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  • 1995-1999  (246)
  • 1975-1979
  • 1920-1924
  • 1996  (246)
  • Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering  (246)
  • 101
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    A general integral method for the determination of empirical reaction rates and parameters (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 19 (1996), S. 249-262 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: A general procedure for the determination of empirical rates and kinetic parameters of irreversible, constant volume reactions is presented which is clearly superior to the conventional methods of kinetic analysis. By nonlinear regression of the integrated potential rate equation for stoichiometrically independent reactions of n the order, the empirical pre-exponential factor, activation energy, and reaction order are obtained. The regression equation relates explicitly the final concentration of the reference component not only to the time parameter of the reaction but also to the initial concentration. This includes an integral method for the determination of reaction orders in concentration. Two limiting cases are treated - the stoichiometric mixture of reactants and a mixture with one reactant in large excess. By analysis of standard Hougen-Watson rate models the dependence of empirical reaction orders on experimental conditions and simulated rate parameters is evaluated. By grouping the data into ranges of monotonous concentration change, conversion rates and rate parameters of reactions with changing volumes are calculated in a less rigorous deduction. The simplified interpretation of published experimental data is demonstated for the total oxidation of methane on Pd-catalysts and the dehydrogenation of cyclohexanol on ZnO.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270190310
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  • 102
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Masthead (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 19 (1996) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270190401
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  • 103
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Numerical simulation of toluene adsorption on activated carbon in a technical column in low concentration range (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 19 (1996), S. 347-356 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: This paper deals with the modeling of toluene adsorption in a technical column of activated carbon in a low concentration range (2.6 to 3.4·10-3 kg/m3), which is usual for environmental applications. It is also concerned with methods of numerical solutions of the nonlinear partial differential equations (PDE), a modified control volume method was used to determine the PDE. Three nonequilibrium isotherm models are developed to describe mass transfer in a fixed bed of activated carbon (Degussa WS-4). The important parts of this paper are the simulation of the maldistribution of concentration and loading of the pollutant in the technical column, as a result of the flow velocity maldistribution and the study of the mass transfer mechanisms in a technical fixed bed. It is found that in a low concentration range, toluene adsorption in a fixed bed of activated carbon (Degussa WS-4) is an external rate-controlled process, thus surface diffusion cannot be neglected. The calculated results are in good agreement with the experimental ones. The measured effect of an earlier breakthrough near the wall-near zone has been calculated using the model.
    Zusätzliches Material: 17 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270190408
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  • 104
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Kinetics of calcium carbonate decomposition (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 19 (1996), S. 373-377 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Experiments on thermal decomposition of calcium carbonate were carried out in a thermogravimetric analyser under non-isothermal conditions of different heating rates (10 to 100°C/ min). A new technique for determining the kinetic parameters from non- isothermal thermogravimetric data was described. The activation energy and frequency factors were determined from the proposed method and also by the widely used Coats and Redfern method. The kinetic compensation effect between the activation energy and frequency factors obtained from both the methods were found to be very consistent and are in very good agreement with the literature values. The activation energy and frequency factors were also determined from isothermal experiments in the temperature range from 680 to 875°C. The activation energy and frequency factors determined from isothermal data using initial rate method were also found to be in very good agreement with the above results. It is also found that the kinetic parameters determined by isothermal analysis were consistent with the values determined by non-isothermal analysis.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270190411
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  • 105
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Heat consumption and irreversibilities in rectification processesLecture presented at the Eurotherm Seminar “Exergoeconomical Aanalysis and Organization in Chemical Engineering”, July 17/18, 1995 in Aachemm Germany. (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 19 (1996), S. 473-477 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Chemical engineering analysis using entropy production has been proven to be an essential tool to identify areas in chemical plants, where degradation of energy occurs. Though, applied very extensively in the area of heat exchanger networks in the form of “pinch technology”, the method is rarely used with respect to processes with mass energy. Entropy productions in destillation columns have been evaluated and discussed with respect to feed introduction, sequences of columns and other technically important features.
    Zusätzliches Material: 12 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270190602
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  • 106
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Opportunities and limits for exergy analysis in cryogenicsLecture presented at the Eurotherm Seminar “Exergoeconomical Analysis and Optimization in Chemical Engineering”, July 17/18, 1995 in Aachem, Germany. (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 19 (1996), S. 498-502 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Exergy analysis is an excellent tool for locating weak spots in a process. Purposefully applied, it improve our insight and allow us to design processes systematically. Yet for many engineers exergy remains a difficult subjects. To make analysis easier and the results easier to interpret, therefore, we need the best possible exergy analysis tools. The commercial performance of both plant suppliers and operating companies depends heavily on optimization to reduce plant costs (in the widest sense) to a minimum. As an optimization tool in plant design, exergy analysis has to compete with parametric studied and, increasingly, with equation-based optimization programs.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270190606
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  • 107
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Announcements (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 13 (1996), S. 264-265 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19960130410
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  • 108
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Lorenz-Mie Theory for Spheres Immersed in an absorbing host medium (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 13 (1996), S. 89-96 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Light scattering by particles is often used to determine velocities or concentrations of particles in gaseous or liquid streams. Within the Lorenz-Mie theory, light scattering is well understood both for a single compact spherical particle and a single multilayered particle in a non-absorbing surrounding medium. However, in some cases of practical importance the Lorenz-Mie theory in its present form may fail to describe the scattering because the host medium is absorbing (e.g. water droplets in oil). In this case, a new treatment of the scattering theory is required. In previous work, solutions were obtained in the far-field of the scattering sphere. In this paper, a rigorous solution is derived from the calculation of the total absorption rate of the particle in the host medium, which is valid for all distances from the surface of the encapsulated particle. It is shown that it is necessary to consider finite sizes R of the integrating sphere when dealing with absorbing host media. Cross-sections are defined which are characteristic quantities not only for the particle, depending on the size of a conceptual sphere around the scatterer and the imaginary part of the refractive index of the host medium. The results obtained are discussed for the case of non-absorbing host media and in the far-field approximation. Some numerical examples are given which are also related to experimental results.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19960130206
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  • 109
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    On the Optical Diagnosis and Sizing of Spherical Coated and Multilayered Particles with phase-Doppler anemometry (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 13 (1996), S. 104-111 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: After having recalled basic theoretical results concerning the extension of generalized Lorenz-Mie theory to the case of multilayered spheres, results connected with phase-Doppler anemometry are considered, showing the influence of Gaussian beam intensity profiles on the light scattering properties of these particles. Particular emphasis is placed on the case of water-coated carbon core particles, for which the possibility of obtaining simultaneous size measurements of the core and outer diameters is discussed. The sensitivity of the technique to particles with a refractive index profile is also considered, showing that this technique is more sensitive to changes in the average refractive index of the particles than to refractive index profiles, such as produced by high pressure and temperature stresses, at least for the studied geometry.
    Zusätzliches Material: 10 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19960130208
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  • 110
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Simultaneous Measurement of Velocity and Equivalent Diameter of Particles with arbitrary shape (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 13 (1996), S. 150-155 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Only a few optical techniques are available to measure simultaneously the velocity and size of coarse particles dispersed in a fluid. Since particles are randomly shaped with a rough surface and inhomogeneous with respect to the refractive index, phase-based sizing techniques are not reliable. The applied optical sizing technique is based on light intensity measurement of a scattering particle crossing a top-hat laser beam. This optical set-up was first described by Gréhan et al. In the range of geometrical optics, the sampled light at the receiving system is proportional to the square of the equivalent particle diameter within the diameter range 20-700 μmVelocity information is obtained by using a smaller concentric laser Doppler probe volume. Coincidence of the signals is guaranteed by the optical set-up, since the smaller probe volume diameter defines the triggering event. To demonstrate the performance of the system, some diameter distributions measured with the top-hat beam system are compared with results for a commercial laser diffraction system for different materials. The system is applied to obtain size-correlated velocity information of a particle-laden two-phase flow at a single-sided backward-facing step.
    Zusätzliches Material: 14 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19960130214
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  • 111
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    On the measurements of particles by imaging methods: Theoretical and Experimental Aspects (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 13 (1996), S. 156-164 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Imaging techniques in particle sizing have always been important. Nevertheless, owing to the progress in CCD cameras, these techniques have found new potential which strongly depends on the capability to describe the image formation. Based on a combination of the generalized Lorenz-Mie theory and the diffraction theory, the image characteristics are described, taking into account the beam size, particle location, direction of observation and collecting optics characteristics. In the case of forward detection, a finite coherence is introduced and the results are compared with those obtained by a convolution approach, with the point spread function assumed to be Gaussian. Then some experimental results are displayed which underline the improvement achieved in particle size measurement.
    Zusätzliches Material: 20 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19960130215
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  • 112
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Dual-Mode Phase-Doppler Anemometer (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 13 (1996), S. 165-170 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: The accurate measurement of mass flux is identified as being essential for the successful use of phase-Doppler anemometry (PDA) in many applications, in particular with sprays. Thus measured sizes of individual droplets and the cross-sectional area to which the flux measurement is referenced must be reliable. This paper investigates sources of measurement error in each of these quantities and provides means to eliminates or minimize these errors. A new PDA configuration, termed dual-mode PDA, is introduced as an implementation of these suggestions. Example measurements illustrate the advantages of the system over conventional arrangements.
    Zusätzliches Material: 9 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19960130216
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  • 113
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Light Reflection and Transmission by layers with oriented spheroidal particles (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 13 (1996), S. 171-176 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: On the basis of the numerical solution of the radiative transfer equation (RTE), the influence of non-sphericity of oriented spheroidal particles on radiation intensity formation in a layer with a multiple scattering regime is considered. For solving the RTE with characteristics depending on the propagation direction of the radiation beam, an algorithm is developed based on the method of layer doubling. Calculations are presented of angle correlations for intensities of radiation in a layer with Fresnel reflection on the boundaries, and reflection and transmission coefficients.
    Zusätzliches Material: 8 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19960130217
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  • 114
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Masthead (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 13 (1996) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19960130301
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  • 115
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Editorial (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 13 (1996), S. 178-178 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19960130302
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  • 116
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    An investigation of the phase transformations in a CaSO4/(NH4)2SO4/H2O system, directed at the preparation of a fine dispersed purified phosphogypsum (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 19 (1996), S. 75-78 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: The process of recrystallization of apatite phosphogypsum (PHG) in a solution ammonium sulphate (AS) with the subsequent decomposition of the binary salt was investigated and the resulting highly dispersed products with a low P2O5 content have been discussed. The following effects were examined: (NH4)2SO4 concentration, the quantity of ammonium sulphate, the reaction temperature of phosphogypsum with (NH4)2SO4 solution, the time of treatment of phosphogypsum with (NH4)2SO4 solution and the decomposition of the binary salt, as well as the liquid/solid ratio for the binary salts, Based on the results of the chemical and X-ray analysis, it was established that, depending on the technological conditions of the process of recrystallization, binary salts of (NH4)2SO4·CaSO4·H2O and of (NH4)2SO4·CaSO4·H2O and of (NH4)2SO4·5 CaSO4·H2O were formed. As a result of the investigations carried out, a product with a low P2O5 content, suitable for direct processing to secondary products has been prepared.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270190112
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  • 117
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Three-step heterogeneous catalytic reaction mechanism with coverage dependent parameters (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 19 (1996), S. 113-116 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: A three-step catalytic reaction (TSCR) mechanism is considered. It involves the steps of adsorption of two different reactants and the bimolecular reaction between adsorbed species. For this mechanism the rates of elementary reactions were assumed to be dependent on the surface coverages of two adspecies due to the repulsive mutual interactions between adsorbed species. The surface electronic gas model was chosen for the description of surface inhomogeneity. It is demonstrated that for such a TSCR mechanism sustained oscillations cannot exit. The application of the model to evaluation of kinetic data is discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270190204
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  • 118
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Prediction of maximum stable diameter of viscous drops in a turbulent dispersion (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 19 (1996), S. 39-42 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: A new Paradigm has been developed fro the prediction of maximum stable diameter of viscous drops in turbulent dispersions using the Voigt model. The model assumes that a drop would break if its deformation reaches unity. The prediction from the model compares quite well with the available experimental results.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270190107
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  • 119
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Kinetic of a liquid/liquid/solid fine chemicals reactions - modelling of a continuous pilot plant reactor (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 19 (1996), S. 67-74 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: In the field of fine chemicals batch process the implementation of synthesis paths results most often in the determination of the optimal operating conditions on a bench scale apparatus; successive scale-ups are then handled in an empirical way.For multi-phase reactions, this approach can be limited due to the coupling between the chemical kinetics and the physical kinetics of the mass transfer. This work proposes a more rational approach for the overall synthesis of Amiodarone, a widely used anti-arrhythmic drug produced by a liquid/liquid/solid reaction. After analysing the reaction scheme and identifying the limiting steps of the process, a simplified model is proposed to describe the overall process kinetics. The latter is used to model a continuous pilot loop-reactor packed with static mixers.
    Zusätzliches Material: 9 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270190111
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  • 120
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Modelling of multi gas/solid reactions - effect of structural parameters (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 19 (1996), S. 337-346 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: A unified gas/ solid reaction model has been formulated for multi reactions with multi gas and solid species. The transient formulation has been followed by finite-difference method and subsequent solution via an iterative procedure. The simulation produces intermediate results for concentration profiles of various components and pressure and temperature distribution, in addition to various structural parameters within a reacting pellet. The effect of structural parameters is analysed. The general formulation allows homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions. Solid state processes can also be accommodated.
    Zusätzliches Material: 12 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270190407
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  • 121
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Thermo gravimetric study of calcination of dolomite at pressurised conditions (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 19 (1996), S. 364-372 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Calcination and carbonation behaviour of dolomite has been studied in a pressurised thermo balance at pressures in the range of 1.1 to 2.3 MPa and for temperatures ranging from 730 to 840°C. The atmosphere consisted of nitrogen containing up to 20 vol.-% carbon dioxide. The calcination of dolomite has been studied as a function of temperature, particle size, and Pco2. An investigation concerning possible mass transfer restrictions for the experimental system and a model investigation of the calcination rate in CO2 atmosphere has been made. Further, the effect of calcination on the BET surface and the BET surface including the surface structure due to successive temperature cycles has been studied. The temperature for the initialisation of calcination of dolomite in CO2 atmosphere was independent of both Pco2 and the particle size. No conclusive indications on mass transfer restrictions have been detected for the experimental system. A significant difference in calcination rate as a function of particle size existed for decomposition in CO2 atmosphere. A model for homogeneously progressing chemical reaction parallel with a shrinking core chemical reaction together with a mass transfer control mechanism was found to describe the calcination rate in CO2 atmosphere most accurately.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270190410
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  • 122
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Masthead (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 19 (1996) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270190501
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  • 123
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Masthead (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 19 (1996) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270190101
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  • 124
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    A new method for the characterisation of the wettability of powders (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 19 (1996), S. 432-437 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: The wetting characteristics of fine powders play an important role in a variety of processes. The most important way of characterising the wettability of a fluid/fluid/solid system is to measure the contact angle. This paper describes a relatively simple method for the determination of the contact angle on powdery materials. The technique involves the measurement of the dynamic contact angle which is formed when a liquid drop is placed on a horizontal porous surface. On the basis of the measured dynamic contact angle as a function of time an “apparent” static contact angle has been defined, which gives a measure of the wettability of porous solid systems by analogy with the wetting of non-porous solids. Determinations with glass beads and NaCl-powders as the test materials indicate that the measured value depends on the particle size of the powder, the porosity and the temperature. It was concluded that the capillary penetration of the liquid droplet into the porous media itself influences the wetting characteristics.
    Zusätzliches Material: 12 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270190508
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  • 125
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Performance of a three-phase fluidized bed as a reactive distillation device (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 19 (1996), S. 456-461 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: A new reactive distillation device, the multistage gas/liquid/solid three-phase fluidized bed, has been developed. The flow regimes of the multistage three-phase fluidized bed have been studied and the regimes can be divided into the liquid leakage regime, the dispersed bubble regime, and the coalesced bubble regime. Liquid velocity has a much smaller effect on phase holdups in this device than in conventional three-phase fluidized beds. The three phase fluidized bed is used as a reactive distillation device for the hydrolysis of methyl acetate. Much higher reaction conversion than the equilibrium value and high catalyst-contacting efficiency are obtained. Different methods of feeding the water into the reactive distillation section are studied.
    Zusätzliches Material: 9 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270190512
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  • 126
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Announcement (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 13 (1996), S. 224-224 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19960130309
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  • 127
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Some Recent Developments in Twin-Fluid Atomization (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 13 (1996), S. 205-216 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: The results of recent researches on twin-fluid atomization are briefly reviewed, with particular emphasis on the effects of air and liquid properties on mean drop size. It is stressed that no single equation for the mean drop sizes produced in twin-fluid atomization can satisfactorily correlate all the experimental data from any given atomizer. This is because for all types of atomizers the mechanism of liquid breakup changes from one basic mode to another with changes in atomizer operating conditions and/or liquid properties. These different modes of atomization exhibit different dependencies on atomizer dimensions and various physical properties such as liquid viscosity and air density. Equations for estimating the mean drop sizes produced in the various modes of twin-fluid atomization are presented and discussed.
    Zusätzliches Material: 23 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19960130307
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  • 128
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Characterisation of Particle Size for Polydisperse Powders aerosolised and detected by light scattering (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 13 (1996), S. 234-237 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: This paper describes a study to determine the most appropriate particle size parameter for polydisperse powders dispersed as aerosol and detected by light scattering. It is relevant to many areas of engineering research. By means of calculations of the intensity of light scattered from particles of different sizes, it has been shown that the surface median aerodynamic diameter (SMAD) is an appropriate measure for polydisperse aerosolised powders. The microscope-based procedure for obtaining the SMAD is described, as well as its implementation for narrowly-graded polydisperse powders of fused alumina of type which have been widely used in studies of particle transport in wind tunnels. It was shown that for the fused alumina powders examined, SMAD = 1.25 x (PASMAD), where PASMAD is the projected area surface median aerodynamic diameter.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19960130404
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  • 129
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Effects of Monomer Size Distribution on the fractal dimensionality of diffusion-limited aggregates (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 13 (1996), S. 245-248 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Computer simulations of diffusion-limited aggregation (DLA) for monomers to investigate the effects of size and of lognormal distribution on the fractal dimensionality of the aggregates were conducted on a two-dimensional lattice. The results show the DLA clusters posses multifractal characteristics. For clusters consisting of monodisperse monomers, the bifurcation point on the graph of the pair correlation function (PCF) for each cluster is located right at the monomers size under investigation The textural dimension (Df1) has a stable value of about 1.65, whereas the structural dimension (Df2) decreased with increase in monomer size. For the cases with monomers in log-normal distributions, the textural dimension is around 1.67; however, the structural dimension decreases with increasing polydispersity of monomer size.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19960130406
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  • 130
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Coal Handleability  -  A good or a bad coal? (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 13 (1996), S. 260-263 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: The avalanching behaviour of two coal types was determined, one of good and the other of poor handleability characteristics. This revealed significant differences in the nature of flow of the coals. Analysis of the strange attractors of the weight series of avalanches enabled quanitification of this difference, and the establishment of practical, relative criteria for the measurement of coal handleability. These criteria will now enable a structured study of the variables that affect handleability, for example proportion of fines and moisture content, and industrial consumers of coal to specify minimum acceptable limits for its transport characteristics.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19960130409
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  • 131
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Calculation of the Stokes and Aerodynamic Equivalent Diameters of a short reinforcing fiber (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 13 (1996), S. 249-253 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: A concern about all reinforcing fibers is the extent to which they are respirable. The degree of respirability of a particle is frequently estimated in terms of its aerodynamic equivalent diameter being less than a certain value (typically 3.5 to 7 μ). However, the aerodynamic equivalent diameter, like the Stokes diameter, is only defined exactly for spheres, which is far from the shape of acicular fibers. Thus, it is useful to be able to calculate, based on actual fiber diameter and aspect ratio, the effective Stokes and aerodynamic equivalent diameters of various fibers. The present paper derives simple expression for relating the two effective diameters to actual fiber dimensions.Calculated results are compared with experimental data for glass fiber and three fractions of phosphate fiber [1], which is a short, reinforcing inorganic fiber. Agreement is seen to be good. Phosphate fiber was fractionated using a sedimentation technique described in the paper. The resulting fractions were characterized by semi-manual measurements of micrographic dimensions and compared with results obtained from particle size instruments based on sedimentation principles. Based on these results, a large weight fraction of phosphate fiber is predicted not to be respirable.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19960130407
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  • 132
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Correction of the Effect of Particle Shape on the size distribution measured with a laser diffraction instrument (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 13 (1996), S. 271-279 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: This paper gives a theoretical basis for calculating Fraunhofer diffraction patterns of arbitrary polyhedron particles. It is shown that this solution can be used for calculating a scatter matrix adapted to the particle shape in a straightforward manner. Some simulations were made to show the difference between the size distribution by volume obtained with a scatter matrix for spheres and with that for the appropriate shape. Finally, some experimentally measured signatures from platelets and rods are evaluated in order to show that the spherical equivalent diameter could be accurately retrieved.
    Zusätzliches Material: 10 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19960130504
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  • 133
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Size Measurement of Small Magnetic Particles (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 13 (1996), S. 287-290 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Many different methods for size measurement are known and since they differ in their physical principles, different results are also obtained. In the recent past, there were rapid developments in new measurement techniques and one can now quickly and routinely determine particle sizes in the very fine range. Smaller particle sizes, on the other hand, tend to increase the probability of agglomeration. The measurement of the particle sizes for magnetic materials is not well understood and this paper reports results regarding the size determination of very fine magnetic materials. Because of their dipole moment, these particles tend to agglomerate even more, which in turn causes certain difficulties during the measurements. Wet and dry laser measurement systems were compared and also magnetic materials with different permeabilities in order to establish the influence of individual factors on the measurement process and on the accuracy of the results obtained.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19960130506
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  • 134
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Particle Shape Investigations with a light-scattering optical instrument (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 13 (1996), S. 295-300 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: A light-scattering instrument that is normally used for particle size analysis was applied to obtain information about particle shape. Micro-cuboids of dimensions a × b × c in the range between 10 and 1000 μm, which can be accurately manufactured employing special technology, were used as labelled samples for the determination of 3-D features. Particle projections at different orientations due to turbulent motion were measured sequentially. The laser diffraction of cuboids rotating in a turbulent flow is described theoretically using a simplified model, i.e. rotation of a rectangle. The change in the projection areas of rotating cuboids is connected with their rotational velocity. The power spectrum density of rotational velocity of cuboids and spheres was determined and the influence of particle shape on the power spectrum density established. The frequency distribution of projection sizes was found to be suitable for particle shape estimation.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19960130508
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  • 135
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    On-line Determination of Particle Size Distribution during the manufacture of compound feed (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 13 (1996), S. 309-312 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Experimental investigations were carried out with mainly a Mogensen-Sizer, compared with test screening and additionally laser diffraction and light extinction, in order to check the qualification for on-line determination of particle size distribution under the specific conditions of feed milling. The different components of compound feed, the degree of milling, the difference in measured particle characteristics and the possibility of sample dispersion affect the comparability of the results. The results show that laser diffraction is a manysided method with accurate recording of the distribution. The modified Mogensen-Sizer can be a robust low-price alternative if the control of selected distribution parameters is sufficient.
    Zusätzliches Material: 8 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19960130510
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  • 136
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    In-line Particle Size Analysis in the fines outlet of an air classifier (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 13 (1996), S. 301-308 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Laser diffraction (LD), with reference to the analysis time, is highly advantageous for the automation of particle size analysis. The high measuring frequencies alloy quasi-continous measuring operation. The fineness values obtained form the particle size distribution (PSD) can be transformed into electrical signals for automatic process control.For industrial purposes, an encapsulated measuring cell was developed where the laser beam penetrates the dispersed fines stream via two optical windows. Thus, hazardous materials can also be measured, specifically pharmaceutical or chemical products, or applications requiring explosion-proof plant design are possible. Great efforts had to be made to keep the inner side of the windows clean form product dust. Ultimately, batches running for more than 8 h could be analysed continuously without any contamination of the windows. For the PSD measurements, a standard LD instrument was used with a measuring range of 0.5/0.9-175 μm.As product fineness is monitored continuously in-stream, and virtually without delay, any changes in the fineness during classifier operation can be detected immediately. On the one hand, this opens up a new field for studies of classifier performance. On the other, immediate quality control of even very small batches is possible during the micronization process. The results demonstrate very clearly, for example, the importance of controlling the feed rate to the classifier. Therefore, fineness control by means of this in-line technique gives superior advantages for direct adjustment of the classifier speed.
    Zusätzliches Material: 15 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19960130509
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  • 137
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Barium Sulfate Precipitation: Crystallization kinetics and the role of the additive PMA-PVS (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 13 (1996), S. 313-321 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: The precipitation of barium sulfate was investigated by photon correlation spectroscopic (PCS) measurements of the growing crystals combined with electrical conductivity measurements of the mother solution. Small silica seeds (36nm) were added to the solution. Therefore, heterogeneous nucleation did not take place on the walls and on the stirrer, which is usually the case, but on the seeds. Hence the growth of the crystals which had nucleated on the seeds could be studied by PCS. In order to avoid the ill-conditioned inversion of the measured raw data, the autocorrelation functions, a population balance model was used to calculate these functions with the help of a kinetic model taken from the literature. The measured an the calculated autocorrelation functions could coincide and adjustable parameters were found from a least-squares fit. The measurements revealed that nucleation is strongly enhanced by PMA-PVS (polymaleic acid-polyvinylsulfonic acid). However, a simple model which assumes langmuir adsorption of PMA-PVS on the crystal surface did not describe the kinetics very well. The nucleation rate in the absence of the additive was found to be J=1.3·1010 exp(-27/In2S) [m-3s-1], while the growth rate was G=2.6·10-8(S-1)2/3 S1/3 exp(-29/3 In S) [ms-1]. These results match results taken from the literature fairly well.
    Zusätzliches Material: 10 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19960130511
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  • 138
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Influence of the Measurement Volume on the Phase Error in Phase Doppler AnemometryFor Part 1, see Ref. [1]. Part 2: Analysis by extension of geometrical optics to the laser beam; Refractive mode operation (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 13 (1996), S. 18-26 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: The influence of the measurement volume can be investigated by using extended geometrical optics, which is based on geometrical optics by including the amplitude and phase distribution in the laser beam. The dynamics in phase Doppler anemometry can be analysed, in addition to effects of the particle size-dependent detection volume. Extended geometrical optics has been developed as a powerful tool to investigate these influences for each order of light scattering separately. Phase errors caused by Gaussian-beam intensity distribution and the curvature of the wave fronts beyond the beam waist can easily be calculated. According to Part 1 (Reflective Mode Operation), the influence of the particle trajectories on measured phase and mass concentration is simulated for refractive mode operation.
    Zusätzliches Material: 12 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19960130105
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  • 139
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Particle Size Determination by Laser Reflection: Methodology and problems (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 13 (1996), S. 10-17 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: The particle size distribution of crystalline solids has progressively become a key parameter in manufacturing processes, as important as chemical purity. Among the particle size determination and counting systems available on the market, very few offer the possibility of continuous in situ monitoring of the particle size evolution during crystallization. For this reason, much interest has been aroused by the appearance of the Par Tec 100, patented by Laser Sensor Technology [1, 2]. A study has been carried out in a stirred vessel to verify the precision and reproducibility of particle size measurement and elucidate the influence of experimental parameters on data accessible with this instrument. Optimum reproducibility has logically been achieved by fixing the highest possible cycle time and taking the mean of several cycles. Determinations with the Par Tec 100 are influenced variously, according to whether they relate to the total number of particles counted or to the mean size. Thus, the number of counts measured by a particle size probe largely depends on the operating conditions and more particularly on the hydrodynamic conditions, solvent, temperature and focal point position. Its dependence relative to the concentration of the solid in suspension is normal and linear for a solid and for a given monodisperse sample. To establish the relationship between the number of counts and the population density would therefore necessitate delicate calibration on a case-by-case basis. The mean size determined does not depend on suspension homogeneity, provided that the stirring speed is sufficient for a statistically significant total count. On the other hand, for a given sample, a displacement of the focal point can lead to considerable variations in the size determined. The optimal focal point position for small sizes is in fact highly sensitive. Lastly, the optimal position of the focal point is considerably dependent on the true size of the particles, which means that this counter is unsuitable for the precise analysis of a dispersed sample since each particle size class would require a different setting of the focal point. In addition, the sizes determined, irrespective of the products studied, appear to be underestimated for large particles and over estimated for small particles.
    Zusätzliches Material: 23 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19960130104
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  • 140
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Experimental Studies of Electrically Active Fibrous Filter Loading (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 13 (1996), S. 47-53 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Electrically active fibrous filters, that is fibrous filters whose fibres carry a permanent electric charge, are an increasingly popular alternative to conventional fibrous filters in applications where low pressure drop and high collection efficiencies are critical. The advantage of these materials is the additional collection efficiency, due to electrostatic mechanisms, that can be achieved without pressure drop increase. The efficiency of these materials can fall as they are loaded with aerosol particles, so it is necessary that proper account be taken of this process during use. A complete understanding of the mechanisms responsible for this reduction in efficiency has not yet been reached. An experimental study has been undertaken at Loughborough University of Technology investigating the loading behaviour of a mixed fibre type electrically active material. The experimental techniques used in this work and experimental findings with a range of aerosol particle sizes are reported here.
    Zusätzliches Material: 16 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19960130109
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  • 141
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Generalized Lorenz-Mie Theory for Non-Spherical Particles with applications to phase-Doppler anemometry (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 13 (1996), S. 79-88 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: The Scattering of focused laser beams by arbitrarily shaped dielectric bodies is investigated theoretically. The beam description is based on Davis third-order beam approximation for the field components. The scattering problem can be solved on a spherical basis by the extended boundary condition method or by the so-called modified version of the extended boundary condition method. For spheroidal particles with small eccentricities, a perturbation technique for the internal subproblem of the extended boundary condition method is described. This procedure is applied to analyse the influence of the particle shape and orientation on the response of a phase-Doppler system.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19960130205
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  • 142
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Optical Cross-Sections of Soot Agglomerates: The model of the virtual refractive index and first-order multiple scattering (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 13 (1996), S. 97-103 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: A new technique for the calculation of the optical properties of agglomerated spherical primary particles is presented. By means of the so-called virtual refractive index, the multiple scattering within the agglomerate is decribed by a modified Mie solution, thus avoiding restrictions with respect to the primary particle size. An additional benefit of the method is the small numerical expense required, permitting practical use for complex agglomerate structures such as real combustion aerosols. Utilizing this method, attention is focused on the calculation of the extinction cross-section of real combustion aerosols in order to discuss the results of multiple-wavelength extinction measurements within combustion systems. It is found that approximately the primary particle diameter is determined. Furthermore, the error that occurs can be avoided by means of the method presented without a detailed knowledge of the agglomerate size. Thus, the present work eliminates some current uncertainties inherent in optical combustion aerosol characterization.
    Zusätzliches Material: 8 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19960130207
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  • 143
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Phase-Doppler Anemometry with the Dual Burst Technique for measurement of refractive index and absorption coefficient simultaneously with size and velocity (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 13 (1996), S. 112-124 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: The principle of the dual burst technique (DBT) based on phase-Doppler anemometry (PDA) is proposed for simultaneous particle refractive index, size and velocity measurements. This technique used the trajectory effects in PDA systems to separate the two contributions of the different scattering processes. In the case of forward scattering and refracting particles, it is shown that from the phase of the reflected contribution, the particle diameter can be deduced, whereas from the refracted contribution the particle refractive index and velocity can be obtained. Furthermore, the intensity ratio of these two scattering processes can be used for absorption measurements. Simulations based on generalized Lorenz-Mie theory and experimental tests using monodispersed droplets of different refractive indices and absorption coefficients have validated this technique.
    Zusätzliches Material: 19 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19960130209
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  • 144
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Influence of Refractive Index Gradients within droplets on rainbow position and implications for rainbow refractometry (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 13 (1996), S. 125-129 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Rainbow refractometry allows the determination of the refractive indices of droplets if a homogeneous refractive index can be assumed throughout the whole droplet. The influence of gradients on the angular position of the rainbow was examined for refractive index distributions with constant gradients and for distributions as they occur during cooling, heating and burning of droplets. Geometrical optics were used to determine rainbow positions. For a given value of refractive index at the surface, the rainbow position is in many cases a measure for the gradient itself. It was found that information obtained for constant gradients can often be used in cases with more complex distributions, which are found, for instance, for droplets undergoing heat-transfer processes. Significant errors may be obtained only for a very short initial phase of the process. Experimental results obtained with monosized droplet streams, which confirm theoretical predictions of the influence of gradients on the rainbow position, are presented.
    Zusätzliches Material: 9 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19960130210
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  • 145
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Reflection Phenomena in Particle Sizing by static and dynamic light scattering (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 13 (1996), S. 130-136 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Using a monodisperse poly(methyl methacrylate) dispersion it was shown that light reflection at the sample cuvette walls may greatly influence the results of both static (SLS) and dynamic (DLS) light scattering experiments. Considering SLS, this reflection phenomenon mostly causes an overestimation of the scattered intensity at high scattering angles, which may give rise to the emergence of an additional, artificial peak in the lower region of the particle size distribution. On the other hand, the influence of reflection on DLS experiments was shown to be particularly important in the upper region of the particle size distribution. The experimentally observed phenomena were explained from basic principles of both particle sizing methods. Finally, it was shown that the disturbing effect of reflection could be avoided by modifying either the hardware or the software of the SLS and DLS techniques.
    Zusätzliches Material: 9 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19960130211
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  • 146
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    A Light Scattering Instrument for Sizing Mixtures of small and large particles (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 13 (1996), S. 137-142 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: An instrument is proposed for the visualisation and measurement of mixtures of small and large particles. The original concept was to use spectral extinction for sub-micron particles and scattering patterns for larger sizes. However, the former method is sensitive to the refractive index, which may be unknown or vary with wavelength in an unknown way. The experiments demonstrated this to be a problem. The forward scatter, on the other hand, is not so sensitive to this. It is shown here that the combination of scattered intensity as a function of both angle and Wavelength provides scatter diagrams for which there is good agreement between theory and experiment. The influence of quite small volume fractions of particles as small as 0.3μm mixed with 90μ particles is easily seen. The scatter diagrams suggest the use of image analysis for size measurement and quality control.
    Zusätzliches Material: 8 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19960130212
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  • 147
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Basic Studies of Electrohydrodynamic Atomization Process using phase Doppler measurement technique (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 13 (1996), S. 143-149 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: A planar phase Doppler system is used to measure submicron droplets generated by an electrospray. Measured drop dia-meters are correlated with the liquid properties and the condition for transition of the spray from the single-jet mode to the multi-jet mode is introduced. In another set of measurements using a standard phase Doppler system, combined size and velocity data are employed to deduce the drag force on the drops. In a situation where the drag force is balanced primarily by the electric force, the phase Doppler measurements allow to estimate the power-law relationship between the charge on a drop and its diameter and hence, many provide insights into the underlying atomization mechanisms.
    Zusätzliches Material: 9 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19960130213
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  • 148
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Monodisperse Sprays for Various Purposes  -  Their production and characteristics (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 13 (1996), S. 179-185 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: The production of liquid sprays represents a key technology for a wide range of industrial proceses. Most applications currently use pressure or air-assisted atomization, resulting in the production of polydisperese sprays. Recent advances in experimental and numerical techniques for investigating liquid spraying processes, however, have enabled a closer examination of parameter optimization, leading to the conclusion that in may cases, a much narrower size distribution, or even a monodisperse spray, may exhibit many advantages. Currently monodisperse droplet generators, or drop-on-demand generators, do not meet this challenge of producing monodisperse sprays, primarily owing to the very low volume flow rate of liquid which is atomized. In the present work, a monodisperse sprya generator is introduced, which overcomes this difficulty for many applications.
    Zusätzliches Material: 12 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19960130303
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  • 149
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Deformation of liquid droplets during collisions with hot walls: Experimental and Numerical Results (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 13 (1996), S. 186-191 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Measurements of droplet deformation during wall impingement were performed for ethanol droplets and water droplets with diameters ranging from 100 to 200 μm. The wall temperature is well above the Leidenfrost temperature of the droplet liquid. With monodisperse droplet streams and a special illumination technique, slow motion images of the phenomena can be obtained. Measurements with high temporal resolution below 1 μs are possible using a standard video camera. The experimental results are compared with numerical results, which were obtained by solving the three-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations for incompressible fluids including surface tension effects. The fluids are treated with the volume-of-fluid method and the free surface is modeled according to the continuum-surface-force model. Numerical and experimental results show good agreement.
    Zusätzliches Material: 9 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19960130304
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  • 150
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Aqueous Droplet Sizing by Inertial Classification (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 13 (1996), S. 192-195 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: The particle size distribution of an aerosol generated from an aqueous system is difficult to analyse because of the shrinkage of the droplets due to solvent evaporation. These problems are very important for the characterization of medical nebulizers, since most of the drugs delivered via inhalation are water soluble. In situ methods for droplet size analysis, such as laser diffraction, phase Doppler anemometry and light scattering, do not determine either the initial or the equilibrium size distribution. With the residual technique, which means evaporating the droplets and measuring the size and concentration of the residuals, the instability of the aqueous droplets plays no role and the necessary radioactive labelling of the sprayed material allows a direct determination of the mass flow rate at the mouthpiece of the nebulizer. In this way it is possible to discriminate between the delivered drug solution and the water necessary to humidify the incoming air. The output of nebulizers of different designs is given for various operating conditions, filling volumes and solution concentrations. The measured droplet size distribution of a nebulizer is found to be fixed mainly by its internal impaction system.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19960130305
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  • 151
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Holographic Investigations of a Diesel Jet injected into a high-pressure test chamber (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 13 (1996), S. 196-204 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: A Diesel spray injected into a high-pressure test chamber was investigated with two different holographic techniques. The usual off-axis recording geometry was used to investigate the very early beginning of the injection. Double pulsing of the recording laser facilitated velocity measurements. By using two different reference angles for the two recording the two images can be separated upon reconstruction of the holograms. Thus superior image quality could be achieved. Processes leading to jet formation could be identified: the spray tip is periodically axially decelerated and radially accelerated. Consequently, liquid moves at the tip off axis. The spray consists of fast central region surrounded by a slower outer jet region. The outer jet region exhibits periodic droplet concentration fluctuations which are interpreted as a result of the periodic processes at the spray tip. Some high concentration regions in the outer jet region were investigated using a dark-field holographic technique. This technique permits single droplet velocity measurements and local droplet concentration determination at extremely high droplet concentrations. The most important result of these investigations is that no correlation between the local droplet concentration and the droplet velocity could be found.
    Zusätzliches Material: 18 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19960130306
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  • 152
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Synthesis of 1-O-(2′,3′-dihydroxypropyl)5-deoxy-β-D-ribofuranosides with (CH3)2As, (CH3)2As=S or (CH3)3As+ groups as substituents at the 5-position (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 10 (1996), S. 13-22 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Schlagwort(e): arsenic-containing ribofuranosides ; arsenosugars ; dimethyl(β-D-ribofuranos-5-yl]-arsine ; dimethyl(β-D-ribofuranos-5-yl)arsine sulfides ; trimethyl(β-D-ribofuranos-5-yl)arsonium iodides ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Eight arsenic-containing ribosides were prepared from dimethyl(1-O-methyl1-5-deoxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-β-D-ribofuranos-5-yl)arsine and (2′S)-dimethyl[1-O-(2′,3′-isopropylidenedioxypropyl)-5-deoxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-β-D-ribofuranos-5-yl]arsine. Reactions of the arsines with sulfur produced the compounds with a (CH3)2As &= S group as substituent in the 5-position. Treatment of these dimethyl(ribosyl)arsine sulfides with trifluoroacetic acid water removed the isopropylidene groups and gave the unprotected derivatives as thick oils in 80% yield. The arsines and methyl iodide gave the protected trimethyl(ribosyl)arsonium iodides. These arsonium iodides were reacted with trifluoroacetic acid/water. Anomeric mixtures of the deprotected compounds were isolated. Deprotection of the dimethyl(ribosyl)arsines proceeded without anomerization. Reaction of the dimethyl[1-O-(2′,3′-dihydroxypropyl)-5-deoxy-β-D-ribofuranos-5-yl]arsine with methyl iodide produced the pure β-anomer of the arsonium iodide. The yields in these reactions were approximately 80%.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 153
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Masthead (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 10 (1996) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aoc.590100201
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  • 154
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Analytical Methods for Speciation of Organotins in the Environment (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 10 (1996), S. 317-337 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Schlagwort(e): organotin compounds ; tin ; speciation ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The growing awareness over the environmental fate of organotin compounds is reflected in the large number of analytical methods developed for their separation. Organotin compounds have varying degrees of toxicological properties, depending on the nature and number of alkyl groups bonded to the tin atom. Most of the analytical speciation methods applied to actual environmental media have involved prior derivatization to transform organotin compounds into volatile hydrophobic analytes amenable to separation and identification by gas chromatography coupled to a sensitive and selective tin-detector. Evidence exists that members of the same homologous series are related by environmental degradation pathways. Chemical treatment prior to analysis, or high temperatures associated with gas chromatography separation, may alter the relative amounts of organotins in samples and blur the true environment picture. To avoid species redistribution that may occur during derivatization or gas speciation analysis, methods based on liquid chromatography and supercritical fluid chromatography have been investigated. This review documents analytical methods for determination of tin and speciation of organotin compounds, in the hope that it will be of value to those interested in initiating a programme for assessing the impact of such species on the environment.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 155
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The Regiospecific C-3 Lithiation of 5-Ethyl-2-furoic acid: An Approach to Key Natural Product Intermediates (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 10 (1996), S. 389-392 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Schlagwort(e): regiospecific lithiation ; 2-furoic acid ; 5-ethyl-2-furoic acid ; butyl-lithium ; lithium di-isopropylamide (LDA) ; furonaphthoquinone ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Treatment of 5-ethyl-2-furoic acid with n-butyl-lithium in tetrahydrofuran gave regiospecific C-3 lithiation, whereas treatment of the same acid with lithium di-isopropylamide (LDA) afforded only starting material. The synthetic utility of dilithiated 5-ethyl-2-furoic acid has been demonstrated with the synthesis of two substituted 3-benzyl-5-ethyl-2-furoic acid derivatives which are key intermediates for the preparation of naturally occurring cytotoxic 2-ethylfuronaphthoquinones. Reaction of the C-3 lithiated species with two equivalents of benzaldehyde and subsequent reduction affored the corresponding 3-benzyl-5-ethyl-2-furoic acids. An alternative route to 5-ethyl-2-furoic acid has been described allowing for a more convenient preparation of longer-chain 5-alkyl-2-furoic acids.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 156
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Interlaboratory Study to Improve the Quality Control of Methylmercury Determination in Sediment (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 10 (1996), S. 537-544 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Schlagwort(e): Methylmercury ; sediment ; interlaboratory study ; performance evaluation ; improvement ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The results are presented of an interlaboratory study on methylmercury (MeHg) in sediment carried out by a group of European laboratories within the framework of a project managed by the EC Standards, Measurements and Testing Programme (formerly BCR). The aim of this exercise was to evaluate the performance of current methods used for MeHg determination in sediment in order to improve the state-of-the-art prior to the certification of a candidate reference material. The paper describes the organization of the interlaboratory study, the preparation of the sediment material used, the techniques evaluated and the results obtained by the participating laboratories. The outcome of the collaborative project showed that certification could be contemplated, providing that certain analytical techniques were optimized, especially with regard to extraction methods.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 157
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Syntheses and Solid-State Structures of Some Dialkyltin Derivatives of α-Methoxy- and α-Acetoxy-phenylacetic Acids (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 10 (1996), S. 523-530 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Schlagwort(e): organotin biscarboxylates ; distannoxanes ; coordination bonds ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Several di-n-butyltin and diethyltin biscarboxylates and distannoxanes of α-methoxy- and α-acetoxy-phenylacetic acids were synthesized and (two of) their structures were studied by means of X-ray diffraction analysis as well as by means of IR and Mössbauer spectroscopies. It was shown for {[(n-Bu)2-SnOC(O)CH(OMe)Ph]2O}2 that there is an interaction between the OMe group and one of the endocyclic tin atoms, resulting in a distorted pentagonal-bipyramidal geometry with the pentagonal plane defined by five O atoms and an uncommon seven coordination number for this tin atom. Spectral data indicate that biscarboxylates have trans-octahedral structures.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 158
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    A New Method of Bile Acid Silylation for Their GLC-MS Analysis (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 10 (1996), S. 531-535 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Schlagwort(e): bile acids ; conjugated bile acids ; trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivatives ; GLC-MS analysis ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivatives of a mixture of nine bile acids (six free and three conjugated), namely lithocholic, deoxycholic, chenocholic, cholic, hyodeoxycholic, ursodeoxycholic, glycodeoxycholic, glycocholic and glycochenodeoxycholic acids, have been prepared by a new, simple, efficient derivatization procedure, based on the use of a mixture of N-methyl-N-trimethylsilyl-1,1,1- trifluoroacetamide and 1-(trimethylsilyl)imidazole, as the silylating agent. The above-mentioned bile acids were completely trimethylsilylated on all hydroxyl and carboxyl groups whereas carbonyl and amino groups remained untouched.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 159
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Charge Transport in Mesomorphic Phthalocyanines Studied by Pulse-Radiolysis Time-Resolved Microwave Conductivity (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 10 (1996), S. 637-647 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Schlagwort(e): phthalocyanines ; discotic liquid crystals ; optoelectric materials ; molecular semiconductors ; charge transport ; pulse radolysis ; microwave conductivity ; electron tunneling ; molecular electronics ; molecular wires ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The pulse-radiolysis time-resolved microwave conductivity (PR-TRMC) technique has been used to obtain information on the transport of charge within columnarly stacked, peripherally octaalkoxy-substituted phthalocyanines. Data are presented on the one-dimensional, intracolumnar charge mobility and on the timescale of quasi-two-dimensional intercolumnar electron tunnelling. Particular attention is paid to materials that are liquid-crystalline at room temperature, because of their potential technological importance in optoelectric charge transport layers and molecular semiconductor devices. The relevance of the data to channeled charge transport in aligned thin layers is discussed.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 160
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Immunotoxicity of Organic Arsenic Compounds in Marine Animals (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 10 (1996), S. 727-732 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Schlagwort(e): immunotoxicity ; arsenocholine ; arsenobetaine ; tetramethylarsonium ion ; macrophages ; lymphocytes ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: In the present study, we demonstrated for the first time the immunotoxic effects of organic arsenic compounds in marine animals, namely arsenocholine [AsCho; trimethyl(2-hydroxyethyl)arsonium cation], arsenobetaine [AsBe; the trimethyl(carboxymethyl)arsonium zwitterion] and the tetramethylarsonium ion (TetMA), to murine principal immune effector cells (macrophages and lymphocytes), comparing them with the effects of inorganic arsenicals in vitro. Inorganic arsenicals (arsenite and arsenate) showed strong cytotoxicity to both macrophages and lymphocytes. The concentration of arsenite that reduced the number of surviving cells to 50% of that in untreated controls (IC50) was 3-5 μmol dm-3, and the cytotoxicity of arsenate (IC50=100 μ-1 m mol dm-3) was lower than that of arsenite. Compared with these findings, trimethylarsenic compounds in marine animals, AsCho and AsBe, were less toxic even at a concentration over 10 mmol dm-3 to both macrophages and lymphocytes; however, TetMA had weak, but significant, cytotoxicity to these cells (IC50 was about 6 mmol dm-3).
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 161
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Masthead (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 10 (1996) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aoc.590101001
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  • 162
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Nitrogen Incorporation into Boron Hydride Clusters (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 10 (1996), S. 227-239 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Schlagwort(e): heteroborane ; cluster ; nitrogen ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: No Abstract
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 163
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The Synthesis and Thermal Decomposition Reactions of Compounds Containing the Silicon-Nitrogen-Boron Bond Linkage (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 10 (1996), S. 199-208 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: No Abstract
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 164
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Boron-modified Inorganic Polymers - Precursors for the Synthesis of Multicomponent Ceramics (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 10 (1996), S. 241-256 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Schlagwort(e): inorganic polymers ; boron ; ceramics ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: No Abstract
    Zusätzliches Material: 10 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 165
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Synthesis of 1-O-R-5-deoxy-β-D-ribofuranosides with (CH3)2As and (CH3)2As=O as substituents at the 5-position and a methyl or 2′,3′-dihydroxypropyl group as the aglycone in the 1-position (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 10 (1996), S. 1-11 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Schlagwort(e): arsenic-containing ribofuranosides ; arsenosugars ; (2′R)-dimethyl[1-O-(2′,3′-dihydroxypropyl)-5-deoxy-β-D-ribofuranos-5-yl]arsine oxide ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Six arsenic-containing β-D-ribofuranosides, including the naturally occurring (2′R)-dimethyl[1-O-(2′,3′-dihydroxypropyl)-5-deoxy-β-D-ribofuranos-5-yl]arsine oxide, were prepared in multi-step reactions from D-ribose and tetramethyldiarsine. The synthetic procedure uses the early substitution of the hydroxy group with bromine at C5, subsequent attachment of a chiral three-carbon aglycone at C1, and final delivery of arsenic at C5. The synthesis provides a viable route for the preparation of multigram quantities of the natural product.
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  • 166
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Synthesis, characterization and cytotoxic activity of diorganotin (IV) complexes with 4H-pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one derivatives (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 10 (1996), S. 47-51 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Schlagwort(e): organotin ; pyrimidin-4-one derivatives ; complexes ; cytotoxicity ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The coordination behaviour of the diorganotin (IV) compounds R2SnCl2 (where R = Me, Ph) with 4H-pyrido [1,2-a] pyrimidin-4-one derivatives (L) has been described. The complexes R2SnCl2 · L obtained have been characterized physicochemically and spectroscopically. The pyrimidin-4-one ligands were found to coordinate with R2SnCl2 species in a monodentate fashion, mainly via the oxygen atom of the 4-one group or possibly via the nitrogen atom of the (SINGLE BOND)C(DOUBLE BOND)N linkage (the less sterically hindered nitrogen of the pyrimidine derivative) to give pentacoordinate tin complexes. Of the complexes selected to be screened against five tumour cell lines, some exhibited significant in vitro activity.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 167
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Preparation of candidate reference materials for trimethyl-lead analysis and assessment of their homogeneity and stability (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 10 (1996), S. 69-73 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Schlagwort(e): trimethyl-lead ; reference material ; homogeneity ; stability ; rainwater ; road dust ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: This study was conducted to develop certified reference materials containing trimethyl-lead (TriML) in environmental matrices. A detailed description of the process to prepare candidate artificial rainwater and road dust reference materials, which includes pretreatment, homogenization and bottling procedures, is described. The homogeneity was assessed by comparing the variations within a bottle and between different bottles. The results demonstrated that the distribution of TriML in the same material is homogeneous. The stability of TriML in these materials was verified on the day of preparation and after 1, 3, 6 and 12 months. The results showed no significant difference between the initial TriML concentration and the concentration after 12 months' storage in candidate artificial rainwater kept at room temperature and in road dust stored at -20°C and 4°C, based on a statistical analysis of the results. At 37°C, however, TriML was shown to be unstable: this highlighted the need to store the materials in the dark, preferably at 4°C. TriML in both of the candidate reference materials was hence concluded to be stable for at least 12 months under the appropriate storage conditions.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Tab.
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  • 168
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New Germaheterocycles, Germadithioacetals and a Germylated Oxide and Sulfide Derived from Cysteamine, Methylcysteamine and N-Substituted Cysteamine: Synthesis and Radioprotective Activity (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 10 (1996), S. 113-123 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Schlagwort(e): germathiazolidines ; germadithioacetals ; germylated oxide ; germylated sulfide ; N-substituted cysteamine ; toxicity ; radioprotective activity ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Further to our work concerning organometallic compounds active in chemical radioprotection, we report the synthesis and pharmacological study (radioprotective activity, toxicity) of new germathiazolidines and germadithioacetals derived from cysteamine, methylcysteamine and N-substituted cysteamine. A germylated oxide and sulfide with methylcysteamine hydrochloride as ligand were also investigated.A notable decrease in the toxicity and a fairly large increase in the radioprotective activity of these new organogermylated compounds were observed compared with cysteamine, methylcysteamine and N-substituted cysteamine.
    Zusätzliches Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 169
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Determination of Butyltin Compounds in Mussel Samples: A Comparative Study of Analytical Procedures (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 10 (1996), S. 471-476 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Schlagwort(e): Butyltin compounds ; extraction ; mussels ; analytical procedures ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Three different sample pretreatment methods (methanolic HCl with or without tropolone and enzymic extraction) and two final determination procedures (GC-MS and GC-QFAAS) have been applied independently to the determination of butyltin compounds in two mussel samples polluted at different levels. The results obtained validate the sample storage and transport conditions as well as the analytical procedures.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 170
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Fungicidal Activity of Some Organotin Compounds against Ceratocystis ulmi (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 10 (1996), S. 501-503 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Schlagwort(e): Ceratocystis ulmi ; dialkyltin ; Dutch elm disease ; fungicide ; organotin ; triphenyltin ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Three series of organotin compounds were screened in vitro against Ceratocystis ulmi, the causative agent of Dutch elm disease. The series that were most active against this deadly fungus were those that contained the triphenyltin moiety. In addition, the fungicidal activity of the triphenyltin compounds were found to be independent of the anionic group attached to the tin atom. However, there was a marked increase in the activity of the triphenyltins when a biologically active group which did not dissociate upon dissolution was incorporated into the overall molecule.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 171
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Masthead (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 10 (1996) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aoc.590100801
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  • 172
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    Digitale Medien
    Discotic Liquid Crystals of Transition Metal Complexes, 19: Discotic Mesomorphism and Double Clearing Behavior of Octakis(dialkoxyphenyl)phthalocyanine Derivatives (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 10 (1996), S. 623-635 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Schlagwort(e): phtholocyonines ; double clearing behavior ; discotic liquid crystal ; mesophase ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Eight novel octakis(3,4-dialkoxyphenyl)- phthalocyanine derivatives, Cn-M (2, M=2H; 3, M=Ni; 4, M=Cu; a, decyloxy; b, undecyloxy; c, dodecyloxy), have been synthesized and characterized. It was found that each of the derivatives exhibits discotic liquid crystalline properties, and that each of the Cn-Cu (4) derivatives has two kinds of Drd2(P21/a) mesophases. These Cn-Cu (4a,b,c) and C12-2H (2c) derivatives exhibit a unique double clearing behavior.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 173
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Synthesis of Lanthanide-Alkylaluminium Bimetallic Complexes and Studies on Their Catalytic Activities for Polymerization of Some Polar Monomers (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 10 (1996), S. 761-771 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Schlagwort(e): organolanthanide ; alkylaluminium ; bimetallic complex ; NMR spectra ; polymerization ; single-component catalyst ; epichlorohydrin ; methyl methacrylate ; tetrahydrofuran ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Three new lanthanide (Ln)-alkylaluminium (Al) bimetallic complexes with the formula [(μ-CF3CO2)2Ln(μ-CF3CHO2)AlR2 · 2THF]2 (Ln=Nd, Y, R=i-C4H9 (i-Bu); Ln=Eu, R=C2H5(Et); THF=tetrahydrofuran) were synthesized by the reaction of Ln(CF3CO2)3 (Ln=Nd, Y) with HAl (i-Bu)2 and of Eu(CF3CO2)3 with AlEt3, respectively. Their crystal structures were determined by X-ray diffraction at 233 K. [(μ-CF3CO2)2Nd (μ-CF3CHO2)Al(i-Bu)2 · 2THF]2 (Nd-Al) and [(μ-CF3CO2)2Y(μ-CF3CHO2)Al(i- Bu)2 · 2THF]2 (Y-Al) are isomorphous and crystallize in space group P1 with a=12.441(3) Å [12.347(5) Å for Y-Al], b=12.832(3) Å [12.832(4) Å], c=11.334(3) Å [11.292(8) Å], α=104.93 (2)° [104.45(4)°], β=98.47(2)° [98.81(4)°], γ=64.60(2)° [64.30(3)°], R=0.519 [0.113], Rw=0.0532 [0.110], Z=1 and [(μ-CF3CO2)2Eu(CF3 CHO2)AlEt2 · 2THF]2(Eu-Al) in space group P21/n with a=11.913(6) Å, b=14.051(9) Å, c=17.920(9) Å, α=101.88(11)°, β=γ=90°, R=0.0509, Rw=0.0471 and Z=2. The six CF3CO-2 (including CF3CHO-2) of each complex, among which pairs are equivalent, coordinated to Ln and Al in three patterns: (A) the two oxygen atoms in one of the three CF3CO-2 type coordinated to two different Ln; (B) the two oxygen atoms in the second of CF3CO-2 type coordinated to Ln and Al, respectively; (C) one of the two oxygen atoms in the third CF3CO-2 type bidentately coordinated to two Ln and another oxygen coordinated to Al and one of the two Ln, respectively. Unlike types A and B, in type C the carboxyl carbon with a hydrogen atom bonded to it was found to appear as an sp3-hybridized configuration rather than an sp2-one. 1D and 2D NMR results further confirmed the existence of such a disproportionated CF3CHO-2 ligand. Methyl methacrylate (MMA) and epichlorohydrin (ECH) could be polymerized by Y-Al or Eu-Al as a single-component catalyst and highly syndiotactic poly(MMA) was obtained. THF could also be polymerized by Y-Al in the presence of a small amount of ECH.
    Zusätzliches Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 174
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Synthesis and characterization of organotin complexes with 2-mercaptopyridine derivatives (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 10 (1996), S. 35-45 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Schlagwort(e): organotin ; esters of 2-mercaptopyridine-5-carboxylic acid ; 2-mercaptopyridine ; Mössbauer ; IR ; NMR ; crystal structure ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: By reaction of diphenyltin(IV) chloride and triphenyltin(IV) hydroxide with esters of the 2-mercaptopyridine-5-carboxylic acid (OVERBAR)NH(CS)CHCHC(COOR)(/OVERBAR)CH (HTNME, R = methyl; HTNEE, R = ethyl; HTNIPE, R = isopropyl) the complexes Ph3Sn(L), Ph2SnCI(L) (L = TNME, TNEE and TNIPE) and Ph2Sn(TNEE)2 have been prepared and characterized by IR, NMR and Mössbauer spectroscopies. Moreover, the Ph2SnCl2/2-mercaptopyridine (HMP) system has been found to yield either the Ph2SnCl2(HMP)2 adduct or the Ph2SnCl(MP) complex.The structures of Ph2SnCl(TNEE) and Ph2SnCl(MP) have been determined by X-ray single-crystal diffraction studies. The two structures are similar. Both ligands behave as bidentate chelating groups forming a four-membered ring with an identical small N(SINGLE BOND)Sn(SINGLE BOND)S bite angle of 63.7°. The tin atom is pentacoordinated, presenting a severely distorted trigonal bipyramidal geometry with apical Cl(SINGLE BOND)Sn(SINGLE BOND)N angles of 155.0(2)° [Ph2SnCl(TNEE)] and 155.7(7)° [Ph2SnCl(MP)] and equatorial C(SINGLE BOND)Sn(SINGLE BOND)C angles of 114.9(2)° and 125.0(3)° respectively. On the basis of 119Sn Mössbauer data, all the complexes should present analogous structures except Ph2Sn(TNEE)2 and Ph2SnCl2(HMP)2, for which an octahedral coordination geometry with a trans arrangement of the phenyl groups can be proposed. The effect of dimethyl sulphoxide on Ph2SnCl(L) and Ph2SnCl2(HMP)2 is also discussed.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 175
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    An evaluation of reversed-phase and ion-exchange chromatography for use with inductively coupled plasma - mass spectrometry for the determination of organotin compounds (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 10 (1996), S. 61-68 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Schlagwort(e): Organotin compounds ; speciation ; high-performance liquid chromatography ; inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: An evaluation of reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) employing mobile phases compatible with direct coupling to inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) is described for the selective and sensitive detection of organotin species. The findings of this study are compared with established methods, employing ion-exchange chromatography.In order to achieve optimum performance, both the HPLC and ICP-MS were optimized for speciation work. The results from studies using various mobile phases for the separation of a range of tin compounds (inorganic tin, tributyltin, dibutyltin and monobutyltin) are discussed both in terms of resolution and compatibility with ICP-MS instrumentation. Tropolone, a commonly used complexing agent for organotin species, is also discussed with reference to the chromatographic separation of tin species.Finally, the role of isotope dilution analysis in conjunction with HPLC-ICP-MS for organotin speciation is described with respect to the European Community Standards, Measurements and Testing (BCR) certified material programme.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 176
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Synthesis of Macrocyclic Compounds Using Diorganotin(IV) Dicarboxylates as Covalent Templates (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 10 (1996), S. 363-367 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Schlagwort(e): diorganotin(IV) ; covalent templates ; macrocyclic ; acid anhydrides ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: A series of new macrocyclic compounds have been prepared by treating di-n-butyltin(IV) dicarboxylates of diphenic acid (biphenyl-2,2′-dicarboxylic acid), thiodiacetic acid and maleic anhydride with succinyl, adipoyl and sebacoyl dichlorides. The compounds have been characterized with the help of elemental analyses and spectral data (mass, IR, IH and 13C NMR).
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 177
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The use of High-Performance Liquid Chromatography for the Speciation of Organotin Compounds (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 10 (1996), S. 339-362 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Schlagwort(e): review ; high-performance liquid chromatography ; HPLC ; organotin ; tributyltin ; speciation ; marine environment ; antifouling paints ; environmental pollution ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: This review of the use of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for the speciation of organotin compounds which are primarily of significance in the marine environment is divided into sections on the basis of the different HPLC modes of separation. However, it should be noted that such a classification does not exist in reality. For instance, in an ion-pair reversed-phase system the separation mechanism for the ionic solutes may be ion-pair partitioning, or ion exchange, or both. The relevant practical information (e.g. column type, mobile phase, method of detection and detection limit) is presented in tabular form. A brief overview of the reported detection methods is included, because the delay in development of an easily interfaced, specific and sensitive detector has hindered the use of HPLC for organotin speciation studies. The literature reviewed covers publications from 1977, the year of the first application of HPLC to organotin speciation, to April 1995.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Tab.
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  • 178
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    Digitale Medien
    Organometallic Complexes with Biological Molecules, VI. Diorganotin(IV) and Triorganotin(IV) Ampicillin and Methicillin Derivatives: Spectroscopic Investigations in the Solid State (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 10 (1996), S. 393-404 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Schlagwort(e): organotin ; antibiotics ; ampicillin ; methicillin ; infrared ; Mössbauer ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Derivatives of D(-)-α-aminobenzylpenicillin (ampicillin) and of 2,6-dimethoxyphenylpenicillin (methicillin) with diorgano- and triorgano-tin(IV) moieties have been synthesized. The stoichiometries of the compounds obtained were of the type R2SnClL·H2O, R3SnClL·H2O [L=ampicillin or methicillin monoanion; R=Me, Bu, Ph] and R2Snampic2· 2H2O (ampic=ampicillin; R=Me, Bu, Ph). For R2SnClL·H2O and R3SnClL Na· - H2O, infrared (IR) data suggest five-coordination around the tin(IV) atom; in R2Snampic2· 2H2O six-coordination is most likely to occur. Thermogravimetric (TG) analysis excludes any involvement in the coordination of tin(IV) by water molecules, in any of the compounds. Trigonal bipyramidal configurations in the solid state are proposed for both R2SnClL·H2O and R3SnClL Na·H2O (L=ampicillin or methicillin) on the basis of the above-mentioned IR and Mössbauer data.As far as R2Snampic2·2H2O compounds are concerned, the coordination geometry at tin could be, as previously reported for analogous R2Snamox2.2H2O derivatives, skew-trapezoidal bipyramidal, the monoanionic bidentate chelating ampicillin residue being in the trapezoidal plane and having bent axial organic groups.Electronegativity equalization procedures have been applied to idealized trigonal bipyramidal structures for R2SnClL·H2O and R3SnClL Na·H2O (L=ampicillin or methicillin) and to octahedral trans-R2for R2Snampic2·2H2O, to estimate the partial atomic charges on the tin atoms, Qsn, which have been correlated with the isomer shift (δ) Mössbauer parameter.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 179
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    Digitale Medien
    Silicon-Modified Carbohydrate Surfactants I: Synthesis of Siloxanyl Moieties Containing Straight-chained Glycosides and Amides (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 10 (1996), S. 421-435 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Schlagwort(e): siloxanes ; carbohydrate modified ; surfactants ; saccharide ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: New siloxanyl-modified carbohydrate surfactants of the amide and glycoside type have been synthesized by coupling between defined as well as higher-molecular-weight siloxanes and carbohydrate structures via spacers of different lengths and hydrophilic power. Linear and branched monohydrogen di-, tri-, tetra- and penta-siloxanes and polyhydrogen siloxanes as well as mono- and di-saccharide lactone structures have been found to be good starting materials for the synthesis of amides, often in quantitative yield, whereas glycosides had to be prepared in low-yield multistep sequences including protection/deprotection steps. Selected strategies were applied to polysiloxanes yielding quantitatively a broad variety of carbohydrate-modified comb-like structures. The new substances were characterized by means of 13C NMR spectroscopy, GC, capillary GC, GC-MS coupling and elemental analysis.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 180
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Book Review: Comprehensive Organometallic Chemistry II (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 10 (1996), S. 467-467 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: No Abstract
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 181
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Silicon-Modified Carbohydrate Surfactants II: Siloxanyl Moieties Containing Branched Structures (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 10 (1996), S. 437-450 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Schlagwort(e): siloxanes ; surfactant ; carbohydrate ; amino ; regioselective ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Branched siloxanyl-modified carbohydrate surfactants have been synthesized by coupling mono-, di- and poly-functional siloxanes to carbohydrate units either via a branched spacer or by attaching a separate modifying element to a straight-chained structure. Hydrophilic as well as extremely hydrophobic elements have been incorporated successfully. Siloxanyl-modified carbohydrates bearing a secondary amino function were alkylated in regioselective reactions by different epoxides ranging from glycidol- to siloxanyl-modified allyl glycidyl ether derivatives. Alternatively, carbohydrate-modified piperazinyl structures yielded cyclic subunits after alkylation. Structures bearing two identical hydrophilic groups are accessible by alkylation of carbohydrate-modified bisamides. The derivatives synthesized were characterized by means of GC, NMR and elemental analysis.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 182
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Plasma Membrane Perturbation Induced by Organotins on Erythrocytes from Salmo irideus Trout (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 10 (1996), S. 451-457 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Schlagwort(e): organotins ; trout eythrocytes ; lysis ; fluorescence ; DPH ; TMA-DPH ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Tributyltin chloride and its degradation products monobutyltin and dibutyltin act as water pollutants, owing to the use of tributyltin chloride as a biocide in marine paint formulations. These compounds are lipid-soluble and undergo bioaccumulation and bioconcentration. Salmo irideus trout erythrocytes were studied to evaluate the possible effects of these compounds on freshwater fish, which could be exposed to long-term effects due to bioaccumulation of organotins. Data showed that tributyltin increases the haemolysis rate, starting at 10 μM, while dibutyltin has a scant protective effect at each concentration tested. Similar studies were performed in the presence of carbon monoxide (CO), which is protective against membrane oxidative stress due to haemoglobin (Hb) auto-oxidation. In these conditions all the organotins tested induced an increase in the haemolysis rate. These results suggest that the consequence of auto-oxidation of Hb could condition the effects of some organotin compounds. Steady-state fluorescence of probes embedded in the lipidic part of the membrane was used to evaluate the modifications induced by organotins to the physico-chemical state of phospholipids.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 183
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Masthead (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 10 (1996) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aoc.590100701
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  • 184
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    Digitale Medien
    Diorganotin(IV) Complexes of Some Schiff Bases With a Potential Biological Activity (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 10 (1996), S. 545-548 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Schlagwort(e): Diorganotin dichloride ; Schiff bases ; complexes ; antibacterial ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Diorganotin dichloride compounds, Rl2SnCl2 (R=Me, nBu, Ph) react with Schiff bases (L), derived from substituted and non-substituted 2- or 3-aminopyridine with 2-hydroxy-, 2-methoxy- or 2-hydroxy-3-methoxy-benzaldehyde in a 1 : 1 molar ratio, to give complexes of general formula R2SnCl2·L. It is suggested that the Schiff bases coordinate with tin in bidentate fashion to give hexacoordinate tin species. Almost all the complexes prepared show some 1 : 1 molar conductivity in ethanol and DMF, indicating on R2Sn(L)Cl+ Cl- ionic structure type. The complexes were screened against seven species of bacteria.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 185
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Thio-organotin Antioxidants for Polypropylene: Reactivity towards t-Butyl Hydroperoxide (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 10 (1996), S. 477-484 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Schlagwort(e): Thio-organotins ; polypropylene stabilization ; tin-sulfur (Sn-S) bond ; oxidation ; hydroperoxides ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Various thio-organotin compounds have been reacted with t-butyl hydroperoxide in order to determine whether this oxidation can be responsible for the stabilizing capacity of some thio-organotins towards polyolefin degradation. The kinetics of t-butyl hydroperoxide disappearance, in the presence of thiotin compounds, shows different reactivity according to the structure of oranometallic reagent. Product analysis indicates organotin oxide, dialkyl disulfide and t-butanol as major reaction products. The reactivity sequence towards hydroperoxide is the same as the order observed for polypropylene stabilization.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 186
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The Anti-inflammatory Activiy of Metal Complexes of Heterocyclic Thiosemicarbazones, 2-Substituted Pyridine N-Oxides and 2-Pyridylthioureas (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 10 (1996), S. 485-493 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Schlagwort(e): thiosemicarbazones ; metal complexes ; anti-inflammatory ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The thiosemicarbazones and their related metal complexes were shown to be potent anti-inflammatory agents in rodents at 8 mg kg-1. They were effective in blocking induced edema and endotoxic shock while blocking both local and central pain processes. The ability of the agents to function as anti-inflammatory agents is multifold. First, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNFα) and Interleukin-1 (IL-1) release was markedly reduced by the agents. Second, high-affinity receptor binding on fibroblasts of TNFα and IL-1 was significantly inhibited. Third, cellular events, e.g. lysosomal enzymes of specific cells, such as macrophages, were inhibited and prostaglandin cyclo-oxygenase and leukotriene 5′-lipoxygenase enzymic synthetic rates were significantly reduced, which should cause an overall reduction of the inflammatory process.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 187
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Molecular Structure and Fungicidal Activity against Ceratocystis ulmi of the 1:1 Adducts of Triphenyltin Chloride and 2,3-Disubstituted Thiazolidin-4-ones (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 10 (1996), S. 495-499 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Schlagwort(e): Adducts ; C. ulmi ; thiazolidin-4-ones ; Dutch elm disease ; IR spectroscopy ; Mössbauer spectroscopy ; toxicity ; triphenyltin Chloride ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Several 1:1 addition compounds between triphenyltin chloride and 2,3-disubstituted thiazolidin-4-one ligands have been synthesized. Their molecular structure has been deduced using far IR and Mössbauer spectroscopies. In addition, molecular modeling of several of the complexes was used to explain the variation of the quadrupole splitting values in the Mössbauer spectra. The structures of the complexes were determined to be trigonal-bipyramidal with the three phenyl groups in the equatorial plane. However, the phenyl groups are not co-planar, on the basis of the observation of both the Sn-C (phenyl) symmetric and asymmetric stretching vibrations. The adducts were screened against the fungus Ceratocystis ulmi, the agent responsible for Dutch elm disease, and found to be effective in the inhibition of this fungus. The toxicity of the adducts varied with the hydrophobicity of the molecule. A direct correlation between substitution on the phenyl group on the thiazolidine ring and the toxicity of the compound was not observed.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 188
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Biocidal Organotin Compounds. Part 2. Synthesis, Characterization and Biocidal Properties of Triorganotin(IV) Hydantoic Acid Derivatives and the Crystal Structures of Triphenyltin and Tricyclohexyltin Hydantoates (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 10 (1996), S. 513-521 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Schlagwort(e): triorganotin ; carboxylate ; crystal structure ; fungitoxicity ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The preparation and spectroscopic (1H NMR, UV and IR) characterization of three R3Sn(O2CCH2N(H)C(O)NH2) [R=Ph, c-Hex (cyclohexyl) or n-Bu] compounds are reported. A different mode of coordination is indicated for the hydantoate ligand in the R=Ph compound compared with the R=c-Hex and R=n-Bu compounds, as confirmed by a crystallographic analysis. The structure of [Ph3Sn(O2CCH2N(H)C(O)NH2)] is polymeric owing to the presence of bridging hydantoate ligands such that each ligand coordinates one tin atom, via one of the carboxylate oxygen atoms, and a symmetry-related tin atom via the carbonyl group at the other end of the molecule. The structure features distorted trigonal-bipyramidal tin atom geometries with a trans-R3SnO2 motif. The structure of [c-Hex3Sn(O2CCH2N(H)- C(O)NH2)], by contrast, is monomeric, distorted tetrahedral, as the carboxylate group is monodentate and there are no additional tin-ligand interactions. The structures are each stabilized by a number of intermolecular hydrogen bonds. Fungitoxicity and phytotoxicity studies indicate that the R=n-Bu derivative is the more active compound.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 189
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Phthalocyanines as Sensitive Materials for Chemical Sensors (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 10 (1996), S. 557-577 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: This paper provides a review of phthalocyan- ines suitable for the development of chemical sensors. Phthalocyanines may be utilized for different types of chemical sensors, including in particular electronic conductance sensors [such as semiconductive, field-effect transistor (FET), solid-state ionic and capacitance sensors], mass-sensitive sensors utilizing a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) and surface acoustic-wave (SAW) sensors, and optical sensors. The phthalocyanines used are discussed in terms of their physical and chemical properties, as well as their sensitivity, selectivity and reversibility towards the detection of NO2 and organic solvent vapours. The interaction mechanism between phthalocyanine films and analyte molecules is also discussed.
    Zusätzliches Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 190
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Metal Phthalocyanines as Electrocatalysts for Redox Reactions (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 10 (1996), S. 591-604 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Schlagwort(e): metal phthalocyanines ; redox reaction ; electrocatalysis ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: No Abstract
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 191
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Phthalocyanines Containing Macrocycles (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 10 (1996), S. 605-622 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Schlagwort(e): phtholocyanines ; metals ; macrocycles ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: No Abstract
    Zusätzliches Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 192
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    DEDICATION To Professor A. B. P. Lever on the Occasion of his 60th Birthday (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 10 (1996), S. 549-556 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: No Abstract
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 193
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The Distribution of Arsenic Compounds in the Ocean: Biological Activity in the Surface Zone and Removal Processes in the Deep Zone (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 10 (1996), S. 697-705 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Schlagwort(e): inorganic arsenic ; monomethylarsonic acid (MMAA) ; dimethylarsinic acid (DMAA) ; arsenic distribution ; Pacific Ocean ; Tasman Sea ; seawater ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The vertical profies of inorganic arsenic [As(III)+As(V)], monomethylarsonic acid (MMAA) and dimethylarsinic acid (DMAA) were investigated at four sampling stations in the Pacific Ocean and a sampling station in the southern Tasman Sea. In addition, the concentrations of those compounds in surface waters of the Pacific Ocean and Tasman Sea have been determined.The vertical profiles of inorganic arsenic showed the low concentrations in both the surface and deep/bottom zones. The depleted concentrations in the surface zone varied from 1000 to 1700 ng dm-3 and that in the deep/bottom zone varied from 1300 to 2050 ng dm-3. The maximum concentrations that varied from 1500 to 2450 ng dm-3 were usually observed at a depth of about 2000 m.Both MMAA and DMAA were observed throughout the water column at sampling stations in the north-western and equatorial regions of the Pacific Ocean. At the sampling station in the central northern Pacific gyre, DMAA was the only methylated arsenic compound observed throughout the water column. On the contrary, at the sampling station in the southern Tasman Sea, the only detected methylated arsenic compound throughout the water column was MMAA. Their vertical profiles showed maximum concentrations in the surface water which abruptly dropped with depth from 0 to 200 m. The concentration in the surface water was close to 10 ng dm-3 for MMAA and varied from 27 to 185 ng dm-3 for DMAA. At depths greater than 100 m, MMAA and DMAA were at comparable concentrations which varied from 0.7 to 14 ng dm-3.The low inorganic arsenic concentration in the surface zone was due to biological activity. This activity resulted in the uptake of As(V) and subsequent reduction and methylation to MMAA and DMAA. DMAA was the main predominant arsenic compound resulting from biological activity in surface waters.The low inorganic arsenic concentrations in the deep and bottom zones were likely to be caused by the adsorption of dissolved inorganic arsenic onto sinking particulates rich in iron and manganese oxides.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 194
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    Digitale Medien
    Accumulation of Arsenic by Rhaphydophyceae Chattonella antiqua (Hada) Ono (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 10 (1996), S. 721-726 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Schlagwort(e): arsenic ; accumulation ; Chattonella antiqua ; microalgae ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Rhaphydophyceae Chattonella antiqua (Hada) Ono was grown in seawater containing an arsenic concentration up to 50 mg dm-3, and survived even at 200 mg dm-3. The arsenic content increased with an increase of the surrounding arsenic, iron and manganese concentrations. However, arsenic accumulation was unaffected by phosphorus concentration. Also, arsenic content in C. antiqua decreased at a selenium concentration of up 20 mg dm-3, and was reduced by the addition of antimony. In the living cells, about 52% of the arsenic which accumulated in each cell was found in the intracellular fraction, 27% in the lipid fraction, and 21% in the cell wall fraction.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 195
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    Digitale Medien
    Preface (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 10 (1996), S. 665-665 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: No Abstract
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  • 196
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Determination of Octanol-Water Partition Coefficients, Water Solubility and Vapour Pressures of Alkyl-lead Compounds (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 10 (1996), S. 773-778 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Schlagwort(e): alkyl-lead ; octanol- ; water partition coefficient ; Kow ; water solubility ; vapour pressure ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Physico-chemical properties of alkyl-lead compounds, namely aqueous solubility, octanol-water partition coefficient (Kow), vapour pressure and Henry's Law constant, have been determined. Vapour pressures of trialkyl-lead salts at different temperatures were measured by a gas-saturation technique in which air was passed slowly through a glass column packed with pure solid alkyl-lead compounds. Kow of tetra-alkyl-lead (TAL) and trialkyl-lead (TriAL) were determined under different salinity and pH conditions, and the latter were related to the species (R3Pb+, R3PbOH0 or R3PbCl0) dominating under a particular set of conditions. Regression calculations incorporating melting point corrections relate water solubility to Kow, and provide a means of estimating either parameter for a wider range of compounds.
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  • 197
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Masthead (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 10 (1996) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aoc.590100301
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  • 198
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    Digitale Medien
    Theoretical Studies of Simple Organoboron Compounds: Structures and Stabilities of BC2H4 Isomers (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 10 (1996), S. 283-295 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Schlagwort(e): boron ; carborane ; structure ; theoretical studies ; electronic energy ; isomers ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: An ab initio study of the BC2H4 has been carried out. Several isomers have been studied: boron-ethylene complexes resulting from perpendicular and σ interactions, boron-methylcarbene type structures, open and cyclic insertion products with a B-H bond, and isomers with two B-H bonds. Geometries at the second-order Møller-Plesset level have been obtained for ten species, and their characteristics have been tested through computation of vibrational frequencies. Special attention has been paid to their molecular structure, trying to rationalize the bonding in these species, particularly in the case of cyclic isomers. Electronic energies have been computed at the fourth-order Møller-Plesset level. Our theoretical calculations predict that the global minimum is the H2BCCH2 isomer (2B2 electronic state), with the HBH plane perpendicular to the CCH2 moiety, and that it lies about 66 kcal mol-1 (276 kJ mol-1) below ground-state boron+ethylene. Nevertheless there are other isomers which are also quite stable and might be accessible to experimental detection, such as HBCHCH2 and H2BCHCH (both with 2A′ electronic states) which lie 8 (33.5) and 13 kcal mol-1 (54.4 kJ mol-1), respectively, above the global minimum, as well as two cyclic structures, the insertion product HBC2H3(2A″) and the boron-ethylene π-complex BC2H4 (2A1), which are relatively stable since they lie 12 (50) and 22 kcal mol-1 (92 kJ mol-1), respectively, higher than H2BCCH2.
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  • 199
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Third-order Nonlinear Optical Properties of Organoboron Compounds: Molecular Structures and Second Hyperpolarizabilities (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 10 (1996), S. 305-316 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Schlagwort(e): boron ; nonlinear optics ; third-order ; hyperpolarizability ; organic material ; fluorescence ; molecular structure ; benzene ; anthracene ; stilbene ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The third-order nonlinear optical properties (second molecular hyperpolarizabilities, γ), of a series of organoboron compounds containing dimesitylboron moieties have been investigated by third harmonic generation (THG) measurements at 1.907 μm. Symmetric systems with B(mes)2 groups (mes=2,4,6-Me3C6H2) at both ends, e.g. (mes)2B-Y-B(mes)2 where Y=(C6H4)n (n=1,2) or trans-trans-CH=CH-(C6H4)n-CH=CH- (n=1,2), were prepared as well as push- pull systems of the form D-Y-B(mes)2 where D=MeS, Me2N, H2N, etc., and Y=C6H4, C6H4-C≅C-, C6H4-CH=CH-, C6H4-CH=CH-C6H4. The B(mes)2 group compares favorably with the more commonly used NO2 acceptor function for enhancing γ. Values of γ increase significantly with increasing length of π-conjugation for both symmetric and unsymmetric molecules. The MeS group is much more efficient than MeO for enhancing γ. Values as high as 22910-36 esu are reported for trans-trans-(mes)2-B-CH=CH-(C6H4)2-CH=CH-B(mes)2 which has a lmax for absorption of 370 nm. Crystal and molecular structures of the bis(dimesitylboryl) benzene and anthracene compounds 1,4-C6H4-{B(mes)2}2 and 9,10-C14H8{B(mes)2}2 are reported, as are fluorescence maxima for the symmetric molecules.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 200
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Metal-Carborane Multidecker Sandwich Complexes as Building Blocks for New Materials (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 10 (1996), S. 209-225 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Schlagwort(e): metal-carborane complexes ; sandwich complexes ; transition-metal complexes ; metallacarboranes ; multidecker complexes ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Transition-metal sandwich complexes incorporating bifacially coordinated C2B3 planar carborane rings form a large and varied family of generally air-stable, highly robust compounds that feature multidecker stacking. As a group, these complexes offer a number of advantages that are potentially of interest in the development of new electronic, magnetic and/or optical materials. They are remarkably versatile, accommodating a wide range of metals and organic substituents; they are soluble in organic solvents and are typically resistant to air and moisture; they can be reversibly oxidized and reduced; in many cases they are paramagnetic, exhibiting substantial electron delocalization of the unpaired electrons between metal centers. Moreover, the small carborane starting materials can now be prepared in large (ca100 g) quantities, making the complexes readily accessible. A brief overview of this area is presented with emphasis on the systematic utilization of metallacarborane sandwich complexes in the construction of large multimetallic systems and studies of their electronic and molecular structures.
    Zusätzliches Material: 17 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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