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  • 1985-1989  (2,473)
  • 1935-1939
  • 1850-1859
  • Engineering General  (2,473)
  • 101
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 27 (1989), S. 195-213 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Consolidation problems associated with foundations for off-shore structures are described and analysed using the finite element method. The structure itself and the soft underlying soil are modelled by finite elements with different constitutive relationships for each. Interfacial behaviour between the two is simulated by six-noded elements, with a hyperbolic stress-strain relationship.Having modelled the soil-structure system behaviour during the consolidation stage, a soil-structure interaction analysis is then carried out for both shallow and deep foundations. Other important factors, such as the redistribution of stresses in the structure itself which have resulted from differential settlements, will also be investigated.
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  • 102
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 27 (1989), S. 271-283 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Damage generally refers to the more or less gradual development of micro-voids and micro-cracks. Damage mechanics is the modelling of these phenomena on a structural analysis scale. In this paper we first recall the non-linear behaviour models we have developed to model composite laminates. Then we present two examples of implementations of such models in a structural analysis code in order to simulate the inner-failure of a structure, or to study delamination initiation.
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  • 103
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 27 (1989), S. 299-321 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The stiffness matrix of a beam made of composite superconductor elements is derived. The effects of friction between conductors through the insulation layers are taken into account. Furthermore, the effects of strand transposition of the wires, already studied by the authors, are included in the model.Some applications of the proposed approach to superconductor layouts proposed for the NET (Next European Torus) toroidal and poloidal field coils are shown. These indicate that the effects of slip are not negligible and should be taken into account in a more reliable structural analysis of the coil system. Parametric studies with varying width and heights of the insulation layer have been also carried out and the corresponding diagrams are shown here.
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  • 104
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 27 (1989), S. 383-401 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A review is given of recent advances in two aspects of the numerical simulation of the buckling and postbuckling responses of composite structures. The first aspect is exploiting non-traditional symmetries exhibited by composite structures; and strategies for reducing the size of the model and the cost of the buckling and postbuckling analyses in the presence of symmetry-breaking conditions (e.g. asymmetry of the material, geometry, and/or loading). The second aspect pertains to the prediction of onset of local delamination in the postbuckling range and accurate determination of transverse shear stresses in the structure. The accuracy and effectiveness of the strategies developed are demonstrated by means of a numerical example.
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  • 105
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 27 (1989), S. 453-453 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 106
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 27 (1989) 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 107
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 27 (1989), S. 501-522 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: We used a conjugate gradient type method, with preconditioning, to solve the sparse linear systems arising from the discretization of PDEs. With such methods, the main obstacles for complete vectorization have been the preconditioning calculation and its application step within the iteration: for the matrices obtained using 5- or 9-point discretization operators, some well known existing preconditionings (like ILU) require a block-recursive procedure which prevents vectorization. Preconditioners based on nested incomplete factorization, which require the calculation of approximate inverses of tridiagonal matrices, allow complete vectorization of the application step. We present a formulation of such a preconditioning, using a Frobenius norm minimization to calculate the inverses, which also allows complete vectorization of the inverses' calculation, thus making the iterative solver completely vectorizable. Numerical experiments show that the method is robust over a range of symmetric and non-symmetric problems, and up to 4 times faster than other existing methods, such as ILU, depending on the computer and compiler being used. We also show the importance of diagonal scaling used in conjunction with other preconditionings and present some theoretical results concerning the approximate inverses of tridiagonal matrices, calculated using the Frobenius norm minimization.
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  • 108
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 27 (1989), S. 571-588 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: ITPACK 2C14 is a package of seven iterative algorithms for solving sparse linear systems represented by Au = b, where A is symmetric and positive definite or mildly non-symmetric. This paper describes the techniques used to vectorize the iterative algorithms in the ITPACK 2C package for the Cyber 205 and Cray X-MP vector computers. The resulting package was named ITPACKV 2C.15 The basic iterative methods in ITPACK 2C are described in terms of matrix-vector multiplications and forward and backward solutions, and the techniques used in the vectorization of these and other computational kernels are given. Results of experiments using ITPACK 2C and ITPACKV 2C are given, including a comparison of megaflop rates and timings for two model problems.
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  • 109
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 27 (1989), S. 589-608 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: NSPCG is the most recent research-oriented software package developed as part of the ITPACK Project at the Center for Numerical Analysis of The University of Texas at Austin. It is designed to solve large sparse systems of linear equations by a variety of different non-symmetric preconditioned conjugate gradient methods. Several different sparse data storage schemes are available for storing the coefficient matrix of the linear system. Matrices with a wide range of structures from highly structured to completely unstructured can be accommodated. To limit memory requirements, the accelerators in the package can be called directly with the matrix stored in a user-defined sparse data storage format (for example, from a particular application) by supplying some user-written routines for certain matrix-vector operations.The main entry point into the package is through a single subroutine call. The various methods are accessed by using a particular naming convention for the first two parameters that in turn selects a preconditioner, an accelerator and a data storage scheme. Some of the basic preconditioners that are available are Jacobi, Incomplete LU Decomposition and Symmetric Successive Overrelaxation as well as block preconditioners. The user can select from a large collection of accelerators such as Conjugate Gradient (CG), Chebyshev (SI, for semi-iterative), Generalized Minimal Residual (GMRES), Biconjugate Gradient Squared (BCGS) and many others. The package is modular so that almost any accelerator can be used with almost any preconditioner. One of the main purposes for the development of the package was to provide a common modular structure for research on iterative methods. The entire package is written in Fortran 77 with vectorization in mind for applications on supercomputers.
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  • 110
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 28 (1989), S. 1-11 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The numerical integration of the rate equation of an elastic-plastic material is considered. Special attention is focused on the discretization via the fully implicit backward Euler method in the small strain case with linear elasticity and the yield function a general quadratic in stress space. Here the calculation of the plastic (Lagrange) multiplier reduces to the computation of the smallest positive root of a polynomial in one variable. Explicit formulae are given for some special cases.
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  • 111
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 28 (1989), S. 145-154 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Based on purely kinematical considerations the possibility of inextensional bending is introduced to isoparametric curved C° elements, which, otherwise, are plagued by severe membrane (and shear) locking. The analysis is restricted to arches and axisymmetric deformations of shells, i.e. kinematically two-dimensional problems. The results show exceptionally good accuracy. High reliability of the approach is guaranteed by absence of spurious kinematic modes on the element level, which complements its ability to bend inextensionally (in the case of arches).
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  • 112
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 28 (1989), S. 193-209 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A phase increment method is introduced to construct the response curves for the damped Duffing oscillator in primary, superharmonic, and subharmonic resonances. Non-linear parameters can be arbitrarily large. The algorithm is numerically stable. All resonance response curves are constructed in a unified manner. Closed loop curves are obtained in subharmonic resonances as opposed to open ended ones predicted by the perturbation method. Higher order resonances are constructed without difficulties. Loops are also observed in superharmonic resonances when non-linearity is not small.
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  • 113
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 28 (1989), S. 241-244 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 114
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 28 (1989), S. 1485-1485 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 115
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 28 (1989), S. 1487-1504 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The presented work addresses the relationships between optimal sampling points, reduced integration and geometric distortion with the objective of estimating errors in terms of those considerations. Isoparametric quadratic plane and solid elements are used as a vehicle for the study. Geometric distortion measures and evaluation conditions, based on convergence requirements, are first defined in terms of the polynomial orders of the geometry and applied strain. Using these, the concept of optimal stress sampling, already established for undistorted elements, is extended to distorted geometry and shown to be effective over a range of geometries and strains. Errors in the strain-displacement relationship and numerical integration of the strains are used to estimate the total response error and to rationalize the connection between optimal stress points and reduced integration. Enhanced convergence, by extension to the representation of linear strains in elements with quadratic geometry, is identified as the main advantage of reduced integration. The applicability of the proposed, and other, distortion parameters to vetting of element geometry and error prediction is discussed.
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  • 116
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 28 (1989), S. 1567-1576 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: In the Part I companion paper, various PCG (preconditioned conjugate gradient) strategies for solving the first order time dependent problem Mu̇ + Ku = f were compared. In all cases M was assumed to be the consistent ‘mass’ matrix arising out of conventional finite element semi-discretization of the partial differential equation, and not its lumped approximation. In the present paper, similar PCG strategies are applied to the second order time dependent problem Mü + Cu̇ + Ku = f. Again consistent M and C can be retained. Various global and element level preconditioners are compared and optimized.
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  • 117
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 28 (1989), S. 1645-1660 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This article presents a shooting-type numerical procedure for the analysis of a planar, continuous and flexible member where the material is permitted to unload and reload plastically. A kinematic type of strainhardening rule is employed, and large displacements, large rotations and general cross section shapes are admitted. Though numerical and semi-analytical solutions exist in the literature for specific problems where the internal and external loads increase monotonically (see, for example, References 1-4), little attention has been paid to problems where these loads (specifically internal loads) are permitted to decrease or reverse direction. In the present work a comparison is made with the solution to one such problem found in the literature, and the solution to four additional problems is given to show the versatility and usefulness of the method.
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  • 118
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 28 (1989), S. 980-980 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 119
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 28 (1989), S. 1041-1060 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A decomposition technique for alternative loading conditions in the integrated optimal structural design is developed. The method, called the move coordination, consists of partitioning the large structural optimization problem into a set of smaller coupled subproblems. In each subproblem only one loading condition is considered and the subproblems are solved in a parallel cyclic way. The coupling among the subproblems is accomplished through the introduction of coordinating constraints between each subproblem. These constraints ensure that the final design is the same and feasible for all subproblems. The method developed is illustrated by two examples of member sizing of truss structures using the integrated optimal design formulation and geometric programming. The method presents the advantage of reducing the size of the optimization problem as well as the computer processing time. The method is also suitable for implementation on computers using parallel processing.
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  • 120
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 28 (1989), S. 1023-1040 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: An operator-splitting algorithm for the two-dimensional convection-dispersion-reaction equation is developed. The flow domain is discretized into triangular elements which are fixed in time. The governing equation is split into three successive initial value problems: a pure convection problem, a pure dispersion problem and a pure reaction problem. For the pure convection problem, solutions are found by the method of characteristics. The solution algorithm involves tracing the characteristic lines backwards in time from a vertex of an element to an interior point. A cubic polynomial is used to interpolate the concentration and its derivatives on an element. For the pure dispersion problem, an explicit finite element algorithm is employed. Analytical solutions are obtained for the pure reaction problem. The treatment of the boundary conditions is also discussed. Several numerical examples are presented. Numerical results agree well with analytical solutions. Because cubic polynomials are used in the interpolation, very little numerical damping and oscillation are introduced, even for the pure convection problem.
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  • 121
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 28 (1989), S. 1115-1129 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The NONSS method for numerically integrating time-dependent constitutive equations requires evaluation of the partial derivatives of the constitutive equations. A numerical method for evaluating these partial derivatives has been developed, thus avoiding the cumbersome task of analytically re-deriving the partial derivatives when improvements to the constitutive model are evaluated. This method is based upon the adaptive finite-difference algorithm published by Stepleman and Winarsky. Modifications of their algorithm are described that allow its efficient use within an extended version of NONSS, called NONSS-ND.Using the MATMOD constitutive equations, the capabilities of NONSS-ND are demonstrated by comparing the results of a wide variety of deformation simulations with those of NONSS, for which the derivatives are computed from analytical solutions. The numerical differentiation within NONSS-ND is shown to be sufficiently accurate for use in integrating time-dependent constitutive equations, but results in a 30-100 per cent increase in computation time. Multi-element structural calculations are therefore found to be uneconomical, but NONSS-ND is well suited for testing alternative constitutive models owing to its accuracy and its general applicability to highly non-linear systems of differential equations.
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  • 122
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 27 (1989), S. 361-382 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Finite element models of the continuum-based theories and two-dimensional plate/shell theories used in the analysis of composite laminates are reviewed. The classical and shear deformation theories up to the third-order are presented in a single theory. Results of linear and non-linear bending, natural vibration and stability of composite laminates are presented for various boundary conditions and lamination schemes. Computational modelling issues related to composite laminates, such as locking, symmetry considerations, boundary conditions, and geometric non-linearity effects on displacements, buckling loads and frequencies are discussed. It is shown that the use of quarter plate models can introduce significant errors into the solution of certain laminates, the non-linear effects are important even at small ratio of the transverse deflection to the thickness of antisymmetric laminates with pinned edges, and that the conventional eigenvalue approach for the determination of buckling loads of composite laminates can be overly conservative.
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  • 123
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 28 (1989), S. 1265-1282 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A dynamic programming (DP) method is presented for analysis of statically determinate and indeterminate bridges subjected to moving loads such as those specified by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) specifications. These loads consist of uniform lane loading, two-axle truck loading and two-axle truck plus one-axle semitrailer loading. The solution of the DP problem is based on the use of influence line diagrams and extremum functions. Recurrence formulae have been developed for various types of AASHTO live loads. The procedure presented in this article is quite general and can be applied to any type of structures with linear behaviour and any type of moving loads. Six examples are presented: a simply-supported beam, a simply-supported Pratt truss, an arch bridge, a continuous Pratt truss, a continuous frame and a cable-stayed bridge.
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  • 124
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 27 (1989), S. 547-557 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The Successive Overrelaxation (SOR) and the Cyclic Chebyshev Semi-Iterative (CCSI) methods are considered for solving the non-symmetric linear systems Ax = b when A has the form \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ {\bf A} = \left({\begin{array}{*{20}c} {{\bf D}_1} & {\bf F} \\ {-{\bf F}^{\rm T}} & {{\bf D}_{\rm 2}}\\ \end{array}} \right) $$\end{document} with D1 and D2 symmetric positive definite (SPD).The D1/2-norms of both methods are determined and it is shown that, though the SOR method is better based on the spectral radius, the CCSI scheme is far better than SOR according to the D1/2-norm.
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  • 125
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 27 (1989), S. 623-635 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 126
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 28 (1989) 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 127
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 28 (1989), S. 13-25 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: In this work, a modal solution method for transient heat conduction utilizing a co-ordinate transformation matrix generated by the Lanczos algorithm is presented. The special characteristics of this co-ordinate transformation are also discussed. The comparisons made in the NASA Insulation Test problem analysis shown that this approach is more cost-effective than direct solutions, without loss of accuracy.
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  • 128
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 28 (1989), S. 95-108 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: An efficient method is developed for sensitivity analysis in shape optimization of axisymmetric structures. The technique of isoparametric mapping is used to generate the finite element mesh from a small set of master elements and master nodes. Co-ordinates of selected master nodes are used as design variables. Shape function values of master elements at derived finite element nodes obtained during the isoparametric mapping process are utilized to calculate the gradients of weight and response of the structures with respect to the design variables. Analytic formulations of the gradients are developed for sensitivity analysis of axisymmetric structures. An optimization procedure using a sequential linear programming method is applied to effectively utilize the calculated gradients. Numerical examples of optimum design of disks subject to thermo-mechanical loadings are presented.
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  • 129
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 28 (1989), S. 155-179 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The paper addresses the question of the accuracy and reliability of the computational analysis of the rhombic plate problem. The Kirchhoff model has a large error (measured in the energy norm) in comparison with the three dimensional solution with a soft simple support; also for very thin plates (t = 1/100a) and all angles (up to α = 90°). The Reissner-Mindlin model gives results 3-5 times better and is less sensitive to the change of the plate angle. The Kirchhoff model is a relatively good approximation of three dimensional setting for a hard simple support. The paradoxical (polygon) behaviour of the simply supported Kirchhoff plate extends to the Reissner-Mindlin model with a hard support. The finite element solution of the Kirchhoff model is addressed in detail. It is shown that higher degree methods are clearly preferable and that the skewness of the elements does not influence essentially the accuracy of the method; the singularity of the solution, which strongly depends on the skewness of the plate, is the primary cause of the deterioration of the performance of the FEM.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 28 (1989), S. 2466-2466 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 131
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 28 (1989) 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 132
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 28 (1989), S. 2517-2540 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The problem of static, non-linear, large three-dimensional deformation of riser bundles used in offshore oil and gas production is studied within the limits of small strain theory. The mathematical model consists of the models of component-risers and connectors which hold risers together. Each riser is modelled as a thin walled, slender, extensible or inextensible tubular beam-column. It is subject to non-linear three-dimensional deformation dependent hydrodynamic loads, torsion and distributed moments, varying axial tension, and internal and external fluid forces. The problem is solved numerically by developing an algorithm which features substructuring, condensation and non-linear incremental finite elements. Substructuring is used to decompose the riser bundle problem into those of individual component-risers and equilibria of connectors. Condensation is used along with the connector equilibrium equations to produce connector forces and moments. Strong non-linearities present in the model are handled by an incremental finite element approach. Accuracy of the computer code is verified by solving simple three-dimensional cases. Two three-dimensional applications are solved for a bundle with seven component-risers and up to a total of 1267 degrees of freedom. Finally, a comparison is made with numerical results of a two-dimensional analysis code. The influence of problem size on total CPU time is discussed.
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  • 133
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 28 (1989), S. 2609-2634 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The conceptual framework of a least squares rate variational approach to the formulation of continuously deforming mixed-variable finite element computational scheme for a single evolution equation was presented in Part I.1 In this paper (Part II), we extend these concepts and present an adaptively deforming mixed variable finite element method for solving general two-dimensional transport problems governed by a system of coupled non-linear partial differential evolution equations. In particular, we consider porous media problems that involve coupled heat and mass transport processes that yield steep continuous moving fronts, and abrupt, discontinuous, moving phase-change interfaces. In this method, the potentials, such as the temperature, pressure and species concentration, and the corresponding fluxes, are permitted to jump in value across the phase-change interfaces. The equations, and the jump conditions, governing the physical phenomena, which were specialized from a general multiphase, multiconstituent mixture theory, provided the basis for the development and implementation of a two-dimensional numerical simulator. This simulator can effectively resolve steep continuous fronts (i.e. shock capturing) without oscillations or numerical dispersion, and can accurately represent and track discontinuous fronts (i.e. shock fitting) through adaptive grid deformation and redistribution. The numerical implementation of this simulator and numerical examples that demonstrate the performance of the computational method are presented in Part III2 of this paper.
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  • 134
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 28 (1989), S. 2709-2710 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 135
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 28 (1989), S. 461-474 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A numerical scheme for crack modelling by means of continuous displacement fields is presented. In two-dimensional problems a crack is modelled as a limiting case of two singular lines (with continuous displacements, but discontinuous displacement gradients across them) which tend to coincide with each other. An analysis of the energy dissipated inside the band bounded by both lines allows one to obtain an expression for the characteristic length as the ratio between the energy dissipated per unit surface area (fracture energy) and the energy dissipated per unit volume (specific energy) at a point. The application of these mathematical expressions to the finite element discretized medium allow one to obtain a general spatial and directional expression for the characteristic length which guarantees the objectivity of the results with respect to the size of the finite element mesh. The numerical results presented show the reliability of the proposed expressions.
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  • 136
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 28 (1989), S. 476-476 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 137
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 28 (1989), S. 489-509 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: An analysis, based on the use of Taylor series expansions, is developed to determine accuracy estimates for derivatives in one and two dimensions computed by differentiation of a finite-element interpolant or approximation. The analysis clarifies some issues concerning special points at which the derivatives are believed to be exceptionally accurate with higher convergence rates (superconvergence). Moreover, it leads directly to a class of post-processing strategies for the derivatives and offers a more direct constructive approach to the subject.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 28 (1989), S. 561-577 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The numerical technique of differential quadrature for the solution of linear and non-linear partial differential equations, first introduced by Bellman and his associates, is applied to the equations governing the deflection and buckling behaviour of one- and two-dimensional structural components. Separate transformations are used for higher-order derivatives, as suggested by Mingle, thus extending the method to treat fourth-order equations and to include multiple, boundary conditions in the respective co-ordinate directions. Results are obtained for various boundary and loading conditions and are compared with existing exact and numerical solutions by other methods. The application of differential quadrature to this class of problems is seen to lead to accurate results with relatively small computational effort.
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  • 139
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 28 (1989), S. 621-627 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A collocation method is described which obtains an approximate solution to Poisson's equation, δu = f, on an L shaped region. The L shaped region is viewed as the union of two overlapping rectangles. The Schwarz alternating procedure may be employed to reduce the problem to one in which collocation techniques are used on each rectangle. The convergence of the alternating scheme depends upon a discrete maximum principle for collocation methods. Several sample problems are presented to illustrate the order of convergence of this method and to compare it with several existing numerical methods for the L shaped region.
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  • 140
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 28 (1989), S. 679-685 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The Galerkin and subdomain forms of the weighted residual method are used to generate recursive equations in time for the numerical solution of a system of ordinary differential equations. The single-step methods that result from a linear interpolation equation match currently available methods whose stability and oscillation properties are known. A three-level scheme developed by combining two linear elements is shown to be unconditionally unstable. Two of the three schemes obtained using a quadratic interpolation equation and quadratic weighting functions are also shown to be unconditionally unstable. The third scheme is unconditionally stable, but the calculated values for a numerical solution of u̇ + u = 0, u(0) = 1 are not as accurate as the values obtained using the single-step central difference method.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 28 (1989), S. 726-726 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 142
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 28 (1989), S. 753-768 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A method using a material description of the instantaneous configuration, valid for viscoplastic material with large deformations, is presented. In view of numerical tests which were carried out, this material formulation, associated with an implicit integration scheme which proved to be numerically accurate and reliable, is shown to be preferable.An algorithm is developed for resolution of sliding or evolving contact condition problems.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 28 (1989), S. 833-844 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A new method of representing the steei in finite element analyses of reinforced concrete structures is described in which the steel and the concrete are analysed separately. The forces between the steel and concrete are used In an interative method which brings the two solutions together. The method converges very rapidly and it is shown that the computational effort is principally dependent on the mesh chosen for the concrete. All the steel in a reinforced concrete structure may be easily included without affecting the layout of the concrete mesh. Results, which are given for three practical problems, include detailed steel and bond stresses for all bars.
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  • 144
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 27 (1989), S. 257-269 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The multilayer degenerated 3-D shell element, for which the stiffness matrix is calculated by numerical integration ply by ply, gives accurate results even for moderately thick composite panels, but needs an important linear and non-linear generation time when the number of plies is high (N 〉 10). In order to reduce this time some pre-integration and homogenization techniques are investigated. Different pre-integration methods have been reviewed and discussed. Then, two new homogenization methods, based on a series expansion of an equivalent Hooke matrix over the thickness, are presented. Next, simple numerical validation tests of these new methods are discussed, indicating necessary further investigations. Finally, a general discussion about the properties of the pre-integration and homogenization techniques tends to define their respective application domain.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 28 (1989), S. 1351-1370 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The paper deals with a new mixed finite element method of solution of the bending problem of clamped anisotropic/orthotropic/isotropic plates with variable/constant thickness. This new mixed method gives simultaneous approximations to displacement u and bending and twisting moment tensor (ψij)1 ≤ i, j ≤ 2. Computer implementation procedures for this mixed method are given along with results of numerical experiments on a good number of interesting problems.
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  • 146
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 28 (1989), S. 1429-1448 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: In this article a new mesh generation algorithm is presented. The algorithm is based on a new approach called the vertex label assignment scheme to provide the information for the mesh generation so that parallel processing becomes possible. The algorithm generates 2D meshes of quadrilaterals on the basis of individual faces; conformity and smoothness of the resultant mesh are automatically assured. Local and selective mesh-refinements are also supported. A regular quadrilateral network which defines the geometry of the problem and an associated subdivision level assignment which specifies mesh density data on the network are the only input information.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 27 (1989), S. 469-481 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Piecewise linear finite element approximations to two-dimensional Poisson problems are treated. For simplicity, consideration is restricted to problems having Dirichlet boundary conditions and defined on rectangular domains Ω which are partitioned by a uniform triangular mesh. It is also required that the solutions u ∊ H3 (Ω). A method is proposed for recovering the gradients of the finite element approximations to a root mean square accuracy of O(h2), both at element edge mid-points and element vertices, using simple averaging schemes over adjacent elements. Piecewise linear interpolants (respectively discontinuous and continuous) are then fitted to these recovered gradients, and are shown to be O(h2) estimates for ∇u in the L2-norm, and thus superconvergent. A discussion is given of the extension of the results to problems with more general region and mesh geometries, boundary conditions and with solutions of lower regularity, and also to other second-order elliptic boundary value problems, e.g. the problem of planar linear elasticity.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 27 (1989), S. 609-622 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: When applying an incomplete block-factorization technique one needs sparse approximate inverses of the successive Schur complements computed throughout the factorization. Here we propose a method for the construction of such sparse approximate inverses. The method has an advantage over earlier versions, in that such approximate inverses of block-tridiagonal matrices can be computed in parallel. Comparative numerical experiments for solving a number of discretized diffusion equations by this preconditioning matrix in a preconditioned conjugate gradient method and earlier versions of incomplete block-factorization preconditioners are presented.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 27 (1989), S. 655-664 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: We examine multigrid solution for convection-diffusion problems in which convective effects are significant. In particular, we consider the case where the fine grid satisfies the associated cell or diagonal dominance condition but coarse grid levels violate this condition. Related numerical experiments are conducted. We also introduce an alternative local elliptic projection technique and compare this with interpolating the error corrections from coarse to fine grids. In addition, we demonstrate the use of grid redistribution and optimization techniques in the multilevel context.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 28 (1989), S. 27-41 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Owing to the failure of the finite element analyst to employ a properly refined computational model, the accuracy of preliminary finite element computations is often low. Thus, it is useful to introduce a computational procedure for improving the results obtained from a preliminary finite element solution. Such a procedure is presented in this paper. In this procedure the solution error components are decomposed into two parts. One of the error components is assumed to have a long period variation. The other component is assumed to have a short period variation. Multiplicative and additive correction procedures are introduced to iteratively eliminate the two error components. The multiplicative and additive correction procedures are implemented using multi-level solution techniques.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 28 (1989), S. 109-126 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper presents the development of a straightforward displacement type triangular finite element for bending of a flat plate with the inclusion of transverse (or lateral) shear effects. The element has twenty two degrees of freedom consisting of ten for the lateral displacement of the midplane and six for rotations of the normal to the undeformed midplane of the plate. The latter are taken as independent of the slopes of the deformed midplane in order to include deformation due to transverse shear. The element is fully conforming and may be orthotropic. At interelement boundaries, the element matches adjacent elements both with respect to lateral displacement of the midplane and the rotations of the normal. The result is an efficient ‘linear moment’ triangular element but with transverse shear deformation included. Numerical computations for a number of examples are presented. The results show the element to be more flexible than most other finite element models and agree closely with those from a numerical solution of the three dimensional elasticity equations. The results also converge to those from thin plate theory when the thickness to length ratio becomes small or when the transverse shear moduli are artificially increased.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 28 (1989), S. 1839-1853 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: In this work we seek to characterize the conditions under which an elastic-plastic stress update algorithm preserves the symmetries inherent to the material response. From a numerical standpoint, the aim is to determine under what conditions a stress update algorithm produces symmetric consistent tangents when applied to materials obeying normality. For the ideally plastic solid we show that only the fully implicit or closest point return mapping algorithm is symmetry preserving. For hardening plasticity, symmetry cannot be preserved in general unless suitable restrictions are imposed on the constitutive equations. We show that these restrictions amount to the existence of a pseudo-internal energy function acting as a joint potential for both the direction of plastic flow and the hardening moduli. In view of the fact that holonomic methods based on incrementally extremal paths also result in update rules possessing a potential structure and, hence, in symmetric tangents, we address the question of whether any connections exist between the two approaches. We show that holonomic methods and the fully implicit algorithm may indeed be brought into correspondence.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 28 (1989), S. 1909-1928 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The applications of the reduced integration technique, and the addition of non-conforming modes and their coupling to Mindlin plate elements to improve their basic behaviour are reviewed and the establishment of a series of new plate elements by combined use of these schemes is presented in this paper. The element formulation is based upon the quadratic Mindlin plate concept. The results obtained by new elements converge to the exact solutions very rapidly as the mesh is refined and show reliable solutions even for severely distorted meshes. The new elements have the requisite numbers of zero eigenvalues associated with rigid body modes to avoid spurious zero energy modes. These elements are shown to solve the shear locking problem completely so that they are applicable to a wide range of plate problems, giving a high accuracy for both thick and thin plates.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 28 (1989), S. 1951-1964 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: An attempt has been made to study the influence of large deformation on the stress intensity factor in a cracked plate subjected to bending including shear deformation. It is assumed that singular terms for stress resultants and strains in the case of large deformation have the same angular distribution and order of singularity as in the case of a linear problem. With this in view the small deformation singular element has been used at the crack tip region surrounded by large deformation plate bending elements. The finite element analysis, based on total Lagrangian formulation combined with the modified Newton-Raphson technique, has been used to get numerical results. Several examples connected with large deformation of cracked plates subjected to bending are studied. Using the above technique stress intensity factors for linear and non-linear cases have been compared.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 28 (1989), S. 1977-1994 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A direct boundary element method is developed for the dynamic analysis of thin elastic flexural plates of arbitrary planform and boundary conditions. The formulation employs the static fundamental solution of the problem and this creates not only boundary integrals but surface integrals as well owing to the presence of the inertia force. Thus the discretization consists of boundary as well as interior elements. Quadratic isoparametric elements and quadratic isoparametric or constant elements are employed for the boundary and interior discretization, respectively. Both free and forced vibrations are considered. The free vibration problem is reduced to a matrix eigenvalue problem with matrix coefficients independent of frequency. The forced vibration problem is solved with the aid of the Laplace transform with respect to time and this requires a numerical inversion of the transformed solution to obtain the plate dynamic response to arbitrary transient loading. The effect of external viscous or internal viscoelastic damping on the response is also studied. The proposed method is compared against the direct boundary element method in conjunction with the dynamic fundamental solution as well as the finite element method primarily by means of a number of numerical examples. These examples also serve to illustrate the use of the proposed method.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 28 (1989), S. 2219-2222 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 28 (1989), S. 769-784 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The amount of upwind or magnitude of off-centering needed in the numerical solution of second order differential equations with significant first derivatives is justified more rigorously in this paper by requiring the satisfaction of a variational principle. It will be shown that, for a discrete solution, a set of variational principles can be found which allow the problem to be solved as a self-adjoint system. The technique presented here will give a clear indication of those regions where (i) upwind techniques are not required, (ii) upwind techniques are necessary and sufficient and (iii) upwind techniques are insufficient and artificial viscosity is required.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 28 (1989), S. 817-832 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: This paper presents a three dimensional algorithm for dynamic Lagrangian computations for solids, with variable nodal connectivity to allow for severe distortions. The nodes are analogous to flexible spheres. When they move closer together than their equilibrium distance they generate compressive, repulsive forces. Conversely, when they move apart, they generate tensile attractive forces. Material strength effects are also included. Because a node can be affected only by its ‘neighbour’ nodes, the approach has been designated the ‘NABOR’ approach. The distinguishing feature of this technique is that it is possible to have variable connectivity. A node can acquire new neighbours, thus allowing all forms of distortion. The three dimensional NABOR algorithm has been incorporated as an option into the explicit finite element code, EPIC-3. By using both the NABOR grid and the traditional EPIC-3 finite element grid together, it is possible to perform Lagrangian computations for a wider range of problems.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 28 (1989), S. 893-907 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: An implementation of the force method is proposed in which the forces and the displacements are simultaneously obtained by the solution of a sparse symmetric indefinite system. The matrix of coefficients is formed by just the concatenation of the element flexibility and equilibrium matrices. No computational procedure is required to generate the compatibility conditions (or the self-stress matrix) and no partitioning of the force vector is made into a basic set and a redundant set, unlike the conventional force method. A slightly modified sparse unsymmetric system can be written in which the stresses and the displacements are the unknowns. This is used as constraints in the formulation of the minimum weight design problem for large structures under static loading conditions. A sparse generalized reduced gradient package is used as the optimizer. A class of test problems involving large truss structures is solved. The results indicate that the present implementation of the force method is better than the displacement method for the optimum design of large structures.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 28 (1989), S. 955-965 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A method is presented for determining the natural frequencies and the corresponding mode shapes of isotropic bimodular beams at certain supporting conditions. Although only the lowest three modes of the single-layer and two-layer bimodular beams were studied, in principle, the method may also be used to determine higher-mode natural frequencies and shapes of the multi-layer beams. Numerical analysis shows that the approach is suitable for the free-vibration analysis of clamped/free and hinged/hinged bimodular beams.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 28 (1989), S. 980-980 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 28 (1989), S. 987-999 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The numerical strategies employed in the evaluation of singular integrals existing in the Cauchy principal value (CPV) sense are, undoubtedly, one of the key aspects which remarkably affect the performance and accuracy of the boundary element method (BEM).Thus, a new procedure, based upon a bi-cubic co-ordinate transformation and oriented towards the numerical evaluation of both the CPV integrals and some others which contain different types of singularity is developed.Both the ideas and some details involved in the proposed formulae are presented, obtaining rather simple and-attractive expressions for the numerical quadrature which are also easily embodied into existing BEM codes.Some illustrative examples which assess the stability and accuracy of the new formulae are included.
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  • 163
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 28 (1989), S. 1061-1076 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A general finite element is derived for beams or beam-columns with or without a continuous Winkler type elastic foundation. The need to discretize members into shorter elements for convergence towards an ‘exact’ solution is eliminated by employing in the derivation of the element exact shape functions obtained from the equation of the elastic line. Inter-nodal values of deflections, bending moments and shear forces are obtained using the exact shape functions and trigonometric series. The effect of heavy compressive or tensile axial forces on bending stiffness is treated as a linear problem by considering the axial force as a constant parameter affecting the stiffness. FORTRAN subroutines to compute the stiffness matrix, equivalent nodal forces, deflected shape, bending moments and shear forces are provided and verified by an example.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 28 (1989), S. 1461-1473 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: An enriched finite element model for linear elastic fracture mechanics is developed for a mixed variational statement. The independent approximations for the displacement and stress components are enriched by adding the near-field analytic expressions for a cracked body to the polynomial approximations of a conventional element. This allows for an accurate representation of the stress and displacement fields near the crack tip and also results in the direct calculation of the appropriate stress intensity factors. The accuracy of this formulation is demonstrated through several numerical examples.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 28 (1989), S. 1475-1475 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 166
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 28 (1989) 
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  • 167
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 28 (1989), S. 2065-2083 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: It is well known that there are many benefits in solving axisymmetric solids subjected to non-axisymmetric loading by using Fourier series expansion of field variables. Although many researchers have utilized this technique to solve problems of cooling towers and rocket nozzles, etc. by the Finite Element Method, the BEM formulation and implementation of such a method have been available only recently, mainly due to the efforts of Rizzo and Shippy3 and Mayr et al.4 In this paper these early developments have been generalized further by including more expansion terms, an efficient decomposition of kernels into symmetric and antisymmetric forms, improved evaluation of matrix coefficients and developing more general computer implementation to include surface stress calculations, effects of body forces and extensive substructuring facilities to analyse multi-zone problems.
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  • 168
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 28 (1989), S. 2085-2111 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The stability of time-stepping methods for parabolic differential equations is mostly a critical issue. Furthermore, solving such equations with a classical time-stepping approach can be very expensive because many small time-steps have to be taken if steep gradients occur in the solution, even if these occur only in a narrow part of the space domain. In this paper we present a discretization technique in which finite element approximations are used in time and space simultaneously for a relatively large time period called a ‘time-slab’. This technique may be repeatedly applied to obtain further parts of the solution in subsequent time-intervals. It will be shown that, with the proposed method, the solution can be computed cheaply even if it has steep gradients and that stability is automatically guaranteed. For the solution of the non-linear algebraic equations on each time-slab fast iterative methods can be used.
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  • 169
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 28 (1989), S. 2113-2122 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Finite element partitioning (or substructuring) is employed to estimate the eigenproperties of large-scale structural systems. A homotopy equation is constructed and its solutions are characterized by a number of curves which connect the eigensolutions of the partitions with those of the complete system. A step-by-step tracing procedure is developed to follow these curves. At each step, prediction and correction are performed. The Rayleigh-Ritz procedure and the conjugate gradient method are used as predictor and corrector, respectively. Compared with the sole use of either the Rayleigh-Ritz or gradient methods, the proposed method is more reliable and more efficient for large-scale problems. Numerical implementation is well suited for supercomputers.
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  • 170
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    Notes: A finite element formulation has been developed to take into account the warping effect of composite beams undergoing large deflection or finite rotation. This formulation is to be used to model combined bending, torsional and extensional behaviour of composite helicopter rotor blades. The new approach can model thin to moderately thick walled composite beams with complicated cross-sections, tapers and arbitrary planforms. The warping effects are incorporated by assuming warping displacements superimposed over cross-sections normal to the beam axis in the deformed configuration of a shear flexible beam. The strain is assumed to vary linearly through the wall thickness. The fixed or total Lagrangian description is adopted in the present formulation and the Newton-Raphson method is used to solve the non-linear equilibrium equation resulting from the finite element approximation. Numerical tests of example problems demonstrate the validity and effectiveness of the present approach.
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  • 171
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 28 (1989), S. 2275-2292 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A plate bending element based on the generalized laminate plate theory (GLPT) developed by the senior author is described and its accuracy is investigated by comparison with the exact solutions of the generalized plate theory and the 3D-elasticity theory. The element accounts for transverse shear deformation and layer-wise description of the inplane displacements of the laminate. The element has improved description of the inplane as well as the transverse deformation response. A method for the computation of interlaminar (transverse) stresses is also presented.
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  • 172
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 28 (1989), S. 2541-2553 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: I/O issues in finite element analysis on parallel processors are addressed. Viable solutions for both local and shared memory multiprocessors are presented. The approach is simple but limited by currently available hardware and software systems. Implementation is carried out on a CRAY-2 system. Performance results are reported.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 28 (1989), S. 2583-2607 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The objective of the research presented here was to develop a generic adaptive computational method for porous media evolution problems that involve coupled heat flow, fluid flow and species transport processes with sharply defined phase-change interfaces.In this paper we examine the general least squares variational approach and develop the conceptual framework for a rate least squares variational formulation of a continuously deforming mixed variable finite element method for solving highly non-linear time-dependent partial differential equations. In Part II of this paper1 we extend the formulation given here for a single evolution equation to a system of coupled evolution equations. In Part III2 we discuss in detail the numerical procedures that were implemented in a computer program and present several numerical examples that demonstrate the performance of this computational method.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 28 (1989), S. 2681-2693 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The purpose of this article is to review the publications dealing with the application of finite elements in the thermoforming process. Although no attempt has been made to discuss the theoretical aspects of these publications, their general methodologies have been presented. The paper is particularly aimed at readers who are seeking an overall view of the subject and possibly interested in acquiring a CAD system for thermoforming technology.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 28 (1989), S. 2651-2679 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A FORTRAN 77 program for reducing the profile and wavefront of a sparse matrix with a symmetric structure is described. The implementation is based on an algorithm published previously by the Author and appears in response to a large number of enquiries for the source code. Extensive testing of the scheme suggests that its performance is consistently superior to that of the widely used reverse Cuthill-McKee and Gibbs-King methods. In addition to presenting a complete listing of the program, we also describe how to interface it with a typical finite element code. The scheme is especially useful in finite element analysis where it can be employed to derive efficient orderings for both profile and frontal solution schemes.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 28 (1989), S. 2710-2710 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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  • 177
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 28 (1989), S. 2711-2711 
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  • 178
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 27 (1989), S. 57-69 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: We present the results of the implementation of an advanced wave model in the Adriatic and in the Mediterranean Sea. With respect to the first and second generation models, the new approach does not accept any a priori assumption on the spectral shape of the wind waves, this being determined uniquely by the dynamical equilibrium of the various source functions. These include the generation by wind, non-linear interactions and the dissipation due to whitecapping and to bottom friction.The Adriatic is characterized by highly variable wind regimes. Several storms have been hindcasted, testing the model in the various possible meteorological conditions. In this paper we focus our attention on a particular storm that allowed us to verify the shallow water behaviour of the model. For the Mediterranean we concentrate on a heavy storm that occurred in February-March 1986 in the Sicily Channel. The very good results obtained in these two highly different conditions prove the effectiveness of the physical approach to the numerical description of the wind waves evolution.
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  • 179
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 27 (1989), S. 113-127 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Hydrodynamic studies of continental seas have been primarily concerned with tides and storm surges and the associated currents which can have velocities as high as several metres per second.However, the period of the dominant tide is only about half a day and the characteristic life time of a synoptic weather pattern is of the order of a few days. The very strong currents which are produced by the tides and the atmospheric forcing are thus relatively transitory and, over time scales of biological interest, they change and reverse so many times that they more or less cancel out, leaving only a small residual contribution to the net water circulation.Mathematical modelling appears at present as the most reliable approach to the determination of the residual circulation and of the long term transport of nutrients and pollutants in the sea.The residual circulation model developed at the GeoHydrodynamics and Environment Research Laboratory of Liège University (GHER) is described and illustrated by its application to the West-European Continetal Shelf.Residual flow patterns on the shelf, and in particular in the Irish Sea and the North Sea, are presented and shown to be in excellent agreement with the observations.The results are exploited to estimate the typical routes and times of residence of nutrients and pollutants and the subsequent long term changes in shelf ecosystems and in the Belgian coastal zone.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 27 (1989), S. 1-1 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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  • 181
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 27 (1989), S. 87-101 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Surf zone processes are one of the most difficult and challenging topics in modern marine science and technology. Because of their scientific and practical (e.g. engineering) importance they have been extensively studied in recent years. Nevertheless, even though the basic equations are known, no complete numerical solution can even be attempted yet. Moreover, there are still many unanswered questions relating to domain definition, well-posedness of the mathematical problem, validity of closure relationships and stability/convergence aspects of the numerical solution.This paper, starting from the basic conservation laws, derives sets of governing equations for the various flow modes present in the surf zone (currents, waves and turbulence). The emphasis will be on physical principles and simplifying hypotheses to show the application field of the different sets of equations. The paper will concentrate on the form and validity of the equations, including also some comments on discretization and numerical solution techniques.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 28 (1989), S. 239-240 
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  • 183
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 28 (1989) 
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  • 184
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 28 (1989), S. 295-313 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A deforming FEM (DFEM) analysis of one-dimensional inverse Stefan problems is presented. Specifically, the problem of calculating the position and velocity of the moving interface from the temperature measurements of two or more sensors located inside the solid phase is addressed. Since the interface velocity is considered to be the primary variable of the problem, the DFEM formulation is found to have many advantages over other traditional front tracking methods. The present inverse formulation is based on a minimization of the error between the calculated and measured temperatures, utilizing future temperature data to calculate current values of the unknown parameters. Also, the use of regularization is found to be useful in obtaining more accurate results, especially when the interface is located far away from the sensors. The method is illustrated with several examples. The effects of the location of the sensors, of the error in the sensor measurements and of several computational parameters were examined.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 28 (1989), S. 369-384 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A unified method for continuum shape design sensitivity analysis and optimal design of mechanical components is developed. A domain method of shape design sensitivity analysis that uses the material derivative concept of continuum mechanics is employed. For numerical implementation of shape optimal design, parameterization of the boundary shape of mechanical components is defined and illustrated using a Bezier surface. In shape design problems, nodal points of the finite element model move as the shape changes. A method of automatic regridding to account for shape change has been developed using a design velocity field in the physical domain that obeys the governing equilibrium equations of the elastic solid. For numerical implementation of the continuum shape design sensitivity analysis and automatic regridding, an established finite element analysis code is used. To demonstrate the feasibility of the method developed, shape design optimization of a main engine bearing cap is carried out as an example.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 28 (1989), S. 445-459 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A finite element method is given to obtain the solution in terms of velocity and induced magnetic field for the steady MHD (magnetohydrodynamic) flow through a rectangular pipe having arbitrarily conducting walls. Linear and then quadratic approximations have been taken for both velocity and magnetic field for comparison and it is found that with the quadratic approximation it is possible to increase the conductivity and Hartmann number M (M ≤ 100). A special solution procedure has been used for the resulting block tridiagonal system of equations. Computations have been carried out for several values of Hartmann number (5 ≤ M ≤ 100) and wall conductivity. It is also found that, if the wall conductivity increases, the flux decreases. The same is the effect of increasing the Hartmann number. Selected graphs are given showing the behaviour of the velocity field and induced magnetic field.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 28 (1989), S. 479-480 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 28 (1989) 
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  • 189
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 28 (1989), S. 523-531 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A new algorithm is presented for performing mesh rezoning on isoparametric elements used in simulations of non-linear deformation processes. The method uses techniques from elimination theory to solve the parametric inversion problem for each node on the new, undistorted mesh. These parameter values are then used in the elemental shape functions to transfer the nodal state variables from the distorted mesh to each node in the new mesh by interpolation. The method has been implemented for bilinear and biquadiatic elements. The method is based on fundamental finite element approximations, since the interpolation functions which define the element are also used to perform rezoning.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 28 (1989), S. 609-620 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A unified approach to solving ill-conditioned matrix problems is presented, concentrating on those problems arising in engineering where measurement inaccuracy is the major source of error. By applying the singular value decomposition, it is shown that regularization with a parameter can be used without squaring the condition number of the matrix. Numerical examples demonstrate that a smaller relative error is attainable using the unified approach over the more standard technique of discarding singular values. Lastly, a simple method is presented for locating the optimal solution using a computed residual.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 28 (1989), S. 667-677 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A new C1 finite element complete in 7th degree polynomial basis is described and compared with other C1 elements in an eigen-elements analysis.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 28 (1989), S. 705-723 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: In an attempt to establish a practicable computer based metal forming analysis capability, the classical upper bound theorem has been revisited. The result is an enhanced methodology which holds promise of providing some of the capabilities associated with more sophisticated finite element formulations without the attendant costs. The procedures developed here culminate with two sample applications.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 28 (1989), S. 727-731 
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  • 194
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 28 (1989), S. 785-800 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A set of three new hybrid elements with rotational degrees-of-freedom (d.o.f.'s) is introduced. The solid, 8-node, hexahedron element is developed for solving three-dimensional elasticity problems. This element has three translational and three rotational d.o.f.'s at each node and is based on a 42-parameter. three-dimensional stress field in the natural convected co-ordinate system. For two-dimensional, plane elasticity problems, an improved triangular hybrid element and a quadrilateral hybrid element are presented. These elements use two translational and one rotational d.o.f. at each node. Three different sets of five-parameter stress fields defined in a natural convected co-ordinate system for the entire element are used for the mixed triangular element. The mixed quadrilateral element is based on a nine-parameter complete linear stress field in natural space. The midside translational d.o.f.'s are expressed in terms of the corner nodal translations and rotations using appropriate transformations. The stiffness matrix is derived based on the Hellinger-Reissner variational principle. The elements pass the patch test and demonstrate an improved performance over the existing elements for prescribed test examples.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 28 (1989), S. 845-860 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: In this paper a constitutive equation to describe the mechanical behaviour of materials, reinforced with unidirectional fibres, is presented. The material behaviour of both matrix and fibres may be viscoelastic. The constitutive equation is a linear relation between the second Piola-Kirchhoff stress tensor and the Green-Lagrange strain tensor. The effective relaxation functions in the constitutive equation are composed of component relaxation functions employing the structural model of Hashin and Rosen. A two-dimensional membrane element incorporating this constitutive equation is implemented in a finite element program. The results of several calculations are presented in order to demonstrate the possibilities of the numerical tool. One calculation concerns a square membrane with a circular hole in its centre. The effect of fibre orientation on deformation and stresses will be displayed for this structure as well as for another membrane structure.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 28 (1989), S. 909-927 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The propagation of non-planar hydraulic fractures is modelled using a three-dimensional numerical simulator. This paper describes the different components of the model (stress/displacement analysis, fluid-flow analysis, propagation criterion) with an emphasis on the numerical techniques used. A few examples of out-of-plane fracture geometries are provided.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 197
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    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 28 (1989), S. 967-977 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper concerns finite element techniques applied to the analysis of mechanisms where a rigidity hypothesis for the links is unacceptable. Isoparametric elements may simplify the resulting equations because a good many of the terms arising from derivatives of rotation matrices disappear. Furthermore, the isoparametric approach leads to element matrices where integrations over element volumes do not depend on the gross motion of the linkage.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 198
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 28 (1989), S. 981-985 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 199
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 28 (1989), S. 1001-1021 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper develops, for linear diffusion-convection model problems, the numerical analysis of some two-time-level second order finite difference schemes: modified centred, upstream weighted, Samarskii explicit and implicit schemes. The stability and related properties - dissipation, amplitude and phase errors, numerical diffusion and dispersion - are studied through Fourier analysis. The behaviour of the numerical solution is analysed from the matrix properties of the schemes with special emphasis on parabolicity and positivity. These analyses allow a comparison of the properties of every scheme, the main criterion being the efficiency of the scheme for strongly convective problems.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 200
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 28 (1989), S. 1077-1101 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The solution of the convection-diffusion equation for convection dominated problems is examined using both N + 1 and N + 2 degree Petrov-Galerkin finite element methods in space and a Crank-Nicolson finite difference scheme in time. While traditional N + 1 degree Petrov-Galerkin methods, which use test functions one polynomial degree higher than the trial functions, work well for steady-state problems, they fail to adequately improve the solution for the transient problem. However, using novel N + 2 degree Petrov-Galerkin methods, which use test functions two polynomial degrees higher than the trial functions, yields dramatically improved solutions which in fact get better as the Courani number increases to 1·0. Specifically, cubic test functions with linear trial functions and quartic test functions in conjunction with quadratic trial functions are examined.Analysis and examples indicate that N + 2 degree Petrov-Galerkin methods very effectively eliminate space and especially time truncation errors. This results in substantially improved phase behaviour while not adversely affecting the ratio of numerical to analytical damping.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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