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  • 1
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract : Increasing evidence suggests that apolipoprotein D (apoD) could play a major role in mediating neuronal degeneration and regeneration in the CNS and the PNS. To investigate further the temporal pattern of apoD expression after experimental traumatic brain injury in the rat, male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to unilateral cortical impact injury. The animals were killed and examined for apoD mRNA and protein expression and for immunohistological analysis at intervals from 15 min to 14 days after injury. Increased apoD mRNA and protein levels were seen in the cortex and hippocampus ipsilateral to the injury site from 48 h to 14 days after the trauma. Immunohistological investigation demonstrated a differential pattern of apoD expression in the cortex and hippocampus, respectively : Increased apoD immunoreactivity in glial cells was detected from 2 to 3 days after the injury in cortex and hippocampus. In contrast, increased expression of apoD was seen in cortical and hippocampal neurons at later time points following impact injury. Concurrent histopathological examination using hematoxylin and eosin demonstrated dark, shrunken neurons in the cortex ipsilateral to the injury site. In contrast, no evidence of cell death was observed in the hippocampus ipsilateral to the injury site up to 14 days after the trauma. No evidence of increased apoD mRNA or protein expression or neuronal pathology by hematoxylin and eosin staining was detected in the contralateral cortex and hippocampus. Our results reveal induction of apoD expression in the cortex and hippocampus following traumatic brain injury in the rat. Our data also suggest that increased apoD expression may play an important role in cortical neuronal degeneration after brain injury in vivo. However, increased expression of apoD in the hippocampus may not necessarily be indicative of neuronal death.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: This study investigated the temporal expression and cell subtype distribution of activated caspase-3 following cortical impact-induced traumatic brain injury in rats. The animals were killed and examined for protein expression of the proteolytically active subunit of caspase-3, p18, at intervals from 6 h to 14 days after injury. In addition, we also investigated the effect of caspase-3 activation on proteolysis of the cytoskeletal protein α-spectrin. Increased protein levels of p18 and the caspase-3-specific 120-kDa breakdown product to α-spectrin were seen in the cortex ipsilateral to the injury site from 6 to 72 h after the trauma. Immunohistological examinations revealed increased expression of p18 in neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes from 6 to 72 h following impact injury. In contrast, no evidence of caspase-3 activation was seen in microglia at all time points investigated. Quantitative analysis of caspase-3-positive cells revealed that the number of caspase-3-positive neurons exceeded the number of caspase-3-positive glia cells from 6 to 72 h after injury. Moreover, concurrent assessment of nuclear histopathology using hematoxylin identified p18-immunopositive cells exhibiting apoptotic-like morphological profiles in the cortex ipsilateral to the injury site. In contrast, no evidence of increased p18 expression or α-spectrin proteolysis was seen in the ipsilateral hippocampus, contralateral cortex, or hippocampus up to 14 days after the impact. Our results are the first to demonstrate the concurrent expression of activated caspase-3 in different CNS cells after traumatic brain injury in the rat. Our findings also suggest a contributory role of activated caspase-3 in neuronal and glial apoptotic degeneration after experimental TBI in vivo.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Neuropsychologia 32 (1994), S. 799-804 
    ISSN: 0028-3932
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Psychology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1435-1463
    Keywords: High-speed memory scanning ; Parkinson's disease ; parkinsonian motor symptoms ; levodopa treatment ; depression ; bradyphrenia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary High-speed memory scanning (Sternberg paradigm) was tested in a collective of 20 parkinsonian patients (10 newly diagnosed, untreated patients, duration of the disease 0.5–3.8, mean 1.5 years; 10 levodopa-treated patients, duration of the disease 4.2 to 11, mean 7.6 years). The levodopa-treated patients stopped taking levodopa before the test. There was a tendency towards retarded memory scanning in the patients' collective compared with 20 healthy controls with similar ages and verbal IQs (p=0.076, Mann-Whitney U test). The mental slowing correlated significantly with bradykinesia and the sum-score of the Columbia University Parkinson Rating Scale (p=0.021 and 0.019; Spearman rank correlation). Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA revealed a significant mental slowing in the subgroup of patients with Parkinson's disease for 〉4 years compared with the newly diagnosed patients and the controls (H=8.54; p=0.019 and 0.006, Mann-Whitney U test). The findings suggest a mental slowing in Parkinson's disease, which is associated with the progression of parkinsonian motor symptoms and not with depression.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1435-1463
    Keywords: Spiperone binding ; Parkinson's disease ; multiple system atrophy ; vascular lesions ; differential diagnosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In order to investigate the diagnostic value of3H-spiperone binding capacity to lymphocytes in the differential diagnosis of de novo Parkinson's disease (idiopathic Parkinson syndrome, PD), we performed a double blind prospective study of spiperone binding capacity of 123 patients and 23 healthy control persons, belonging to different diagnostic groups (PD, Parkinsonian syndrome due to vascular lesions, multiple system atrophy [MSA], essential tremor). Diagnoses were based on medical history, clinical examination, CT or MRI scan, acute response to dopamimetric drugs, one year follow up, and long term response to L-DOPA treatment. Spiperone binding was assayed using ten different concentrations (0.03–3 nmol) in absence or presence of 1μmol (+)-butaclamol to determine nonsepecific binding. There was no significant difference in spiperone binding between patients with PD not treated with L-DOPA, and patients with other basal ganglia disorders including parkinsonian syndrome due to vascular lesions, multiple system atrophy, or progressive supranuclear palsy, and age matched controls. Binding was significantly higher in parkinsonian patients with PD treated with L-DOPA and patients with essential tremor. It is concluded that at present3H-spiperone binding gives no further information in the differential diagnosis of de novo Parkinson's disease.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1435-1463
    Keywords: Parkinson's disease ; motor symptoms ; cognition ; prognosis ; subtypes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Forty-four Parkinson patients (19 patients of the rigid-akinetic type, 13, of the rigid-akinetic-tremor type, and 12, of the tremor type) were included in a study in order to analyse correlations of the expression of the motor symptoms tremor, rigidity, akinesia, with other clinical parameters, computertomographic aspect of brain atrophy and psychometrically assessed cognitive parameters. Rigidity and akinesia are significantly positively correlated with the severity of motor dysability, stage of the disease, and brain atrophy, as is akinesia with a history of pharmacotoxic psychosis. Tremor is significantly negatively correlated with motor dysability, stage of the disease, and history of pharmacotoxic psychosis. Akinesia is correlated with visuomotor dysfunction (tested with Bender Gestalt Test) and rigidity with the depression score (Zung scale). The tremor type is favorable, the rigid-akinetic type unfavorable with respect to motor disability and psychosis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of gynecology and obstetrics 232 (1981), S. 500-501 
    ISSN: 1432-0711
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Nervenarzt 71 (2000), S. 929-935 
    ISSN: 1433-0407
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Demenz mit Lewy-Körperchen ; Demenz vom Alzheimer-Typ ; Parkinson-Krankheit ; L-Dopa ; Neuroleptika ; Azetylcholinesterase-Hemmer ; Keywords Dementia with Lewy bodies ; Dementia of the Alzheimer type ; Parkinson's disease ; L-Dopa ; Acetylcholine esterase inhibitor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) is the second most frequent neuropathologically diagnosed degenerative dementing illness. The clinical characteristics are progressive dementia, parkinsonian syndrome, fluctuations of cognitive functions, alertness, and attention, visual hallucinations (usually detailed and well described), depression, REM sleep behavior disorder, adverse responses to standard neuroleptics doses, falls, syncopes, systematized delusions, and other modalities of hallucinations. Specificity of the clinical diagnostic criteria is high (95%), and sensitivity is considerably lower. Mean age at disease onset ranges between 60 and 68 years. The male gender prevails. Disease duration is 6 to 8 years. The differential diagnoses of DLB are dementia of the Alzheimer type, Parkinson's disease, subcortical arteriosclerotic encephalopathy, progressive supranuclear palsy, multiple system atrophy, and rarely Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. The genetic background of the disease is unclear. Magnetic resonance imaging and single photon emission tomography can contribute to the diagnosis. Controlled pharmacological studies have so far not been published. The disease is treated with L-dopa, atypical neuroleptics, acetylcholine esterase inhibitors, antihypotensive agents, and peripheral anticholinergic and alpha receptor-blocking medications to improve neurogenic bladder dysfunction.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Demenz mit Lewy-Körperchen (DLK) ist die zweithäufigste neuropathologisch diagnostizierte degenerative dementielle Erkrankung. Ihre klinischen Charakteristika sind progrediente Demenz, Parkinson-Symptome, Schwankungen der Hirnleistungen und Vigilanz, detaillierte wiedergegebene visuelle Halluzinationen, Depression, REM-Schlaf-Verhaltensstörungen, Überempfindlichkeit auf die Dosen üblicher Neuroleptika, Stürze, Synkopen, systemisierter Wahn und Halluzinationen anderer Art. Die klinischen Kriterien haben eine hohe Spezifität (95%) und eine deutlich geringere Sensitivität. Die Erkrankung beginnt im Schnitt zwischen dem 60. und 68. Lebensjahr, betrifft Männer häufiger als Frauen und dauert 6–8 Jahre. Differenzialdiagnosen sind Demenz vom Alzheimer-Typ (DAT), Parkinson-Krankheit (PK), subkortikale arteriosklerotische Enzephalopathie, progressive supranukleäre Parese, Multisystematrophie und bisweilen die Creutzfeldt-Jakob-Erkrankung. Der genetische Hintergrund der Erkrankung ist ungeklärt. Bildgebende Diagnostik (Magnetresonanz-Imaging, Single-Photon-Emission-Tomographie) kann zur Differenzialdiagnose beitragen. Systematische Therapiestudien liegen noch nicht vor. Die Erkrankung wird mit L-Dopa, atypischen Neuroleptika, Azetylcholinesterase-Hemmern, blutdrucksteigernden Medikamenten, sowie zur Verbesserung der neurogenen Blasenstörungen mit peripheren Anticholinergika und α-Rezeptorenblockern behandelt.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Nervenarzt 68 (1997), S. 102-115 
    ISSN: 1433-0407
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Idiopathisches Parkinson-Syndrom ; Multisystematrophie ; Progressive supranukleäre Blickparese ; Corticobasale Degeneration ; Key words Idiopathic Parkinson's disease ; Multiple system atrophy ; Progressive supranuclear palsy ; Corticobasal degeneration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Various clinico-pathological studies have shown that appr. 20 % of patients with a clinical diagnosis of idiopathic Parkinson's disease (IPD) may have neuropathological evidence of alternative causes of parkinsonism. Most of these misdiagnosed “IPD” patients meet clinical criteria for either multiple system atrophy (MSA), or progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), or corticobasal degeneration (CBD). A careful history and physical examination, as well as follow-ups and selected investigations are essential for an accurate clinical diagnosis of these atypical parkinsonian syndromes. The following paper therfore provides a review of clinical features and diagnostic findings in MSA, PSP and CBD, in order to facilitate recognition of these patients.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Verschiedene klinisch-pathologische Studien haben in den letzten Jahren gezeigt, daß etwa 20 % der Patienten mit der klinischen Diagnose eines idiopathischen Parkinson-Syndroms (IPS) neuropathologisch andere Formen eines Parkinson-Syndroms aufweisen. Die Mehrzahl dieser irrtümlich als IPS diagnostizierten Patienten leidet an einem von drei atypischen Parkinson-Syndromen (APS), der Multisystematrophie (MSA), der progressiven supranukleären Blickparese (PSP) oder der corticobasalen Degeneration (CBD). Fehldiagnosen dieser Erkrankungen sind häufig und unvermeidbar, wenn die jeweils Syndrom-typischen Zeichen nicht ausreichend beachtet werden. Ziel der Übersicht ist es daher, die charakteristische Symptomatik dieser Erkrankungen vorzustellen. Neurophysiologische und bildgebende Untersuchungsverfahren können zur Diagnosesicherung beitragen, sind aber nicht selten unergiebig. Eine ausführliche Anamnese und wiederholte neurologische Verlaufsuntersuchungen führen nach unserer Erfahrung in den meisten Fällen zur richtigen Diagnose.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1433-8726
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The evaluation of cortical evoked potentials after stimulation of the vesicourethral junction shows accurate and reproducible results and offers an elegant technique for evaluation of the viscerosensory pathways in patients with lower urinary tract dysfunction. The results must be considered in context with the results of simultaneously investigated pudendal somatosensory evoked potentials and the clinical symptomatology. They are of great help (1) in differentiating between intraspinal and extraspinal lesions of the afferent pathways of the detrusor if the etiology is unknown, (2) in differentiating between neurogenic and myogenic damage to the urinary bladder, and (3) in selecting patients not suitable for intravesical electrotherapy for bladder rehabilitation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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