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  • 1960-1964  (6,215)
  • 1920-1924
  • 1820-1829
  • Polymer and Materials Science  (6,215)
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  • 101
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 15 (1964), S. 97-98 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 102
    Electronic Resource
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 15 (1964), S. 99-100 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 103
    Electronic Resource
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 15 (1964), S. 106-106 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 104
    Electronic Resource
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 15 (1964), S. 110-115 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 105
    Electronic Resource
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 15 (1964), S. 116-116 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 106
    Electronic Resource
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 15 (1964), S. 193-193 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 107
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 108
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 109
    Electronic Resource
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 15 (1964), S. 194-199 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 110
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 15 (1964), S. 161-162 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 111
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 15 (1964) 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 112
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 15 (1964), S. 221-227 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Investigation on the influence of household detergents on metals, and of metals on household detergents. Third communication Metallographical investigations on the corrosivity of aluminium bronzesIn the second communication, the behaviour of aluminium bronzes in four different detergents was investigated. The test results gave rise to the conclusion that the corrosion rate differs depending on the condition of the structure.The investigations were carried out with AlBz 9, Aeterna AF 50, AlMBz 10 and Aeterna W II A.By means of heat treatment, a defined α + β- and α + γ2 structure was obtained. These specimens were then boiled in detergents for different periods of time, and the surface was photographed with an enlargement of 100 or 500 times.It was found that the corrosion caused by detergents is similar to the corrosion caused by a 10 per cent. ammonium persulphate solution. The α + γ2 structure shows a somewhat higher corrosion resistance than the α + β structure.
    Notes: In der 2. Mitteilung wurde das Verhalten von Al-Bronzen in 4 verschiedenen Waschmitteln untersucht. Aus den Versuchsergebnissen konnte geschlossen werden, daß je nach Gefügezustand die Korrosionsgeschwindigkeit unterschiedlich groß ist. Untersucht wurden: AlBz 9, Aeterna AF 50, AlMBz 10 und Aeterna w II A.Durch Wärmebehandlung wurde definiertes α + β bzw. α + γ2-Gefüge erzielt. Diese Proben wurden dann in Waschmitteln verschiedene Zeiten gekocht und Oberflächenaufnahmen mit 100- und 500- facher Vergrößerung hergestellt.Es zeigte sich, daß der Ätzangriff durch Waschlaugen so verläuft wie der Ätzangriff durch 10%ige Ammoniumpersulfat-Lösung.Das α + γ2-Gefüge ist gegen den Waschmittelangriff etwas beständiger als das α + β-Gefüge.
    Additional Material: 38 Ill.
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  • 113
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 15 (1964), S. 201-212 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Control measurements on cathodically protected pipelinesThe most important control measurement for the cathodic protection of buried pipelines is the measurement of the pipel soil potential. On the strength of experimental and theoretical investigations, it is possible to indicate safe protection potentials at which the corrosion rate becomes practically insignificant. In applying the scientific results of electro-chemistry to cathodic protection in practice, problems may be encountered if phenomena are over-simplified or if local conditions are not sufficiently taken into account.Such practical problems are not so much concerned with measuring instruments and reference electrodes; they are more associated with the measuring methods subsequently described and with the fact that influence factors difficult to ascertain must be taken into account.The cathodic polarisation at the metal surface to be protected is composed of overtensions of a penetration and a diffusion type. In addition, there occurs a resistance polarisation which may be governed, on the one hand, by the ohmic voltage drop between pipe surface and reference electrode and, on the other hand, by poorly conducting coating or insulating layers. The latter usually cause, at the same time, a change in the diffusion type overtension. Since the resistance polarisation does not partake in the reaction kinetics, this influence must be eliminated in measuring the protection potential. Since the different types of polarisation have different type curves, it is possible to ascertain the separate partial reactions in accordance with the normal methods of electro-chemistry. By means of oscillographic recordings of potential/time curves, through calculation or with the aid of suitable measuring bridges, it is possible to eliminate the resistance polarisation or to determine the ohmic voltage drop in the electrolyte.
    Notes: Die wichtigste Kontrollmessung für den kathodischen Schutz erdverlegter Rohrleitungen ist die Messung des Rohr/Boden-Potentials. An Hand experimenteller und theoretischer Untersuchungen ist es möglich, sichere Schutzpotentiale anzugeben, bei denen die Korrosionsgeschwindigkeit praktisch bedeutungslos wird. Bei der Anwendung wissenschaftlicher Ergebnisse der Elektrochemie auf den kathodischen Schutz in der Praxis können Probleme auftreten, wenn Vorgänge zu stark vereinfacht und örtliche Gegebenheiten nicht genügend berücksichtigt werden.Solche praktischen Probleme liegen weniger bei Meßgeräten und Bezugselektroden, als bei den anschließend beschriebenen Meßverfahren und der Berücksichtigung schwer erfaßbarer Einflußgrößen. Die kathodische Polarisation an der Zu schützenden Metalloberfläche Setzt sich aus einer Durchtritts- und einer Diffusionsüberspannung zusammen. Ferner tritt eine Widerstandspolarisation auf, die einerseits durch den Ohmschen Spannungsabfall zwischen Rohroberfläche und Bezugselektrode, andererseits durch schlecht leitende Deck- oder Isolierschichten gegeben sein kann. Letztere verursachen meist gleichzeitig eine Änderung der Diffusionsüberspannung. Da die Widerstandspolarisation keinen Anteil an der Reaktionskinetik besitzt, muß ihr Einfluß bei der Schutzpotentialmessung eliminiert werden. Auf Grund eines zeitlich unterschiedlichen Verhaltens der Polarisationsarten gelingt die Aufspaltung der einzelnen Teilreaktionen nach den in der Elektrochemie üblichen Verfahren. Durch oszillographische Aufnahme won Potential-Zeitkurven, durch Rechnung oder mit geeigneten Meßbrücken kann die Widerstandspolarisation ausgeschaltet bzw. der Ohmsche Spannungsabfall im Elektrolyten ermittelt werden.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
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  • 114
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 15 (1964), S. 237-237 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 115
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 15 (1964), S. 238-242 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 116
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 15 (1964), S. 243-251 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 117
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 15 (1964), S. 192-192 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 118
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 119
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 15 (1964), S. 193-193 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 120
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 15 (1964), S. 193-193 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 121
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 15 (1964), S. 193-193 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 122
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 123
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 15 (1964), S. 199-200 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 124
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 15 (1964), S. 200-200 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 125
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 15 (1964), S. VII 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 126
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 15 (1964), S. 228-232 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: On corrosion inhibitors III. Detection and properties of some protective films on iron produced with inhibitors in hydrochloric acidThe creation of a protective film by the inhibitor or one of its products is indicated by the following findings: 1If the inhibited wires are transferred into fresh hydrochloric acid free from inhibitor the protection effect remains.2The creation of the protective film, as a function of time, can be observed in the same test.3The protection effect of the inhibited wires is maintained or reduced (a) by treatment with different solvents and (b) by determining the thermal stability of the protective film.4The reduction in quaternary phosphonium and arsonium compounds observed on lead or mercury cathodes may provide a clue to the compounds taking part in the creation of the protective films.
    Notes: Für den Aufbau einer Schutzschicht durch den Inhibitor oder eines seiner Folgeprodukte sprechen folgende Befunde: 1Erhaltung der Schutzwerte nach Übertragung inhibierter Drähte in inhibitorfreie, frische Salzsäure.2Verfolgung des zeitlichen Aufbaus der Schutzschicht durch den gleichen Test.3Erhaltung oder Verringerung der Schutzwirkung der inhibierten Drähte (a) durch Behandlung mit verschiedenen Lösungsmitteln und (b) durch Bestimmung der thermischen Stabilität der Schutzschicht.4Der an Blei- bzw. Quecksilberkathoden beobachtete Abbau quaternärer Phosphonium- und Arsoniumsalze eröffnet möglicherweise einen Zugang zu den am Aufbau der Schutzschichten beteiligten Verbindungen.
    Additional Material: 8 Tab.
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  • 127
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 15 (1964), S. 291-292 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 128
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 15 (1964), S. X 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 129
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 15 (1964) 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 130
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 15 (1964), S. 305-307 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Corrosion caused by dust and sootSoot and dust present in the atmosphere and in waste gases show great differences in quantity and composition. The corrosion damage, caused by them (and briefly discussed in the present paper) has correspondingly different characteristics which depend on the physical properties and chemical composition of these media.
    Notes: Ruß und Staub, die in der atmosphärischen Luft und in Abgasen in unterschiedlichen Mengen wie Beschaffenheit vorhanden sind, führen zu ebenso unterschiedlichen, von den physikalischen Eigenschaften und der chemischen Zusammensetzung dieser Medien abhängigen, kurz gekennzeichneten Korrosionsschäden.
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  • 131
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 15 (1964), S. 293-299 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Stainless steels for the motor car industryThe author reports on the use of stainless steels for ornamental parts of motor vehicles, on the basis of experience abroad, especially in America. Stainless chromium steels with 17 pC chromium or less are apt to fail under critical conditions, and should only be used for parts subjected to relatively low stresses. In contrast, much use can be made of chromium steels alloyed with molybdenum and chromenickel steels. German specifications have also led to the development of a chromemolybdenum steel (Material No. 1.4113) of a composition similar to that of the American steel AISI 434. The author discusses the composition and mechanical properties of the steels used in Germany for ornamental parts of motor cars.In a second part of the paper, a description is given of corrosion tests normally applied in Germany and in USA. The different tests also have certain drawbacks, which are indicated. A detailed comparison of the different testing methods, accompanied by test results, is intended to be the subject of a later communication.
    Notes: Es wird über die Verwendung nichtrostender Stähle für Kraftfahrzeugzierteile berichtet. Dabei wird von den Entwicklungen im Ausland und besonders den amerikanischen Erfahrungen ausgegangen. Nichtrostende Chromstähle mit 17% Cr oder weniger können unter kritischen Bedingungen versagen und sollten nur für geringer beanspruchte Teile gebraucht werden. Chromstähle mit Molybdänzusatz und Chrom-Nickel-Stähle sind dagegen weitgehend verwendbar. Die Abnahmebedingungen in Deutschland führten gleichfalls zur Entwicklung eines Chromstahls mit Molybdänzusatz (Werkstoff Nr. 1.4113), der in seiner Zusammensetzung dem amerikanischen Stahl AISI 434 gleicht. Es werden die Zusammensetzungen und die mechanischen Eigenschaften der in Deutschland für Zierteile gebräuchlichen Stähle genannt.In einem zweiten Teil werden Korrosionsprüfungen, wie sie in Deutschland und in USA üblich sind, beschrieben. Die verschiedenen Prüfungen weisen auch Nachteile auf, die angedeutet werden. Eine ausführliche Gegenüberstellung der einzelnen Prüfverfahren zusammen mit Versuchsergebnissen soll in einer späteren Mitteilung erfolgen.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 132
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 15 (1964), S. 300-305 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Atmospheric corrosion of coated steelIn the first section reactions between steel and base-coat are interpreted as starting the corrosion. On the metal surface it is a matter of electrolytic reactions between anodic and cathodic parts, as well as chemical reactions caused by foreign substances on and in the surface. In the coating-film the decisive role is played by the permeability of atmospheric substances.The second section deals with fundamental corrosion reactions beneath the coating. Three stages of corrosion process are distinguished, beginning with the formation of ferro-ions and ending with the precipitation of ferric oxides. The water permeability of the primers is responsible for initiating the first stage.In the third section the most important means of inhibiting the corrosion process are discussed; among them are the choice of the optimal film-forming matter, the correct pigmentation (qualitatively and quantitatively), and, finally, the incorporation of effective inhibitors in the film.
    Notes: Im ersten Teil werden Reaktionen in der Grenzfläche zwischen Stahl und Anstrichfilm dargelegt, die den Rostprozeß in Gang setzen. Auf der Metallseite handelt es sich um elektrolytische Vorgänge zwischen anodischen und kathodischen Bereichen sowie chemische Reaktionen an verunreinigenden Fremdkörpern auf und in der Eisenoberfläche. Auf der Filmseite spielt die Durchlässigkeit für atmosphärische Bestandteile die entscheidende Rolle.Der zweite Teil beschäftigt sich mit den grundlegenden Unterrostungsreaktionen beim gestrichenen Stahl. Drei Stufen des Rostprozesses werden unterstrichen, die mit der Bildung von Ferro-Ionen beginnen und mit der Ausfällung von Eisenoxyden enden. Die Permeabilität der Grundierungen für Wasser setzt die erste Stufe in Gang.Im dritten Teil sind die wichtigsten Eingriffsmöglichkeiten für die Hemmung des Rostvorganges zur Diskussion gestellt. Hierzu gehören die Wahl des optimalen Filmbildners für den gegebenen Fall, die korrekte Pigmentierung (qualitativ wie quantitativ) und der Einbau wirksamer Hemmstoffe in den Film.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 133
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 15 (1964), S. 517-528 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 15 (1964), S. 529-529 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 135
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  • 136
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 15 (1964), S. 529-529 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 137
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 15 (1964), S. 529-529 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 138
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 15 (1964), S. 324-326 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 139
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 15 (1964), S. 327-329 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 140
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 15 (1964), S. 336-338 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 141
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 15 (1964), S. 333-335 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 142
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 15 (1964), S. 330-332 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 143
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 15 (1964), S. 530-530 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 144
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 15 (1964), S. 529-530 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 145
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 15 (1964), S. 530-532 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 146
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 15 (1964), S. 532-532 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 147
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 15 (1964), S. 532-532 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 148
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 15 (1964), S. XVIII 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 149
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 15 (1964) 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 150
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  • 151
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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  • 152
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 15 (1964), S. 346-346 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 153
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 15 (1964), S. 346-347 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 15 (1964), S. 347-347 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 155
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 15 (1964), S. 347-347 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 157
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 15 (1964), S. 347-347 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 158
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 15 (1964), S. 563-568 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 159
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 15 (1964), S. 573-577 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 160
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 15 (1964), S. 555-562 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: The corrosion behaviour of lead and lead alloys in sulphuric acid solutionsLong-time corrosion tests have been carried out in sulphuric acid solutions of different concentration (up to 70 per cent.) and at different temperatures (up to boiling point), using specimens of fine lead, copper fine lead and different types of hard lead. The only noticeable, and noticeably different, corrosion rates were encountered at temperatures above 100% c.In the medium 'and high concentration range, fine lead and, to a lesser extent, even copper fine lead were increasingly affected by corrosion; in agreement with published data, the corrosion values especially of fine lead showed a marked scatter and some of them were extremely high. Hard lead with 1.5 to 6 percent. antimony was less affected by the highly concentrated acids; but low-alloyed hard lead, showed, a maximum corrosion, rate in diluted acid. The comparatively highest resistance was shown by hard lead with 6 percent. antimony which showed noticeable corrosion under the influence of the strongest acid only (70 percent. H2SO4). A particularly high resistance in this acid was shown by a copper hard lead (0.6 percent antimony).Boiling tests on a minor technical scale with steel pots with homogeneous internal lead coating revealed a surprisingly high corrosion resistance of the lead coating, which consisted of copper lead, even in 70 percent acid heated to 150° C; such resistance was not to be expected from the preceding tests and exceeded that encountered with hard lead (6 percnt. SB) A chemical analysis showed that copper lead coating must, during manufacture, have absorbed tin, and subsequent tests showed that a small admixture of tin results in quite a considerable increase in the corrosion resistance of the copper lead. An increased copper content, too, had a favourable effect but only in the strongest acid.Finally, a number of tests were carried out in order to ascertain the influence, on the corrosion performance of some types of lead, of an admixture of nitric acid to the sulphuric acid (70 percent.). In all cases, the admixture had the effect of reducing the corrosion rate, especially with copper lead.The conclusions to be drawn from the test results in regard to corrosion tests and work practice are discussed.
    Notes: Langzeit-Korrosionsversuche wurden in Schwefelsäurelösungen verschiedener Konzentration (bis 70 %) und Temperatur (bis Siedepunkt) an Proben aus Feinblei, Kupferfeinblei und verschiedenen Hartbleisorten durchgeführt. Dabei ergaben sich merkliche und unterschiedlich große Korrosionsgeschwindigkeiten nur bei Temperaturen oberhalb 100° C.Feinblei und in geringerem Maß auch Kupferfeinblei wurden im mittleren und höheren Konzentrationsbereich zunehmend stärker korrodiert, wobei  -  in Übereinstimmung mit Literaturangaben  -  namentlich bei Feinblei stark streuende und z. T. außerordentlich hohe Korrosionswerte erhalten wurden. Hartblei mit 1,5 bis 6 % Sb wurde von den stärkeren Säuren weniger angegriffen, dagegen zeigte niedriglegiertes Hartblei ein Korrosionsmaximum in verdünnter Säure. Verhältnismäßig am beständigsten erwies sich Hartblei mit 6% Sb, das nur in der stärksten Säure (70 % H2SO4)merklich korrodiert wurde. In dieser war ein CU-Hartblei (0,6 % Sb) besonders beständig.Kleintechnische Kochversuche an innen homogenverbleiten Stahltöpfen ergaben ein überraschend gutes Korrosionsverhalten der aus Kupferblei bestehenden Verbleiung auch in 15O° C heißer 70°/oiger Säure das nach den vorhergehenden Versuchen nicht zu erwarten war und dasjenige der mit Hartblei (6% Sb) ausgekleideten Töpfe übertraf. Durch Analysen wurde festgestellt, daß die Kupferverbleiung offenbar bei der Herstellung Zinn aufgenommen hatte, und durch Versuche wurde gezeigt, daß ein geringer Zinngehalt die Beständigkeit des Kupferbleis ganz beträchtlich verbessert. Auch ein erhöhter Cu-Gehalt wirkte sich günstig aus, jedoch nur in der stärksten Säure.Schließlich wurde in einigen Versuchen der Einfluß eines Salpetersäurezusatzes zur Schwefelsäure (70%) auf das Korrosionsverhalten einiger Bleisorten geprüft. In allen Fällen verminderte er die Korrosion, besonders stark bei Kupferblei.Die aus den Versuchsergebnissen sich ergebenden Folgerungen für die Korrosionsprüfung und Betriebspraxis werden erörtert.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 15 (1964), S. 569-572 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 162
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 15 (1964), S. 363-370 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Some observations concerning the climate effect upon the atmospheric corrosion of metalsThe overall influence exercised upon the corrosion of metals by the climate is discussed and elucidated by experimental results collected on the corrosion of iron in several countries. The question is raised whether or not it is possible to forecast corrosion upon the basis of meteorologic data. The most important factors involved are the relative humidity of the air, the gaseous and solid contaminants in the atmosphere and - to a lesser degree - the temperature of the air. In practical work, particular attention should be paid to the microclimate, i.e. to all the physical factors encountered in the immediate neighbourhood of the metal being corroded. In addition to the three factors mentioned above, these physical factors include the shape and mass of the metal itself, its orientation in space with regard to the soil and to the cardinal points, the direction and the velocity of the attacking air and of currents in it. Some examples are given to illustrate the effect of these factors.
    Notes: Der allgemeine Einfluß des Klimas auf die Korrosion der Metalle wird erörtert und durch Versuchsergebnisse über die Korrosion des Eisens in mehreren Ländern illustriert. Die Frage, ob man die Korrosion auf Grund meteorologischer Beobachtungen vorhersagen kann, wird diskutiert. Die wichtigsten bestimmenden Faktoren sind die relative Feuchtigkeit der Luft und deren gasförmige und feste Verunreinigungen und, in geringerem Grade, die Lufttemperatur. In der Praxis soll man vor allem dem Mikroklima Beachtung schenken, d.h. den sämtlichen physikalischen Faktoren in der unmittelbaren Nähe des Korrosion erleidenden Metalls. Darunter kommen in Betracht: die Form und die Masse des Metalls selbst, seine Orientierung, sowohl in bezug auf den Boden als auf die Himmelsrichtung, und für die angreifende Atmosphäre die Richtung und die Geschwindigkeit der Luftströmungen, außer den drei schon oben erwähnten Faktoren. Es werden einige Beispiele für die Wirkung solcher Faktoren gegeben.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 15 (1964), S. 371-373 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Corrosion protection in steel hydraulic engineeringA description is given of a course of lectures (No. 328) at Wuppertal Technical Academy.After a review of the objects to be protected in steel hydraulic engineering, the corrosion protection methods employed with Swiss steel hydraulic engineering works are described.The article deals with pretreatment through de-rusting and the problems associated with it, methods and means of coating, spray galvanisation in steel hydraulic engineering, zinc dust primers, thickness of the protective films, guarantees, air conditioning and acclimatisation with internal paints for piping, stresses encountered in the tidal zone, atmospheric risks during the execution of the work, and the internal preservation of turbines.
    Notes: Es wird ein Bericht über den Kursus 328 an der Technischen Akademie Wuppertal gegeben.Einer Übersicht über die im Stahlwasserbau zu schützenden Objektteile folgt eine Übersicht über bei schweizerischen Stahlwasserbauten angewandte Korrosions-schutzmethoden.Die Vorbehandlung durch Entrostung und die hiermit zusammenhängenden Fragen, die Anstrichverfahren und -mittel, Spritzverzinkung im Stahlwasserbau, Zinkstaubanstrichmittet, Schichtdicke der Schutzüberzuge, Gewährleistung, Luftkonditionierung und Klimatisierung bei Innenanstrichen von Rohrleitungen, Beanspruchung in der Wasserwechselzone, das Schlechtwetter-Risiko bei der Arbeitsausführung und die Turbinen-Innenkonservierung werden behandelt.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 15 (1964), S. 616-616 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 166
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 8 (1964), S. 1919-1919 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 8 (1964), S. 1903-1918 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The rate of crosslinking of concentrated gelatin solutions in water has been measured by means of a gelation timer. Some effects of temperature, pH, crosslinking agent, and gelatin concentration have been measured. The crosslinking agents have varied from fast-acting chrome alum, glutaraldehyde, and a carbodiimide to slow-acting mucobromic acid and dialdehyde starches. Detailed crosslinking mechanisms are discussed for dimethylol urea, mucobromic acid, and several dialdehyde crosslinking agents. Some effects of urea and other additives on the dimethylol urea crosslinking rate are described.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 8 (1964), S. 1921-1939 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A new method of curing phenolic novolac resins by means of cyclic formals under the catalytic influence of strong acids is given. It was proved that the formals react with the novolac molecules to form a highly crosslinked resite structure. As a practical consequence of this novel curing process it is possible to use the new resins at low or contact pressures in molding operations. The physical properties of the end products in general resemble those of the standard phenolic casting resins.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 8 (1964), S. 1941-1947 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The analysis of a stationary, rotationally symmetric liquid jet which leads to an expression for the average normal stress at the exit of a capillary tube is reexamined with particular attention to the effect of surface tension. The limiting case of a nearly cylindrical jet is compared with the analysis presented by Gavis and Middleman.
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 8 (1964), S. 1889-1901 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The relationship between biaxial stress-rupture behavior and polymer morphology has been investigated for a series of compression-molded disks of linear polyethylene. Rupture data were obtained over a range of temperatures on polymers of several melt indices that had been solidified at two rates. Two failure mechanisms were observed: one at high stress levels, which was ductile; the other at low stress levels, which was brittle. The stress level at which the mechanism changed from ductile to brittle decreased as the measurement temperature increased, as the melt index of the polymer increased, and as the rate or solidification decreased. It was shown that initial pressurization of the disks causes the formation of microscopic surface fissures along spherulite boundaries as well as within individual spherulites. The extensive growth of these fissures at high stress levels sufficiently raises the stress on the sound portions of the polymer to cause large-scale macroscopic drawing of the spherulites. At low stress levels the initially formed fissures grow by a localized drawing process at their ends. A macroscopic crack forms by a chance coalescence of a number of individually growing fissures. This process is more rapid in disks of polymer that form large spherulites when cooled slowly from the melt. The spherulite size in disks of polymer of low melt index is much smaller under the same conditions of cooling and is less sensitive to the cooling rate than in disks of polymer of high melt index. Annealing of rapidly cooled disks whose microstructure contains relatively small spherulites reduces the stress at which the failure mechanism changes without appreciably altering the spherulite size. Oxidation of the polymer also reduces the transition stress.
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  • 172
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Many derivatives of phenyl salicylate turn yellow when they are exposed, in solution, to ultraviolet light. This limits their usefulness as ultraviolet stabilizers for plastics. Evidence is presented to support the postulation that the yellowing is due to the formation, by a photochemical ortho rearrangement, of a derivative of 2,2′-dihydroxybenzo-phenone. Aromatic salicylates, such as 2,6-dialkylphenyl salicylate, in which the ortho rearrangement is blocked, are found to be nonyellowing stabilizers, although less effective than the better yellowing varieties, such as p-octylphenyl salicylate. Loss of stabilizer by volatilization, either in compounding or during subsequent exposure, is shown to be an important factor in limiting the effective performance of the stabilizer.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 173
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: On assuming that the two polymer components are poorly compatible or incompatible and from semimicro heterogeneous systems composed of homogeneous phases of each component, two kinds of generalized models which relate the degree of mixing of the two phases to the mechanical behavior of the systems were proposed. In this phenomenological theory, the chemical interaction between the two polymer components was negelcted, and the stress or strain distribution along the boundaries between the two phases was much simplified. This might give serious error when the mixed phases become small and the surface effect, instead of volume effect, becomes significant. The mechanical mixtures can be classified by the manner of mixing of the two phases of A and B components as follows: A islands in B matrix, B islands in A matrix, A matrix-B matrix, and A islands-B islands mixing. The mechanical properties of the mixed systems are affected not only by those of each component and their volume fraction in bulk, but strongly by the manner of mixing. The terminology used here, as the degree of mixing, is one of the representations of the manner of mixing in terms of distribution function of partial volume fractions of each component in the mixed system.The analysis of some mixed systems of two polymer components gave the following results. The mixed systems cast from acetone solution of poly(vinyl acetate) and poly(methyl methacrylate) give mechanical mixtures of the islands-in-matrix type mixing. A phase conversion from PMMA islands in PVAc matrix to PVAc islands in PMMA matrix occurs at about 70% volume fraction of PMMA due to the hexagonal close packing of PMMA islands in PVAc matrix with increase of volume fraction of PMMA On the other hand, the systems cast from mixtures of acetone solution of PVAc and lightly crosslinked PMMA fine particles give mechanical mixtures of the matrix-matrix type mixing. The mixed systems of polystyrene and 30/70 butadiene-styrene copolymer, which have been classified by Tobolsky as polyblends, might also be a type of mechanical mixture classifiable as matrix-matrix mixing. However, the manner of mixing should be much modified by the chemical interaction between the two components.
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  • 174
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 8 (1964), S. 2249-2259 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Ion-exchange membranes have been successfully used in the electrodialysis and electrodecantation of natural rubber skim latex for the recovery of ammonia as well as rubber. Diffusivity of the membrane and current efficiency were studied. An optimum condition is recommended for electrodecantation of skim latex.
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  • 175
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 8 (1964), S. 2239-2247 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This work is a continuation in these laboratories of the study of the source of undesirable optical properties of molded cellulose acetate. The origin, mechanism of formation, and structure of the colored compounds formed upon heating cellulose acetate in the presence of plasticizer were studied. Extraction of heated mixtures gave evidence indicating the colored compounds are intermediates containing a conjugated carbonyl group. Efforts to fractionate and isolate color-causing fractions were defeated by the well-known solvent inclusion difficulties and upset of the little-understood salt balance in the sample. The effects of additives known to degrade cellulose acetate were determined by heating mixtures of these materials with cellulose acetate dissolved in excess plasticizer. Acidic compounds caused the expected severe degradation and color formation. Air oxidation and free radical initiators had very little effect compared to the acidic materials. Inhibitors of the action of acidic compounds (neutralizers) and of oxidative degradation were studied.
    Additional Material: 7 Tab.
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  • 176
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 8 (1964), S. 2299-2304 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The dielectric properties of an unmodified epoxy resin with a wide range of hardener content were investigated over the frequency range 5 cycles/sec. to 50 Mcycles/sec and over the temperature range 12-95°C. In the frequency region below 1 Kcycle/sec., the loss is predominently high both in the pure resin and the pure hardener and, interestingly, is very much reduced when the two are mixed to obtain a plasticized product; the loss is at a minimum when the percentage of epoxy is about 10 and increases appreciable on both sides of the figure. At frequencies above 1 Kcycle/sec., a relaxation type loss is obtained in the hardener and the plasticized samples; pure resin again shows a predominently high loss, the maximum for it at room temperature being above 100 Mcycles/sec.
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  • 177
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 8 (1964), S. 2261-2268 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The determination of thiol groups formed during vulcanization in the complete range of 3-35 parts sulfur per hundred rubber-sulfur stock is reported. The results are explained on the basis of Fisher's mechanism for vulcanization of rubber and the assumption of three stages in the vulcanization process depending on the sulfur concentration.
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  • 178
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 8 (1964), S. 2269-2280 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Attempted sulfonation of poly(vinylidene fluoride) film results predominantly in reaction at the surface of the film owing to lack of penetration by the reagents. When the film is pre-swollen with a wide range of liquids, however, sulfonation with oleum proceeds smoothly through the body of the film, and a flexible membrane of low electrical resistance is produced. The more important variables in the swelling and sulfonation steps have been investigated. Side reactions during the sulfonation lead to the introduction of carbonyl and ethylenic groupings into the polymer molecule. The latter grouping is assumed to be responsible for the lack of stability of the membrane towards oxidants.
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  • 179
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Series of mono- and bismaleimides were evaluated as curing agents to determine the effect of structure on crosslinking ability. The activity of N-phenylmaleimide derivatives (monomaleimides) as crosslinking agents is highly dependent upon the substituent on the phenyl group. The activity of bismaleimides is likewise affected by the nature of the moiety connecting the maleimide rings. Isomaleimides and itaconimides are less effective curatives. Initiators for the maleimide cures include peroxides and sulfur accelerators of the thiazole type. Saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbon rubbers, except those containing a high percentage of isobutylene units, are vulcanized by a maleimide-initiator system. One of the attractive features of a maleimide curing system is that the physical properties of the cured rubbers are independent of curing temperature. Further, these vulcanizates have the good aging characteristics typical of nonsulfur-cured vulcanizates. In contrast to sulfur vulcanization, the maleimide curing systems do not markedly affect the ability of elastomers to crystallize when stretched. Therefore, the T50 test cannot be used to assess the state of cure of maleimide-natural rubber vulcanizates. Maleimides containing an appropriate second functional group can be used as self-accelerating curing agents or as adhesives.
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  • 180
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The authors have designed different experimental devices for the realization of strictly monochromatic diagrams of orientated samples, the fully automatic recording of numerous radial tracings thereof, and the careful analysis of their components. Because of the difficulty of interpretation of high tenacity rayons diagrams (due to poor resolution of peaks and the occurrence of cellulose IV) preliminary experiments have been carried out, with (a) particular examination of rayons containing no cellulose IV, (b) application of moderate swelling treatments causing a sharpening of diffraction peaks, (c) x-ray examination of planar-oriented cellulose samples giving “simplified” diagrams when irradiated under particular conditions. The information obtained from these experiments establishes the occurrence of a noncrystalline anisotropic part in regenerated cellulose fibers. There is a twofold orientation of the “amorphous” background in regenerated cellulose sheets. This is in favor of the occurrence of doubly anisotropic “pseudo-amorphous” parts whose structure is of a paracrystalline type with superimposed dislocations. On the basis of different observations made on photometric tracings, a nonsubjective method is suggested for the individual evaluation of A0, A3 + A4 of cellulose II, (002) and (101 + 101) of cellulose IV, pseudo-amorphous and amorphous components in regenerated cellulose diagrams. Individual orientation factors may be defined and measured for the components.
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  • 181
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 8 (1964), S. 2339-2357 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The hydrodynamic theory for the flow of nonlinear viscoelastic fluids is developed. Two new dimensionless groups must be introduced into the complete second-order correction of viscoelastic flow. These groups are called the Weissenberg and viscoelastic ratio numbers. Applications to industrially important problems are discussed. It is argued that the Weissenberg number determines the onset of melt fracture.
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  • 182
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The tenacity and stiffness modulus of yarns melt-spun from high density polyethylene are functions of the sum of the logarithm of the take-up velocity in melt drawing and the true (logarithmic) deformation imparted in the cold-drawing process (i.e., stretching at a temperature below the polymer melting temperature). Thus, for the conditions investigated the effective melt drawing deformation is independent of the calculated velocity of the melt in the spinneret orifices. The maximum cold draw ratio is shown to be a function of the production rate, increasing to a maximum value and then decreasing as the production rate is increased. The maximum cold draw ratio at a given production rate is found to be a function of the yarn temperature and the deformation introduced in melt drawing. The tenacity and stiffness modulus of yarns melt-spun from polypropylene may also be expressed as functions of the summation of the logarithm of the take-up velocity of melt drawing and the true deformation imparted in cold drawing. The orientation, as measured by birefringence, of yarns spun from an experimental polyester are a function of the ratio of the take-up velocity and the orifice velocity, wheras the same measurement of the orientation of polyethylene is a function of the extrusion velocity alone. Equations of state for the tenacity and stiffness modulus of melt-spun polyethylene yarns were found to be of the same form as for a wet-spun madacrylic fiber.
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  • 183
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 8 (1964), S. 2461-2461 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 184
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 8 (1964), S. 2462-2462 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 185
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 8 (1964), S. 2463-2463 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 186
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 8 (1964), S. 2465-2478 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The relation between polymer and fiber structure and fiber properties is discussed. The specific effects of intermolecular forces, chain stiffness, monomer unit regularity, crystallinity, crosslinking, orientation, molecular weight, and chemical composition on the important fiber properties of melting point, modulus, elasticity, or recovery from strain, tensile strength, moisture adsorption, and dyeability are discussed in some detail. An example is given to illustrate the role of today's sophisticated engineering in further controlling and modifying fiber properties.
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  • 187
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 8 (1964), S. 2479-2484 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Combined solvent composition and column temperature gradients were employed to effect the efficient fractionation of a polyester into several molecular weight fractions in about 16 hr. Mixtures of methyl ethyl ketone and cyclohexane were used as eluents for the fractionation which was conducted in a copper column packed with glass beads. In previously reported polymer fractionations with solvent and temperature gradients the temperatures at all points in the column have been either above or below the melting point of the polymer. This study demonstrates that hexanediol-succinic acid polyester may be efficiently fractionated by using a column temperature range which brackets the melting point of the polymer.
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  • 188
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 8 (1964), S. 3-24 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The tensile properties of two cast and two extruded solid rocket propellants were studied at 25°C. and 50% R.H. over a range of failure times from 0.005 to 2500 sec. The effects of temperature were also investigated at the highest rate and at 0.1 in./in./min. over a range of -60 to 80°C. The results indicate that both temperature and rate of loading greatly affect the tensile properties of double-base propellants.
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  • 189
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 8 (1964), S. 25-35 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: An apparatus has been developed for measuring the dilatation of specimens tested in uniaxial tension in a constant volume chamber by determining the change in the volume of air around the specimen through precise measurement of air pressure. The dilatometer can be used on standard testing machines and has shown reproducible values at testing speeds from 0.66 to 666%/min., and temperatures from -75 to 210°F. Typical stress strain curves are shown with the simultaneously recorded dilatation versus strain.
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  • 190
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 8 (1964), S. 37-52 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Applying the Boltzmann superposition principle on a generalized Maxwell model, an analysis of the relations between extension, relaxation, and hysteresis is presented, which shows that any one of these three can be calculated from the other two. It is shown that the relaxation modulus does not vary with strain rate when time is measured from the start of extension, except in the early period of relaxation. It is demonstrated that the first derivative of the ratio of extension stress-strain rate with respect to time is the limiting value of the relaxation modulus. The short-time end of relaxation modulustime curve can be readily extended for several decades of logarithm of time without resorting to the temperature effect. The results obtained from the treatment of experimental data on polyisobutylene verify the theoretical deductions, which may also be considered as an additional explicit proof of the Boltzmann superposition principle.
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  • 191
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 8 (1964), S. 73-87 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Critical specimen geometry parameters are varied to determine their effect on tensile behavior as a function of rate of testing. Their influence on elongation and energy absorption is pronounced, particularly at low values of specimen cross sectional area and thickness. These effects are attributed to surface imperfections resulting from specimen preparation, and to changes occurring in the combined stress pattern in the specimen. High speed photography and microscope analysis techniques have been developed to determine strain, strain distribution, and strain rate in the specimen gage section during deformation. Elongation measured outside the gage section can be a significant portion of overall specimen deformation; actual strain rate is a fraction of that obtained by assuming all deformation takes place in the gage section. Experimentation is statistically designed and the data statistically analyzed by sequential factorial analysis. Tensile stress response surfaces are accurately predicted by this technique.
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  • 192
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 8 (1964), S. 2525-2544 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The preparation of practical self-extinguishing polystyrene foaming-in-place compositions by suspension polymerization is described. The halogen necessary for self-extinguishing characteristics is incorporated by chain transfer. The synergistic effect of organic peroxides decreases drastically the amount of halogen necessary. For example, 0.3 pph 1,2-dibromotetrachloroethane in the presence of 0.2 pph dicumyl peroxide renders the composition self-extinguishing, while 1.0 pph is necessary without peroxide. The rate of polymerization is unaffected by the presence of this chain transfer agent, while the molecular weight is reduced considerably. The effectiveness of other halogenated chain transfer agents and peroxy compounds has been demonstrated. Silicone mold release agent exerts a deleterious effect on the self-extinguishing properties.
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  • 193
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 8 (1964), S. 2573-2583 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: X-ray diagrams of different samples of nylon passed over a hot-plate held at different temperatures show that the observed effect depends on the type of nylon used. Clear evidence consistent with the melting of the core of the nylon is obtained for monofilament.
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  • 194
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 8 (1964), S. 2585-2604 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Cold mastication of natural rubber in presence of oxygen leads to scission by a shear mechanism with subsequent stabilization of the free radicals by oxygen, while at high temperatures oxidative scission becomes the dominant mechanism. Studies of the behavior of cis-polybutadiene reveal that similar reactions are effective, but occur at much reduced rates. Shear degradation is particularly difficult to achieve in typical cis-polybutadienes. This is related to the molecular weight distribution of these polymers which usually lack the very high molecular species most subject to shear-induced degradation, in agreement with the theory of F. Bueche. It is shown that when such a high molecular weight fraction is supplied, shear breakdown may be realized. All cis-polybutadienes undergo oxidative breakdown at high temperatures, the scission rate becoming appreciable above 140°C. A number of oxidation catalysts have been found which markedly increase the scission rate without leading to a correspondingly large increase in crosslinking. Significant improvements in processing may be realized in this manner.
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  • 195
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 8 (1964), S. 111-117 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: High speed tensile tests on Lexan polycarbonate resin were carried out on three grades of material at four test speeds from 200 to 15,000 in./min. and at five temperatures from -30 to +140°C. A consideration of the results of these tests led to a number of interesting conclusions. Among these conclusions was the identification of a plateau in the plots of some of the variables vs temperature in the 125° to 140°C. range. A more complete study of the variation in the tensile yield values of one of the grades of Lexan resin at 2 and 20 in./min. testing speed over the temperature range, and some-what beyond, has been made to define this unusual effect.
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  • 196
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 8 (1964), S. 489-501 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: In recent years thermosetting polymeric systems have been used extensively as binders in electrical insulation and composite plastic structures with excellent success. However, such properties as post-cure gassing, thermal stability, and high temperature bond strength have always been stumbling blocks for the insulation engineer. Experience has shown that these properties can ultimately affect the dielectric endurance of an insulation when subjected to high voltage stresses. The above-mentioned problems are generally controlled by the organic binders present in the insulation. Test methods have been developed whereby the behavior of the polymers under certain conditions can be predicted, thus increasing the effectiveness of the design engineer.
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  • 197
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The curing of hexakis(methoxymethyl)melamine (HMM) alone and in blends with functionally substituted acrylic polymers was monitored by means of torsional braid analysis, infrared spectroscopy, weight change, and analysis of the volatile by-products. HMM alone, when heated with a strong acid catalyst, forms thermoset condensation polymers which evidently have the same methylene-bridged structure as conventional melamine-formaldehyde resins; the major elimination product is methylal. When HMM is blended with an acrylic polymer containing methacrylic acid units, the acrylic chains are crosslinked by elimination of methanol and formation of methylene ester linkages between the acid groups and the melamine. The crosslinking reaction proceeds with or without strong acid catalysis and is many times faster than the self-condensation of HMM. Acrylic polymers containing primary hydroxyl groups (derived from 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) also undergo acid-catalyzed reaction with HMM, and at a rate so much faster than analogous carboxylated polymers, that storage stability of the catalyzed resin becomes a serious problem. If a weaker catalyst, such as phthalic anhydride, is used, the curing reaction is very much slower. In order to develop the maximum number of new linkages, according to any of the experimental criteria, all of these systems must be heated for longer times, or at higher temperatures, than are customarily used in thermosetting resin technology. Thus the known utility and durability of such acrylic/melamine resins are achieved with only a fraction of the total number of crosslinks which are potentially capable of formation.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 198
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 8 (1964), S. 2645-2651 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Density, infrared, and creep studies have been made of ethylene-propylene copolymers containing up to about 50 mole-% propylene and their homopolymers. The degree of crystallinity (volume fraction of polyethylene crystals), as measured by density and x-ray studies, decreases with increased propylene content. This change is also reflected in the intensity of the 13.7 μ band in the infrared spectra of the polymers. The measured amount of unsaturation (0.1-0.2%) in the copolymers is too small to account for the presence of several infrared bands which are often attributed to unsaturation. An unsaturation of 0.90% was obtained for a terpolymer where the third component was unsaturated. Indentation-creep studies showed the creep to be nearly proportional to the logarithm of time with a slope of 10% creep per decade for 0.1-10 min. Compliance-temperature graphs were found to be quite similar to those for the styrene-butadiene rubber SBR 1500.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 199
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 8 (1964), S. 2653-2659 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Sol rubber dissolved in three solvents - cyclohexane, petroleum ether (40-60°C. fraction), and toluene - was degraded by ultrasonic waves, the degradation kinetics being followed by measuring spectrophotometrically the consumption of the free radical scavenger α,α′-diphenyl-β-picryl hydrazyl. The kinetic data have been examined by the rate equations developed from two different approaches: one by Jellinek and the other by Ovenall. It has been observed that the number of bonds broken as a function of time can be fitted equally well by both equations in the initial stage, but as the time of degradation increases, especially when the number-average degree of polymerization attains a value less than 3Pe/2, the rate can be described better by Jellinek's equation than that of Ovenall. The rate constants K and the final degree of polymerization for rubber are found to depend on the nature of the solvent.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 200
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 8 (1964), S. 2661-2686 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The modulus and loss angle of carbon black filler-loaded rubbers varies with the dynamic amplitude of oscillation. The dynamic modulus change with amplitude is of a sigmoid nature. This allows the data to be reduced by a normalization technique. It is the purpose of the paper to show how the normalized data are substantially independent of the carbon black loading and of the polymer type when the normalized modulus is plotted against the energy of deformation (or strainwork).
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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