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  • 1970-1974  (2,283)
  • 1960-1964  (1,166)
  • Chemical Engineering  (2,960)
  • Engineering  (489)
  • Nuclear reactions
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Year
  • 101
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 20 (1974), S. 402-404 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 102
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 20 (1974), S. 413-413 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 103
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 20 (1974), S. 414-414 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 104
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 20 (1974), S. 415-416 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 105
    Electronic Resource
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 20 (1974), S. 206-206 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 106
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Holographic techniques employing a pulse ruby laser were used to measure the size and velocity of drops for air-water two-phase critical flow at quality levels above 0.95. The use of a large numerical aperture in the holographic recording system permitted diffraction limited resolution of the droplets. The measured slip ratio a long withthe observation that a very significant portion of the liquid phase was concentrated near the boundary layer at the exit plane indicates that a separated flow model describing two-phase critical flow would represent the actual conditions to a better degree than the other models.
    Additional Material: 20 Ill.
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  • 107
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 20 (1974), S. 273-279 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Polydisperse submicronic lead chloride aerosols were generated from melt phase under dry and humid conditions. The particle size and concentration increased with increasing generation temperature. The aerosol particles generated in a dry atmosphere were pherical while the aerosol particles generated in humid atmosphere showed development of crystallinity at the surface.Coagulation rates of the aerosol generated in a dry atmosphere were measured at room temperature under different humidities. The coagulation rates were in goodagreement with Smoluchowski's theory, modified to include the effect of polydisperisity and were unaffected by humidity. The interaction of lead chloride particles with the water vapor was characterized by a process of adsorption a the interfce. The coagulated aerosol exhibited a chain structure for humidities lower than 70% and, at higher humidities, compact agglomeration was observed.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 108
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 20 (1974), S. 306-310 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A thermal continuous parametric pump for separating multicomponent mixtures was experimentally investigated using the model system tolueneaniline-n-heptane on silica gel adsorbent. A simple method for predicting separations is presented and is found to be in good agreement with the experimental results. The method, based on an equilibrium theory, invokes the assumption that a multicomponent mixture contains a series of pseudo binary systems. Each binary system consists of one of the solutes as one component and the common inert solvent as the other component.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 109
    Electronic Resource
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 20 (1974), S. 326-335 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Based on new experimental data presented for the boiling point elevation of natural sea water solutions, smoothed tabular values are presented for boiling point elevation (BPE), osmotic coefficient, water activity, osmotic pressure, and minimum separation energy to 200°C and 12% sea salt.The concentration of sodium chloride solutions having the same water activities as sea salt solutions is also presented.Rigorous thermodynamics and the equations for strong electrolytes by Bromley (1973) were used for the correlation together with previously obtained heat capacity and enthalpy data and equations. A simplified equation is presented for boiling point elevation.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 110
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 20 (1974), S. 357-362 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Liquid composition-total pressure and liquid composition-liquid density data for the carbon dioxide-ethane system were measured at -31.7°, -17.8°, -3.9°, and 10.0°C (-25°, 0°, 25°, and 50°F ± 0.02°F), from 0 to 80 mole % CO2 at 10°C and 0 to 100% CO2 for the other isotherms. The Benedict-Webb-Rubin equation of state with a modified A0 mixing rule was used to correlate the composition-pressure data, with deviations in predicted pressures of only 0.8% average and 2% maximum. Vapor-liquid equilibrium compositions and component K values y/x were then predicted for this minimum boiling azeotrope system from 10° down to -56.7°C (50° to -70°F).
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 111
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 20 (1974), S. 376-387 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper outlines the concepts for a systematic approach to the safety analysis of chemical processing systems. A procedure for automatically generating fault trees is presented. The fault trees describe nearly all the failure modes for the system under analysis. The fault tree generation procedure uses information on (1) the description of the system (detailed flowsheet), (2) physical and chemical properties of materials in and around the system, and (3) unit models which describe the behavior of the units within the system and which are assembled to describe the behavior of the complete system. The unit models are connected to form an information flow structure for the complete processing system. Unit failure models are also defined for common chemical units. By systematically defining hazard states and searching the information flow structure for the system, it is possible to generate fault trees for the complete process. An analysis of the fault trees can reveal the important failure modes for the process.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 112
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 20 (1974), S. 391-393 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 113
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 20 (1974), S. 742-750 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper applies the principles of geometric programming to the optimization of the well-known Williams-Otto process. Following the trend of the articles published on this subject, two different objective functions are considered and the results are compared to those of other investigators.The dual geometric program is used to provide an answer to the question of why the optimal value of the objective function remains unchanged for perturbations in a certain variable.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 114
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 20 (1974), S. 770-775 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Carbon dioxide was absorbed by aqueous Carbopol solutions in a turbine-agitated vessel for the cases of absorption across an unbroken interface and absorption with the gas bubbling through the liquid. The rheological behavior of the solutions was described by the non-Newtonian power law model with flow behavior indices varying from 0.92 to 0.59. An effective viscosity technique which had previously been developed to correlate agitated vessel rates of viscous dissipation and heat transfer with power law pseudoplastic fluids was used to correlate the data.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 115
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 20 (1974) 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 116
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 20 (1974), S. 461-466 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A solution is given for unsteady state concentration profiles in an infinitely long composite cylinder resulting from a step-change in concentration in a large reservoir surrounding the cylinder. The composite cylinder consists of an inner cylinder with diffusivity D1 surrounded by a permeable tube with diffusivity D2 and has interfacial mass transfer resistances at the cylinder-tube and tube-reservoir interfaces. Numerical values are given for the first eight roots and various coefficients of the solution for physical properties typical of tubular (hollow fiber) membranes. These results can be used in the analysis of data from unsteady state mass transfer experiments to determine the permeability of homogeneous tubular membranes. A simple, approximate method for data analysis is suggested for the rapid estimation of the permeability of both homogeneous and asymmetric (skinned) tubular membranes.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 117
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 20 (1974), S. 491-502 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The problem of synthesizing an optimal multicomponent separation system which is energy integrated is solved by a combined decomposition and dynamic programming technique.Dynamic programming is an optimization technique which allows the solution by decomposition of a multistage or serial optimization problem. Whenever the special serial structure is absent, again decomposition can be tried, but in this case it is by no means obvious how to decompose effectively the given problem into subproblems. In this paper the nonserial problem of synthesizing an energy integrated separation system is solved by decomposing the original problem so that a serial structure results.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 118
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 20 (1974), S. 522-529 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The apparent diffusivity for the binary liquid systems benzene-cumene and cyclohexane-cumene in H-mordenite crystals at 25°C to 44°C was increased by an order of magnitude or more after the zeolite was acid-leached to increase the silica-alumina mole ratio from the range of 14 to 18 to the range of 70 to 89. The calculated diffusivities, which range from 10-12 to 10-16 cm2/s, decrease with approach to sorption equilibrium and may be markedly reduced under some circumstances by adsorption of molecules from the bulk liquid, causing blockage of pores.Comparison of sorption capacities as a function of silica-alumina ratio as reported by various investigators indicates that considerable differences exist in the properties of acid-leached mordenites of the same silica-alumina ratio but of different origins.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 119
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 20 (1974), S. 530-538 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A geometric model for an homogeneous swarm of spherical particles was introduced by us in an earlier paper and successfully employed in a theoretical investigation of diffusive transport processes occurring therein.The same geometric model is used here in a theoretical study of the hydrodynamic transport process occurring within a fixed swarm of spherical particles. The product of the application of this model to the problem of incompressible, creeping fluid flow within an homogeneous swarm of impermeable spherical particles may be regarded as a logical extension of the well-known Brinkman model; it permits physical representation and rigorous mathematical solution, yielding predictions which are in good agreement with experimental data throughout the entire porosity range. For porosities in excess of 0.7, the predictions agree closely with those obtained by means of Happel's free surface model.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 120
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 20 (1974), S. 598-600 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 121
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 20 (1974), S. 695-706 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Waves on falling liquid film display certain random features. At least two classes of such random waves are shown to exist; large waves which carry the bulk of the fluid and small waves which cover a substrate film that exists between large waves. It is shown that the statistics of the substrate thicknes and its wave structure can be extracted from measurements of the variation of film thickness with time. A theory is presented for calculating the mean substrate thickness and the substrate flow rate. The statistics of the wave structure is presented and compared with existing theory. The importance of the substrate in controlling transfer processes is demonstrated.
    Additional Material: 24 Ill.
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  • 122
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 20 (1974), S. 1040-1040 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 123
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 20 (1974), S. 1066-1079 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An overview of a nondestructive semimicro mechanical technique-pioneered, developed, and exploited by the author-which is used for characterizing phase transitions and transformations in polymeric materials is presented. Particular attention is given to literature published since January, 1972, which pertains to advances in automation, data acquisition and processing, and application to polymeric systems. The instrument has been consolidated as a powerful and convenient mechanical spectrometer in this short period.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
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  • 124
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 20 (1974), S. 795-803 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Ice-crystal secondary nucleation kinetics are derived from thermal response experiments carried out with concentrated sugar solutions and fruit juices. Variables studied include the level of supersaturation, power input, sugar concentration, sugar type, and the presence of high-molecular-weight additives. The nucleation rate is indicated to have a low-order dependence upon subcooling (about 1.25 power) for subcoolings in the range 0.25 to 1.00°C. Fruit juices are well modeled by the corresponding synthetic sugar solution. The selection and improvement of processing approaches for freeze concentration of food liquids are discussed in light of the experimental results.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 125
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 20 (1974), S. 819-820 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 126
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 127
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 128
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 20 (1974), S. 847-855 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: It is demonstrated that a single equation of state may be used to describe all three phases in liquid-liquid-vapor equilibrium situations. Wilson's version of the Redlich-Kwong equation is shown to predict accurately the water solubility in normal paraffins with interaction parameters k12 = 0.50. A simple procedure for three-phase flash computations is presented. Results obtained using this procedure for the system methane, n-butane, water exhibit many of the characteristics of the experimental data of McKetta and Katz (1948). In particular, the water content of the vapor phase and the liquid hydrocarbon phase are accurately predicted.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 129
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 20 (1974), S. 900-905 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A case study is made to determine the dependence of the deep bed filtration rate (expressed in terms of the fraction of suspended particles impacted) on the eight dimensionless parameters, which are found to be relevant in the filtration process, based on the trajectory calculation method developed in Part I of this series. In addition, comparisons between results based on the theoretical model of this work and available experimental data are made. Comparisons are also made with some of FitzPatrick's theoretical results. The results of this study demonstrate clearly the complex and interactive nature of the relation between the various parameters and the efficiency of filtration. Accordingly, the conventional format of correlating experimental data, which equates the filter coefficient with a product of the pertinent dimensionless groups, each raised to an empirical exponent, will not be adequate in providing a generalized correlation of experimental filtration data.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 130
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 20 (1974), S. 1017-1020 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 131
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 20 (1974), S. 1026-1027 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 132
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 20 (1974), S. 1031-1034 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 133
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 20 (1974), S. 823-824 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 134
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 20 (1974), S. 829-829 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 135
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 20 (1974), S. 831-831 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 136
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 20 (1974), S. 833-840 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Choosing the type of laboratory reactor for evaluating process kinetics may be the most crucial step in an industrial process development program. Not only would a wrong choice result in expensive delays, but data may be obtained which would scale-up erroneously, leading to a disastrous commercial design. Some of the pitfalls and limitations of various laboratory reactors are discussed for some typically complex industrial reaction systems. A modus operandi is suggested for choosing from among the potential reactors those that have the best chance of supplying the desired data. As is typical of many complex industrial reaction systems, no one reactor turns out to be ideal and many times the building of two or more types is advantageous.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 137
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 20 (1974), S. 863-872 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The instability and breakup of laminar liquid jets in gaseous surroundings is investigated for conditions under which a solute is transferring across the jet interface rendering the system susceptible to Marangoni convection. Linear hydrodynamic stability analysis reveals that solute transfer out of the jet is stabilizing (produces longer jets) while transfer into the jet is destabilizing and promotes breakup. Solute adsorption, including as a limiting case the presence of a spread surfactant monolayer, may strongly counteract the stabilizing or destabilizing effects of mass transfer but has only a negligible effect on jet stability in the absence of interphase mass transfer. Qualitative experimental results for water jets in air with acetone as the transferring solute corroborate both the stabilizing and destabilizing mass transfer effects predicted by the theory.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 138
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    AIChE Journal 20 (1974), S. 906-915 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A Henry's constant correlation is developed from a macroscopic Corresponding states theory for fluid mixtures. The method requires three interaction parameters which are correlated for mixtures of paraffin with nitrogen, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, or another paraffin. Henry's constants can be calculated by this method to within experimental accuracy (about ± 5%) for the mixtures tested.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 139
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 20 (1974), S. 940-950 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A formal method is described for the synthesis of multicomponent distillation systems when energy integration is considered between streams both within the separation sequence and in other parts of the process. The pressure in each column is considered as an optimization variable for both the energy integration and column sizing computations. Four rules are used to enumerate all feasible energy matches between the streams associated with the distillation columns. A bounding strategy which uses both upper and lower bounds is combined with dynamic programming to synthesize the optimal distillation sequence with energy integration. A five-component separation problem demonstrates the effectiveness of the methods.
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  • 140
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    AIChE Journal 20 (1974), S. 966-974 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: With a Mach-Zehnder interferometer, salt concentration profiles were measured in a reverse osmosis system under natural convection with the membrane in a vertical position. The measured concentration profiles compared favorably with those predicted theoretically as long as the motion remained laminar. At large distances from the leading edge, however, the flow developed a wavy pattern, especially for bulk salt concentrations in excess of 0.1 moles/liter. As expected, whenever this motion became especially pronounced, the concentration of salt at the membrane surface was less and the production rate of fresh water greater than that predicted using the laminar analysis.
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  • 141
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    AIChE Journal 20 (1974), S. 996-1002 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A simple procedure for achieving the minimum cost design of a single reaction fluidized reactor system with feed and recycle heaters is presented and proven. The problem's mathematical interest stems from its multimodality, the handling of the exponential dependence of temperature, and the presence of an integral equation constraint. The proof technique is an extension of Lagrange's method, supplemented by ideas from geometric programming, extended to exponential and the integral functions.
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  • 142
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    AIChE Journal 20 (1974), S. 1020-1022 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 143
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    AIChE Journal 20 (1974), S. 1-20 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Part II of the review paper covers the self-diffusion theories and their comparison with experimental results. This is followed by a review of empirical and semi-empirical predictive equations of mutual and self-diffusion coefficients. Recent developments in experimental techniques for measuring liquid diffusivities are discussed in the last section. A supplement of experimental diffusion data since 1956 is available.
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  • 144
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    AIChE Journal 20 (1974), S. 50-59 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The behavior of an immobilized enzyme reactor utilizing asymmetric hollow fibers is simulated using a theoretical model. In this reactor, an enzyme solution contained within the annular open-cell porous support structure of the fiber is separated from a substrate flowing through the fiber lumen by an ultrathin dense membrane impermeable to enzyme but permeable to substrate and product. The coupled set of model equations describing the behavior of this reactor represents an extended Graetz problem in the fiber lumen, with diffusion through the ultrathin fiber skin and reaction in the microporous sponge region. Exact analytic expressions for substrate concentration profiles throughout an idealized fiber which incorporate the membrane and hydrodynamic mass transfer resistances are obtained for a first-order enzyme reaction, and numerical techniques for their evaluation are given. This analysis is extended to yield a numerical finite difference solution for nonlinear Michaelis-Menten reaction kinetics, which is shown to agree with the analytic solution, as Km/C0, the ratio of the Michaelis constant to the initial substrate concentration, becomes large (〉 100).
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 145
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    AIChE Journal 20 (1974), S. 81-87 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The kinetic mechanisms of fuel nitrogen conversion to NO and N2 in a diffusion flame were investigated. A simple model of a diffusion flame in which the reaction zone has a finite thickness was developed. The purpose of this model was to allow the testing of complex kinetic mechanisms of pollutant formation under conditions where the fuel and oxidant feed rates are controlled by diffusion. A simple kinetic mechanism in which fuel nitrogen was simulated by nitrogen atoms showed the correct functional dependence of nitric oxide emissions on fuel nitrogen content. The model also predicts a significant effect of combustion intensity and temperature on fuel nitrogen conversion. For the hydrogen air diffusion flame the Zeldovich reaction mechanism could account for the production of N2 as well as NO.
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  • 146
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    AIChE Journal 20 (1974), S. 118-127 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A general structure is proposed for determining a set of long-term (multi-year) source control measures which achieve specified levels of air quality for an airshed at least cost. Such a structure is useful in evaluating alternative air pollution abatement strategies from the standpoint of air quality and total cost. The theory is applied to the problem of evaluating sets of control actions over the period 1973-1975 in Los Angeles. Costs of achieving various levels of air quality in Los Angeles over this period are determined.
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  • 147
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    AIChE Journal 20 (1974), S. 109-118 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The three-parameter correlation of Pitzer et al. for fugacity coefficients (f/P) has been extended to liquids in the 0.5 ≤ Tr ≤ 0.8 and 0.2 ≤ Pr ≤ 9.0 region. In addition, values of the derivative compressibility factors ZT and ZP have also been obtained in the same region. This extension is based on the generalized correlation of the compressibility factor Z recently reported. The isothermal coefficient of bulk compressibility βT compiled by Rowlinson has been employed with the pressure effect on βT taken into consideration. The correlation for f/P obtained in this work is compared with that of Curl and Pitzer at Tr = 0.8, Chao et al. at Tr from 0.50 to 0.70, and that of Carruth and Kobayashi in the 0.50 ≤ Tr ≤ 0.64 region. Using the tabulated ZP and ZT values \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \frac{{H^* - H}}{{T_c }},{\rm }\left ({\frac{{\partial V}}{{\partial P}}} \right)_T $\end{document}, and \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \left ({\frac{{\partial V}}{{\partial T}}} \right)_P $\end{document} have been calculated and compared satisfactorily with the corresponding values derived from literature data. In addition, a correlation of vapor pressures of both hydrocarbons and nonhydrocarbons is also presented. The agreement between this correlation and those reported by Pitzer et al. and Carruth and Kobayashi is very satisfactory.
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  • 148
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    AIChE Journal 20 (1974), S. 154-158 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A steady, laminar, isothermal flow of non-Newtonian fluids in the entrance region of an annulus has been studied experimentally. The axial pressure distributions, as well as the excess pressure energy, in the developing flow region are presented. The loss coefficients are found to increase with increasing flow behavior index for inelastic power law fluids. The experimental values of the loss coefficients are about 20% lower than those predicted from the boundary-layer approximation method presented earlier. A preliminary result indicates that the entrance loss for a viscoelastic fluid is much smaller than that for the inelastic fluid of the same flow behavior index.
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  • 149
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    AIChE Journal 20 (1974), S. 166-171 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The mixing characteristics of a vessel containing no moving parts have been studied theroretically and experimentally. The vessel consists of two chambers separated by a porous barrier. Mixing results because elements of fluid permeating the barrier at various distances from the inlet reside for different periods of time within the vessel and combine with other elements having entered earlier and later. An apparatus was designed a priori and experimentally verfied to give a residence-time distribution function the same as a completely mixed vessel. The method was extended to show that in principle a vessel exhibiting any residence-time distribution function can be designed by modifying the geometries of the chambers and the porous barrier.
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  • 150
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    AIChE Journal 20 (1974), S. 178-180 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 151
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    AIChE Journal 20 (1974), S. 194-197 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 152
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    AIChE Journal 20 (1974), S. 205-205 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 153
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    AIChE Journal 20 (1974), S. 206-206 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 154
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    AIChE Journal 20 (1974) 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 155
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    AIChE Journal 20 (1974), S. 256-263 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Steady state multiplicity in exothermic adiabatic reaction systems has previously been demonstrated by a number of authors. Specifically, the work of Root and Schmitz proved the existence of multiple steady states in a loop reactor, but difficulty was encountered in controlling such a reaction system at the intermediate steady states.Since a close analogy can be demonstrated between loop reactors and controlled cycled reactors (CCTR), it appeared reasonable to attempt to achieve steady state multiplicity in a CCTR. When the chemical reaction of Root and Schmitz was carried out in a CCTR, it proved relatively easy to obtain experimental values of intermediate steady statesf and to control the reactor at these conditions by means of a simple on-off temperature controller.This work suggests that chemical systems displaying steady state multiplicity can be experimentally investigated in a CCTR and that cyclic operation may be the best way for controlling such reactions systems.
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  • 156
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A new measuring technique involving concurrent chemical absorption of carbon dioxide and desorption of oxygen is developed for simultaneously evaluating the liquid-phase mass transfer coefficient kL and the specific area a of sparingly-soluble gas dispersions in stirred tanks containing an aqueous solution of inorganic electrolytes. The method ensures that kL and a are evaluated under consistent hydrodynamic conditions.Results from three different nonviscous systems show that at high agitation power, such that the average bubble diameter is between 0.2 and 2 mm, kL decreases with increasing power input and is dependent on the bubble diameter. This behavior is in contrast to the results of others at lower agitation levels or in nonelectrolytic liquids, but in general agreement with previous results for bubbles of the same diameter range produced in viscous, nonelectrolytic solutions.
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  • 157
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    AIChE Journal 20 (1974), S. 311-319 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Since operation error is a major factor contributing to industrial disaster, it is necessary to develop safety interlock systems which prevent modes of operation that are known to be dangerous. It is not possible to foresee all the disruptions that might occur and, for this reason, an a priori analysis of safety problems is incomplete. At each step in operation the state of the process must be updated if hazardous conditions are to be avoided. To a large extent this is a problem in logic which can be handled rapidly by the computer using the methods developed here.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 158
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The design of vapor recovery processes requires very accurate vapor-liquid equilibria data. In this work the problem is attacked from both an experimental and a correlational viewpoint, and the methane-n-hexane system is chosen for study. A predictive model for vapor-liquid equilibrium aids in the interpretation of the experimental measurements, and data acquired in this study agree closely with the theoretical predictions. Maximum deviation between calculated and experimental equilibrium ratios (yi/xi) is 8.5% with average absolute deviations of 3% for n-hexane and 0.1% for methane. Several procedures are described for checking the accuracy of experimental VLE data when a heavy vapor is present at low concentrations in the gas phase. Several potential sources of experimental error are also identified and discussed.
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  • 159
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    AIChE Journal 20 (1974), S. 368-375 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: There is an equivalence between stiff and singularly perturbed systems of ordinary differential equations. This feature is exploited in this paper by numerically employing recent singular perturbation methods to attack troublesome boundary layer stage of the solution in which some variables have very short response times. The numerical method affords a means of essentially determining the thickness of this boundary layer. The algorithm is capable of high stability and accuracy for the commonly occurring stiff system, whether or not it is in singularly perturbed form. Application to a singularly perturbed reaction system and a highly stiff reactor system not in singularly perturbed form demonstrate the effectiveness and utility of this approach.
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  • 160
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    AIChE Journal 20 (1974), S. 388-390 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 161
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    AIChE Journal 20 (1974), S. 393-394 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 162
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    AIChE Journal 20 (1974), S. 404-407 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 163
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    AIChE Journal 20 (1974), S. 408-410 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 164
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    AIChE Journal 20 (1974), S. 414-414 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 165
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    AIChE Journal 20 (1974), S. 414-414 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 166
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    AIChE Journal 20 (1974), S. 415-415 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 167
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    AIChE Journal 20 (1974), S. 445-453 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Procedures are developed for predicting liquid film controlled mass transfer in gas sparged contactors with and without mechanical agitation. Mass transfer is shown to depend on mean bubble size. Bubble shape, motion, and interface fluctuations are all properties that are associated with bubble size, which, in turn, can be determined from the physical characteristics of the contacting system.Experimental measurements were made on CO2 stripping from aqueous solution with air in 0.00252, 0.0252, and 0.252 m3 tanks. The vessels were geometrically similar, fully baffled, and equipped with four flat-blade impellers and spargers. These measurements are used to evaluate earlier correlations and to develop improved scale-up procedures.
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  • 168
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    AIChE Journal 20 (1974), S. 467-474 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Nucleation and crystal growth processes involved in the batch precipitation of photographic emulsions by the addition of silver nitrate to an aqueous solution of bromide and gelatin have been reasonably successfully modeled. Simulation predicts the known increase in average crystal size with increased addition time, with increased temperature, and with increased halide levels. Solubility is related to crystal size by the Gibbs-Thomson equation. The predicted decrease in the number of crystals during the course of precipitation is similar to published data, but there are quantitative differences. The model is very sensitive to variations in the constant in the growth equation, but not to variations in the constants in the nucleation equation.
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  • 169
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    AIChE Journal 20 (1974), S. 503-510 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Lineweaver-Burk plots of reaction rate data obtained with immobilized enzymes need not be linear even when intrinsic enzyme kinetics follow the simple Michaelis-Menten rate expression. Theoretical calculations show that mass transfer effects may cause curvature which is concave or convex to the abscissa, depending upon experimental conditions. Consequently, graphical procedures commonly employed for analysis of soluble enzyme kinetics may yield misleading results when applied to immobilized enzymes. Three approaches which follow from the behavior of numerical and asymptotic solutions to the problem are proposed for extraction of intrinsic kinetic information.
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  • 170
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    AIChE Journal 20 (1974), S. 551-555 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The effects of nonionic surfactants on thin-film flow of pseudoplastic non-Newtonian liquids down a smooth vertical plate have been studied experimentally. For all liquids examined there was a surfactant concentration at which the stabilizing action of surfactants was maximized. Comparison with experimental data showed that an existing equation, developed for the stabilizing action of surfactants on thin-film flow of Newtonian fluids, may be used to predict the effect of surfactants on the stability of pseudoplastic thin-film flow by using the zero-shear rate apparent viscosity in place of the Newtonian viscosity.
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    AIChE Journal 20 (1974), S. 564-570 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A refractive index matching technique has been developed to study the behavior and coalescence phenomena of drops in closely packed dispersion bands. The frequency of drop-drop coalescence has been measured and correlated, and a mathematical model, based on film rupture thickness, has been written for solution by computer to predict dispersion band thickness as a function of inlet drop size, flow rate, and the physical properties of the system.
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    AIChE Journal 20 (1974), S. 595-596 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    AIChE Journal 20 (1974), S. 603-605 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    AIChE Journal 20 (1974), S. 616-617 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 175
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  • 176
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    AIChE Journal 20 (1974) 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 177
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    AIChE Journal 20 (1974), S. 653-659 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of seed crystal size on the rate of nucleation in batch stirred-tank crystallizers. Experimental results confirm the existence of such an effect. Nucleation rate data are correlated with a second-order polynomial in seed crystal size; coefficients of the correlation are functions of the solute-solvent system, crystallizer geometry, and mixing conditions. The empirical correlation is incorporated into a population balance model for determining the nucleation rate in multi-seed crystallizers. The observed results are explained in terms of variations in impact energy, circulation frequency, and target efficiency.
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  • 178
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    AIChE Journal 20 (1974), S. 678-687 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Growth and dissolution rates of nickel sulfate α-hexahydrate were measured as functions of the concentration driving force in a laboratory-scale fluidized-bed crystallizer for the temperature range 35° to 50°C and the crystal size range 0.5 to 4.0 mm.Dissolution rates at a given temperature and crystal size were first order in the concentration driving force. Growth rates were about one-quarter of dissolution rates and depended on a higher exponent (around 1.3) of the concentration driving force. This exponent was not significantly affected by variations in crystal size, but decreased as temperature increased. The apparent variation of growth rate itself with crystal size at constant temperature was slight. Growth rates were found to be insensitive to solids concentration.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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  • 179
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    AIChE Journal 20 (1974), S. 720-727 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The rate constants appearing in differential equations derived from proposed mechanisms for methane pyrolysis were estimated from published integral conversion data. Quasilinearization, capable of fitting the differential equation solutions directly to the integral data and therefore not requiring differentiation or transformations, was used. Since differential equations representing free radical reactions have coefficients varying over many orders of magnitude, implicit numerical integration was used to obtain the numerous particular and homogeneous solutions required in the execution of the algorithm. Convergence was achieved by replacing the concentrations after each iteration with values near the solution at that point and by repeatedly estimating a small number of parameters in a cyclic manner in order to improve starting estimates of all parameters simultaneously. The mechanisms attempted were considered plausible when they led to adequate data fits and reasonable rate constant estimates. The major contribution of the work is that the algorithm is capable of testing a mechanistic model over a relatively wide range of conditions with minimal experimental data.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 180
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    AIChE Journal 20 (1974), S. 707-712 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The optimal temperature policy which will maximize the final catalyst activity that gives a fixed conversion of reactants in a specified time for batch operation was determined by the formulation of a calculus of variations problem following the technique of Szepé and Levenspiel (1968). The method was applied to the general case of first-order reversible reactions which occur in the presence of catalysts deactivating by an irreversible first-order mechanism. To reduce trial and error estimations and circumvent numerical instabilities, the two-point boundary value variational problem was reformulated in terms of an initial value problem with a parameter which includes the initial value of temperature. This initial value problem was solved by a regression technique.These techniques were applied to the industrially important enzymatic reaction of the isomerization of D-glucose to D-fructose catalyzed by glucose isomerase in solution. Kinetic and deactivation data are available for this endothermic reaction which obeys first-order reversible kinetics and for the isomerase denaturation which appears to be first order. The optimal temperature operational policy as stated above maximized final enzyme activity such that 10% less denaturation of glucose isomerase occurred when compared to final isomerase activity yielding the same conversion for the same reaction time when the reactor is operated at the optimal isothermal temperature.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 181
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    AIChE Journal 20 (1974), S. 751-761 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The desalination performance of a tubular reverse osmosis membrane was studied under well-defined hydrodynamic conditions. Experimental measurements were made of local mass transfer rates in a 2.31-cm I.D. × 81-cm long horizontal cellulose acetate membrane at 16 locations along the tube length for both laminar and turbulent flows. The membrane's intrinsic permeability to water and NaCl was found to vary significantly along its productive length.The experiments suggest that the dominant transport mechanisms in laminar flow are forced convection in the upstream region and combined free and forced convection in the downstream region, beyond a distance of approximately 16 tube diameters, for all feed concentrations studied. The Deissler analogy applies well to the turbulent region for Re ≧ 104; however, it increasingly overpredicts performance as Re is decreased below 104.The experimental results of other workers are interpreted successfully in terms of the mechanisms deduced in the present work.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 182
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    AIChE Journal 20 (1974), S. 785-795 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The flow of polymer melts in cylindrical, annular, and slit dies has been examined. Large temperature rises at the outer surface of the extrudate were measured with an infrared pyrometer. Calculations show that severe radial temperature gradients exist in these flow geometries under conditions similar to those encontered in polymer processing and in viscometry measurements. A common method of estimating the average temperature rise from the total mechanical energy input seriously underestimates the maximum temperature rise.A numerical solution of the flow and energy equations models the flow in all three geometries. A very simple Nusselt number correlation allowed an estimate of the temperature rises possible if heat transfer with the die wall occurrs. Good agreement was obtained between predicted and infrared measured melt surface temperature rises. The pressure drop gives only an indication that nonisothermal flow is occuring and is not sensitive enough to distinguish the type of heat transfer boundary condition present.The mathematical model presented could be helpful in die design and in process modeling, allowing the designer to obtain some knowledge of the kind of flow situations which might be encountered.
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
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  • 183
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    AIChE Journal 20 (1974), S. 817-818 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 184
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    AIChE Journal 20 (1974), S. 824-826 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 185
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    AIChE Journal 20 (1974), S. 827-828 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 186
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 187
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    AIChE Journal 20 (1974), S. 831-831 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 188
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    AIChE Journal 20 (1974), S. 840-846 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Supported ferric oxide can remove oxides of nitrogen from hot and cold gases, 20°C to 350°C, containing NO in the range of 50 to 1000 ppm when sufficient oxygen is present. Rates of sorption and capacities increase with oxygen concentration. The sorbent can be regenerated with air at 400° to 450°C an indefinite number of times.Reduced iron oxide sorbs nitric oxide more rapidly than the ferric oxide and has a higher capacity. It can be regenerated with hot reducing gases.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 189
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    AIChE Journal 20 (1974), S. 872-880 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The instability and breakup of laminar liquid jets in liquid surroundings is investigated for situations where solute transfer across the jet interface renders the system susceptible to Marangoni convection. This work parallels Part I (Burkholder and Berg, 1974) on the effect of mass transfer on the breakup of laminar liquid jets in gases. Behavior in liquid-liquid systems, however, differs significantly from that for liquid-gas systems and cannot be inferred from the analysis of the latter. Linear hydrodynamic stability analysis reveals that transfer either into or out of the jet may be either stabilizing (longer jets) or destabilizing depending on system physical properties and mass transfer rate. Solute adsorption may strongly counteract the effects of the mass transfer but has only a small effect on jet stability in the absence of mass transfer. The predicted mass transfer effects conform qualitatively to the experimental results of Meister and Scheele (1969) for acetone transfer between benzene jets and water.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 190
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    AIChE Journal 20 (1974), S. 881-889 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Solutions for the concentration profiles and mass transfer rates are found for various wall Sherwood numbers. Use is made of the confluent hypergeometric function in the solution, and its advantage over the previously used series solution is pointed out. Perturbation solutions are also presented for both large and small values of the wall Sherwood number.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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  • 191
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Generalized depletion curves for desorption (and Corresponding breakthrough curves for adsorption) were calculated for systems characterized by the Langmuir-type multicomponent equilibrium equation and controlled by the film type rate model. In contrast with adsorption where the nonkey (or less strongly adsorbed) component curves display overshoots above feed concentration, in desorption the key component depletion curves exhibit the instabilities in the form of inflections and curvatures. As in the one component case, the differences in the depletion and breakthrough curves may be related to the rate phenomena. The undulations in the key component depletion curves may be characterized by derivatives of the rate data. The major significance of these instabilities is to elongate the depletion curves, which in turn requires the expenditure of added effort during regeneration. Process modifications are indicated, which could suppress the instabilities. The predicted trends were confirmed by experimental depletion curves.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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  • 192
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    AIChE Journal 20 (1974), S. 950-958 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Experiments were designed to identify the mechanism of the secondary nucleation of ice in a vigorously agitated crystallizer. It has been shown that the nucleation rate is proportional to the product of two factors, one characterizing crystal morphology and the other the rate of removal of potential nuclei from the surfaces of the existing crystals. Consequently, the nucleation rate attributable to different mechanisms is additive and the rate is proportional to the number of collisions per crystal. The contribution to the secondary nucleation of ice, by collisions of crystals with the impeller, baffles, and other crystals in an agitated crystallizer have been identified by measurements in a batch crystallizer in which each of the different collision mechanisms could be suppressed.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 193
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    AIChE Journal 20 (1974), S. 981-988 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The linear stability of thermally stratified horizontal two-phase Couette flow is analyzed for the case of a constant vertical temperature gradient. Instabilities driven by buoyancy, surface tension gradients, or shear are allowed for. It is shown that the instability can take three possible forms: streamwise oriented roll vortices, long interfacial waves, and short Tollmien-Schlichting waves. It is shown that the stability limits for rolls are identical to those for plane, stagnant layers. A long wave expansion is presented and the stability limits for this mode are given algebraically. The nonexistence of a Squire's Theorem is demonstrated and some numerical experiments at moderate Reynolds numbers are described. Detailed comparisons with previous work are possible for only one fluid pair, but it is shown that reasonably accurate statements may be made to determine which mode may manifest itself in any given experimental situation.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 194
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    AIChE Journal 20 (1974), S. 1003-1009 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Extensive gas phase dispersion data are reported for extremely high liquid-gas ratios in a cylindrical packed absorption tower operated at atmospheric pressure under counterflow conditions.The dispersion data report gas Peclet numbers in terms of superficial liquid and gas Reynolds numbers over the range \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \begin{array}{*{20}c} 0 & 〈 & {N{\mathop{\rm Re}\nolimits} _{\rm L} } & 〈 & {1500} \\ {15.0} & 〈 & {N{\mathop{\rm Re}\nolimits} _{\rm S} } & 〈 & {500} \\ \end{array} $$\end{document}An increase in Peclet number with increasing gas rate is observed at subloading conditions.Reverse gas flow was observed in the gas phase when the liquid Reynolds number exceeded 650. Dispersion in the gas phase at liquid rates for which NReL 〈 650 is consistent with previously recorded correlations but becomes independent of further increases of liquid rate when NReL is 〉 650.The dispersion coefficients obtained by dynamic testing under reverse gas flow conditions were consistent with those obtained from steady state absorption profiles and provide a quantitative explanation for the anomalies in plug-flow KLa at high water rates recorded by Sherwood and Holloway (1940).
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 195
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    AIChE Journal 20 (1974), S. 1015-1017 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 196
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    AIChE Journal 20 (1974), S. 1023-1024 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 197
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 198
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    AIChE Journal 20 (1974), S. 1037-1037 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 199
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    AIChE Journal 20 (1974), S. 1037-1040 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 200
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 20 (1974), S. 1041-1066 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A survey is given of co-rotational rheological equations suitable for describing the flow of viscoelastic liquids such as polymer solutions and melts. Comparisons are given with experimental data and molecular theories. An introduction to kinematical descriptions in co-rotating reference frames is included.
    Additional Material: 21 Ill.
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