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  • Articles: DFG German National Licenses  (21)
  • Polymer and Materials Science  (13)
  • Key words Smooth muscle  (3)
  • Life and Medical Sciences  (3)
  • Asteraceae  (2)
  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Key words Smooth muscle ; Cell volume ; Chloride current
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The characteristics of volume-sensitive chloride current (I Cl) induced by osmotic cell swelling were studied using the whole-cell patch-clamp technique and cell diameters of antral circular guinea-pig myocytes were simultaneously measured under isosmotic and hyposmotic conditions by using a video image analysis system. At –60 mV, osmotic cell swelling (200 mosmol/l) activated a sustained inward current. Instantaneous current/voltage (I-V) relations obtained by step voltage pulses showed an outward rectification. At potentials above +40 mV, the current exhibited time-dependent decay. The outward current amplitude was decreased and the reversal potential was shifted to more positive potentials by replacement of external Cl– with gluconate–, while the current amplitude and the I/V relation were not affected by replacing extracellular Na+ with N-methyl-D-glucamine. The anion permeability sequence of the swelling-induced current was I– (1.80) 〉 Br– (1.31) 〉 Cl– (1) 〉 F– (0.85) 〉 gluconate– (0.18). The I Cl was effectively inhibited by the Cl– channel blockers, 4,4′-diisothiocyanatostilbene-2,2’-disulphonic acid (DIDS, 100 μM), and niflumic acid (10 μM). DIDS suppressed outward current more effectively than inward current. Also, the I Cl was dose-dependently inhibited by arachidonic acid, an unsaturated fatty acid and also inhibited by other unsaturated fatty acids (linoleic acid and oleic acid) but not by stearic acid, a saturated fatty acid. The inhibitory effect of arachidonic acid on I Cl was not prevented by indomethacin, a cyclo-oxygenase inhibitor and chelerythrine, a protein kinase C inhibitor. Under whole-cell patch-clamp conditions, the cell diameter was continuously measured using video image analysis, which reflects the change in cell volume. A hyposmotic-stimulation-induced increase of cell diameter was followed by I Cl activation. In intact single gastric myocytes, relatively severe hyposmotic (176 mosmol/l) superfusing solution increased the cell diameter and the pretreatment with DIDS or with niflumic acid significantly potentiated the above effect of hyposmotic superfusion. These results suggest that volume-sensitive outwardly rectifying chloride current (I Cl) is present in guinea-pig gastric myocyte and the I Cl may play a role in smooth muscle cell volume regulation.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Key words Smooth muscle ; Nonselective cationic current ; Carbachol ; Myosin light chain kinase ; ML-7
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The effects of myosin light chain kinase inhibitors on muscarinic stimulation-activated nonselective cationic current (I CCh) in guinea-pig gastric antral myocytes were studied using the whole-cell patch-clamp technique. I CCh was induced by carbachol (CCh, 50 μM) at a holding potential of –30 mV or –60 mV. ML-7, a chemical inhibitor of myosin light chain kinase (MLCK), inhibited I CCh concentration dependently in a reversible manner (53 ± 8.6% at 1 μM, mean ± SE, n = 11). In addition, amplitudes of I CCh were only 37 ± 2.7% of the daily control values following the addition of a peptide inhibitor of MLCK to the pipette solution. On the other hand, ML-7 had an inhibitory effect on voltage-operated Ca2+ channel current. The peak value of Ba2+ current at 0 mV was reduced to 35 ± 7.4% (n = 9) by 3 μM of ML-7. As I CCh is known to have an intracellular Ca2+ dependence, we tried to exclude the possibility that ML-7 inhibited I CCh indirectly via suppression of Ca2+ current and the similar inhibitory effects of ML-7 on I CChwere confirmed under the following conditions: (1) clamp of membrane potential at –60 mV; (2) clamp of intracellular [Ca2+] to 1 μM by 10 mM BAPTA; (3) pre-inhibition of Ca2+ channel by verapamil. Different from the effects on I CCh, ML-7 barely inhibited the same cationic current induced by guanosine 5’-O-(3-thiotriphosphate) (GTP[γS], 0.2 mM) in the pipette solution. These results suggest that a Ca2+/calmodulin-MLCK-dependent pathway can modulate the activation of I CCh in guinea-pig gastric antral myocytes.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Key words Smooth muscle ; Nonselective cationic current ; Carbachol (CCh) ; Protein kinase C (PKC) ; Desensitization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The possibility of the protein kinase C (PKC) pathway being a mechanism underlying the desensitization of carbachol- (CCh-)activated nonselective cationic current (I CCh) was investigated in a study of guinea-pig gastric myocytes. Using the conventional whole-cell patch-clamp technique with symmetrical CsCl-rich solution in pipette and bath, I CCh was induced by bath application of 50 µM CCh. With 0.5 mM EGTA [ethyleneglycol-bis(β-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid] in the pipette solution (0.5 mM [EGTA]i), I CCh decayed spontaneously (desensitization of I CCh) to around 20% within 10 min. Desensitization of I CCh was significantly attenuated with 2 mM [EGTA]i. At a concentration of 20 µM OAG (1-oleoyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol), a PKC activator, inhibited I CCh at 0.5 mM [EGTA]i but far less at 2 mM [EGTA]i (18% and 81% of control, respectively). The same cationic current induced by intracellular guanosine-5′-O-(3-thiotriphosphate) (GTP[γ-S]) was not inhibited by OAG with 0.5 mM [EGTA]i. The pretreatment of gastric myocytes with PKC inhibitors, either 1 µM chelerythrine or 1 µM peptide inhibitor, attenuated the desensitization of I CCh. [Ca2+]i was also measured by single cell microfluorometry using fura-2. Under CCh stimulation with 2 mM [EGTA]i, [Ca2+]i did not increase above 100 nM while it increased to around 260 nM with 0.5 mM [EGTA]i. These results suggest that the desensitization of I CCh is partly due to the Ca2+-dependent PKC pathway in guinea-pig gastric myocytes.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Asteraceae ; Lactuceae ; Microseridinae ; Krigia ; Internal transcribed spacer (ITS) ; ITS region (ITS 1, 5.8 S rDNA, and ITS 2) ; intergenic spacer (IGS) region ; nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA) ; chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) ; sequence divergence ; polymerase chain reaction (PCR) ; maximum parsimony (MP) tree ; neighbor joining (NJ) tree
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the 18 S–25 S nuclear ribosomal DNA repeat was sequenced from 19 populations of the tribeLactuceae, including all species of dwarf dandelion (Krigia) and five outgroup genera. The incidence of length changes and base substitutions was at least two times higher for ITS 1 than ITS 2. Interspecific sequence divergence withinKrigia averaged 9.62% (1.61%–15.19%) and 4.26% (0%–6.64%) in ITS 1 and ITS 2, respectively. Intergeneric sequence divergence ranged from 15.6% to 44.5% in ITS 1 and from 8.0% to 28.6% in ITS 2. High sequence divergence and homoplasy among genera of tribeLactuceae suggest that the phylogenetic utility of ITS sequence data is limited to interspecific studies or comparisons among closely related genera. Trees generated from ITS sequences are essentially identical to those from restriction site comparisons of the entire nuclear ribosomal (nr) DNA region. The degree of tree resolution differed depending on how gaps were treated in phylogenetic analyses. The ITS trees were congruent with the chloroplast DNA and morphological phylogenies in three major ways: 1) the sister group relationship betweenKrigia andPyrrhopappus; 2) the recognition of two monophyletic sections,Krigia andCymbia, in genusKrigia; and 3) the monophyly of theK. occidentalis-K. cespitosa clade in sect.Cymbia. However, the two nrDNA-based trees are not congruent with morphology/chloroplast DNA-based trees for the interspecific relationships in sect.Krigia. An average of 22.5% incongruence was observed among fourKrigia data sets. The relatively high degree of incongruence among data sets is due primarily to conflict between trees based on nrDNA and morphological/cpDNA data. The incongruence is probably due to the concerted evolution of nrDNA repeating units. The results fromKrigia and theLactuceae suggest that nrDNA data may have limited utility in phylogenetic studies of plants, especially in groups which exhibit high levels of sequence divergence. Our combined phylogenetic analysis as a total evidence shows the least conflict to each of the individual data sets.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 177 (1991), S. 53-69 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Asteraceae ; Lactuceae ; Krigia ; Nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA) ; inter-cistronic spacer (ITS) ; intergenic spacer (IGS) ; subrepeating unit ; chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) ; allopolyploid ; restriction site mapping ; methylation ; bootstrap resampling analysis ; sequence divergence value ; cladistics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Restriction site and length variations of nrDNA were examined for 51 populations of seven species ofKrigia. The nrDNA repeat ranged in size from 8.7 to 9.6 kilobase (kb). The transcribed region, including the two ITSs, was 5.35 kb long in all examinedKrigia populations. In contrast, the size of the nontranscribed IGS varied from 3.35 to 4.25 kb. Eight different types of length-variations were identified among the 51 populations, including distinct nrDNA lengths in the tetraploid and diploid populations of bothK. biflora andK. virginica. However, a few variations were detected among populations of the same species or within a cytotype. All populations ofKrigia sect.Cymbia share a 600 bp insertion in IGS near the 18 S gene, and this feature suggests monophyly of the section. AllKrigia spp. had a conjugated type of subrepeat composed of approximately 75 basepairs (bp) and 125 bp. Base modifications in the gene coding regions were highly conserved among species. Forty-five restriction sites from 15 enzymes were mapped, 24 of which were variable among populations. Only four of the variable sites occurred in the rRNA coding region while 20 variable sites were detected in the noncoding regions. Collectively, 25 enzymes generated about 66 restriction sites in each nrDNA; this amounts to about 4.3% of the nrDNA repeat. A total of 50 restriction sites was variable, 28 of which were phylogenetically informative. Phylogenetic analyses of site mutations indicated that two sections ofKrigia, sect.Cymbia and sect.Krigia, are monophyletic. In addition, relationships among several species were congruent with other sources of data, such as cpDNA restriction site variation and morphology. Both length and restriction site variation supported an allopolyploid origin of the hexaploidK. montana. The average sequence divergence value inKrigia nrDNA was 40 times greater than that of the chloroplast DNA. The rapid evolution of nrDNA sequences was primarily due to changes of the IGS sequences.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 36 (1998), S. 1755-1765 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: 1-(trifluoromethyl)-2,3,5,6-benzenetetracarboxylic dianhydride ; amide acid ; poly(amic acid) ; isomeric unit ; nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Two different poly(amic acid)s were synthesized by the polycondensations of 1-(trifluoromethyl)-2,3,5,6-benzenetetracarboxylic dianhydride (CF3DAN) with p-phenylene diamine and benzidine. In addition, an amide acid model compound was prepared from CF3DAN and aniline. Isomeric units in the poly(amic acid)s as well as the amide acid were investigated by 1H and 13C-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopies. Spectroscopic results indicate that the major isomeric component was a CF3-meta-isomeric unit centered on the aromatic carbon substituted with the trifluoromethyl group. In particular, the amide acid compound was determined to be composed of 80 mol % CF3-meta-isomer and 20 mol % H-meta-isomer. Therefore, for the poly(amic acid)s, the minor isomeric component is speculated to be a H-meta-isomeric unit rather than a para-isomeric unit. The result might result mainly from the strong electron-withdrawable and bulky trifluoromethyl substituent in the CF3DAN monomer. The strong electron withdrawability might significantly enhance the reactivities of the adjacent carbons in the monomer to the nucleophilic attack of the amino nitrogen in the aniline and diamines, and consequently overcome the role of the bulkyness, ultimately leading to the amide acid and poly(amic acid)s rich with the CF3-meta-isomeric unit. In addition, a portion of the imide form was detected in the dried AN-CF3DAM-AN amide acid. Thus, the formation of imide linkage might be involved in a small portion for the dried poly(amic acid)s. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 36: 1755-1765, 1998
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 26 (1995), S. 263-268 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Qn the viscosity of glass melts and porous sintered glassesSuspensions of solid phase particles in molten glasses modify their flow behavior and therefore their viscosity. This work deals with the dependence of the effective viscosity (ηeff) of isotropic suspensions on the concentration of the solid phase particles. Independently of the shape of the inclusions the values of the effective viscosities lie between upper [ηeff = ηL (1 - CD)-14 ]and lower bounds [ηeff = ηL (1 - CD)-3], where ηL is the viscosity of the molten glass and CD is the volume fraction of solid inclusions. The lower bound is also valid for the effective viscosity of suspensions containing spherical inclusions.Pores present in a glass matrix affect its flow behavior and consequently its creep and sintering behavior. The effective viscosity of porous glasses (ηP) as a function of the volume fraction of pores, or porosity (P), also varies between and upper [ηP = ηM (1 - P)1.04] and a lower bound [ηP = ηM (1 - P)14], where ηM is the viscosity of the nonporous glass matrix. For spherical porosity the equation is: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$${\rm \eta_P = \eta_M(1 - P)^{1.5}}$$\end{document}Measured values for the viscosity of different suspensions as reported in the literature as well as own experimental data on two glass-solid systems are compared with the theoretical values predicted by these equations. In a similar way literature data for the viscosity of porous sintered glasses are compared with the respective equations. In all cases a fair agreement between experiment and theory was found in some cases the agreement was excellent. Therefore the presented equations constitute a reliable approach for the prediction of the viscosity of suspensions and porous sintered glasses and since they do not contain fitting parameters, they are of substantial practical relevance (for a comprehensive english treatment of the matter compare Glastechnische Berichte, Proc. Otto-Schott-Colloquium 1994).
    Notes: Suspensionnen von Festphasenteilchen in Glasschmelzen verändern deren Fließverhalten und damit deren Viskosität. Die vorliegende Arbeit behandelt die Abhängigkeit der effektiven Viskosität (ηeff) isotroper Suspensionnen von der Konzentration der Festphansenteilchen. Unabhängig von deren Form liegen die effektiven Viskositäten zwischen oberen und unteren Grenzwerten, deren Konzentrationsabhängigkeit durch Näherungslösungen gegeben ist: obere Grenzwertgleichung: ηeff = ηL (1 - CD)-14untere Grenzwertgleichung: ηeff = ηL (1 - CD)-3(ηL = Viskosität der Schmelze; CD = Volumenanteil der Festphasenteilchen). Für die effektive Viskosität von Suspensionen mit sphärischen Festphasenteilchen gilt die untere Grenzwertgleichung.Poren in Sintergläsern verändern ebenfalls deren Fließ- und damit Sinter-, Umform- und Kriechverhalten. Die effektive Viskosität poröser Gläser (ηP) als Konzentrationsfunktion ist gegeben durch die Näherungslösungen: obere Grenzwertgleichung: ηP = ηM (1 - P)1.04untere Grenzwertgleichung: ηP = ηM (1 - P)14(ηM = Viskosität des porenfreien Glases; P = Porosität).IM Falle sphärischer Porosität gilt die Viskositätsgleichung \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$${\rm \eta_P = \eta_M(1 - P)^{1,5}}$$\end{document}Gemessene Werte der Viskosität diverser Suspensionen sowie von Na2O-SiO2-Schmelzen mit dispergierten festen SiO2-Teilchen und Na2O-GeO2-Schmelzen mit dispergierten GeO2-Teilchen werden ebenso mit berechneten Werten verglichen wie die experimentellen Werte der Viskosität von porösen Sintergläsern mit den entsprechenden theoretischen. In allen Fällen wurde hinreichende, vielfach beste Übereinstimmung festgestellt. Die Gleichungen liefern praxisrelevante, verläßliche Aussagen sowohl für Suspensionen wie für poröse Sintergläser.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials 8 (1996), S. 928-932 
    ISSN: 0935-9648
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 58 (1995), S. 481-489 
    ISSN: 0730-2312
    Keywords: Key words ; garlic proteins ; parenchyma sheath cell ; cortical cell ; microtubule ; tubulin ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Garlic is known as a potent spice and a medicine with broad therapeutic properties ranging from antibacterial to anticancer, antidiabetic, and anticoagulant. Two major proteins of 40 KD and 14 KD constituting approximately 96% of total garlic proteins have been recently purified at our Institute. This immunocytochemical and ultrastructural study revealed that the 40 KD protein was localized in the parenchyma sheath cells (PSC) of garlic bulbs, whereas the 14 KD protein was present in the cortical cells (CC). Immunogold electron microscopy study indicated that the 40 KD protein was specifically localized in the globular granules of the cytoplasmic area of PSC. Each globular granule was amorphous and homogenous with membrane limiting its outermost layer. The yellowish color of PSC in freshly cut slices of garlic bulb suggested that PSC may have sulfur-containing compounds such as allicin, the primary contributor of the pungency and medicinal properties of garlic. Ellman's reagent test quantitatively revealed that there were 17.8 n moles sulfhydryl (SH)/ml of 40 KD garlic protein. Microtubule tubulin in mitotic figures from PHA-stimulated human short-term whole blood cultures reacted strongly with antitubulin antibody but reacted negatively with anti-40 KD garlic protein antibodies and therefore was not related to the 40 KD garlic protein immunocytochemically.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymers for Advanced Technologies 1 (1990), S. 263-273 
    ISSN: 1042-7147
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Small-angle neutron scattering studies have been used to clarify several aspects of the internal structure of latexes and subsequent film formation modes. This paper reviews work both around the world and at Lehigh University on those subjects. Two points have been made clear: (1) The appearance of core-shell phenomena in latexes depends on the size of the polymer chain to that of the latex particle; the phenomenon is most marked when the radius of gyration of the chain is about one fifth as big as the latex radius. (2) Strength build-up during film formation depends on the extent of interdiffusion of the chains. For moderate molecular weights, interdiffusion distances of one radius of gyration yield maximum strength. For both moderate (250,000 g/mol) and high (2,000,000 g/mol) molecular weights, full strength was achieved in two hour's annealing time at 144°C.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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