNA in the kidney than in the liver. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020120608
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    Homology cloning of protein kinase and phosphoprotein phosphatase sequences of Dictyostelium discoideum (1991)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 12 (1991), S. 45-49 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Polymerase chain reaction ; reversible protein phosphorylation ; signal transduction ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Reversible protein phosphory-lation appears to be important of several stages in the signal transduction pathways in Dictyostelium discoideum. To elucidate its role, we have isolated sequences encoding putative protein kinases and phosphoprotein phosphatases by homology clon- ing using polymerase chain reactions (PCRs). Oli-gonucleotide primers were synthesized for use as forward and reverse primers with their nucleotide sequences deduced from the amino acid sequences of conserved domains of several protein kinases and phosphoprotein phosphatases. The fragments amplified by PCR were cloned, sequenced, and shown to encode parts of five different protein kinases and two phosphoprotein phos-phatases. Several features such as the deduced amino acid sequence homology, location of invariant amino acids, GC content, and the codon usage confirmed that one set of clones encode parts of different protein kinases of Dictyostelium. Two clones derived from phosphoprotein phosphatase primers encode fragments of type 1 and type 2A phosphoprotein phosphatases. Amplified fragments were used to screen a Xgtll bank, and several cDNA clones for protein kinases were isolated. Some of these show differential expression during development or in response to exogenous cAMP.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020120109
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    Dictyostelium discoideum: A simple eukaryotic microorganism with a complex network of regulation (1991)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 12 (1991), S. 63-64 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Development ; differentiation ; gene expression ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020120112
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    Gene expression and chromatin structure in the cellular slime mold, Dictyostelium discoideum (1991)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 12 (1991), S. 65-77 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Histones ; nucleosomes ; micrococcal nuclease digestion ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Micrococcal nuclease digestion of chromatin from growing cells reveals a structural organization which differs for genes transcribed at diverse rates. The late cAMP dependent prespore genes which are not transcribed in growing cells are found in growing cells in a regular nucleosomal repeat with an average spacing of 168 nucleotides. By contrast genes expressed at a low level in growing cells show an irregular pattern of bands with an average distance between bands of 80 nucleotides. The sizes of the bands generated from the transcribed genes are consistent with the concept that transcription results in the loss of the linker region histone H1 with concomitant sliding of nucleosomes to generate close packed (“slipped”) di, tri, and tetra nucleosomes lacking the linker region. Further analysis of dinucleosomes released by micrococcal nuclease digestion reveals that transcriptionally active genes are found associated with dinucleosome species which may be lacking histone H1. The length of DNA protected by these dinucleosomes is heterogeneous, ranging from 250 to 300 nucleotides.Methodology is described which has been adapted to allow two dimensional hybridization mapping of nucleoprotein complexes on single copy Dictyostelium genes.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020120113
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    Regulation of cysteine proteinases during different pathways of differentiation in cellular slime molds (1991)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 12 (1991), S. 154-162 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Cysteine proteinase ; Dictyostelium discoideum ; Dictyostelium mucoroides ; Polysphondylium pallidum ; spore ; macrocyst ; microcyst ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Cysteine proteinase activities have been determined using gelatin-SDS-PAGE analysis and assays based on peptide nitroanilides. Vegetative myxamoebae of all species examined contain high levels of cysteine proteinose activity present in multiple forms. In both Dictyostelium discoideum and Polysphondylium pallidum the proteinase content is dependent on whether the cells are grown axenically or in association with bacteria. In all instances development is accompanied by a decreased intracellular cysteine proteinase activity. This occurs during the formation of fruiting bodies in D. discoideum, microcysts in P. pallidum, and macrocysts in Dictyostelium mucoroides. Significant quantities of proteinase activity are always secreted by myxamoebae immediately on starvation. In D. mucoroides this leads to an almost total depletion of intracellular cysteine proteinases by the aggregation stage. As a consequence of this depletion it has been relatively easy to detect a developmentally regulated accumulation of cysteine proteinases at the enzyme activity level, something which has not yet proved possible with D. discoideum. Three cysteine proteinases are produced as D. mucoroides macrocysts develop and mature. In the case of microcyst formation in P. pallidum the proteinase contents of the developing cells and of the microcysts are dependent on how the myxamoebae are grown. In this developmental pathway at least, there is no absolute requirement for specific proteinases to be present (or absent) at a particular stage. The diversity of cysteine proteinases found in cellular slime molds and the variety of features apparent in their regulation suggest that they will prove to be very useful for investigating features of the structure/function relationships in this important group of enzymes.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020120124
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    Coordinate regulation of the spore coat genes in Dictyostelium discoideum (1991)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 12 (1991), S. 123-132 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: SP60 ; SP70 ; SP96 ; prespore-specific mRNAs ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Genomic clones of the genes coding for the three major spore coat proteins, SP60, SP70, and SP96, were used to measure the accumulation of their respective mRNAs in mutant and wild-type cells allowed to develop under a variety of conditions. These prespore-specific mRNAs were found to be both temporally and quantitatively coordinate under all conditions indicating that they may be subject to identical regulatory processes. Accumulation of the spore coat mRNAs is dependent upon the function of both cAMP receptors and Gα2 proteins during the aggregation stage as well as upon concomitant protein synthesis. When cells are dissociated from aggregates at 10 hr of development and rapidly shaken in 0.1 mM EDTA they form clumps but do not accumulate any of the prespore-specific RNAs assayed. However, if either 0.1 rnM Ca++ or 20 μM cAMP is added to these cells, the spore coat mRNAs accumulate. Lower concentrations of either Ca++ or cAMP had no effect. These results suggest that expression of the spore coat genes normally involves a Ca++ -dependent process, but the Ca++ requirement can be overcome by adding Ca++ high concentrations of exogenous CAMP.Addition of 50 nM DIF to dissociated cell blocks the accu- mulation of the spore coat mRNAs even when cAMP or Ca++ is present. The upstream regions of the spore coat genes were compared to those of another gene, D19, that codes for the prespore-specific protein SP29. Short sequences related to CACCCAC were found at about the same position relative to the transcriptional start sites of these co- ordinately regulated genes.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020120120
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    Dynamics and function of the inositolcycle in Dictyostelium discoideum (1991)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 12 (1991), S. 19-24 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: cAMP ; dephosphorylation ; phos-phatase ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The inositolcycle in Dictyostelium discoideum was studied under several conditions both in vitro and in vivo. The results are compared with the inositolcycle as it is known from higher eukaryotes: although there is a strong resemblance both cycles are different at some essential points.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020120106
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    Control of cAMP-induced gene expression by divergent signal transduction pathways (1991)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 12 (1991), S. 25-34 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Dictyostelium ; stimulation kinetics ; aggregation-related genes ; prestalk-related genes ; prespore genes ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A compilation of literature data and recent experiments led to the following conclusions regarding cyclic adenosine 3′:5′ monophosphate (cAMP) regulation of gene expression. Several classes of cAMP-induced gene expression can be discriminated by sensitivity to stimulation kinetics. The aggregation-related genes respond only to nanomolar cAMP pulses. The prestalk-related genes respond both to nano-molar pulses and persistent micromolar stimulation. The prespore specific genes respond only to persistent micromolar stimulation.The induction of the aggregation- and prestalk-related genes by nanomolar cAMP pulses may share a common transduction pathway, which does not involve cAMP, while involvement of the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3)/Ca2+ pathway is unlikely. Induction of the expression of prespore and prestalk-related genes by micromolar cAMP stimuli utilizes divergent signal processing mechanisms. cAMP-induced prespore gene expression does not involve cAMP and probably also not cyclic guanosine 3′.5′ monophosphate (cGMP) as intracellular intermediate. Involvement of cAMP-induced phospholipase C (PLC) activation in this pathway is suggested by the observation that IP3 and 1,2-diacylglycerol (DAG) can induce prespore gene expression, albeit in a somewhat indirect manner and by the observation that Li+ and Ca2+ antagonists inhibit prespore gene expression. Cyclic AMP induction of prestalk-related gene expression is inhibited by IP3 and DAG and promoted by Li+, and is relatively insensitive to Ca2+ antagonists, which indicates that PLC activation does not mediate prestalk-related gene expression. Neither prespore nor prestalk-related gene expression utilizes the sustained cAMP-induced pHi increase as intracellular intermediate.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020120107
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    Signal transduction pathways involved in the expression of the uridine diphosphoglucose pyrophosphorylase gene of Dictyostelium discoideum (1991)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 12 (1991), S. 35-44 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: cAMP ; regulatory sequences ; DNA binding proteins ; anti-sense RNA ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The uridine diphosphoglucose pyrophosphorylase (UDPGP1) gene of Dictyostelium discoideum is an excellent marker to study the pathways that control the expression of genes during development. We have previously shown that the UDPGP1 gene is regulated by exogenous cAMP acting on cell-surface cAMP receptors. Various steps in the signal transduction pathway between receptor stimulation and the induction of the gene can now be studied. Induction does not require the synthesis of intracellular cAMP, but does require new protein synthesis. By deletion and transformation with altered genes, two cis-acting sequences that are required for UDPGP1 expression have been identified. A GC-rich palindromic sequence located between -410 and -374 is essential for induction of the gene by extracellular cAMP, but not for its basal expression. A sequence element located between -374 and -337 is required for any basal expression of this gene. When the polarity of the palindromic sequence was reversed such that it resembled the H2K enhancer element, the gene could still be induced by exogenous cAMP. Two DNA binding activities were detected in gel mobility shift assays using a fragment containing both of the regulatory sequence elements of UDPGP1 gene. Transformation with a vector that resulted in the synthesis of anti-sense UDPGP1 RNA led to almost total elimination of the enzyme antigen and no detectable enzyme activity. However, these transformants developed normally, indicating that either UDPGP is not required for development or residual synthesis of UDPGP may be sufficient for normal development.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020120108
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    Formation of functionally active chloroplasts is determined at a limited stage of leaf development in virescent mutants of rice (1991)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 12 (1991), S. 342-348 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Chloroplast biogenesis ; temperature-shift analysis ; gene expression ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The ability to form functionally active chloroplasts is determined at a certain early stage of leaf development in three non-allelic temperature-sensitive virescent mutants of rice. Temperature-shift analysis, together with anatomical observations, indicates that the intrinsic developmental signals of the virescent genes are expressed at the stage immediately following the formation of basic leaf structure, but just before the onset of leaf elongation. These signals control the expression of chloroplast-encoded genes but do not affect the subsequent morphological development of the leaf or the photo-regulation of the expression of nuclear genes encoding chloroplast proteins.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020120503
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    Differential expression and isozymic composition of sn-glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase in tissues from variant lines of Drosophila melanogaster (1991)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 12 (1991), S. 219-225 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase ; tissue-specific expression ; isozymic composition ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The tissue-specific expression and isozymic composition of Drosophila sn-glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH) (EC 1.1.1.8) have been determined for a high-activity control line and two variant lines that alter either the temporal or systemic expression of GPDH through a reduction in rates of polypeptide synthesis. The temporal variant exhibits a reduction in enzyme levels in all larval tissues and in the adult abdomen, while levels of activity in the adult thorax are equal to the control line. Isozymic analyses of these tissues demonstrate that it is the GPDH-3 species that is reduced in a temporal and tissue-specific manner. In contrast, the systemic variant demonstrates a uniform reduction of all isozymic species in each tissue and developmental stage. Analyses of the tissues of F1 hybrid offspring of each variant line and appropriately marked electrophoretic variants demonstrate that the tissue-specific effects observed are due to cis-acting elements that are tightly linked to the structural gene.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020120307
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    Generating lineage-specific markers to study Drosophila development (1991)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 12 (1991), S. 238-252 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Enhancer detection ; embryogenesis ; cell lineage ; P-element ; β-galactosidase ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: To generate cell- and tissue-specific expression patterns of the reporter gene lacZ in Drosophila, we have generated and characterized 1,426 independent insertion strains using four different P-element constructs. These four transposons carry a lacZ gene driven either by the weak promoter of the P-element transposase gene or by partial promoters from the even-skipped, fushi-tarazu, or engrailed genes. The tissue-specific patterns of β-galactosidase expression that we are able to generate depend on the promoter utilized. We describe in detail 13 strains that can be used to follow specific cell lineages and demonstrate their utility in analyzing the phenotypes of developmental mutants. Insertion strains generated with P-elements that carry various sequences upstream of the lacZ gene exhibit an increased variety of expression patterns that can be used to study Drosophila development.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020120309
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    Characterization and complementation analysis of sporogenous mutants of Dictyostelium discoideum (1991)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 12 (1991), S. 272-280 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Cell differentiation ; cyclic AMP ; spore viability ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Sporogenous mutants of the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum are defined as mutants which are able to undergo terminal differentiation into spores in monolayer cultures in the presence of millimolar amounts of exogenous cyclic AMP. We describe the morphological development and cellular differentiation of a collection of 12 independently isolated sporogenous mutants of strain V12 M2. All mutants develop more rapidly than do wild-type at an air-water interface, display aberrant morphogenesis, and show overt spore and stalk differentiation as soon as 4 hr after starvation. All mutants differentiate in submerged monolayer culture in the presence of cAMP into variable proportions of spores and stalk cells. A number of the mutants also form both stalk cells and spores in submerged culture in the absence of exogenous cAMP. The spores formed by many of the mutants have a greatly reduced viability. Using parasexual genetics, we have found that two of the 12 mutants analyzed are dominant to wild-type and the remaining ten fall into a minimum of four complementation groups, the overall analysis thus yielding a minimum of four and a maximum of seven complementation groups. Intracellular cAMP levels in vegetative cells are significantly elevated in the two dominant mutants but are similar to wild type in all the other mutants.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020120404
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    Developmental regulation of the sheep β-lactoglobulin gene in the mammary gland of transgenic mice (1991)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 12 (1991), S. 299-307 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: β-lactoglobulin ; transgenic ; mammary gland development ; milk protein gene expression ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: β-Lactoglobulin (BLG) is the most abundant whey protein in sheep milk but it is not present in mouse milk. We have previously shown that transgenic mice carrying the BLG gene express it specifically in the mammary gland and secrete BLG into milk at high concentrations. Here we demonstrate that BLG transcription is correctly initiated in mice and that BLG synthesis is restricted to the secretory epithelial cells of the mammary gland. We have also determined the temporal pattern of milk protein gene expression and find that the BLG transgene is regulated coordinately with mouse β-casein and that the patterns of regulation of BLG in mouse and sheep share some similarities.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020120407
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    Announcement (1991)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 12 (1991), S. 170-170 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020120126
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    Lethal(1)aberrant immune response mutations leading to melanotic tumor formation in Drosophila melanogaster (1991)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 12 (1991), S. 173-187 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Melanotic tumor mutations ; cellular defense system ; invertebrate immunity ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Using P element-mediated mutagenesis we have isolated 20 X-linked lethal mutations, representing at least 14 complementation groups, which exhibit melanotic tumor phenotypes. We present the systematic analysis of this interesting group of lethal mutations that were selected for their visible melanotic or immune response. The lethal and melanotic tumor phenotypes of each lethal(1) aberrant immune response (air) mutation are pleiotropic effects of single genetic lesions. Lethality occurs throughout the larval and early pupal periods of development and larval development is extended in some air mutants. The air mutant lethal syndromes include abnormalities associated with the brain, haematopoietic organs, gut, salivary glands, ring glands, and imaginal discs. Additional characterization of the melanotic tumor mutations Tuml and tu(1)Szts have indicated that the melanotic tumor phenotype is similar to that observed in the air mutants. These studies have led to the proposal that two distinct classes of melanotic tumor mutations exist. Class 1 includes mutants in which melanotic tumors result from “autoimmune responses” or the response of an apparently normal immune system to the presence of abnormal target tissues. The Class 2 mutants display obvious defects in the haematopoietic organs or haemocytes, manifested as overgrowth, and the resulting aberrant immune system behavior may contribute to melanotic tumor formation.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020120302
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    Despite expression in embryonic visceral mesoderm, H2.0 is not essential for Drosophila visceral muscle morphogenesis (1991)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 12 (1991), S. 206-211 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Homeobox ; viscera ; phalloidin ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: H2.0, a homeobox gene identified by homology to the Sex combs reduced homeobox of Drosophila, is expressed in all the cellular precursors of the visceral musculature. By analogy to the essential function of most other known homeobox genes in determining the fate of cells where they are expressed, we hypothesized that mutation of H2.0 would disrupt gut muscle development. In this paper, we show that a small deletion, which eliminates H2.0, has no detectable effect on normal gut morphogenesis, visceral muscle actin organization, or larval peristalsis.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020120305
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    Maternal effect mutations affecting macronuclear determination and development in Paramecium tetraurelia (1991)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 12 (1991), S. 226-237 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Nuclear determination ; macronucleus ; ciliates ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Gene mutations that interfere with macronuclear development in Paramecium were obtained by selecting lines that failed to produce normal macronuclear anlagen following the second autogamy after mutagenesis. The mutants fell into several complementation groups. There was one case of apparent intragenic noncomplementation among the eight mutants examined. In the stronger mutants, macronuclear anlagen were not formed, and all four mitotic products of the posfzygotic divisions of the synkaryon remained as micronuclei. Under semirestrictive conditions, cells often contained a single anlage, suggesting that determination of anlagen was a discrete event for each nucleus. The missing anlagen trait was recessive and associated with a strong maternal effect. The phenocritical period of one of the stronger alleles, aala, began at the second postzygotic division and ended with the first morphological differentiation of macronuclear anlagen. Nuclear migration in this mutant was abnormal. Under restrictive conditions, the posterior products of the second postzygotic division reached a posterior-most position, which was 8% of cell length more anterior than that of the most posterior nuclei in wild-type cells. Under permissive conditions, the pattern of migration was intermediate between that of wild-type cells and mutants under fully restrictive conditions. The patterns of nuclear migration were consistent with the nuclear growth kinetics.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020120308
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    Masthead (1991)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 12 (1991) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020120401
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    Analysis of developmentally interesting genes cloned from higher plants by insertional mutagenesis (1991)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 12 (1991), S. 261-271 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Transposable elements ; gene tagging ; regulatory genes ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The ability of transposable elements to generate gene mutations by excising from one site in the genome and reintegrating into new, different sites elsewhere in the genome has led to the development of procedures whereby the elements can be used to tag specific gene sequences for eventual isolation and analysis through gene cloning. This transposon tagging strategy is particularly useful in those situations where limited knowledge of the biochemistry of the target gene precludes gene cloning by conventional strategies. This approach, in conjunction with the more general insertional mutagenesis approach using T-DNA, has led to the cloning and subsequent analysis of several genes from higher plants involved in particular developmental processes. Studies of this nature should eventually shed light on the precise molecular mechanisms utilized to regulate and control cellular differentiation in plants.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020120403
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    Effect of prenatal ethanol exposure on postnatal neural gene expression in the rat (1991)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 12 (1991), S. 293-298 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Neural development ; messenger RNA ; somatostatin ; glial fibrillary acid protein ; proteolipid protein ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: To examine the effects of ethanol exposure on neural development, pregnant rats were fed a liquid diet in which 37.5% of the total caloric content was ethanol-derived. The developmental appearance of the messenger RNAs coding for preprosomatostatin, glial fibrillary acidic protein, and proteolipid protein was examined by Northern blotting of total cellular RNA obtained from forebrain and hindbrain at various times after birth. In general, there was a delay in the developmental pattern of appearance of these mRNAs which was most noticeable at the early postnatal times. These results suggest that the previously reported delay in neural maturation is reflected at the level of the gene expression.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020120406
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    Expression of gap junction genes during postnatal neural development (1991)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 12 (1991), S. 308-317 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Connexin32 ; connexin43 ; brain ; mRNA ; protein ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The timing of appearance of mRNAs encoding gap junction proteins was examined during development of the rat and mouse brain. Complementary DNAs (cDNAs) specific for the mRNA for the liver-type gap junction protein, connexin32, and the heart-type gap junction protein, connexin43, were used to probe Northern blots of total RNA isolated from the forebrain and hindbrain of mice and rats at various times before and after birth. Prior to postnatal day 10, connexin32 mRNA is detectable only at low levels. By postnatal days 10 to 16, a sharp increase occurs in the level of this mRNA. This increase is detectable first in the hindbrain, and subsequently in the forebrain. In contrast, connexin43 mRNA is readily detectable at birth, and the level of this mRNA also increases during subsequent development. The developmental appearance of the gap junction proteins, connexin32 and connexin43, was similar to that of their respective mRNAs. These results indicate that the genes encoding connexin32 and connexin43 are differentially expressed during neural development.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020120408
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    Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase of Dictyostelium discoideum and its glycoprotein inhibitor: Structure and expression of their genes (1991)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 12 (1991), S. 104-112 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: cAMP ; chemotaxis ; transformation ; CAT constructs ; gene regulation ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The genes coding for the cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (PD) and the PD inhibitory glycoprotein (PDI) have been cloned and characterized. The PDI gene was isolated as a 1.6 kb genomic fragment, which included the coding sequence containing two small introns and 510 nucleotides of non-translated 5′ sequence. From the deduced amino acid sequence we predict a protein with a molecular weight (MW) of 26,000 that, in agreement with previous data, contains 15% cysteine residues. Genomic Southern blot analysis indicates that only one gene encodes the inhibitor. Northern blot analysis shows a single transcript of 0.95 kb. The PDI gene is expressed early in development with little transcript remaining following aggregation. The appearance of PDI mRNA is prevented by the presence of cAMP, but when cAMP is removed the transcript appears within 30 minutes. When cAMP is applied to cells expressing PDI the transcript disappears with a half-life of less than 30 minutes. The PD gene of D. discoideum is transcribed into three mRNAs: a 1.9 kb mRNA specific for growth, a 2.4 kb mRNA specific for aggregation, and a 2.2 kb mRNA specific for late development. The 2.2 kb mRNA is also specific for prestalk cells, and is induced by differentiation-inducing factor. All three mRNAs contain the same coding sequence, and differ only in their 5′ non-coding sequences. Each mRNA is transcribed from a different promoter, and by using the chloramphenicol acyltransferase gene as a reporter, we have shown that each promoter displays the same regulation as its cognate mRNA. Transformation of wild-type strains with the PD gene causes PD overexpression which accelerates aggregation and blocks subsequent cell differentiation and pattern formation.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020120118
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    Dictyostelium discoideum gene family contains a long internal amino acid repeat (1991)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 12 (1991), S. 133-138 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Dictyosteliurn discoideurn ; develop- mentally regulated multigene family ; spore germination ; developmentally regulated genes ; developmentally regulated proteins ; proteins containing internal amino acid repeat ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Two different cDNA clones denoted pT0270-6 and pT0270-11 represent two mRNAs that are developmentally regulated during spore germination in Dictyosteliurn discoideum. The respective mRNAs are found only during early germination and are not present in other stages of growth or multicellular development. Four different genomic clones that hybridize to sequences that are common to both of the 270 cDNA clones were isolated from Dictyostelium libraries and se- quenced. Two are the genes for the two cDNAs, and the other two represent genes that do not seem to be transcribed. All four genomic se- quences possess a very unusual internal feature in the deduced protein sequences composed of a monotonous repeat of the tetrapeptide threonine- glutamic acid-threonine-proline. The other portions of the proteins have no homology among them- selves. The deduced protein corresponding to the 270-6 gene is very similar to avocado (Persea arnericana) cellulase. Since cellulose in the spore wall has to be digested during spore germination this suggests that this protein may function as an endo-( 1,4)-beta-D-glucanase during germination.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020120121
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    Analysis of the multiple transcripts of the Dd ras gene during Dictyostezium discoideum development (1991)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 12 (1991), S. 139-146 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Dictyosteliurn ; ras ; run ons ; transcription ; secondary structure ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Transcripts from the Dd ras gene can only be detected once starved cells have begun to aggregate (Reymond et al., Cell 39: 141-148, 1984). We show in this report that the three transcripts which originate from Dd ras during nor- mal development differ in their 5′ ends. In suspen- sion of starved single cells, one major Dd ras RNA accumulates upon addition of CAMP. It seems that the CAMPregulation of Dd ras expression happens both at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional level. An RNA secondary structure present in the 5′ untranslated region of the gene is proposed to be important in this post-transcriptional regulation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020120122
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    Structure, expression, and inactivation by gene disruption of the Dictyostelium discoideum prespore gene EB4 (1991)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 12 (1991), S. 163-169 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Prespore gene ; gene disruption ; EGF-like repeats ; gene structure ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We present the nucleotide sequence of the cell type specific prespore gene EB4 which encodes a protein containing a hydrophobic leader sequence and two distinct domains of amino acid repeats. By RNase protection experiments we have determined the genomic organization of the gene which differs substantially from the previously published data. An antibody directed against one of the repeat structures (hexamer repeat) specifically reacts with a developmentally regulated antigen of 58 kd. Gene disruption transformants were obtained by transformation with a genomic DNA fragment. The transformants express a 3′ truncated mRNA and do not react with the anti-hexamer antibody. So far, we could not detect any phenotypic aberrations in the transformed cell line.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020120125
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    Embryonic mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana (1991)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 12 (1991), S. 382-392 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Plant development ; embryogenesis ; morphogenesis ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Genetic analysis of plant em-bryogenesis has been approached in part through the isolation and characterization of recessive embryonic mutants. The most extensive studies have dealt with maize and Arabidopsis. The high frequency of mutants defective in plant embryogenesis is consistent with the presence of many target genes with essential functions at this stage of the life cycle. Some mutants are likely to be defective in genes with general housekeeping functions. Others should facilitate the identification of genes with a more direct role in the regulation of morphogesis. Over 300 embryonic mutants of Arabidopsis isolated following chemical mutagenesis and T-DNA insertional mutagenesis are currently being analyzed. This collection includes embryonic le-thals, defectives, and pattern mutants. Developmental abnormalities include the presence of fused cotyledons, twin embryos, abnormally large suspensors, distorted epidermal layers, single cotyledons, enlarged shoot apices, pattern deletions and duplications, embryos with altered patterns of symmetry, bloated embryos with giant vacuolated cells, reduced hypocotyls that fail to produce roots, and embryos that protrude through the seed coat late in maturation. This review describes the isolation and characterization of embryonic mutants of Arabidopsis and their potential application to plant biology. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020120603
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    Expression of glucose phosphate isomerase in interspecific hybrid (Mus musculus × Mus caroli) (1991)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 12 (1991), S. 403-414 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Mouse ; Mus musculus ; Mus caroli ; interspecific hybrids ; embryo ; gene expression ; glucose phosphate isomerase ; artificial insemination ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Hybrid Mus musculus × Mus caroli embryos were produced by inseminating M. musculus (C57BL/Ola Ws) females with M. caroli sperm. Control M. caroli embryos developed more rapidly than did control M. musculus embryos and implanted approximately 1 day earlier. At 1 1/2 days, both the hybrid embryos and those of the maternal species (M. musculus) had cleaved to the 2-cell stage. By 2 1/2 days some of the hybrids were retarded compared to M. musculus, and by 3½ days most were lagging behind. This is consistent with the idea that the rate of development of hybrid embryos declines once it becomes dependent on embryo-coded gene products.We have used this difference in rate of preim-plantation development, between hybrid and M. musculus embryos, to try to determine whether the activation of embryonic Gpi-1s genes, that encode glucose phosphate isomerase (GPI-1), is age-related or stage-related. In control M. musculus embryos (both mated and Al groups), the GPI-1AB and GPI-1A allozyme, indicative of paternal gene expression, were detected in 7 of 9 samples of 3 1/2-day compacted morula stage embryos and were seen in all 19 samples of 31/2-day blastocysts. In hybrid embryos, these allozymes were detected 1 day later. They were not detected in any 31/2-day samples (12 samples of compacted morulae) but were consistently detected at 4½ days (4 samples of blastocysts and 2 samples of uncompacted morulae). Our interpretation of the results is that gene activation in hybrid embryos is stage-specific, rather than age-specific, and probably begins around the 8-cell stage, with detectable levels of enzyme accumulating later. Analysis of GPI-1 elec-trophoresis indicated that both the paternal (M. caroli) and maternal (M. musculus) Gpi-1s alleles were equally expressed in hybrid embryos and that the paternally derived allele was not activated before the maternally derived allele. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020120605
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    Introduction (1991)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 12 (1991), S. 1-1 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020120102
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    Ras-related genes in Dictyostelium discoideum (1991)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 12 (1991), S. 147-153 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Eukaryotes ; vegetative cells ; ras proteins ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Dicfyostelium discoideum, like other eukaryotes, has been shown to express several ras-related genes. Two gene products, Ddras and DdrasG, are highly conserved relative to the human ras proteins. Ddras is expressed at the pseudoplasmodial stage of development, whereas DdrasG is expressed in vegetative cells and during early development. In addition, Dicfyostelium possesses three ras-related genes, SAS1, SAS2 and Ddrap1, whose gene products are only partially conserved relative to those of the ras genes. The expression of these three genes is also developmentally regulated.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020120123
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    Evidence for the presence of a growth factor in Dictyostelium discoideum (1991)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 12 (1991), S. 78-81 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Dictyostelium ; growth factor ; filipin mutant ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Polypeptide hormones, recognized for their ability to regulate cell growth and differentiation, have been classified as growth factors. These growth factors have been extensively described in higher eukaryotic organisms and cell lines [Hedin and Westermark, Cell 37:9-20, 1984]. Here we report the identification and partial characterization of a putative growth factor present in vegetative amoebae of the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum. A mutant was selected and found to be temperature sensitive due to the absence of an extracellular protein suggestive of a growth factor. The putative growth factor (DGF) is a protein resistant to both heat and strong detergent treatment but sensitive to reducing agents. The physiological significance of DGF is as yet unknown. DGF is of interest both in relation to understanding the events which control cell proliferation in Dictyostelium and in its relationship to other known growth factors.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020120114
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    Sequence elements that affect mRNA translational activity in developing Dictyostelium cells (1991)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 12 (1991), S. 98-103 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Translational control ; ribosomal protein mRNAs ; 5′-untranslated region ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Post-transcriptional controls, including changes in both mRNA translational activity and stability, play an important role in the regulation of ribosomal protein gene expression in developing Dictyostelium discoideum cells. Previously we have shown that the mechanisms which regulate the translational activity of the r-protein mRNAs operate at the level of translational initiation and do not involve changes in polyadenylation or capping. By analysing the translational behavior of chimeric and mutant mRNAs in transformed cells, we have now been able to localize the determinants of translational activity of one of the r-protein mRNAs to the 5′-untranslated region. Although this and other r-protein mRNAs differ strikingly from the Dictyostelium consensus in the region of the initiator AUG codon, we find that improving the match to that consensus does not increase the translational activity of the message in developing cells. Current experiments are designed to determine whether translational regulation is mediated by strong interactions with specific inhibitors or by weak interactions with translational initiation factors.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020120117
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    Developmental protein synthesis is required for the transcription of Dictyostelium prespore genes (1991)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 12 (1991), S. 113-122 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Dictyostelium discoideum ; cyclo heximide ; emetine ; protein synthesis ; mRNA accu mulation ; transcription ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: It has been established previ- ously that the maintenance of expression of pre-spore-specific genes of Dictyostelium discoideum is prevented by the translational inhibitor cyclohex- imide. The drug had no effect upon the level of transcripts of the other genes examined, prestalk-specific or cell type-nonspecific. However, the interpretation of this result is open to question, because of possible nonspecific effects of cyclo-heximide. We have now characterized the cellular specificity and temporal profiles of mRNA accumu- lation of additional Dictyostelium cDNA clones, and have examined other inhibitors of in vivo protein synthesis. Four structurally and mechanistically distinct translational inhibitors each prevented the reaccumulation of prespore transcripts in cyclic AMP-primed, disaggregated amoebae. These results establish the importance of developmental protein synthesis in the accumulation of prespore gene transcripts. Nuclear run-on transcription assays were used to learn whether protein synthesis is required primarily for mRNA synthesis or transcript stability. A transcriptional time course first demonstrated that the abundance of these cell-specific transcripts during development mirrors their rates of synthesis. Significantly, the protein synthesis requirement of the prespore genes examined also occurs at the level of mRNA transcription, implying the existence of one or more developmentally regulated transcriptional activators.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020120119
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    Applications of high efficiency lithium acetate transformation of intact yeast cells using single-stranded nucleic acids as carrier (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 7 (1991), S. 253-263 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Cloning genes ; toxic ; E. coli ; non-selective transformation ; co-transformation ; one-step gene disruption ; deletion ; ligation libraries ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The highly efficient yeast lithium acetate transformation protocol of Schiestl and Gietz (1989) was tested for its applicability to some of the most important need of current yeast molecular biology. The method allows efficient cloning of genes by direct transformation of gene libraries into yeast. When a random gene pool ligation reaction was transformed into yeast, the LEU2, HIS3, URA3, TRP1 and ARG4 genes were found among the primary transformations at a frequency of approximately 0·1%. The RAD4 gene, which is toxic to Escherichia coli, was also identified among the primary transformants of a ligation library at a frequency of 0·18%. Non-selective transformation using this transformation proctocol was shown to increase the frequency of gene disruption three-fold. Co-transformation showed that 30-40% of the transformation-competent cells take up more than one DNA molecule which can be used to enrich for integration and delection events 30- to 60-fold. Co-transformation was used in the construction of simultaneous double gene disruptions as well as disrupting both copies of one gene in a diploid which occurred at 2-5% the frequency of the single event.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320070307
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    VII. Yeast sequencing reports. The YGL022 gene encodes a putative transport protein (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 7 (1991), S. 305-308 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320070313
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    Yeast mutants with increased bacterial transposon Tn5 excision (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 7 (1991), S. 37-50 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Transposon Tn5 excision ; recombination ; LYS2 gene ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Five complementing recessive mutations that exhibit increased bacterial transposon Tn5 precise excision in yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae were obtained by ethylmethanesulfonate treatment. One of these mutations (tex1) was submitted to extensive genetic analysis. tex1 is a recessive temperature-sensitive mutation resulting in a 20-100-fold increase in Tn5 excision. It also has increased frequencies of ochre mutation reversion, of forward mutation to canavanine resistance, and loss of chromosome III or its right arm. The possible mechanism of tex1 effects is discussed.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320070105
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  • 83
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    Scarcity of ars sequences isolated in a morphogenesis mutant of the yeast Yarrowia lipolytica (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 7 (1991), S. 25-36 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Replication ; morphogenesis ; yeast ; plasmid stability ; extrachromosomal plasmids ; Y. lipolytica. ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Previous attempts to isolate autonomously replicating sequences (ars) from the dimorphic yeast Yarrowia lipolytica have been unsuccessful. We isolated a Fil- mutant unable to produce hyphae and growing only in a yeast form to facilitate ars isolation. This mutant was transformed with a Y. lipolytica DNA bank and several unstable clones were obtained. Extrachromosomal plasmids were evidenced in yeast recovered in Escherichia coli and characterized by restriction mapping. They were able to retransform Fil- and Fil+ yeast strains at high frequency and transformants displayed a slightly unstable phenotype. The detailed analysis of the plasmids showed that only two different ars sequences had been isolated, each of them corresponding to a unique sequence in the Y. lipolytica genome. We concluded that functional ars sequences that can be cloned on plasmids are rare in this yeast.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320070104
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  • 84
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    Masthead (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 7 (1991) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320070201
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  • 85
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    Sequence and genetic analysis of NHP2: A moderately abundant high mobility group-like nuclear protein with an essential function in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 7 (1991), S. 79-90 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Nuclear proteins ; HMG proteins ; yeast ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: In order to determine the biological functions of moderately abundant, high mobility group (HMG)-like nuclear proteins, a genetic approach has been taken. The gene for one such protein, NHP2, has been cloned and characterized from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. NHP2 has been called ‘HMG-like’ because of the physical/chemical properties it shares with the HMG proteins from higher eukaryotic cells. However, nucleotide sequence analysis revealed that NHP2 could encode a 17·1 kilodalton basic protein which was not significantly homologous to any previously sequenced HMG proteins. Thus NHP2 defines a new member of the HMG class of proteins. A search of protein databases showed that the amino acid sequence of NHP2 shared significant identities with two ribosomal proteins; the acidic ribosomal protein S6 from Halobacterium marismorium and protein L7a from mammals. The biological relevance of these homologies is nuclear since previous biochemical results indicated that NHP2 was not a ribosomal protein. S1 nuclease analysis indicated that the gene contained no introns but had multiple transcription initiation sites 20 to 40 bases before the ATG codon. Finally, NHP2 has been shown to have a critical role in the cell; when a diploid yeast strain deleted of one copy of the NHP2 gene was sporulated and dissected, only half of the spores grew into normal colonies. The rest of the spors germinated, but only formed microcolonies containing 12 to 40 cells. None of the spores which grew into normal-sized colonies contained the mutant NHP2 gene, thus demonstrating that the NHP2 protein has an essential physiological function.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320070202
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  • 86
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    Production of the STA2-encoded glucoamylase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is subject to feed-back control (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 7 (1991), S. 119-125 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; yeast ; starch ; secretion ; extracellular glucoamylase ; feed-back control ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Three modes of production of the extracellular glucoamylase (GA) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae have been identified: repressed, basal and induced. The repressed mode is found with cells grown in rich media containing non-limiting concentrations of monosaccharides or disaccharides, including GA-hydrolysable maltose, as a sole carbon source. Both the basal and the induced modes (spanned by some seven-fold difference in the rate of GA production) can be displayed by either glucose-limited or glycerol- plus ethanol-consuming cultures: the induced mode is switched over to the basal one due to a feed-back inhibition by extracellularly accumulated GA. It is proposed that the feed-back control involved in GA production can be attenuated by starch which can thus ‘induce’ higher rates of GA production compared to the basal mode.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320070205
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  • 87
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    Evaluation of phylogenetic relationships among fission yeast by nDNA/nDNA reassociation and conventional taxonomic criteria (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 7 (1991), S. 73-78 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Schizosaccharomyces ; fission yeast ; nDNA/nDNA optical reassociation ; taxonomy ; phylogenetic relatedness ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The genus Schizosaccharomyces comprises a small, somewhat heterogeneous group of yeast species which have in common a unique mode of vegetative reproduction by cross-wall formation without constriction as well as a certain degree of osmophilia, most strains having been isolated from habitats of high sugar concentration. This study evaluated inter- and intraspecific relationships utilizing nDNA/nDNA optical reassociation and by the analysis of physiological profiles of several strains of each species. Results demonstrate that the genus should be divided into three species: Schiz. japonicus, Schiz. octosporus and Schiz. pombe.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320070108
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    Phylogenetic relationships among species of Saccharomyces, Schizosaccharomyces, Debaryomyces and Schwanniomyces determined from partial ribosomal RNA sequences (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 7 (1991), S. 61-72 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Ascomycetous yeasts ; ribosomal RNA ; molecular evolution ; phylogeny ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Species of the genera Saccharomyces, Schizosaccharomyces, Debaryomyces and Schwanniomyces were compared from their extent of divergence in three regions from small (18S) and large (25S) subunit ribosomal RNAs comprising a total of 900 nucleotides. With the exception of the closely related Saccharomyces bayanus and S. pastorianus, which appear to have identical sequences, all other species could be distinguished by nucleotide differences in a variable region of the large subunit, and genus-specific nucleotides were discernible in all three regions. The taxon D. tamarii differed markedly from other species and is excluded from Debaryomyces. By contrast, Schwanniomyces occidentalis showed few nucleotide differences with Debaryomyces spp. and its transfer to Debaryomyces is proposed. Schizosaccharomyces proved to be somewhat more divergent than Saccharomyces and Debaryomyces, but species differences appear insufficient for dividing the genus. Some of the factors influencing estimates of phylogenetic distances from rRNA sequences are discussed.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320070107
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  • 89
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    Transport of organic acid anions and guanosine into vacuoles of Saccharomyces pastorianus (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 7 (1991), S. 495-501 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Yeast ; vacuole ; H+-ATPase ; guanosine ; organic acids transport ; Ca2+-modulation ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Isolated vacuoles of the yeast Saccharomyces pastorianus accumulate citrate, α-ketoglutarate, malate and guanosine. This accumulation is Mg ATP-dependent and inhibited by protonophores. The ionophores monensin and A23187 (electroneutral Men+/nH+-exchange) inhibit guanosine accumulation but fail to block citrate uptake. Mg2+ ions (2 mM) increase the values of both Δ\documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \tilde \mu $\end{document}H+ components and stimulate the uptake of all the above compounds. Ca2+ ions (1 mM), hyperpolarizing the yeast vacuolar membrane and dissipating the pH gradient, inhibit guanosine uptake and stimulate that of citrate. It is concluded that guanosine is transported into yeast vacuoles by an H+/guanosine antiporter while citrate, malate and α-ketoglutarate are translocated by a uniporter(s) at the expense of the membrane potential (positive inside).
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320070509
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  • 90
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    Electroporation-stimulated recombination in yeast (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 7 (1991), S. 823-831 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Yeast recombination ; RAD52-dependent recombination ; electroporation ; DNA damage ; induced recombination ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells treated by high voltage and made transformation-competent (electroporation) are also made hyper-recombinational as determined by an assay that measures interchromosomal mitotic recombination between chromosome III homologs, each containing mutant heteroallelic copies of the trp1 and his3 genes. There is a 10-fold stimulation of Trp+ and 21-fold stimulation of His+ prototrophs. Although this stimulation coincides with conditions for maximal transformation competence it is independent of the presence of transforming plasmid DNA. Electroporation does not increase the reversion frequency of these mutations, nor is there a stimulation in Ty transposition. Among the electroporation-stimulated Trp+ and His+ recombinants there is no dramatic difference in the pattern of events: that is to say that, while there is an increase in the number of recombinants, the distribution of gene conversion and cross-over events among the stimulated recombinants is not significantly altered compared to spontaneously arising Trp+ and His+ recombinants. This electroporation-stimulated recombination is abolished in an isogenic rad52 mutant strain consistent with the increase in Trp+ and His+ prototrophs being the result of a stimulation of a RAD52-dependent recombination pathway.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320070807
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  • 91
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    Regulation of cystathionine γ-lyase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 7 (1991), S. 843-848 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; cysteine biosynthesis ; metabolic regulation ; cystathione γ-lyase ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Regulation of the two enzymes in reverse trans-sulfuration was investigated in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In wild-type strains, cystathionine γ-lyase, but not cystathionine β-synthase, was derepressed nearly 15-fold if cells were starved for both inorganic and organic sulfur compounds. In a met17 strain which is defective of O-acetylserine and O-acetylhomoserine sulfhydrylase, the same enzyme was derepressed if organic sulfur compounds were limited; the repressive effect was in the order of glutathione 〉 methionine 〉 cysteine. The repressive effect of methionine was not observed, however, in a cys2 cys4 strain which is deficient of serine O-acetyltransferase and cystathionine β-synthase, indicating that methionine itself is not the effector. The weak repressive effect of cysteine was attributed to inefficient uptake of this amino acid.Our observations indicate that cystathionine γ-lyase is the target of regulation in reverse trans-sulfuration and that cysteine is very likely to be the effector of this regulation.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320070809
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  • 92
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    Yeast industry platform Y.I.P. (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 7 (1991), S. 889-889 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320070816
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  • 93
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    Calendar (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 7 (1991), S. 890-890 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320070817
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  • 94
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    The allantoinase (DAL1) gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 7 (1991), S. 913-923 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; nitrogen catabolism ; allantoinase ; upstream activator sequence ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The allantoinase (DAL1) gene from Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been cloned, sequenced, and found to encode a 472 amino acid protein with a Mr of 52 028. DAL1 is expressed in an inducer-independent manner in strain M970 (∑1278b genetic background) and modestly responds to mutation of the da180 locus. Expression was also sensitive to nitrogen catabolite repression (NCR). Correlated with these expression characteristics, the upstream region of DAL1 contained five copies of a sequence that is homolgous to the DAL UASNTR element previously shown to be required for transcriptional activation and NCR sensitivity of the DAL5 and DAL7 genes. Missing from the DAL1 5′ flanking region were any sequences with significant homology to the DAL7 UIS element required for response to inducer. These observations further support the roles of UASNTR and DAL7 UIS in the regulation of allantoin pathway gene expression.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320070903
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  • 95
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    Cloning and disruption of the LEU2 gene of Kluyveromyces marxianus CBS 6556 (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 7 (1991), S. 963-970 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Kluyeromyces marxianus ; LEU2 gene ; β-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase ; leu2 mutant ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The LEU2 gene, coding for β-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase, of the yeast Kluyveromyces marxianus was isolated and sequenced. An open reading frame, coding for a protein with a molecular weight of 38kDa was found. Comparison of the deduced amino acid sequence of the LEU2 gene with the corresponding enzymes of three other yeasts and two thermophilic bacteria, revealed extensive sequence similarities. The cloned gene could complement a leuB mutation of Escherichia coli and a leu2 mutation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Using orthogonal field alternation gel electrophoresis, the genomic copy of the gene was found to be located at chromosome VI or VII. Analysis of the 5′-untranslated region indicated the presence of a putative binding site for the LEU3 protein, which is involved in the leucine-specific regulation of transcription. We show that the cloned gene can be used for the construction of a non-reverting K. marxianus leu2 mutant.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320070908
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    III. Yeast sequencing reports. Determination of the sequence of the yeast YCL313 gene localized on chromosome III. Homology with the protein disulfide isomerase (PDI gene product) of other organisms (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 7 (1991), S. 185-193 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Protein dislfide isomerase (PDI) ; chromosome III ; yeast ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We have determined the nucleotide sequence of the YCL313 gene as part of the YIp5 A1G clone localized on the left arm of chromosome III. This YCL313 gene encodes a protein of 522 amino acids (MW 58·3 kDa) which has large homologies with the human, mouse, chicken, bovine and rat PDI gene products. In these organisms the PDI gene encodes the protein disulfide isomerase (EC 5.3.4.1) also called S-S rearrangase, an enzyme that catalyses the rearrangements of S-S bonds in proteins. This enzyme is probably involved in protein folding within the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum.These sequence homologies suggest that YCL313 is the yeast equivalent of the PDI gene. Gene disruption of YCL313 leads to a lethal phenotype indicating that this gene is essential for cell survival.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320070212
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    Increased endocytosis in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae fragile mutant VY1160 (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 7 (1991), S. 211-217 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; cell wall mutant ; endocytosis ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The VY1160 mutant is characterized by cell lysis in hypotonic solutions and generally increased permeability to substances for which Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells are not permeable. Two mutations, srb1 and ts1, have been identified in VY1160 mutant, and previous studies (Kozhina et al., 1979) have shown srb1 to be responsible for cell lysis. We now present evidence that the ts1 mutation leads to increased endocytosis in VY1160 cells. The internalization of lucifer yellow carbohydrazide in VY1160 cells is time-, temperature- and energy-dependent an consistent with a fluid-phase mechanism of endocytosis. The rate of steady-state accumulation of hte dye at 37°C is 145 ng/μg DNA per h for VY1160 mutant and 23 ng/μg DNA per h for S288C parental strain. Studies with isogenic strains having either the srb1 or the ts1 mutation, or SRB1 TS1 wild-type alleles have shown that only ts1 strains possess increased endocytosis. Quantitation of endocytosis in cells grown at 24°C and shifted at 38°C shows that ts1 strains, but not srb1 and wild-type strains, increase ten-fold the internalization of lucifer yellow 2 h after the shift at 38°C. The analysis of ts1 × wild-type crosses provides evidence that the temperature-sensitive phenotype segregates together with the enhanced endocytosis. It is concluded that the increased endocytosis might the generally increased permeability of VY1160 mutant cells.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320070303
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    VII. Yeast sequencing reports. Physical, transcriptional and genetical mapping of a 24 kb DNA fragment located between the PMA1 and ATE1 loci on chromosome VII from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 7 (1991), S. 275-280 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; chromosome VII ; transcripts ; genetic distances ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A physical map of a contiguous DNA fragment of 60 kb, extending from the centromere to TRP5 on the left arm of the chromosome VII of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, strain IL 125-2B, was established. Within a 31 kb region from PMA1 towards TRP5, a total of 12 transcription products ranging from 0·6 to 3·6 kb were identified in cells grown exponentially on rich medium. Near 87% of the DNA investigated was transcribed and on average one transcript, of 2·3 kb average length, was detected every 2·7 kb of DNA. The physical and genetical distances between the markers CEN7, pma1, leu1, pdr1 and trp5 were compared. A recombination frequency of 1 cM corresponds to an average distance of 3·3 kb between alleles in this region of chromosome VII.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320070309
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    VII. Yeast sequencing reports. The DNA sequencing of the 17 kb HindIII fragment spanning the LEU1 and ATE1 loci on chromosome VII from Saccharomyces cerevisiae reveals the PDR6 gene, a new member of the genetic network controlling pleiotropic drug resistance (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 7 (1991), S. 287-299 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320070311
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    VII. Yeast sequencing reports. The YGL021 gene encodes a putative membrane protein with a putative leucine zipper motif (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 7 (1991), S. 301-303 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320070312
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